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Liu Y, Meng X, Jin X, Wang L, Liu S, Chen S, Du K, Li J, Chang Y. A comprehensive review of the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, quality control and other applications of Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117687. [PMID: 38163554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ligusticum sinense Oliv. and L. jeholense Nakai et Kitag. are globally recognized as medicinal botanical species, specifically the rhizomes and roots. These plant parts are collectively referred to as Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix (LReR), which is recorded in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (Ch. P). LReR enjoys widespread recognition in many countries such as China, Russia, Vietnam, and Korea. It is an herbal remedy traditionally employed for dispelling wind and cold, eliminating dampness, and alleviating pain. Numerous bioactive compounds have been successfully isolated and identified, displaying a diverse array of pharmacological activities and medicinal value. THE AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to primarily center on the botanical aspects, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, quality control, and other applications of LReR to furnish a comprehensive and multidimensional foundation for future exploration and utilization. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant information about LReR was acquired from ancient books, doctoral and master's dissertations, Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), ScienceDirect, classical literature, and clinical reports. Several electronic databases were also incorporated. RESULTS In traditional usage, LReR had been traditionally employed for the treatment of anemofrigid headaches, colds, and joint pain. It possessed therapeutic properties for facial skin disorders, thereby facilitating skin regeneration. It has been subjected to comprehensive chemical analysis, resulting in the identification and isolation of 190 compounds, including phthalides, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenes, steroids, volatile oil, fatty acids, and other constituents. The pharmacological activities have been in-depth explored through modern in vivo and in vitro studies, confirming its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-melanin effects. Furthermore, it exhibited pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and vasodilatory properties. This study provides a basic to contribute to the advancement of research, medicinal applications and product development related to LReR. CONCLUSIONS Considering its traditional and contemporary applications, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological properties, LReR was regarded as a valuable botanical resource for pharmaceutical and pest control purposes. While certain constituents had demonstrated diverse pharmacological activities and application potential, further elucidation was required to fully understand their specific actions and underlying mechanisms. Hence, there was a need to conduct additional investigations to uncover its material foundation and mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytoc Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xue Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytoc Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xingyue Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytoc Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytoc Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Suyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytoc Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shujing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytoc Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Kunze Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytoc Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytoc Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytoc Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Gao X, Wang Y, Sun W, Li X, Li Y, Bai L, Niu X. Rapid analysis of the chemical constituents in Qiangli Dingxuan tablets using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300771. [PMID: 38286735 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Qiangli Dingxuan (QLDX) tablet is a widely recognized traditional Chinese medicine formula that has been extensively used in China for decades to treat vertigo, tinnitus, and dizziness owing to its outstanding therapeutic outcomes. However, the complexity of the chemical components in this tablet makes it challenging to separate and identify these components. This study presented an effective and sensitive strategy for the rapid separation and simultaneous structural identification of QLDX tablet components using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and the UNIFI platform. Based on retention times, accurate masses, fragment ions, related literature, and authentic standards, 119 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized; these included 9 iridoids, 12 lignans, 21 phenylpropanoids, 27 flavonoids, 7 phthalides, and 43 others. Among them, 36 were confirmed using reference standards. The representative compounds with various chemical structures were studied by analyzing their fragmentation patterns and characteristic ions. In conclusion, this study established a rapid approach for characterizing the chemical constituents in QLDX tablet. The proposed approach provides a basis for qualitative analysis and quality control in the manufacturing process and is beneficial for advancing investigations into the efficacy and mechanism of action of this tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- Information Department of Science and Technology, Xi'an Xintong Pharmaceutical Research Co., Ltd, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yunzhe Li
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Lu Bai
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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3
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Du K, Liu T, Ma W, Guo J, Chen S, Wen J, Zhou R, Cui Y, Wang S, Li L, Li J, Chang Y. A global profiling strategy for identification of the total constituents in Chinese herbal medicine based on online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with intelligentized chemical classification guidance. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464387. [PMID: 37757527 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive strategy for effective identification of total constituents in Chinese patent medicine has been advanced applying full scan-preferred parent ions capture-static and active exclusion (FS-PIC-SAE) acquisition coupled with intelligent deep-learning supported mass defect filter (MDF) process, with Naoxintong capsule (NXT) as a case. Online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC) coupled with Q-TOF-MS/MS system was established for obtaining the excellent separation and detection performance of total components, which could exhibit excellent peak capacity with 1052 and orthogonality with 0.69. In addition, a total of 901 unknown compounds could be classified into nine chemical classes rapidly and effectively, based on the intelligent deep-learning algorithm supported MDF model with 96.4% accuracy. Consequently, 276 compounds were successfully identified from NXT, especially including 44 flavonoids, 27 phenolic acids, 25 fatty acids, 17 saponins, 21 phthalocyanines, 20 triterpenes, 10 monoterpenes, 13 diterpenoid ketones, 14 amino acids, and others. It is concluded that the proposed program is an effective and practical strategy enabling the in-depth chemical profiling of complex herbal and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunze Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiading Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shujing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiake Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shuangqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Lv Y, Xu X, Yang J, Gao Y, Xin J, Chen W, Zhang L, Li J, Wang J, Wei Y, Wei X, He J, Zu X. Identification of chemical components and rat serum metabolites in Danggui Buxue decoction based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, the UNIFI platform and molecular networks. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32778-32785. [PMID: 37942447 PMCID: PMC10628667 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04419j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Danggui Buxue Decoction (DBD), consisting of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao (Huangqi, HQ) and Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Danggui, DG), is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula with the function of tonifying Qi and promoting blood. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was used to comprehensively identify the chemical constituents in DBD and those entering into the rat serum after gastric perfusion. A combination of the UNIFI platform and Global Natural Product Social molecular networking (GNPS) was used to analyze the chemical composition of DBD. As a result, 207 compounds were unambiguously or tentatively identified including 60 flavonoids, 38 saponins, 35 organic acids, 26 phthalides, 12 phenylpropanoids, 11 amino acids and 25 others. Furthermore, a total of 80 compounds, including 29 prototype components and 51 exogenous metabolites, were detected in the serum of rats. Phase I reactions (oxidation, reduction, and hydration), phase II reactions (methylation, sulfation, and glucuronidation), and their combinations were the main metabolic pathways of DBD. The results provided fundamental information for further studying the pharmacological mechanisms of DBD, as well as its quality control research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Lv
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Xike Xu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jishun Yang
- Medical Security Center, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Jiayun Xin
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Jiali Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Yanping Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Xintong Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Jixiang He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan 250355 China
| | - Xianpeng Zu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
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Gan X, Peng B, Chen L, Jiang Y, Li T, Li B, Liu X. Identification of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors from Celery Seeds Using Affinity Ultrafiltration-Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28:6048. [PMID: 37630301 PMCID: PMC10458824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Celery seeds have been used as an effective dietary supplement to manage hyperuricemia and diminish gout recurrence. Xanthine oxidase (XOD), the critical enzyme responsible for uric acid production, represents the most promising target for anti-hyperuricemia in clinical practice. In this study, we aimed to establish a method based on affinity ultrafiltration-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UF-LC-MS) to directly and rapidly identify the bioactive compounds contributing to the XOD-inhibitory effects of celery seed crude extracts. Chemical profiling of celery seed extracts was performed using UPLC-TOF/MS. The structure was elucidated by matching the multistage fragment ion data to the database and publications of high-resolution natural product mass spectrometry. Thirty-two compounds, including fourteen flavonoids and six phenylpeptides, were identified from celery seed extracts. UF-LC-MS showed that luteolin-7-O-apinosyl glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-malonyl apinoside, luteolin-7-O-6'-malonyl glucoside, luteolin, apigenin, and chrysoeriol were potential binding compounds of XOD. A further enzyme activity assay demonstrated that celery seed extract (IC50 = 1.98 mg/mL), luteolin-7-O-apinosyl glucoside (IC50 = 3140.51 μmol/L), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (IC50 = 975.83 μmol/L), luteolin-7-O-6'-malonyl glucoside (IC50 = 2018.37 μmol/L), luteolin (IC50 = 69.23 μmol/L), apigenin (IC50 = 92.56 μmol/L), and chrysoeriol (IC50 = 40.52 μmol/L) could dose-dependently inhibit XOD activities. This study highlighted UF-LC-MS as a useful platform for screening novel XOD inhibitors and revealed the chemical basis of celery seed as an anti-gout dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Gan
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway (China) R&D Center, Shanghai 201203, China; (X.G.); (B.P.); (L.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Bo Peng
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway (China) R&D Center, Shanghai 201203, China; (X.G.); (B.P.); (L.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Liang Chen
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway (China) R&D Center, Shanghai 201203, China; (X.G.); (B.P.); (L.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Yanjun Jiang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tingzhao Li
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway (China) R&D Center, Shanghai 201203, China; (X.G.); (B.P.); (L.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Bo Li
- Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway (China) R&D Center, Shanghai 201203, China; (X.G.); (B.P.); (L.C.); (T.L.)
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Jiang XL, Zhu Y, Ma GF, Liu P, Chen LL. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of major components of Renshen-Yangrong Pill by UPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap/MS and UPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 227:115276. [PMID: 36738686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Renshen-Yangrong Pill (RYP) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation for the treatment of asthenic symptoms, while its multiple herbal compositions bring a wide variety of unclear chemical components which seriously hinder the effective quality control and clinical practice. The present study aimed to investigate the overall chemical profile of RYP by UPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap/MS, and further obtain the quantitative distributions of representing components in the preparations. A total of 132 components in RYP including flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, phenylpropanoids, and monoterpenoid glycosides were identified or tentatively characterized by authentic compounds or accurate masses and fragmentation, in which 52 characteristic components were selected for further quantitation by UPLC-MS/MS. The assay was validated in terms of linearity, precision, repeatability, recovery and successfully applied for the quality control of 40 batches of RYP. Hesperidin and paeoniflorin were revealed as the most abundant constituents in RYP, and the samples of different origins and dosage forms were clearly classified based on hierarchical cluster analysis. This study provided a deep insight into the chemical profiling of RYP, as well as a new approach for determining the marker compounds, which laid a valuable foundation for further investigation of potential effective components and comprehensive quality control of RYP and related preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Gai-Fan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Lin-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
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Yang X, Wang S, Qi L, Chen S, Du K, Shang Y, Guo J, Fang S, Li J, Zhang H, Chang Y. An efficient method for qualitation and quantitation of multi-components of the herbal medicine Qingjin Yiqi Granules. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 227:115288. [PMID: 36796275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Qingjin Yiqi Granules (QJYQ) is a Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) prescription for the patients with post-COVID-19 condition. It is essential to carry out the quality evaluation of QJYQ. A comprehensive investigation was conducted by establishing deep-learning assisted mass defect filter (deep-learning MDF) mode for qualitative analysis, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and scheduled multiple reaction monitoring method (UHPLC-sMRM) for precise quantitation to evaluate the quality of QJYQ. Firstly, a deep-learning MDF was used to classify and characterize the whole phytochemical components of QJYQ based on the mass spectrum (MS) data of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Secondly, the highly sensitive UHPLC-sMRM data-acquisition method was established to quantify the multi-ingredients of QJYQ. Totally, nine major types of phytochemical compounds in QJYQ were intelligently classified and 163 phytochemicals were initially identified. Furthermore, fifty components were rapidly quantified. The comprehensive evaluation strategy established in this study would provide an effective tool for accurately evaluating the quality of QJYQ as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shuangqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lina Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shujing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Kunze Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ye Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiading Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shiming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Li S, Huang Y, Zhang F, Ao H, Chen L. Comparison of Volatile Oil between the Ligusticum sinese Oliv. and Ligusticum jeholense Nakai et Kitag. Based on GC-MS and Chemical Pattern Recognition Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165325. [PMID: 36014563 PMCID: PMC9414267 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix (LReR) is the dried rhizomes and roots of Ligusticum sinese Oliv. (LS) or Ligusticum jeholense Nakai et Kitag. (LJ). However, in the market, LS and LJ are frequently confused with each other. Since the volatile oils are both the main active components and quality control indicators of LReR, a strategy combining gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and chemical pattern recognition (CPR) was used to compare the volatile components of LJ and LS. Total ion chromatography (TIC) revealed that phthalides (i.e., neocnidilide) and phenylpropanoids (i.e., myristicin) could be thought of as the most critical components in the volatile oils of LJ and LS, respectively. In addition, the chemical components of the volatile oils in LJ and LS were successfully distinguished by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Moreover, two quality markers, including myristicin and neocnidilide, with a very high discriminative value for the classification of LJ and LS, were found by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The relative contents of myristicin and neocnidilide were 10.86 ± 6.18% and 26.43 ± 19.63% for LJ, and 47.43 ± 12.66% and 2.87 ± 2.31% for LS. In conclusion, this research has developed an effective approach to discriminating LJ and LS based on volatile oils by combining GC-MS with chemical pattern recognition analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmao Li
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (H.A.); (L.C.); Tel.: +86-0817-3373323 (F.Z.); +86-028-61800087 (H.A.); +86-028-61800231 (L.C.)
| | - Hui Ao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (H.A.); (L.C.); Tel.: +86-0817-3373323 (F.Z.); +86-028-61800087 (H.A.); +86-028-61800231 (L.C.)
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (H.A.); (L.C.); Tel.: +86-0817-3373323 (F.Z.); +86-028-61800087 (H.A.); +86-028-61800231 (L.C.)
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A strategy for intelligent chemical profiling-guided precise quantitation of multi-components in traditional Chinese medicine formulae-QiangHuoShengShi decoction. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1649:462178. [PMID: 34038783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Due to the tremendous clinical value, more and more Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) and their formulae are attracted by world's attention. QiangHuoShengShi (QHSS) decoction is one of classic TCM formulae, which is clinically used for treating various rheumatic diseases. However, the phytochemical constituents of QHSS have rarely been reported. A simple, intelligent, and comprehensive strategy was developed to characterize the phytochemical-fingerprint and quantify the chemical-markers for precise quality evaluation of QHSS. Firstly, a new deep-learning assisted mass defect filter (MDF) method was built for rapid and accurate classification of mass spectrum (MS) ions acquired by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Subsequently, herb species-specific chemical-category and characteristic identification were used for further characterization of multi-components. As the result, seven major types of compounds in QHSS were intelligently differentiated and 183 phytochemical compounds were tentatively identified. Finally, a sensitive scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (sMRM) detection method was applied to precisely quantify 37 target analytes in QHSS decoction. This integrated strategy would provide an alternative method for chemical-material basis study of more herbal medicine or natural products.
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10
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Liu Z, Yang MQ, Zuo Y, Wang Y, Zhang J. Fraud Detection of Herbal Medicines Based on Modern Analytical Technologies Combine with Chemometrics Approach: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1606-1623. [PMID: 33840329 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1905503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fraud in herbal medicines (HMs), commonplace throughout human history, is significantly related to medicinal effects with sometimes lethal consequences. Major HMs fraud events seem to occur with a certain regularity, such as substitution by counterfeits, adulteration by addition of inferior production-own materials, adulteration by chemical compounds, and adulteration by addition of foreign matter. The assessment of HMs fraud is in urgent demand to guarantee consumer protection against the four fraudulent activities. In this review, three analysis platforms (targeted, non-targeted, and the combination of non-targeted and targeted analysis) were introduced and summarized. Furthermore, the integration of analysis technology and chemometrics method (e.g., class-modeling, discrimination, and regression method) have also been discussed. Each integration shows different applicability depending on their advantages, drawbacks, and some factors, such as the explicit objective analysis or the nature of four types of HMs fraud. In an attempt to better solve four typical HMs fraud, appropriate analytical strategies are advised and illustrated with several typical studies. The article provides a general workflow of analysis methods that have been used for detection of HMs fraud. All analysis technologies and chemometrics methods applied can conduce to excellent reference value for further exploration of analysis methods in HMs fraud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Liu
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.,School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Mei Quan Yang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yingmei Zuo
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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11
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Zuo MT, Liu YC, Sun ZL, Lin L, Tang Q, Cheng P, Liu ZY. An integrated strategy toward comprehensive characterization and quantification of multiple components from herbal medicine: An application study in Gelsemium elegans. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2021; 13:17-32. [PMID: 36117759 PMCID: PMC9476712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To develop a powerful integrated strategy based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) systems for the comprehensive characterization and quantification of multiple components of herbal medicines. Methods Firstly, different mobile phase additives, analysis time, and MS acquisition modes were orthogonally tested with liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) in order to detect as many components of Gelsemium elegans as possible with high peak intensity. Secondly, several data mining strategies, including database searching, diagnostic ion filtering and neutral loss filtering, were utilized to perform chemical profiling. Subsequently, this study focused on the quantification and validation of the performance of a liquid chromatography-triple mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ/MS) assay based on derivative multiple reaction monitoring (DeMRM). Results A total of 147 components from G. elegans were characterized, among them 116 nontarget components were reported for the first time. A sensitive and reproducible LC-QqQ/MS method was successfully developed and validated for the simultaneous relative quantification of 41 components of G. elegans. This LC-QqQ/MS method was then applied to compare the contents of components in the roots, stems and leaves. Conclusion The present integrated strategy would significantly contribute to chemical studies on herbal medicine, and its utility could be extended to other research fields, such as metabolomics, quality control, and pharmacokinetics.
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12
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Zheng G, Liu M, Chao Y, Yang Y, Zhang D, Tao Y, Zhang J, Zeng C, Wei M. Identification of lipophilic components in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium cultivars by supercritical CO 2 fluid extraction with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3421-3440. [PMID: 32568436 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To systematically identify the lipophilic constituents of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium from different cultivars, supercritical CO2 fluid extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry were integrated for the component analysis of 18 batches of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium from 12 cultivars for the first time. A total of 57 components from the supercritical CO2 fluid extracts were demonstrably or tentatively identified by the obtained parent peaks, fragment peaks, and retention times. In total, two flavonoids, six organic acids, nine coumarins, three aldehydes, seven esters, three terpenes, one limonoid, and five other compounds were detected for the first time; notably, coumarin components have not yet been reported in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium. Furthermore, the extract constituents differed between cultivars. In particular, organic acids were more abundant in Citrus reticulata "Chachi" than in other cultivars, and pterostilbene was exclusively found in Citrus reticulata "Yichangju". The results showed that a greater variety of compounds in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium could be extracted by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction and detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. This study provides a more scientific basis for further analysis of the pharmacological activity and quality of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium components from different cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mengshi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yingxin Chao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Yang
- Tianda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, P. R. China
| | - Dedong Zhang
- Tianda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Caifang Zeng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Minyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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13
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Guo J, Li J, Yang X, Wang H, He J, Liu E, Gao X, Chang YX. A Metabolomics Coupled With Chemometrics Strategy to Filter Combinatorial Discriminatory Quality Markers of Crude and Salt-Fired Eucommiae Cortex. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:838. [PMID: 32625085 PMCID: PMC7311666 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Eucommiae Cortex is commonly used for treating various diseases in a form of the crude and salt-fired products. Generally, it is empirical to distinguish the difference between two types of Eucommiae Cortex. The metabolomics coupled with chemometrics strategy was proposed to filter the combinatorial discriminatory quality markers for precise distinction and further quality control of the crude and salt-fired Eucommiae Cortex. The metabolomics data of multiple batches of Eucommiae Cortex samples was obtained by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis was utilized to filter candidate markers for characterizing the obvious difference of the crude and salt-fired Eucommiae Cortex. The accuracy of combinatorial markers was validated by random forest and partial least squares regression. Finally, eleven combinatorial discriminatory quality markers from 67 identified compounds were rapidly screened, identified, and determined for distinguishing the difference between crude and salt-fired Eucommiae Cortex. It was demonstrated that UHPLC-MS based metabolomics with chemometrics was a powerful strategy to screen the combinatorial discriminatory quality markers for distinguishing the crude and salt-fired Eucommiae Cortex and to provide the reference for precise quality control of Eucommiae Cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiading Guo
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuejing Yang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun He
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Erwei Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Xu Chang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Zhai J, Ren Z, Wang Y, Han M, Han N, Liu Z, Li S, Yin J. Traditional Chinese patent medicine Zhixiong Capsule (ZXC) alleviated formed atherosclerotic plaque in rat thoracic artery and the mechanism investigation including blood-dissolved-component-based network pharmacology analysis and biochemical validation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 254:112523. [PMID: 31884033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chinese patent medicine Zhixiong Capsule (ZXC) is the equal mixture of the extract of leech, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Leonurus japonicus Houtt., and Pueraria lobate (Willd.) Ohwi, which have been long used against inflammation, hyperlipidemia or blood stasis. In our previous study, ZXC showed good efficacy in preventing atherosclerosis (AS) plaque formation in rabbits. AIM OF THE STUDY In actual clinic practice, patients are more likely to receive treatments after AS plaque formation. Therefore, the efficacy of ZXC on formed AS plaques and the underlying mechanisms were further investigated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Simvastatin (positive control) and ZXC (420 mg/kg and 840 mg/kg) were administrated to rats which first received long-term high fat diet administration (12 weeks). The blood lipid profiles of rats were monitored during the whole experiment, and the thoracic arteries were collected at the end of experiment for AS assessment (18th week). The blood-dissolved ZXC components were determined using an UPLC-QTOF-MS method, and the attained components were then used for network pharmacology analysis to predict the key ZXC components and targets. At last, the predicted targets were validated by ELISA and western blot methods. RESULTS ZXC administration showed good blood lipid-lowering effect by significantly reduced LDL-C and TC levels in rats while significantly increased HDL-C level. Compared with model group, simvastatin, low- and high-dose of ZXC administration decreased the ratio of intimal area and medial area by 81.1%, 71.1% and 71.4%, respectively (p < 0.01), and significantly alleviated collagen deposition and mineralization in rat arteries. It was found by network pharmacology analysis that leech and four components (namely daidzein, 4-methylenemiltirone, isorhamnetin and 2-isopropyl-8-methylphenanthrene-3,4-dione) are vital components for the anti-AS efficacy of ZXC. Combing the results from biochemical validation, IL-4, IL-13, MAPK1, MAPK14, JUN and P53 were confirmed as key targets of ZXC. CONCLUSION It could be concluded that ZXC has value as an anti-AS agent in clinical treatment against formed AS plaque at the current application dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiu Zhai
- School of Traditional Chinese Material, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Zhaohui Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Material, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Material, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Mingshu Han
- School of Traditional Chinese Material, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Na Han
- School of Traditional Chinese Material, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Zhihui Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Material, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Sikai Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Material, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Jun Yin
- School of Traditional Chinese Material, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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15
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Wu S, Ni Z, Wang R, Zhao B, Han Y, Zheng Y, Liu F, Gong Y, Tang F, Liu Y. The effects of cultivar and climate zone on phytochemical components of walnut (
Juglans regia
L
.
). Food Energy Secur 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shutian Wu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry Fuyang China
- Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Zhanglin Ni
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry Fuyang China
| | - Ruohui Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry Fuyang China
| | - Baojun Zhao
- Liaoning Institute of Economic Forestry Dalian China
| | - Yongxiang Han
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry Fuyang China
| | - Yuewen Zheng
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry Fuyang China
| | - Feng Liu
- Liaoning Institute of Economic Forestry Dalian China
| | - Yonghong Gong
- Liaoning Institute of Economic Forestry Dalian China
| | - Fubin Tang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry Fuyang China
| | - Yihua Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry Fuyang China
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16
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Guo L, Gong M, Wu S, Qiu F, Ma L. Identification and quantification of the quality markers and anti-migraine active components in Chuanxiong Rhizoma and Cyperi Rhizoma herbal pair based on chemometric analysis between chemical constituents and pharmacological effects. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 246:112228. [PMID: 31513838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chuanxiong Rhizoma and Cyperi Rhizoma (CRCR), an ancient and classic herbal pair, has been used in herbal medicines for treating migraine, but its effective components are not clear. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to identify and quantify the quality markers and anti-migraine active components in CRCR based on chemometric analysis between chemical constituents and pharmacological effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The HPLC fingerprints of eight batches of CRCR samples were obtained, and their characteristic common peaks were identified by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The therapeutic effects of eight batches of CRCR samples on nitroglycerin-induced migraine rats were evaluated by migraine-related neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Similarity analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were applied to screen the quality markers. Artificial neural network and partial least squares regression models were used to screen the anti-migraine compounds by correlating the chemical constituents in HPLC fingerprints and pharmacological indicators. RESULTS Eighteen characteristic common peaks were found in the HPLC fingerprints, including eleven known compounds and seven unknown compounds. Ferulic acid (FA), senkyunolide I (SI), senkyunolide A (SA), 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), Z-ligustilide (LIG), Z-3-butylidenephthalide (BDPH), nookatone (NKT), levistilide A (LA), α-cyperone (CYP) and other five unknown compounds (P1, P2, P7, P8 and P9) were identified as quality markers. SA, NBP, LIG, NKT, CYP and other three unknown compounds (P1, P4 and P9) can be considered as anti-migraine prototype compounds. The quality markers and anti-migraine active components were further quantified in CRCR extract, rat serum and cerebral cortex by UPLC-MS/MS, which gives a clue to track the dynamic changes of the contents of the main constituents. CONCLUSIONS Our study explored the anti-migraine material basis, and could lay a foundation for the improvement of the quality control of CRCR in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Muxin Gong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Sha Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Li Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
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17
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Huang G, Liang J, Chen X, Lin J, Wei J, Huang D, Zhou Y, Sun Z, Zhao L. Isolation and Identification of Chemical Constituents from Zhideke Granules by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2020:8889607. [PMID: 33457039 PMCID: PMC7785344 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8889607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical constituents from Zhideke granules were rapidly isolated and identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) in positive and negative ion modes using both full scan and two-stage threshold-triggered mass modes. The secondary fragment ion information of the target compound was selected and compared with the compound reported in databases and related literatures to further confirm the possible compounds. A total of 47 chemical constituents were identified from the ethyl acetate extract of Zhideke granules, including 21 flavonoids and glycosides, 9 organic acids, 4 volatile components, 3 nitrogen-containing compounds, and 10 other compounds according to the fragmentation patterns, relevant literature, and MS data. The result provides a new method for the analysis of chemical constituents of Zhideke granules which laid the foundation for quality control and the study of pharmacodynamic materials of Zhideke granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqiang Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Jie Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xiaosi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Jing Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Jinyu Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Dongfang Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Yushan Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Zhengyi Sun
- Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530011, China
| | - Lichun Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Nanning 530200, China
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18
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Zheng G, Yang X, Chen B, Chao Y, Hu P, Cai Y, Wu B, Wei M. Identification and determination of chemical constituents of Citrus reticulata semen through ultra high performance liquid chromatography combined with Q Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:438-451. [PMID: 31654554 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Citrus reticulata semen, a traditional Chinese medicinal material, has desirable medicinal and dietary properties. In this study, a method combining ultra high performance liquid chromatography with Q Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry was established and validated for the identification and analysis of the chemical components of C. reticulata semen for the first time. The evaluation of different retention times and fragmentation characteristics, as well as comparative analysis with the literature, resulted in the identification of 35 chemical constituents, including 21 flavonoids and 14 other compounds. The 21 flavonoids derived from C. reticulata semen were reported for the first time. Seven of the chemical components of C. reticulata semen were quantitatively analyzed using the developed method under the optimal conditions. The results showed that the content of limonin, hesperidin, nobiletin, synephrine, tangeretin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone and 5-hydroxide-6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone in C. reticulata semen was 11.1666, 0.0404, 0.0092, 0.0255, 0.0087, 0.0010, and 0.0008 mg/g, respectively. This study demonstrated that the ultra high performance liquid chromatography Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry based method can be used to rapidly and reliably analyze the chemical constituents of C. reticulata semen. These results provide a scientific basis for further studies of C. reticulata semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuoDong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - XiuJuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - BaiZhong Chen
- Guangdong Xinbaotang Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Guangdong, Jiangmen, P. R. China
| | - YingXin Chao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - PingJun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - MinYan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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19
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Qi X, Wang X, Cheng T, Wu Q, Mi N, Mu X, Guo X, Zhao G, Huang Z, Ye J, Zhang W. Comprehensive characterization of multiple components and metabolites of Xiaojin Capsule based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2748-2761. [PMID: 31207087 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xiaojin Capsule, a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been used to treat mammary cancer, thyroid nodules, and hyperplasia of the mammary glands. However, its systematic chemical information remained unclear, which hindered the interpretation of the pharmacology and the mechanism of action of this drug. In this research, an ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method was developed to identify the complicated components and metabolites of Xiaojin Capsule. Two acquisition modes, including the MSEnergy mode and fast data directed acquisition mode, were utilized for chemical profiling. As a result, 156 compounds were unambiguously or tentatively identified by comparing their retention times and mass spectrometry data with those of reference standards or literature. After the oral administration of Xiaojin Capsule, 53 constituents, including 24 prototype compounds and 29 metabolites, were detected in rat plasma. The obtained results were beneficial for a better understanding of the therapeutic basis of Xiaojin Capsule. A high-resolution and efficient separation method was firstly established for systematically characterizing the compounds of Xiaojin Capsule and the associated metabolites in vivo, which could be helpful for quality control and pharmacokinetic studies of this medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopo Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Taofang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiuling Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Nan Mi
- Department of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Mu
- Department of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- R&D Center, Jianmin Pharmaceutical Group, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- R&D Center, Jianmin Pharmaceutical Group, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ji Ye
- Department of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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20
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Cheng T, Ye J, Li H, Dong H, Xie N, Mi N, Zhang Z, Zou J, Jin H, Zhang W. Hybrid multidimensional data acquisition and data processing strategy for comprehensive characterization of known, unknown and isomeric compounds from the compound Dan Zhi Tablet by UPLC-TWIMS-QTOFMS. RSC Adv 2019; 9:8714-8727. [PMID: 35517662 PMCID: PMC9062044 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10100k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The compound Dan Zhi Tablet (DZT), a reputable traditional Chinese medicine prescription, is widely used for the treatment of ischemic stroke in clinic. However, its systematic chemical constituents have rarely been elucidated, which hampers its quality evaluation, the study of bioactive constituents and the mechanism of action interpretation. In this study, we developed a combination of multidimensional data acquisition and data processing strategy with the aim to globally and comprehensively identify the chemical constituents in DZT based on UPLC-TWIMS-QTOFMS. First, multidimensional acquisition modes (MSE, Fast DDA and HDMSE) were performed on UPLC-TWIMS-QTOFMS. Second, targeted characterizations of the known compounds and their analogues present in DZT were carried out on the basis of the corresponding commercial standards or Mass2Motifs. Third, untargeted identification of unknown compounds in DZT was performed by extracting shared Mass2Motifs from the raw fragmentation spectra. Finally, the coeluting isomers were characterized using a precursor and/or product ion mobility. Consequently, 202 compounds were detected from DZT: 29 of them were unambiguously identified by comparison with reference compounds, 29 unknown compounds were discovered in specific medicinal materials, and ten pairs of coeluting isomers, which could not be distinguished using conventional MSE or Fast-DDA, were resolved using HDMSE only. This strategy was successfully used for the rapid and global identification of complex compounds including known, unknown and coeluting isomeric compounds in DZT and provided helpful chemical information for further quality control, pharmacology and active mechanism research on DZT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China +86-21-34205989 +86-21-34205989
| | - Ji Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Huiliang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Hongyuan Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ning Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Innovative Natural Medicine and TCM Injections, Jiangxi Qingfeng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Ganzhou 341000 China
| | - Nan Mi
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jingtao Zou
- Tonghua Huaxia Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Tonghua 134100 China
| | - Huizi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China +86-21-34205989 +86-21-34205989
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China +86-21-34205989 +86-21-34205989
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
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21
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Xu L, Li M, Zhou H, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Han N, Wu T. Rapid characterization of the chemical constituents and rat metabolites of the Wen‐Jing decoction by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1174-1193. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Xu
- Department of PharmacognosySchool of PharmacyFudan University Shanghai P. R. China
- Innovation Center of Chinese MedicineChina State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Moying Li
- Innovation Center of Chinese MedicineChina State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Innovation Center of Chinese MedicineChina State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Innovation Center of Chinese MedicineChina State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai P. R. China
| | | | - Nina Han
- Beijing Tcmages Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Tong Wu
- Innovation Center of Chinese MedicineChina State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai P. R. China
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22
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Mi N, Cheng T, Li H, Yang P, Mu X, Wang X, Zu X, Qi X, Guo X, Ye J, Zhang W. Metabolite profiling of traditional Chinese medicine formula Dan Zhi Tablet: An integrated strategy based on UPLC-QTOF/MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 164:70-85. [PMID: 30359841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites derived from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are becoming active substances of pharmacologically as well as promising sources for discovering new drugs. However, detection and identification of constituents in vivo remains a challenge for TCM, due to massive endogenous interference and low abundance of metabolites in biological matrix. Traditional Chinese medicine formula Dan Zhi Tablet (DZT), a well-established TCM formula developed based on years of clinical experiences, was widely used to treat cerebral infraction disease. In this study, an integrated strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) was adopted to comprehensively identify the prototype and metabolite constituents of DZT. The potential constituents were screened by cross orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Automatic matching analysis was performed on UNIFI platform based on the function of predicting metabolites. Using this strategy, a total of 170 compounds, including 51 prototype constituents and 119 metabolites were unambiguously or tentatively identified in rat plasma. Furthermore, 31 compounds have also been detected in rat cerebrospinal fluid. The metabolism reactions included phase I reactions (hydroxylation, hydrolysis, deglycosylation, hydrogenation, demethylation and dehydroxylation) and phase II reactions (conjugation with glutatione, cysteine, acetylcysteine, glucuronide, sulfate). It is the first systematic metabolic study of DZT in vivo and some metabolites were also reported for the first time, which could provide a scientific basis for explaining the multiple functions of DZT. More importantly, the integrated strategy also shows promising perspectives in the identification of the metabolites in TCM from a complicated biological matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mi
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Taofang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peiming Yang
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuemei Mu
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xianpeng Zu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaopo Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ji Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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