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Bielecka M, Stafiniak M, Pencakowski B, Ślusarczyk S, Jastrzębski JP, Paukszto Ł, Łaczmański Ł, Gharibi S, Matkowski A. Comparative transcriptomics of two Salvia subg. Perovskia species contribute towards molecular background of abietane-type diterpenoid biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3046. [PMID: 38321199 PMCID: PMC10847172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Tanshinones, are a group of diterpenoid red pigments present in Danshen - an important herbal drug of Traditional Chinese Medicine which is a dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Some of the tanshinones are sought after as pharmacologically active natural products. To date, the biosynthetic pathway of tanshinones has been only partially elucidated. These compounds are also present in some of the other Salvia species, i.a. from subgenus Perovskia, such as S. abrotanoides (Kar.) Sytsma and S. yangii B.T. Drew. Despite of the close genetic relationship between these species, significant qualitative differences in their diterpenoid profile have been discovered. In this work, we have used the Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis to follow the content of diterpenoids during the vegetation season, which confirmed our previous observations of a diverse diterpenoid profile. As metabolic differences are reflected in different transcript profile of a species or tissues, we used metabolomics-guided transcriptomic approach to select candidate genes, which expression possibly led to observed chemical differences. Using an RNA-sequencing technology we have sequenced and de novo assembled transcriptomes of leaves and roots of S. abrotanoides and S. yangii. As a result, 134,443 transcripts were annotated by UniProt and 56,693 of them were assigned as Viridiplantae. In order to seek for differences, the differential expression analysis was performed, which revealed that 463, 362, 922 and 835 genes indicated changes in expression in four comparisons. GO enrichment analysis and KEGG functional analysis of selected DEGs were performed. The homology and expression of two gene families, associated with downstream steps of tanshinone and carnosic acid biosynthesis were studied, namely: cytochromes P-450 and 2-oxoglutarate-dependend dioxygenases. Additionally, BLAST analysis revealed existence of 39 different transcripts related to abietane diterpenoid biosynthesis in transcriptomes of S. abrotanoides and S. yangii. We have used quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis of selected candidate genes, to follow their expression levels over the vegetative season. A hypothesis of an existence of a multifunctional CYP76AH89 in transcriptomes of S. abrotanoides and S. yangii is discussed and potential roles of other CYP450 homologs are speculated. By using the comparative transcriptomic approach, we have generated a dataset of candidate genes which provides a valuable resource for further elucidation of tanshinone biosynthesis. In a long run, our investigation may lead to optimization of diterpenoid profile in S. abrotanoides and S. yangii, which may become an alternative source of tanshinones for further research on their bioactivity and pharmacological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bielecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Marta Stafiniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pencakowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sylwester Ślusarczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Paweł Jastrzębski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A/113, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Paukszto
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Łaczmański
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy PAS, Rudolfa Weigla 12, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Shima Gharibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
- Core Research Facilities (CRF), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Adam Matkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
- Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Wroclaw Medical University, Jana Kochanowskiego 14, Wrocław, Poland
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Current status and future prospects in cannabinoid production through in vitro culture and synthetic biology. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108074. [PMID: 36481387 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, cannabis has been a rich source of fibrous, pharmaceutical, and recreational ingredients. Phytocannabinoids are the most important and well-known class of cannabis-derived secondary metabolites and display a broad range of health-promoting and psychoactive effects. The unique characteristics of phytocannabinoids (e.g., metabolite likeness, multi-target spectrum, and safety profile) have resulted in the development and approval of several cannabis-derived drugs. While most work has focused on the two main cannabinoids produced in the plant, over 150 unique cannabinoids have been identified. To meet the rapidly growing phytocannabinoid demand, particularly many of the minor cannabinoids found in low amounts in planta, biotechnology offers promising alternatives for biosynthesis through in vitro culture and heterologous systems. In recent years, the engineered production of phytocannabinoids has been obtained through synthetic biology both in vitro (cell suspension culture and hairy root culture) and heterologous systems. However, there are still several bottlenecks (e.g., the complexity of the cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway and optimizing the bioprocess), hampering biosynthesis and scaling up the biotechnological process. The current study reviews recent advances related to in vitro culture-mediated cannabinoid production. Additionally, an integrated overview of promising conventional approaches to cannabinoid production is presented. Progress toward cannabinoid production in heterologous systems and possible avenues for avoiding autotoxicity are also reviewed and highlighted. Machine learning is then introduced as a powerful tool to model, and optimize bioprocesses related to cannabinoid production. Finally, regulation and manipulation of the cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway using CRISPR- mediated metabolic engineering is discussed.
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Alcalde MA, Perez-Matas E, Escrich A, Cusido RM, Palazon J, Bonfill M. Biotic Elicitors in Adventitious and Hairy Root Cultures: A Review from 2010 to 2022. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165253. [PMID: 36014492 PMCID: PMC9416168 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the aims of plant in vitro culture is to produce secondary plant metabolites using plant cells and organ cultures, such as cell suspensions, adventitious, and hairy roots (among others). In cases where the biosynthesis of a compound in the plant is restricted to a specific organ, unorganized systems, such as plant cell cultures, are sometimes unsuitable for biosynthesis. Then, its production is based on the establishment of organ cultures such as roots or aerial shoots. To increase the production in these biotechnological systems, elicitors have been used for years as a useful tool since they activate secondary biosynthetic pathways that control the flow of carbon to obtain different plant compounds. One important biotechnological system for the production of plant secondary metabolites or phytochemicals is root culture. Plant roots have a very active metabolism and can biosynthesize a large number of secondary compounds in an exclusive way. Some of these compounds, such as tropane alkaloids, ajmalicine, ginsenosides, etc., can also be biosynthesized in undifferentiated systems, such as cell cultures. In some cases, cell differentiation and organ formation is necessary to produce the bioactive compounds. This review analyses the biotic elicitors most frequently used in adventitious and hairy root cultures from 2010 to 2022, focusing on the plant species, the target secondary metabolite, the elicitor and its concentration, and the yield/productivity of the target compounds obtained. With this overview, it may be easier to work with elicitors in in vitro root cultures and help understand why some are more effective than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Alcalde
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edgar Perez-Matas
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainoa Escrich
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Cusido
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Palazon
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Bonfill
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-4020267; Fax: +34-93-4029043
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Isolation and Comprehensive in Silico Characterisation of a New 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase 4 (HMGR4) Gene Promoter from Salvia miltiorrhiza: Comparative Analyses of Plant HMGR Promoters. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141861. [PMID: 35890495 PMCID: PMC9318348 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza synthesises tanshinones with multidirectional therapeutic effects. These compounds have a complex biosynthetic pathway, whose first rate limiting enzyme is 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR). In the present study, a new 1646 bp fragment of the S. miltiorrhiza HMGR4 gene consisting of a promoter, 5′ untranslated region and part of a coding sequence was isolated and characterised in silico using bioinformatics tools. The results indicate the presence of a TATA box, tandem repeat and pyrimidine-rich sequence, and the absence of CpG islands. The sequence was rich in motifs recognised by specific transcription factors sensitive mainly to light, salicylic acid, bacterial infection and auxins; it also demonstrated many binding sites for microRNAs. Moreover, our results suggest that HMGR4 expression is possibly regulated during flowering, embryogenesis, organogenesis and the circadian rhythm. The obtained data were verified by comparison with microarray co-expression results obtained for Arabidopsis thaliana. Alignment of the isolated HMGR4 sequence with other plant HMGRs indicated the presence of many common binding sites for transcription factors, including conserved ones. Our findings provide valuable information for understanding the mechanisms that direct transcription of the S. miltiorrhiza HMGR4 gene.
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Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge as a Potential Natural Compound against COVID-19. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081311. [PMID: 35455990 PMCID: PMC9028742 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, commonly called danshen, is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for its cardiovascular and neuroprotective effects, which include antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preclinical potential of S. miltiorrhiza extracts for the treatment of COVID-19. First, the impact of the extract on the binding between SARS-CoV-2 and the cellular ACE2 receptors was assessed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), showing a significant reduction in binding by the extract at concentrations in the µg/mL range. Second, the interference of this extract with the inflammatory response of blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined, demonstrating potent inhibitory properties in the same concentration range on pro-inflammatory cytokine release and interference with the activation of NFκB signaling. Together, these in vitro data demonstrate the potential of S. miltiorrhiza against COVID-19, consisting first of the blockade of the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the ACE2 receptor and the mitigation of the inflammatory response from leukocytes by interfering with NFκB signaling. This dataset prompts the launch of a clinical trial to address in vivo the clinical benefits of this promising agent.
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De Novo Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Putative Genes Involved in Anthraquinone Biosynthesis in Rubia yunnanensis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030521. [PMID: 35328075 PMCID: PMC8954821 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rubia yunnanensis Diels (R. yunnanensis), a Chinese perennial plant, is well-known for its medicinal values such as rheumatism, contusion, and anemia. It is rich in bioactive anthraquinones, but the biosynthetic pathways of anthraquinones in R. yunnanensis remain unknown. To investigate genes involved in anthraquinone biosynthesis in R. yunnanensis, we generated a de novo transcriptome of R. yunnanensis using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing platform. A total of 636,198 transcripts were obtained, in which 140,078 transcripts were successfully annotated. A differential gene expression analysis identified 15 putative genes involved in anthraquinone biosynthesis. Additionally, the hairy roots of R. yunnanensis were treated with 200 µM Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA). The contents of six bioactive anthraquinones and gene expression levels of 15 putative genes were measured using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), respectively. The results showed that the expressions levels for 11 of the 15 genes and the contents of two of six anthraquinones significantly increased by MeJA treatment. Pearson’s correlation analyses indicated that the expressions of 4 of the 15 putative genes were positively correlated with the contents of rubiquinone (Q3) and rubiquinone-3-O-β-d-xylopranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranoside (Q20). This study reported the first de novo transcriptome of R. yunnanensis and shed light on the anthraquinone biosynthesis and genetic information for R. yunnanensis.
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Szymczyk P, Szymańska G, Kuźma Ł, Jeleń A, Balcerczak E. Methyl Jasmonate Activates the 2C Methyl-D-erithrytol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate Synthase Gene and Stimulates Tanshinone Accumulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza Solid Callus Cultures. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061772. [PMID: 35335134 PMCID: PMC8950807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study characterizes the 5′ regulatory region of the SmMEC gene. The isolated fragment is 1559 bp long and consists of a promoter, 5′UTR and 31 nucleotide 5′ fragments of the CDS region. In silico bioinformatic analysis found that the promoter region contains repetitions of many potential cis-active elements. Cis-active elements associated with the response to methyl jasmonate (MeJa) were identified in the SmMEC gene promoter. Co-expression studies combined with earlier transcriptomic research suggest the significant role of MeJa in SmMEC gene regulation. These findings were in line with the results of the RT-PCR test showing SmMEC gene expression induction after 72 h of MeJa treatment. Biphasic total tanshinone accumulation was observed following treatment of S. miltiorrhiza solid callus cultures with 50–500 μM methyl jasmonate, with peaks observed after 10–20 and 50–60 days. An early peak of total tanshinone concentration (0.08%) occurred after 20 days of 100 μM MeJa induction, and a second, much lower one, was observed after 50 days of 50 μM MeJa stimulation (0.04%). The dominant tanshinones were cryptotanshinone (CT) and dihydrotanshinone (DHT). To better understand the inducing effect of MeJa treatment on tanshinone biosynthesis, a search was performed for methyl jasmonate-responsive cis-active motifs in the available sequences of gene proximal promoters associated with terpenoid precursor biosynthesis. The results indicate that MeJa has the potential to induce a significant proportion of the presented genes, which is in line with available transcriptomic and RT-PCR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szymczyk
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Grażyna Szymańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Kuźma
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Jeleń
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland; (A.J.); (E.B.)
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland; (A.J.); (E.B.)
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Liu A, Liu S, Li Y, Tao M, Han H, Zhong Z, Zhu W, Tian J. Phosphoproteomics Reveals Regulation of Secondary Metabolites in Mahonia bealei Exposed to Ultraviolet-B Radiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:794906. [PMID: 35087555 PMCID: PMC8787227 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.794906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mahonia bealei (M. bealei) is a traditional Chinese medicine containing a high alkaloid content used to treat various diseases. Generally, only dried root and stem are used as medicines, considering that the alkaloid content in M. bealei leaves is lower than in the stems and roots. Some previous research found that alkaloid and flavonoid contents in the M. bealei leaves may increase when exposed to ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation. However, the underlying mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, we used titanium dioxide material enrichment and mass-based label-free quantitative proteomics techniques to explore the effect and mechanism of M. bealei leaves when exposed to UV-B treatment. Our data suggest that UV-B radiation increases the ATP content, photosynthetic pigment content, and some enzymatic/nonenzymatic indicators in the leaves of M. bealei. Moreover, phosphoproteomics suggests phosphoproteins related to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction and the plant hormone brassinosteroid signaling pathway as well as phosphoproteins related to photosynthesis, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the amino acid synthesis/metabolism pathway are all affected by UV-B radiation. These results suggest that the UV-B radiation activates the oxidative stress response, MAPK signal transduction pathway, and photosynthetic energy metabolism pathway, which may lead to the accumulation of secondary metabolites in M. bealei leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Liu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaohan Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minglei Tao
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haote Han
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoheng Zhong
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingkui Tian
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Zheng H, Jing L, Jiang X, Pu C, Zhao S, Yang J, Guo J, Cui G, Tang J, Ma Y, Yu M, Zhou X, Chen M, Lai C, Huang L, Shen Y. The ERF-VII transcription factor SmERF73 coordinately regulates tanshinone biosynthesis in response to stress elicitors in Salvia miltiorrhiza. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1940-1955. [PMID: 33983629 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigate the role of SmERF73, a group VII ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR stress response transcription factor, in the regulation of post-modification of the skeleton precursors of diterpene tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Most genes found to be involved in tanshinone biosynthesis are located on chromosome 6, and five of these genes comprise a large gene cluster in S. miltiorrhiza. We found that SmERF73 overexpression in S. miltiorrhiza coordinately up-regulated the transcription of seven tanshinone biosynthetic genes, four of which were located in the tanshinone gene cluster, consequently increasing tanshinone accumulation, while SmERF73 silencing reduced corresponding gene transcription and tanshinone accumulation. SmERF73 recognizes GCC-box promoter elements of four tanshinone-associated genes (DXR1, CPS1, KSL1 and CYP76AH3) and activates their expression. Moreover, SmERF73 and its targets were up-regulated by stress elicitors; SmERF73 appears to be at least partly mediated by the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway via interaction with SmJAZ3. SmERF73 coordinately regulates tanshinone biosynthetic gene expression, suggesting a potential link between tanshinone production and plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Li Jing
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- Practice Innovations Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Chunjuan Pu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jinfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Muyao Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiuteng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Meilan Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Changjiangsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
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Kentsop RAD, Iobbi V, Donadio G, Ruffoni B, De Tommasi N, Bisio A. Abietane Diterpenoids from the Hairy Roots of Salvia corrugata. Molecules 2021; 26:5144. [PMID: 34500582 PMCID: PMC8434070 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia corrugata Vahl. is an interesting source of abietane and abeo-abietane compounds that showed antibacterial, antitumor, and cytotoxic activities. The aim of the study was to obtain transformed roots of S. corrugata and to evaluate the production of terpenoids in comparison with in vivo root production. Hairy roots were initiated from leaf explants by infection with ATCC 15834 Agrobacterium rhizogenes onto hormone-free Murashige and Skoog (MS) solid medium. Transformation was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis of rolC and virC1 genes. The biomass production was obtained in hormone-free liquid MS medium using Temporary Immersion System bioreactor RITA®. The chromatographic separation of the methanolic extract of the untransformed roots afforded horminone, ferruginol, 7-O-acetylhorminone and 7-O-methylhorminone. Agastol and ferruginol were isolated and quantified from the hairy roots. The amount of these metabolites indicated that the hairy roots of S. corrugata can be considered a source of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roméo Arago Dougué Kentsop
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (R.A.D.K.); (V.I.)
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura—CREA Centro di Ricerca Orticoltura e Florovivaismo, Corso degli Inglesi, 508, 18038 Sanremo, Italy;
| | - Valeria Iobbi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (R.A.D.K.); (V.I.)
| | - Giuliana Donadio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Barbara Ruffoni
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura—CREA Centro di Ricerca Orticoltura e Florovivaismo, Corso degli Inglesi, 508, 18038 Sanremo, Italy;
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Angela Bisio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (R.A.D.K.); (V.I.)
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11
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Xanthones Production in Gentiana dinarica Beck Hairy Root Cultures Grown in Simple Bioreactors. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081610. [PMID: 34451654 PMCID: PMC8401843 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The hairy root clones of Gentiana dinarica cl-B, cl-D, cl-3, and cl-14 were cultivated in parallel in diverse simple bioreactors, including temporary immersion systems RITA® (TIS RITA®), bubble column bioreactors (BCB), and Erlenmeyer flasks (EF), and evaluated for biomass production and xanthone content. The obtained results showed that TIS RITA® and BCB containing ½ MS medium with 4% sucrose provided equally good growth conditions in which the majority of the clones displayed the higher percentage of dry matter (DM%), and xanthones norswertianin-1-O-primeveroside (nor-1-O-prim) and norswertianin production than those cultivated in EF. Thin and well branched hairy root clone cl-B grown in BCB for 7 weeks was superior regarding all growth parameters tested, including growth index (19.97), dry weight (2.88 g), and DM% (25.70%) compared to all other clones. Cl-B cultured in TIS RITA® contained the highest amount of nor-1-O-prim (56.82 mg per vessel). In BCB with constant aeration, cl-B accumulated the highest norswertianin content reaching 18.08 mg/vessel. The optimized conditions for cultivation of selected G. dinarica hairy root clones in highly aerated TIS RITA® and BCB systems contribute to the development of bioreactor technology designed for the large scale commercial production of xanthones nor-1-O-prim and norswertianin.
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Li C, Wang M. Application of Hairy Root Culture for Bioactive Compounds Production in Medicinal Plants. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:592-608. [PMID: 32416672 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200516155146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are rich sources of natural bioactive compounds used to treat many diseases. With the development of the health industry, the market demands for Chinese medicine have been rapidly increasing in recent years. However, over-utilization of herbal plants would cause serious ecological problems. Therefore, an effective approach should be developed to produce the pharmaceutically important natural drugs. Hairy root culture induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes has been considered to be an effective tool to produce secondary metabolites that are originally biosynthesized in the roots or even in the aerial organs of mature plants. This review aims to summarize current progress on medicinal plant hairy root culture for bioactive compounds production. It presents the stimulating effects of various biotic and abiotic elicitors on the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Synergetic effects by combination of different elicitors or with other strategies are also included. Besides, the transgenic system has promising prospects to increase bioactive compounds content by introducing their biosynthetic or regulatory genes into medicinal plant hairy root. It offers great potential to further increase secondary metabolites yield by the integration of manipulating pathway genes with elicitors and other strategies. Then advances on two valuable pharmaceuticals production in the hairy root cultures are illustrated in detail. Finally, successful production of bioactive compounds by hairy root culture in bioreactors are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caili Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meizhen Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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13
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Zhang S, Zhang L, Zou H, Qiu L, Zheng Y, Yang D, Wang Y. Effects of Light on Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis in Medicinal Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:781236. [PMID: 34956277 PMCID: PMC8702564 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.781236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites (SMs) found in medicinal plants are one of main sources of drugs, cosmetics, and health products. With the increase in demand for these bioactive compounds, improving the content and yield of SMs in medicinal plants has become increasingly important. The content and distribution of SMs in medicinal plants are closely related to environmental factors, especially light. In recent years, artificial light sources have been used in controlled environments for the production and conservation of medicinal germplasm. Therefore, it is essential to elucidate how light affects the accumulation of SMs in different plant species. Here, we systematically summarize recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory roles of light quality, light intensity, and photoperiod in the biosynthesis of three main types of SMs (polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids), and the underlying mechanisms. This article provides a detailed overview of the role of light signaling pathways in SM biosynthesis, which will further promote the application of artificial light sources in medicinal plant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuncang Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Zheng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dongfeng Yang,
| | - Youping Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Youping Wang,
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14
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Wei T, Deng K, Gao Y, Chen L, Song W, Zhang Y, Wang C, Chen C. SmKSL overexpression combined with elicitor treatment enhances tanshinone production from Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Signaling in Extractive Shiraia Fermentation by Triton X-100 for Hypocrellin A Production. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030882. [PMID: 32019072 PMCID: PMC7037624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiraia mycelial culture is a promising biotechnological alternative for the production of hypocrellin A (HA), a new photosensitizer for anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT). The extractive fermentation of intracellular HA in the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX100) aqueous solution was studied in the present work. The addition of 25 g/L TX100 at 36 h of the fermentation not only enhanced HA exudation to the broth by 15.6-fold, but stimulated HA content in mycelia by 5.1-fold, leading to the higher production 206.2 mg/L, a 5.4-fold of the control on day 9. After the induced cell membrane permeabilization by TX100 addition, a rapid generation of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was observed. The increase of NO level was suppressed by the scavenger vitamin C (VC) of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas the induced H2O2 production could not be prevented by the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), suggesting that NO production may occur downstream of ROS in the extractive fermentation. Both NO and H2O2 were proved to be involved in the expressions of HA biosynthetic genes (Mono, PKS and Omef) and HA production. NO was found to be able to up-regulate the expression of transporter genes (MFS and ABC) for HA exudation. Our results indicated the integrated role of NO and ROS in the extractive fermentation and provided a practical biotechnological process for HA production.
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Jiang Y, Wang L, Lu S, Xue Y, Wei X, Lu J, Zhang Y. Transcriptome sequencing of Salvia miltiorrhiza after infection by its endophytic fungi and identification of genes related to tanshinone biosynthesis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:760-769. [PMID: 31694427 PMCID: PMC6844419 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1680706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Context: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae) is a traditional Chinese herb. Endophytic fungi, which are biotic elicitors, can induce accumulation of secondary metabolites in their host plants.Objective: To analyze the interaction mechanism between S. miltiorrhiza and endophytic fungi.Materials and methods: Endophytic fungi U104 producing tanshinone IIA were isolated from the healthy disease-free tissue of root of S. miltiorrhiza by conventional methods. The endophytic fungus U104 of S. miltiorrhiza was co-cultured with the sterile seedlings of S. miltiorrhiza for 20 d (temp:day/night = 26 °C/18 °C, photoperiod:12/12 h, illuminance:2000 Lx). Transcriptome sequencing of S. miltiorrhiza seedlings after 20 d of co-cultivation was performed using the Illumina platform.Results: A total of 3713 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained. These different expression genes, such as STPII, LTP2, MYB transcription factors, CNGC, CDPK, Rboh, CaM, MAP2K1/MEK1, WRKY33, SGT1/SGT and Hsp90/htpG, showed that host S. miltiorrhiza had biological defence response in the initial stage of interaction. Under the induction of endophytic fungi, 14 key enzyme genes were up-regulated in the tanshinone biosynthesis pathway: DXS, DXS2, DXR, HMGR3, AACT, MK, PMK, GGPPS2, GPPS, KSL, IDI, IPII, FDPS and CPS.Discussion and conclusions: A total of 14 key genes were obtained from the tanshinone component synthesis and metabolic pathways, providing a reasonable explanation for the accumulation of tanshinone components, an accumulation induced by endophytic fungi, in the host plants. The large amounts of data generated in this study provide a strong and powerful platform for future functional and molecular studies of interactions between host plants and their endophytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shaorong Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yizhe Xue
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiying Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Halder M, Sarkar S, Jha S. Elicitation: A biotechnological tool for enhanced production of secondary metabolites in hairy root cultures. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:880-895. [PMID: 32624980 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Elicitation is a possible aid to overcome various difficulties associated with the large-scale production of most commercially important bioactive secondary metabolites from wild and cultivated plants, undifferentiated or differentiated cultures. Secondary metabolite accumulation in vitro or their efflux in culture medium has been elicited in the undifferentiated or differentiated tissue cultures of several plant species by the application of a low concentration of biotic and abiotic elicitors in the last three decades. Hairy root cultures are preferred for the application of elicitation due to their genetic and biosynthetic stability, high growth rate in growth regulator-free media, and production consistence in response to elicitor treatment. Elicitors act as signal, recognized by elicitor-specific receptors on the plant cell membrane and stimulate defense responses during elicitation resulting in increased synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Optimization of various parameters, such as elicitor type, concentration, duration of exposure, and treatment schedule is essential for the effectiveness of the elicitation strategies. Combined application of different elicitors, integration of precursor feeding, or replenishment of medium or in situ product recovery from the roots/liquid medium with the elicitor treatment have showed improved accumulation of secondary metabolites due to their synergistic effect. This is a comprehensive review about the progress in the elicitation approach to hairy root cultures from 2010 to 2019 and the information provided is valuable and will be of interest for scientists working in this area of plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Halder
- Department of Botany Barasat Government College Kolkata India
| | | | - Sumita Jha
- Department of Botany Calcutta University Kolkata India
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Yi TG, Park Y, Park JE, Park NI. Enhancement of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidative Activities by the Combination of Culture Medium and Methyl Jasmonate Elicitation in Hairy Root Cultures of Lactuca indica L. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19861867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactuca indica L. has been traditionally used as a wild vegetable and as a medicinal plant for centuries. The various compounds present in it and their biological activities have been extensively reported. Hairy-root culture combined with agrobacterium-meditated metabolic engineering is a useful technique to achieve stable production of biologically active plant compounds. Here, we evaluated the enhancement of secondary metabolites in L. indica L. and their bioactivities by testing culture media composition and the use of an elicitor. Hairy roots were induced and cultured in MS or SH liquid media for 2 weeks prior to treatment with various concentrations of MeJa, for different periods. The resulting phenolic contents and physiological activities were analyzed. Higher total phenolic, flavonoid, and hydroxycinnamic acids contents were attained by elicitation with MeJa. Metabolite accumulation, especially in SH media and in the presence of MeJa, was time dependent. Particularly, accumulation of chicoric acid increased markedly with time. Similarly, we observed time dependent positive and negative responses of antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. As in previous studies, the highest correlation was found between total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Further, 3,5-DCQA showed the highest correlation with total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities in hydroxycinnamic acids. Our data effectively identified optimal culture conditions to increase the accumulation of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity in hairy roots cultures of L. indica L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gyu Yi
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Yeri Park
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Jai-Eok Park
- Smart Farm Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of National Products, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Nam Il Park
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
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19
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Proteomic analysis reveals novel insights into tanshinones biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5768. [PMID: 30962498 PMCID: PMC6453882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a medicinal plant highly appreciated by its content of tanshinones and salvianolic acids. Tanshinones are of particular relevance for their anti-oxidant, anti-tumoral and anti-inflammatory properties. Abiotic and biotic agents as silver nitrate and yeast extract have shown efficiently to stimulate tanshinone accumulation, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains essentially unknown. By using hairy roots as experimental material and the elicitors mentioned, were obtained up to 22 mg of tanshinones per gram of dry weight. Differential label-free quantitative proteomic analysis was applied to study the proteins involved in tanshinone biosynthesis. A total of 2650 proteins were identified in roots extracts, of which 893 showed statistically (p < 0.05) significant change in relative abundance compared to control roots, 251 proteins were upregulated and 642 downregulated. Among the upregulated proteins the predominant functional categories were metabolism (47%), stress defense (18%) and redox homeostasis (10%). Within the metabolism category, isoprenoid metabolism enzymes, cytochromes P450 and FAD-binding berberine proteins showed abundance profile linked to tanshinone concentration. The results presented here allowed to propose 5 new cytochromes P450 and 5 berberine enzymes as candidates to be involved into tanshinone biosynthesis, a novel finding that opens new avenues to improve tanshinone production through biotechnological approaches.
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20
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Smoke-Isolated Karrikins Stimulated Tanshinones Biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza through Endogenous Nitric Oxide and Jasmonic Acid. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071229. [PMID: 30934811 PMCID: PMC6479829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although smoke-isolated karrikins (KAR1) could regulate secondary metabolism in medicinal plants, the signal transduction mechanism has not been reported. This study highlights the influence of KAR1 on tanshinone I (T-I) production in Salvia miltiorrhiza and the involved signal molecules. Results showed KAR1-induced generation of nitric oxide (NO), jasmonic acid (JA) and T-I in S. miltiorrhiza hairy root. KAR1-induced increase of T-I was suppressed by NO-specific scavenger (cPTIO) and NOS inhibitors (PBITU); JA synthesis inhibitor (SHAM) and JA synthesis inhibitor (PrGall), which indicated that NO and JA play essential roles in KAR1-induced T-I. NO inhibitors inhibited KAR1-induced generation of NO and JA, suggesting NO was located upstream of JA signal pathway. NO-induced T-I production was inhibited by SHAM and PrGall, implying JA participated in transmitting signal NO to T-I accumulation. In other words, NO mediated the KAR1-induced T-I production through a JA-dependent signaling pathway. The results helped us understand the signal transduction mechanism involved in KAR1-induced T-I production and provided helpful information for the production of S. miltiorrhiza hairy root.
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Jiang Z, Gao W, Huang L. Tanshinones, Critical Pharmacological Components in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:202. [PMID: 30923500 PMCID: PMC6426754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, a member of the Lamiaceae family, is valued in traditional Chinese Medicine. Its dried root (named Danshen) has been used for hundreds of years, primarily for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Tanshinones are the main active ingredients in S. miltiorrhiza and exhibit significant pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, cardiovascular effects, and antitumor activity. Danshen dripping pill of Tianshili is an effective drug widely used in the clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases. With the increasing demand for clinical drugs, the traditional method for extracting and separating tanshinones from medicinal plants is insufficient. Therefore, in combination with synthetic biological methods and strategies, it is necessary to analyze the biosynthetic pathway of tanshinones and construct high-yield functional bacteria to obtain tanshinones. Moreover, the biosynthesis of tanshinones has been studied for more than two decades but remains to be completely elucidated. This review will systematically present the composition, extraction and separation, pharmacological activities and biosynthesis of tanshinones from S. miltiorrhiza, with the intent to provide references for studies on other terpenoid bioactive components of traditional Chinese medicines and to provide new research strategies for the sustainable development of traditional Chinese medicine resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqian Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wei T, Gao Y, Deng K, Zhang L, Yang M, Liu X, Qi C, Wang C, Song W, Zhang Y, Chen C. Enhancement of tanshinone production in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures by metabolic engineering. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:53. [PMID: 31143241 PMCID: PMC6532201 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tanshinones are diterpenoid compounds that are used to treat cardiovascular diseases. As current extraction methods for tanshinones are inefficient, there is a pressing need to improve the production of these bioactive compounds to meet increasing demand. RESULTS Overexpression of SmMDS (2-c-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase, a tanshinone biosynthesis gene) in transgenic Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots significantly increased the tanshinone yield compared to the control, and total tanshinone content in SmMDS-overexpressing lines increased after elicitor treatment. Total tanshinones increased to 2.5, 2.3, and 3.2 mg/g DW (dry weight) following treatment with Ag+, YE (yeast extract), and MJ (methyl jasmonate), respectively, compared with the non-induced transgenic line (1.7 mg/g DW). Also, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of two pathway genes was positively correlated with increased accumulation of tanshinone. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an effective strategy for increasing the content of tanshinones and other natural compounds using a combination of genetic engineering and elicitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kejun Deng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lipeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiling Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaopei Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Caiyan Qi
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqin Song
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengbin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China
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Xu Y, Geng L, Zhao S. Biosynthesis of bioactive ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza and advanced biotechnologies for their production. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1532318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yingpeng Xu
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Geng
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Espinosa-Leal CA, Puente-Garza CA, García-Lara S. In vitro plant tissue culture: means for production of biological active compounds. PLANTA 2018; 248:1-18. [PMID: 29736623 PMCID: PMC7088179 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Plant tissue culture as an important tool for the continuous production of active compounds including secondary metabolites and engineered molecules. Novel methods (gene editing, abiotic stress) can improve the technique. Humans have a long history of reliance on plants for a supply of food, shelter and, most importantly, medicine. Current-day pharmaceuticals are typically based on plant-derived metabolites, with new products being discovered constantly. Nevertheless, the consistent and uniform supply of plant pharmaceuticals has often been compromised. One alternative for the production of important plant active compounds is in vitro plant tissue culture, as it assures independence from geographical conditions by eliminating the need to rely on wild plants. Plant transformation also allows the further use of plants for the production of engineered compounds, such as vaccines and multiple pharmaceuticals. This review summarizes the important bioactive compounds currently produced by plant tissue culture and the fundamental methods and plants employed for their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Espinosa-Leal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - César A Puente-Garza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Silverio García-Lara
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, NL, México.
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Chen IGJ, Lee MS, Lin MK, Ko CY, Chang WT. Blue light decreases tanshinone IIA content in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots via genes regulation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 183:164-171. [PMID: 29709801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants and hairy roots is receiving much attention. The roots and rhizomes of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge are widely used for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The main components are liposoluble tanshinones and hydrophilic phenolic acids. Moreover, hairy root culture of S. miltiorrhiza has been used in research of valuable plant-derived secondary metabolites. In this study, we examined the effect of LEDs with different combinations of wavelengths on the content of the main components in hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza. Tanshinone IIA (TSIIA) content in hairy roots was significantly decreased with all light treatments containing blue light by >60% and was 9 times lower with LED treatment duration changed from 1 week to 3 weeks. HMGR, DXS2, DXR, GGPPS, CPS and CYP76AH1 genes involved in the tanshinone biosynthesis pathway were downregulated by blue light. Furthermore, light quality treatments have different effect on the accumulation of phenolic acids in hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza. The light treatments 6R3B, 6B3IR, 7RGB and 2R6BUV for 3 weeks could increase rosmarinic acid (RA) content slightly but not salvianolic acid B (SAB) content. Different secondary metabolite contents could be regulated by different wavelength combinations of LEDs. Blue light could reduce TSIIA content in hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza via gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Gin J Chen
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shiou Lee
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kuem Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yun Ko
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Te Chang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Huang Y, Tan H, Yu J, Chen Y, Guo Z, Wang G, Zhang Q, Chen J, Zhang L, Diao Y. Stable Internal Reference Genes for Normalizing Real-Time Quantitative PCR in Baphicacanthus cusia under Hormonal Stimuli and UV Irradiation, and in Different Plant Organs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:668. [PMID: 28515733 PMCID: PMC5413499 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek, the plant source for many kinds of drugs in traditional Chinese medicine, is widely distributed in South China, especially in Fujian. Recent studies about B. cusia mainly focus on its chemical composition and pharmacological effects, but further analysis of the plant's gene functions and expression is required to better understand the synthesis of its effective compounds. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a powerful method for gene expression analysis. It is necessary to select a suitable reference gene for expression normalization to ensure the accuracy of RT-qPCR results. Ten candidate reference genes were selected from the transcriptome datasets of B. cusia in this study, and the expression stability was assessed across 60 samples representing different tissues and organs under various conditions, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hormonal stimuli (jasmonic acid methyl ester and abscisic acid), and in different plant organs. By employing different algorithms, such as geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper, which are complementary approaches based on different statistical procedures, 18S rRNA was found to be the most stable gene under UV irradiation and hormonal stimuli, whereas ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 was the best suitable gene for different plant organs. This novel study aimed to screen for suitable reference genes and corresponding primer pairs specifically designed for gene expression studies in B. cusia, in particular for RT-qPCR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityQuanzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Quanzhou Medical CollegeQuanzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Hexin Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityQuanzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhiying Guo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityQuanzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Guoquan Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityQuanzhou, China
| | - Qinglei Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityQuanzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang
| | - Yong Diao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityQuanzhou, China
- Yong Diao
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Chen C, Zhang Y, Qiakefu K, Zhang X, Han LM, Hua WP, Yan YP, Wang ZZ. Overexpression of Tomato Prosystemin (LePS) Enhances Pest Resistance and the Production of Tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7760-7769. [PMID: 27690419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinones are a group of active diterpenes with pharmacological properties that are widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Jasmonate (JA) acts as an elicitor to enhance tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. However, because of high labor costs and undesirable chemical characteristics, the use of JA elicitation is still in the experimental stage. In our experiments, the overexpression of Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) Prosystemin (LePS) in transgenic plants of S. miltiorrhiza increased their JA concentrations, significantly enhanced the production of tanshinone, and activated the expression of key genes in the tanshinone biosynthesis pathway. Meanwhile, the relative levels of metabolites related to defense such as sterols, terpenes, and phenolic acids were also increased in our OEP lines. In addition, when the larvae of cotton bollworms (Heliothis armigera) were fed with leaves from transgenic lines, their mortality rates rose by nearly 4-fold when compared to that of larvae exposed to leaves from the nontransformed wild type. Our study provides a new strategy for genetic engineering by which tanshinone production and pest resistance can be improved in S. miltiorrhiza. This is accomplished by simulating the wounding signal that increases the endogenous levels of JA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Kuliman Qiakefu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Li-Min Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Shaanxi Xueqian Normal University , 710110, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ping Hua
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Shaanxi Xueqian Normal University , 710110, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Zhe-Zhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
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Rong Q, Jiang D, Chen Y, Shen Y, Yuan Q, Lin H, Zha L, Zhang Y, Huang L. Molecular Cloning and Functional Analysis of Squalene Synthase 2(SQS2) in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1274. [PMID: 27605932 PMCID: PMC4996051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, which is also known as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is widely studied for its ability to accumulate the diterpene quinone Tanshinones. In addition to producing a variety of diterpene quinone, S. miltiorrhiza Bunge also accumulates sterol, brassinosteroid and triterpenoids. During their biosynthesis, squalene synthase (SQS, EC 2.5.1.21) converts two molecules of the hydrophilic substrate farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) into a hydrophobic product, squalene. In the present study, cloning and characterization of S. miltiorrhiza Bunge squalene synthase 2 (SmSQS2, Genbank Accession Number: KM408605) cDNA was investigated subsequently followed by its recombinant expression and preliminary enzyme activity. The full-length cDNA of SmSQS2 was 1 597 bp in length, with an open reading frame of 1 245 bp encoding 414 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of SmSQS2 shared high similarity with those of SQSs from other plants. To obtain soluble recombinant enzymes, the truncated SmSQS2 in which 28 amino acids were deleted from the carboxy terminus was expressed as GST-Tag fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot analysis, and the resultant bacterial crude extract was incubated with FPP and NADPH. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer analysis showed that squalene was detected in the in vitro reaction mixture. The gene expression level was analyzed through Quantitative real-time PCR, and was found to be higher in roots as compared to the leaves, and was up-regulated upon YE+ Ag(+) treatment. These results could serve as an important to understand the function of the SQS family. In addition, the identification of SmSQS2 is important for further studies of terpenoid and sterol biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza Bunge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixian Rong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese MedicineNanchang, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Qingjun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Huixin Lin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Luqi Huang,
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