A nanotechnology-based new approach in the treatment of breast cancer: Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Cuminum cyminum L. seed extract

Current development of theragnostic nanoparticles for women's cancer treatment

In the biomedical industry, nanoparticles (NPs-exclusively small particles with size ranging from 1-100 nanometres) are recently employed as powerful tools due to their huge potential in sophisticated and enhanced cancer theragnostic (i.e. therapeutics and diagnostics). Cancer is a life-threatening disease caused by carcinogenic agents and mutation in cells, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and harming the body's normal functioning while affecting several factors like low levels of reactive oxygen species, hyperactive antiapoptotic mRNA expression, reduced proapoptotic mRNA expression, damaged DNA repair, and so on. NPs are extensively used in early cancer diagnosis and are functionalized to target receptors overexpressing cancer cells for effective cancer treatment. This review focuses explicitly on how NPs alone and combined with imaging techniques and advanced treatment techniques have been researched against 'women's cancer' such as breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer which are substantially occurring in women. NPs, in combination with numerous imaging techniques (like PET, SPECT, MRI, etc) have been widely explored for cancer imaging and understanding tumor characteristics. Moreover, NPs in combination with various advanced cancer therapeutics (like magnetic hyperthermia, pH responsiveness, photothermal therapy, etc), have been stated to be more targeted and effective therapeutic strategies with negligible side effects. Furthermore, this review will further help to improve treatment outcomes and patient quality of life based on the theragnostic application-based studies of NPs in women's cancer treatment.

Synthesis of novel coumarin-triazole hybrids and first evaluation of the 4-phenyl substituted hybrid loaded PLGA nanoparticles delivery system to the anticancer activity

Despite the discovery of many chemotherapeutic drugs that prevent uncontrolled cell division processes in the last century, many studies are still being carried out to develop drugs with higher anticancer efficacy and lower level of side effects. Herein, we designed, synthesized, and characterized six novel coumarin-triazole hybrids, and evaluated for anticancer activity of the one with the highest potential against the breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 and human cervical cancer cell line, human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa). Compound21which was the coumarin derivative including phenyl substituent with the lowest IC50 value displayed the highest cytotoxicity against the studied cancer cell line. Furthermore, the potential use of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) prepared by the emulsifying solvent evaporation method as a platform for a drug delivery system was studied on a selected coumarin derivative21. This coumarin derivative-loaded PLGA NPs were produced with an average size of 225.90 ± 2.96 nm, -16.90 ± 0.85 mV zeta potential, and 4.12 ± 0.90% drug loading capacity. The obtained21-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were analyzed spectroscopically and microscopically with FT-IR, UV-vis, and scanning electron microscopy as well as thermogravimetric analysis, Raman, and x-ray diffraction. Thein vitrorelease of21from the nanoparticles exhibited a controlled release profile just over one month following a burst release in the initial six hours and in addition to this a total release ratio of %50 and %85 were obtained at pH 7.4 and 5.5, respectively.21-loaded PLGA nanoparticles displayed remarkably effective anticancer activity than21. The IC50 values were determined as IC50(21-loaded PLGA nanoparticles): 0.42 ± 0.01 mg ml-1and IC50(free21molecule): 5.74 ± 3.82 mg ml-1against MCF-7 cells, and as IC50(21-loaded PLGA nanoparticles): 0.77 ± 0.12 mg ml-1and IC50(free21molecule): 1.32 ± 0.31 mg ml-1against HeLa cells after the incubation period of 24 h. Our findings indicated that triazole-substituted coumarins may be used as an anticancer agent by integrating them into a polymeric drug delivery system providing improved drug loading and effective controlled drug release.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy of Centella asiatica-Mediated Selenium Oxide Nanoparticles Against Multidrug-Resistant Upper Respiratory Isolates

Background The evolution of new respiratory diseases, especially upper respiratory tract infections and resistance of pathogens to various antibiotic treatments, needs an alternative way of medication. Chronic respiratory infections in both adults and infants are the major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. The widespread application of nanomaterials in the field of medicine and the incorporation of nanoparticles in drugs are taken into account. These nanomaterials are involved along with the biosynthesis of plant extract. In this study, selenium oxide nanoparticles (SeO-NPs), known as a significant trace element for human health, were synthesized in an eco-friendly manner. Methodology Green synthesis of Centella asiatica-mediated SeO-NPs was proceeded by titration method and nanoparticles were synthesized. The color intensity, morphological characters, functional properties, and involvement of phytochemical compounds were studied by using UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Results The synthesized extract showed a color change from brown to ruby red. Results obtained by characterization and biological assays depicted that the Centella asiatica-mediated SeO-NPs showed absorbance at the peak level 320 nm by UV-Vis spectroscopy, several phytochemical compounds, and O-H functional groups by FT-IR which may be involved in the reduction of the selenium oxide nanoparticles. The XRD showed 57.1% crystalline and 42.6% amorphous nature. The SEM images showed that agglomerated spherical shapes were involved in biological activities. The EDX analysis showed the presence of Se, C, and O compounds. Further, the antibacterial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles showed significant activity in the multidrug-resistant respiratory pathogens. Conclusions Based on the characterization studies and biomedical assays, it can be concluded that the incorporation of SeO-NPs along with the plant extract serves as the best remedy and organic treatment for upper respiratory tract infections. We plan to conduct further in-vivo, toxicity-level studies, and clinical trials.

Plasmonic porous micro- and nano-materials based on Au/Ag nanostructures developed for photothermal cancer therapy: challenges in clinicalization

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has developed in recent decades as a relatively safe method for the treatment of cancers. Recently, various species of gold and silver (Au and Ag) nanostructures have been developed and investigated to achieve PTT due to their highly localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect. Concisely, the collective oscillation of electrons on the surface of Au and Ag nanostructures upon exposure to a specific wavelength (depending on their size and shape) and further plasmonic resonance leads to the heating of the surface of these particles. Hence, porous species can be equipped with tiny plasmonic ingredients that add plasmonic properties to therapeutic cargoes. In this case, a precise review of the recent achievements is very important to figure out to what extent plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) by Au/Ag-based plasmonic porous nanomedicines successfully treated cancers with satisfactory biosafety. Herein, we classify the various species of LSPR-active micro- and nano-materials. Moreover, the routes for the preparation of Ag/Au-plasmonic porous cargoes and related bench assessments are carefully reviewed. Finally, as the main aim of this study, principal requirements for the clinicalization of Ag/Au-plasmonic porous cargoes and their further challenges are discussed, which are critical for specialists in this field.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Azadirachta indica Seeds Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity

BACKGROUND

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable, life-threatening syndrome that is present all over the world. The use of eco-friendly, cost-effective, and green-synthesised nanoparticles as a medicinal therapy in the treatment of DM is an attractive option.

OBJECTIVE

In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AI-AgNPs) were biosynthesized through the green synthesis method using Azadirachta indica seed extract to evaluate their anti-diabetic potentials.

METHODS

These nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometers (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DLS, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The biosynthesized AI-AgNPs and crude extracts of Azadirachta indica seeds were evaluated for anti-diabetic potentials using glucose adsorption assays, glucose uptake by yeast cells assays, and alpha-amylase inhibitory assays.

RESULTS

Al-AgNPs showed the highest activity (75 ± 1.528%), while crude extract showed (63 ± 2.5%) glucose uptake by yeast at 80 µg/mL. In the glucose adsorption assay, the highest activity of Al-AgNPs was 10.65 ± 1.58%, while crude extract showed 8.32 ± 0.258% at 30 mM, whereas in the alpha-amylase assay, Al-AgNPs exhibited the maximum activity of 73.85 ± 1.114% and crude extract 65.85 ± 2.101% at 100 µg/mL. The assay results of AI-AgNPs and crude showed substantial dose-dependent activities. Further, anti-diabetic potentials were also investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Mice were administered with AI-AgNPs (10 to 40 mg/kg b.w) for 30 days.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed a considerable drop in blood sugar levels, including pancreatic and liver cell regeneration, demonstrating that AI-AgNPs have strong anti-diabetic potential.

Effect and mechanism of paclitaxel loaded on magnetic Fe3O4@mSiO2-NH2-FA nanocomposites to MCF-7 cells

Magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were prepared via a simple hydrothermal method and utilized to load paclitaxel. The average particle size of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was found to be 20.2 ± 3.0 nm, and the calculated saturation magnetization reached 129.38 emu/g, verifying superparamagnetism of nanomaterials. The specific surface area and pore volume were 84.756 m²/g and 0.265 cm³/g, respectively. Subsequently, Fe₃O₄@mSiO₂ nanoparticles were successfully fabricated using the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as precursors with an average size of 27.81 nm. The relevant saturation magnetization, zeta potential, and specific surface area of Fe₃O₄@mSiO₂-NH₂-FA were respectively 76.3 emu/g, -14.1 mV, and 324.410 m²/g. The pore volume and average adsorption pore size were 0.369 cm³/g and 4.548 nm, respectively. Compared to free paclitaxel, the solubility and stability of nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel were improved. The drug loading efficiency and drug load of the nanoformulation were 44.26 and 11.38%, respectively. The Fe₃O₄@mSiO₂-NH₂-FA nanocomposites were easy to construct with excellent active targeting performance, pH sensitivity, and sustained-release effect. The nanoformulation also showed good biocompatibility, where the cell viability remained at 73.8% when the concentration reached 1200 μg/mL. The nanoformulation induced cell death through apoptosis, as confirmed by AO/EB staining and flow cytometry. Western blotting results suggested that the nanoformulation could induce iron death by inhibiting Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity or decreasing Ferritin Heavy Chain 1 (FTH1) expression. Subsequently, the expression of HIF-1α was upregulated owing to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus affecting the expression of apoptosis-related proteins regulated by p53, inducing cell apoptosis.

The anticancer effect of recombinant LukS-PV protein and silver nanoparticles loaded with this protein

LukS-PV is a component of Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) and is secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. Silver nanoparticles exhibit considerable potential as anticancer agents and drug delivery systems. Drug delivery is a way to deliver medicinal combinations to achieve a beneficial therapeutic effect. In the current study, recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles were prepared and their cytotoxicity effect was analyzed on human breast cancer cells and human normal embryonic kidneys cells by MTT assay. Apoptosis was investigated by staining with Annexin V/propidium iodide. The recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis in the MCF7 cells and had a lesser effect on HEK293 cells. After 24 h exposure to the recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles (IC50), Annexin V-FITC/PI FCM revealed that 33.2% of MCF7 cells were apoptotic. In conclusion, recombinant LukS-PV protein-loaded silver nanoparticles probably cannot be a better alternative for the targeted healing approaches to cancer therapies. Hence, it is suggested that silver nanoparticles could be utilized as a delivery system for releasing toxins into cancer cells.

New cocrystals of heterocyclic drugs: structural, antileishmanial, larvicidal and urease inhibition studies

Many heterocycles have been developed as drugs due to their capacity to interact productively with biological systems. The present study aimed to synthesize cocrystals of the heterocyclic antitubercular agent pyrazinamide (PYZ, 1, BCS III) and the commercially available anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine (CBZ, 2, BCS class II) to study the effect of cocrystallization on the stability and biological activities of these drugs. Two new cocrystals, namely, pyrazinamide-homophthalic acid (1/1) (PYZ:HMA, 3) and carbamazepine-5-chlorosalicylic acid (1/1) (CBZ:5-SA, 4), were synthesized. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction-based structure of carbamazepine-trans-cinnamic acid (1/1) (CBZ:TCA, 5) was also studied for the first time, along with the known cocrystal carbamazepine-nicotinamide (1/1) (CBZ:NA, 6). From a combination drug perspective, these are interesting pharmaceutical cocrystals to overcome the known side effects of PYZ (1) therapy, and the poor biopharmaceutical properties of CBZ (2). The purity and homogeneity of all the synthesized cocrystals were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction and FT-IR analysis, followed by thermal stability studies based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Detailed intermolecular interactions and the role of hydrogen bonding towards crystal stability were evaluated quantitatively via Hirshfeld surface analysis. The solubility of CBZ at pH 6.8 and 7.4 in 0.1 N HCl and H2O were compared with the values of cocrystal CBZ:5-SA (4). The solubility of CBZ:5-SA was found to be significantly improved at pH 6.8 and 7.4 in H2O. All the synthesized cocrystals 3-6 exhibited a potent urease inhibition (IC50 values range from 17.32 ± 0.89 to 12.3 ± 0.8 µM), several times more potent than standard acetohydroxamic acid (IC50 = 20.34 ± 0.43 µM). PYZ:HMA (3) also exhibited potent larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. Among the synthesized cocrystals, PYZ:HMA (3) and CBZ:TCA (5) were found to possess antileishmanial activity against the miltefosine-induced resistant strain of Leishmania major, with IC50 values of 111.98 ± 0.99 and 111.90 ± 1.44 µM, respectively, in comparison with miltefosine (IC50 = 169.55 ± 0.20 µM).

A review of nanomaterials from synthetic and natural molecules for prospective breast cancer nanotherapy

Breast cancer being one of the most frequent cancers in women accounts for almost a quarter of all cancer cases. Early and late-stage breast cancer outcomes have improved dramatically, with considerable gains in overall survival rate and disease-free state. However, the current therapy of breast cancer suffers from drug resistance leading to relapse and recurrence of the disease. Also, the currently used synthetic and natural agents have bioavailability issues which limit their use. Recently, nanocarriers-assisted delivery of synthetic and natural anticancer drugs has been introduced to the breast cancer therapy which alienates the limitations associated with the current therapy to a great extent. Significant progress has lately been made in the realm of nanotechnology, which proved to be vital in the fight against drug resistance. Nanotechnology has been successfully applied in the effective and improved therapy of different forms of breast cancer including invasive, non-invasive as well as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), etc. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various nanoformulations prepared for the improved delivery of synthetic and natural anticancer drugs alone or in combination showing better efficacy and pharmacokinetics. In addition to this, various ongoing and completed clinical studies and patents granted on nanotechnology-based breast cancer drug delivery are also reviewed.

Smart Nanomaterials in Cancer Theranostics: Challenges and Opportunities

Cancer is ranked as the second leading cause of death globally. Traditional cancer therapies including chemotherapy are flawed, with off-target and on-target toxicities on the normal cells, requiring newer strategies to improve cell selective targeting. The application of nanomaterial has been extensively studied and explored as chemical biology tools in cancer theranostics. It shows greater applications toward stability, biocompatibility, and increased cell permeability, resulting in precise targeting, and mitigating the shortcomings of traditional cancer therapies. The nanoplatform offers an exciting opportunity to gain targeting strategies and multifunctionality. The advent of nanotechnology, in particular the development of smart nanomaterials, has transformed cancer diagnosis and treatment. The large surface area of nanoparticles is enough to encapsulate many molecules and the ability to functionalize with various biosubstrates such as DNA, RNA, aptamers, and antibodies, which helps in theranostic action. Comparatively, biologically derived nanomaterials perceive advantages over the nanomaterials produced by conventional methods in terms of economy, ease of production, and reduced toxicity. The present review summarizes various techniques in cancer theranostics and emphasizes the applications of smart nanomaterials (such as organic nanoparticles (NPs), inorganic NPs, and carbon-based NPs). We also critically discussed the advantages and challenges impeding their translation in cancer treatment and diagnostic applications. This review concludes that the use of smart nanomaterials could significantly improve cancer theranostics and will facilitate new dimensions for tumor detection and therapy.

Identification of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) MicroRNAs through Deep Sequencing and Their Impact on Plant Secondary Metabolism

The pharmacological properties of plants lie in the content of secondary metabolites that are classified into different categories based on their biosynthesis, structures, and functions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that play crucial post-transcriptional regulatory roles in plants, including development and stress-response signaling; however, information about their involvement in secondary metabolism is still limited. Cumin is one of the most popular seeds from the plant Cuminum cyminum, with extensive applications in herbal medicine and cooking; nevertheless, no previous studies focus on the miRNA profile of cumin. In this study, the miRNA profile of C. cyminum and its association with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were determined using NGS technology. The sequencing data yielded 10,956,054 distinct reads with lengths ranging from 16 to 40 nt, of which 349 miRNAs were found to be conserved and 39 to be novel miRNAs. Moreover, this work identified 1959 potential target genes for C. cyminum miRNAs. It is interesting to note that several conserved and novel miRNAs have been found to specifically target important terpenoid backbone, flavonoid biosynthesis, and lipid/fatty acid pathways enzymes. We believe this investigation will aid in elucidating the implications of miRNAs in plant secondary metabolism.

Anticancer potential of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using Lantana camara leaf extract

A Lantana camara leaf (LC) extract was used as a mild reducing agent to produce silver metal nanoparticles (LC-AgNPs) efficiently. The size, shape, and morphology of synthesized silver nanoparticles were verified. LC-AgNPs were found in LC extract by XRD. The optimal concentrations of silver nitrate and LC extract necessary for the production of stable silver nanoparticles were determined. The LC-AgNPs were found spherical in form and monodispersed. Under optimal conditions, the round LC-AgNPs of 50-90 nm were utilized to cure lung cancer (A549 cell line) and breast cancer (MCF7) cell lines. Finally, the produced LC-AgNPs enhanced anti-cancer efficacy against A549 cells, with an IC50 = 49.52 g/mL. Similarly, the effect of LC-AgNPs on MCF7 cell line was assessed using an MTT test and inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined found that 46.67 g/mL.

Rapidly detecting fennel origin of the near-infrared spectroscopy based on extreme learning machine

Fennel contains many antioxidant and antibacterial substances, and it has very important applications in food flavoring and other fields. The kinds and contents of chemical substances in fennel vary from region to region, which can affect the taste and efficacy of the fennel and its derivatives. Therefore, it is of great significance to accurately classify the origin of the fennel. Recently, origin detection methods based on deep networks have shown promising results. However, the existing methods spend a relatively large time cost, a drawback that is fatal for large amounts of data in practical application scenarios. To overcome this limitation, we explore an origin detection method that guarantees faster detection with classification accuracy. This research is the first to use the machine learning algorithm combined with the Fourier transform-near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy to realize the classification and identification of the origin of the fennel. In this experiment, we used Rubberband baseline correction on the FT-NIR spectral data of fennel (Yumen, Gansu and Turpan, Xinjiang), using principal component analysis (PCA) for data dimensionality reduction, and selecting extreme learning machine (ELM), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), Transformer, generative adversarial networks (GAN) and back propagation neural network (BPNN) classification model of the company realizes the classification of the sample origin. The experimental results show that the classification accuracy of ELM, RNN, Transformer, GAN and BPNN models are above 96%, and the ELM model using the hardlim as the activation function has the best classification effect, with an average accuracy of 100% and a fast classification speed. The average time of 30 experiments is 0.05 s. This research shows the potential of the machine learning algorithm combined with the FT-NIR spectra in the field of food production area classification, and provides an effective means for realizing rapid detection of the food production area, so as to merchants from selling shoddy products as good ones and seeking illegal profits.

Recent progression of cyanobacteria and their pharmaceutical utility: an update

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are Gram-negative photosynthetic eubacteria that are found everywhere. This largest group of photosynthetic prokaryotes is rich in structurally novel and biologically active compounds; several of which have been utilized as prospective drugs against cancer and other ailments, as well. Consequently, the integument of nanoparticles-synthetic approaches in cyanobacterial extracts should increase pharmacological activity. Moreover, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are small materials with diameters below 100 nm that are classified into different classes based on their forms, sizes, and characteristics. Indeed, the biosynthesized AgNPs are generated with a variety of organisms, algae, plants, bacteria, and a few others, for the medicinal purposes, as the bioactive compounds of curio and some proteins from cyanobacteria have the potentiality in the treatment of a wide range of infectious diseases. The critical focus of this review is on the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of cyanobacteria. This would be useful in the pharmaceutical industries in the future drug development cascades.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Hidden in Plants—A Review of the Anticancer Potential of the Solanaceae Family in In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Simple Summary

The Solanaceae family is one of the most important arable and economic families in the world. In addition, it includes a wide range of valuable active secondary metabolites of species with biological and medical properties. This literature review focuses on the assessment of the anticancer properties of the extracts and pure compounds, and the synergistic effects with chemotherapeutic agents and nanoparticles from various species of the Solanaceae family, as well as their potential molecular mechanisms of action in in vitro and in vivo studies in various types of tumours.

Abstract

Many of the anticancer agents that are currently in use demonstrate severe side effects and encounter increasing resistance from the target cancer cells. Thus, despite significant advances in cancer therapy in recent decades, there is still a need to discover and develop new, alternative anticancer agents. The plant kingdom contains a range of phytochemicals that play important roles in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. The Solanaceae family is widely used in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, due to its bioactive ingredient content. The purpose of this literature review is to highlight the antitumour activity of Solanaceae extracts—single isolated compounds and nanoparticles with extracts—and their synergistic effect with chemotherapeutic agents in various in vitro and in vivo cancer models. In addition, the biological properties of many plants of the Solanaceae family have not yet been investigated, which represents a challenge and an opportunity for future anticancer therapy.

Recent Developments in Metallic Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy, Diagnosing and Imaging Applications

Cancer continues to represent a global health concern, imposing an ongoing need to research for better treatment alternatives. In this context, nanomedicine seems to be the solution to existing problems, bringing unprecedented results in various biomedical applications, including cancer therapy, diagnosing, and imaging. As numerous studies have uncovered the advantageous properties of various nanoscale metals, this review aims to present metal-based nanoparticles that are most frequently employed for cancer applications. This paper follows the description of relevant nanoparticles made of metals, metal derivatives, hybrids, and alloys, further discussing in more detail their potential applications in cancer management, ranging from the delivery of chemotherapeutics, vaccines, and genes to ablative hyperthermia therapies and theranostic platforms.

Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Different Plants’ Parts for Antimicrobial Activity and Anticancer Activity: A Review Article

Nanotechnology emerged as a scientific innovation in the 21st century. Metallic nanoparticles (metal or metal oxide nanoparticles) have attained remarkable popularity due to their interesting biological, physical, chemical, magnetic, and optical properties. Metal-based nanoparticles can be prepared by utilizing different biological, physical, and chemical methods. The biological method is preferred as it provides a green, simple, facile, ecofriendly, rapid, and cost-effective route for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Plants have complex phytochemical constituents such as carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and proteins, which can behave as reducing and stabilizing agents. However, the mechanism of green synthesis by using plants is still highly debatable. In this report, we summarized basic principles or mechanisms of green synthesis especially for metal or metal oxide (i.e., ZnO, Au, Ag, and TiO2, Fe, Fe2O3, Cu, CuO, Co) nanoparticles. Finally, we explored the medical applications of plant-based nanoparticles in terms of antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity.

Accumulation and Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Functionalized with Spirulina platensis on Rats

The effect of unmodified and functionalized Spirulina platensis biomass silver nanoparticles on rats during prolonged oral administration was assessed. Silver nanoparticles were characterized by using transmission electron microscopy, while their uptake by the biomass was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis. The content of silver in the different organs of rats after a period of administration (28 days) or after an additional clearance period (28 days) was ascertained by using neutron activation analysis. In animals administrated with the unmodified nanoparticles, the highest content of silver was determined in the brain and kidneys, while in animals administrated with AgNP-Spirulina, silver was mainly accumulated in the brain and testicles. After the clearance period, silver was excreted rapidly from the spleen and kidneys; however, the excretion from the brain was very low, regardless of the type of nanoparticles. Hematological and biochemical tests were performed in order to reveal the effect of nanoparticles on rats. The difference in the content of eosinophils in the experimental and control groups was statistically significant. The hematological indices of the rats did not change significantly under the action of the silver nanoparticles except for the content of reticulocytes and eosinophils, which increased significantly. Changes in the biochemical parameters did not exceed the limits of normal values. Silver nanoparticles with the sizes of 8-20 nm can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and their persistence after a period of clearance indicated the irreversibility of this process.

Identification of cumin and fennel from different regions based on generative adversarial networks and near infrared spectroscopy

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) are widely used seasonings and play a very important role in industries such as breeding, cosmetics, winemaking, drug discovery, and nano-synthetic materials. However, studies have shown that cumin and fennel from different regions not only differ greatly in the content of lipids, phenols and proteins but also the substances contained in their essential oils are also different. Therefore, realizing precise identification of cumin and fennel from different regions will greatly help in quality control, market fraud and production industrialization. In this experiment, cumin and fennel samples were collected from each region, a total of 480 NIR spectra were collected. We used deep learning and traditional machine learning algorithms combined with near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to identify their origin. To obtain the model with the best generalization performance and classification accuracy, we used principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce spectral data dimensionality after Rubberband baseline correction, and then established classification models including quadratic discriminant analysis based on PCA (PCA-QDA) and multilayer perceptron based on PCA (PCA-MLP). We also directly input the spectral data after baseline correction into convolutional neural networks (CNN) and generative adversarial networks (GAN). The experimental results show that GAN is more accurate than the PCA-QDA, PCA-MLP and CNN models, and the classification accuracy reached 100%. In the cumin and fennel classification experiment in the same region, the four models achieve great classification results from three regions under the condition that all model parameters remain unchanged. The experimental results show that when the training data are limited and the dimension is high, the model obtained by GAN using competitive learning has more generalization ability and higher classification accuracy. It also provides a new method for solving the problem of limited training data in food research and medical diagnosis in the future.

Silver-coated magnetic nanoparticles as an efficient delivery system for the antibiotics trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole against E. Coli and S. aureus: release kinetics and antimicrobial activity

Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are prescribed for a broad spectrum of bacteria. However, the use of these medicines is restricted due to the risk of microbial resistance in the body. Nanotechnology is a strategy for overcoming this problem by helping develop novel drug delivery systems. This study aims to assess the ability of Fe₃O₄/Ag and Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/Ag nanoparticles to improve efficiency of the traditional formulation of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Fe₃O₄/Ag and Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/Ag were found to have sphere-like morphologies with average sizes of 33.2 and 35.1 nm, respectively. The values of the zeta potential for the pure sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim were -30.6 and -10.0 mV, respectively, which increased to zero or even larger positive values after being conjugated with the NPs. The study of the release kinetics showed that 64.7% of the medicines were released from the carriers within 40 days. The values of MIC for sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, Fe₃O₄/Ag/sulfamethoxazole, Fe₃O₄/Ag/trimethoprim, Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/Ag/sulfamethoxazole, and Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/Ag/trimethoprim against Escherichia coli were calculated to be 12, 9, 4, 4, 4, and 4 μg/mL, respectively. Besides, the relevant values against Staphylococcus aureus were measured to be 12, 9, 4, 4, 3, and 2 μg/mL, respectively. The use of synthesized nanomaterials for the delivery of these antibiotics leads to smaller doses compared to their traditional forms.

Cisplatin and si-Notch 1-Folic Acid-Conjugated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Prevent Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still a severe disorder with a high mortality and new effective therapies are urgently required. Our study aimed to explore the effect of combined cisplatin with conjugated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) on HCC. We prepared copolymer PCL-b-PPEEA and PEG-b-PCL-Pt(IV) to load drugs, while Pt(IV) MNP/siRNA nanoparticles were synthesized. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and Western blot analysis. Flow cytometry was determined to detect apoptosis of CD133 + SMMC7721 cells. Then cells were treated with Pt(IV) MNP/siRNA, MNP/siRNA or PBS, where the Notch1 and related gene expression were determined by RT-qPCR with clone formation detected by agarose assay. The synthesized nanoparticles were about 90 nm and absorbed by cancer cells with a high stability. Compared with the cisplatin, Pt(IV) MNP/siNotch1 nanoparticles exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity and downregu-lated expression of cisplatin-induced Notch1 and cancer stem cells. Moreover, the MNP/siNotch1 nanoparticles significantly suppressed the proliferation and clonal formation of CD133 + SMMC7721 cells. Co-delivery of cisplatin, si-Notch1 and folic acid conjugated MSN can inhibit the development of HCC, indicating that it might be a novel treatment approach for HCC in the future.

A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical research of dietary spice Cuminum cyminum L

Cuminum cyminum L. is a versatile spice belonging to family Apiaceae. Though the plant has pan-tropical distribution but it is indigenous to Egypt, the Mediterranean, and South Asian countries. It exhibits numerous culinary, traditional, and pharmacological attributes. Its traditional uses also validate its immense pharmacological potential. Cuminum cyminum is the hub of numerous bioactives such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and so forth. Cuminaldehyde is the major bioactive, rendered to most of its pharmacological as well as clinical significance. The present study comprised of current knowledge on its taxonomy, nutritional, traditional, phytochemistry, pharmacology (antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antidiabetic, wound healing, anticancer, etc.), toxicology, and clinical attributes. Besides, the mechanism of action is also well explained. The present study provides a rationale for further bioprospection of this wonder plant. Future studies are needed to fill the research gaps, particularly on relevant phytocompound isolation, their pre-clinical and clinical characterization, evaluation, and structure-activity relationship. Moreover, well-designed and highly appropriate clinical and placebo trials are still needed to demonstrate the trustworthy role of cumin on human health.

Evaluation of the Effects of Cuminum cyminum on Cellular Viability, Osteogenic Differentiation and Mineralization of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells

Background and Objectives: Cuminum cyminum L. has long been used in the treatment of various diseases in multiple geographical regions. This study was performed to determine the effects of C. cyminum methanolic extract (CCT) on the cellular viability, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization of human mesenchymal stem cells. Materials and Methods: Bone marrow-derived stem cells were cultured in the presence of CCT at concentrations of 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μg/mL. Evaluations of cell morphology were performed on days 1, 3, 7 and 14. Cellular viability was evaluated on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. On the 7th and 14th day, alkaline phosphatase activity measurements and Alizarin red S staining were conducted to assess the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. A real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression levels of RUNX2, BSP, OCN, COL2A1 and β-catenin mRNAs. Results: Stem cells in the control group showed fibroblast-like morphology and the addition of CCT at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μg/mL did not generate noticeable changes in morphology compared with the untreated control group. The application of CCT did not produce significant changes in cellular viability or alkaline phosphatase activity compared with controls. Alizarin Red S staining was significantly increased with the application of CCT. Treatment with CCT increased the expressions of RUNX2, BSP and OCN. Conclusions: These results indicate that CCT enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells derived from bone marrow by regulating the expressions of RUNX2, BSP and OCN. Thus, the use of CCT may be applied to achieve beneficial effects on the mineralization of stem cells.

An Updated Review on Silver Nanoparticles in Biomedicine

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent one of the most explored categories of nanomaterials for new and improved biomaterials and biotechnologies, with impressive use in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, anti-infective therapy and wound care, food and the textile industry. Their extensive and versatile applicability relies on the genuine and easy-tunable properties of nanosilver, including remarkable physicochemical behavior, exceptional antimicrobial efficiency, anti-inflammatory action and antitumor activity. Besides commercially available and clinically safe AgNPs-based products, a substantial number of recent studies assessed the applicability of nanosilver as therapeutic agents in augmented and alternative strategies for cancer therapy, sensing and diagnosis platforms, restorative and regenerative biomaterials. Given the beneficial interactions of AgNPs with living structures and their nontoxic effects on healthy human cells, they represent an accurate candidate for various biomedical products. In the present review, the most important and recent applications of AgNPs in biomedical products and biomedicine are considered.

The Impact of Herbal Infusion Consumption on Oxidative Stress and Cancer: The Good, the Bad, the Misunderstood

The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress is associated with the development of many ailments, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer. The causal link between oxidative stress and cancer is well established and antioxidants are suggested as a protective mechanism against cancer development. Recently, an increase in the consumption of antioxidant supplements was observed globally. The main sources of these antioxidants include fruits, vegetables, and beverage. Herbal infusions are highly popular beverages consumed daily for different reasons. Studies showed the potent antioxidant effects of plants used in the preparation of some herbal infusions. Such herbal infusions represent an important source of antioxidants and can be used as a dietary protection against cancer. However, uncontrolled consumption of herbal infusions may cause toxicity and reduced antioxidant activity. In this review, eleven widely consumed herbal infusions were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities, anticancer potential and possible toxicity. These herbal infusions are highly popular and consumed as daily drinks in different countries. Studies discussed in this review will provide a solid ground for researchers to have better understanding of the use of herbal infusions to reduce oxidative stress and as protective supplements against cancer development.

Biochemical Composition of Cumin Seeds, and Biorefining Study

A new biorefinery approach has been developed in the present study, and applied on cumin (Cuminum cyminum) seeds as a potential source of phytochemicals of interest. Cumin is a popular spice used widely for its distinctive aroma. It is a rich reserve of both vegetable and essential oils. The biorefinery approach here focused on the evaluation of the influence of four different geographical origins (i.e., Lebanon, France, Algeria and Syria) on oil yield and quality in cumin seed, and on the valorization of remaining by-products by investigating their nutritional content and biological activity for the first time. Vegetable and essential oils were extracted, and their compositions were determined. Nutritional traits were also assessed. The delipidated and hydrodistillated cakes just as aromatic water were characterized for their fiber, sugar, protein, phenol and flavonoid contents. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities were also determined. Cumin seeds showed high contents in both vegetable and essential oils, proteins and sugars regardless their origin. Moreover, this Apiaceae species exhibited high levels of petroselinic fatty acid (an isomer of oleic acid) and sterols. Cakes and aromatic water also presented high levels of proteins, fibers, sugars and phenols. These residues revealed interesting antioxidant and antibacterial activities. These results emphasized the potential use of cumin in a biorefinery concept, with a multi-purpose industrial process. In addition, large differences were observed between the four geographical origins for phytochemical contents and compositions. These findings highlight the perspectives for developing selection programs for nutritional traits and industrial interests. All obtained results validate the health promoting effect of cumin composition as well as its industrial importance along with the residues.