Investigating foliar application of bulk and nanoparticles titanium dioxide on fennel productivity to mitigate the negative effects of saline irrigation water

BACKGROUND

Fennel essential oils are fragrance compounds used in food and pharmaceutical sectors. One of the major impediments to expansion of fennel farming in Egypt's reclamation areas is saline water. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) or TiO2 nano particles (TiO2NP) can be utilized to boost the yield of aromatic plants cultivated under saline irrigation water. Saline water, particularly which contains sodium chloride can harm fennel plant; consequently, it was predicted that fennel production would fail in Egypt's reclaimed area, where the primary source of irrigation is groundwater consisting sodium chloride. This study sought to help fennel respond to sodium chloride by applying Ti forms to their leaves in order to reduce the detrimental effects of sodium chloride on them for expanding their production in the newly reclamation areas as a natural source of essential oil. Ti forms were applied as foliar application at 0, 0.1, 0.2 TiO2, 0.1 TiO2NP, and 0.2 TiO2NP, mM under irrigation with fresh water (0.4 dS m-1), or saline water (51.3 mM or 4.7 dS m-1).

RESULTS

Plants exposed to 0.1 mM TiO2NP under fresh water resulted in the maximum values of morphological characters, estragole, oxygenated monoterpenes and photosynthetic pigments; while those subjected to 0.1 mM TiO2NP under saline water gave the greatest values of essential oil, proline, antioxidant enzymes and phenols. The greatest amounts of soluble sugars were recorded with 0.2 mM TiO2NP irrigated with saline water. Plants subjected to 0 mM TiO2 under saline water produced the greatest values of flavonoids, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde.

CONCLUSION

To mitigate the negative effects of salty irrigation water on fennel plant production, TiO2NP application is suggested as a potential strategy.

Genome-Wide Characterization of Fennel (Anethum foeniculum) MiRNome and Identification of its Potential Targets in Homo sapiens and Arabidopsis thaliana: An Inter and Intra-species Computational Scrutiny

MicroRNAs could be promising biomarkers for various diseases, and small RNA drugs have already been FDA approved for clinical use. This area of research is rapidly expanding and has significant potential for the future. Fennel (Anethum foeniculum) is a highly esteemed spice plant with economic and medicinal benefits, making it an invaluable asset in the pharmaceutical industry. To characterize the fennel miRNAs and their Arabidopsis thaliana and Homo sapience targets with functional enrichment analysis and human disease association. A homology-based computational approach characterized the MiRnome of the Anethum foeniculum genome and assessed its impact on Arabidopsis thaliana and Homo sapience transcriptomes. In addition, functional enrichment analysis was evaluated for both species' targets. Moreover, PPI network analysis, hub gene identification, and MD simulation analysis of the top hub node with fennel miRNA were incorporated. We have identified 100 miRNAs of fennel and their target genes, which include 2536 genes in Homo sapiens and 1314 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Functional enrichment analysis reveals 56 Arabidopsis thaliana targets of fennel miRNAs showed involvement in metabolic pathways. Highly enriched human KEGG pathways were associated with several diseases, especially cancer. The protein-protein interaction network of human targets determined the top ten nodes; from them, seven hub nodes, namely MAPK1, PIK3R1, STAT3, EGFR, KRAS, CDC42, and SMAD4, have shown their involvement in the pancreatic cancer pathway. Based on the Blast algorithm, 21 fennel miRNAs are homologs to 16 human miRNAs were predicted; from them, the CSPP1 target was a common target for afo-miR11117a-3p and has-miR-6880-5p homologs miRNAs. Our results are the first to report the 100 fennel miRNAs, and predictions for their endogenous and human target genes provide a basis for further understanding of Anethum foeniculum miRNAs and the biological processes and diseases with which they are associated.

The effects of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) hydroalcoholic extracts on the functional parameters of human spermatozoa after vitrification

OBJECTIVE

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during cryopreservation of human sperm and impair sperm function. Antioxidant compounds, such as fennel and purslane, reduce the damaging effects of ROS. This study aimed to evaluate motility parameters, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular ROS, and DNA damage to determine the optimum concentrations of hydroalcoholic extracts of fennel and purslane for human spermatozoa cryopreservation.

METHODS

Twenty human sperm samples were used and divided into seven equal groups consisting of fennel hydroalcoholic extract (5, 10, and 15 mg/L), purslane hydroalcoholic extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/L), and no additive.

RESULTS

Supplementation of 25 mg/L and 50 mg/L purslane extract and 10 mg/L fennel extract in cryopreservation extender significantly increased the motility and PMI of sperm with a significant reduction in intracellular ROS compared to control groups (p<0.05). A 50 mg/L concentration of purslane extract elevated progressive motility and MMP compared to the control group (p<0.05). No significant differences were seen for motion patterns and DNA damage of frozen-thawed human sperm in extender containing these extracts.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that supplementation of 50 mg/L purslane extract and 10 mg/L fennel extract in semen cryopreservation extender has the potential to decrease intracellular ROS and subsequently elevate the motility and PMI of human sperm.

Effect of Fennel-Valerian Extract on Hot Flashes and Sleep Disorders in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Trial

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to evaluate the effect of a mixture of fennel and valerian extracts on hot flashes and sleep disorders of postmenopausal women in Iran. A randomized trial was conducted.

METHODS

A total of 76 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to either of the two groups: fennel-valerian extract or control. One 500 mg fennel-valerian extract capsule was given twice, daily for 8 weeks. The 500 mg oral placebo capsule (starch) was given the same way.

RESULTS

The mean duration of hot flashes increased in both the groups over time (P < 0.001). The mean frequency and severity of hot flashes in the intervention group were significantly lower than in the control group, in the first and second months after intervention (P < 0.050). Women in the fennel-valerian extract group had a significantly lower Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score than the control group 2 months after intervention (P = 0.030).

CONCLUSIONS

This study found that fennel-valerian extract was effective for relieving sleep disorders as well as the severity and frequency of hot flashes compared with a placebo.

Exploring fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): Composition, functional properties, potential health benefits, and safety

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill), a member of the Apiaceae family (Umbelliferaceae), is a hardy and perennial herb, with grooved stems, intermittent leaves, petiole with sheath, usually bisexual flower and yellow umbrella. Although fennel is a typical aromatic plant generally considered native to the Mediterranean shores, it has become widespread in many regions of the world and has long been used as a medicinal and culinary herb. The aim of this review is to collect recent information from the literature on the chemical composition, functional properties and toxicology of fennel. Collected data show the efficacy of this plant in various in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, bronchodilatory, and memory enhancing activities. It has also been shown to be effective on infantile colic, dysmenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome and milk production. This review also aims to identify gaps in the literature that require to be filled by future research.

Characterization of fennel germplasm for physiological persistence and drought recovery: Association with biochemical properties

In the perennial medicinal plant fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), persistence over years, production stability, and successful post-drought recovery are as important as plant productivity. Characterization of productivity, post-drought recovery, persistency and their association with phytochemical properties has not yet been performed in fennel. In this study, 64 fennel genotypes (from 23 different countries) from four subspecies/varieties including F. vulgare ssp. piperitum, F. vulgare var. vulgare and F. vulgare var. dulce and F. vulgare var. azoricum were evaluated in the field over four years (2015-2018), then was assessed for post-drought recovery over the next two years (2019-2020). High genotypic variation was observed among genotypes and subspecies. Based on the GC-MS analysis, trans-anethole (22.4-90.6%), estragole (2.1-25.8%), fenchone (4.9-19.8%), and limonene (0.5-11.9%) are major components in the essential oils of the studied germplasm. The highest persistence and the lowest average post-drought recovery belonged to ssp. piperitum. This subspecies also had the highest amount of limonene, fenchone, and estragole and the lowest amount of trans-anethole compared to other subspecies. The highest essential oil content and stability was observed in var. dulce. Seed yield and persistence were found to be negatively associated, suggesting that selection for more productivity may indirectly promote less persistent genotypes. Post-drought recovery was negatively associated with two main phytochemical compounds of essential oil, fenchone and estragole, but positively associated with trans-anethole. Persistence had negative correlation with estragole content. Results indicated that indirect selection for post-drought recovery and persistence may be possible through selection for phytochemical properties. The negative correlation between some essential oil components may indicate that some are isomers, which can limit the ability to select for certain combinations. Superior genotypes identified in this study can be used to construct populations for future studies and as parents of crosses to develop new varieties.

A real-world evaluation of an herbal treatment for infantile colic reported by 1218 parents in Israel

PURPOSE

Infantile colic (IC) or fussing and crying behavior of unknown cause, affects up to 20% of the infant population and is one of the major reasons for parents to seek medical advice. Therapeutic options are limited and the key component for IC management is parental support. Fennel-based herbal treatments were shown to significantly reduce crying time. The current study was designed to evaluate the parent perception of effectiveness of a fennel-based commercially-available herbal treatment for IC (BabyCalm, Hisunit Ltd., Israel) using a retrospective online survey.

DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a real-world observational, case-control retrospective study. Parents of babies with IC symptoms, who either used the herbal product for their baby or did not use any product were invited to participate in an online survey during August-December 2019. The primary outcome was the perceived level of treatment success and symptom improvement.

RESULTS

1218 parents of IC babies (48% females, 90% up to 3 months of age, 58% exclusively breast-fed) responded to the survey of whom 771 used the treatment. Significantly fewer IC-related symptoms were reported by parents who used the product compared to those that did not. Parents perceived the treatment as successful in 65% of the cases, reporting meaningful improvements within 30 min for 69%-79% of the symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of parents perceived the herbal treatment as effective in rapid symptom reduction suggesting that this may provide a satisfactory solution for IC in the community.

Identification of cumin and fennel from different regions based on generative adversarial networks and near infrared spectroscopy

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) are widely used seasonings and play a very important role in industries such as breeding, cosmetics, winemaking, drug discovery, and nano-synthetic materials. However, studies have shown that cumin and fennel from different regions not only differ greatly in the content of lipids, phenols and proteins but also the substances contained in their essential oils are also different. Therefore, realizing precise identification of cumin and fennel from different regions will greatly help in quality control, market fraud and production industrialization. In this experiment, cumin and fennel samples were collected from each region, a total of 480 NIR spectra were collected. We used deep learning and traditional machine learning algorithms combined with near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to identify their origin. To obtain the model with the best generalization performance and classification accuracy, we used principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce spectral data dimensionality after Rubberband baseline correction, and then established classification models including quadratic discriminant analysis based on PCA (PCA-QDA) and multilayer perceptron based on PCA (PCA-MLP). We also directly input the spectral data after baseline correction into convolutional neural networks (CNN) and generative adversarial networks (GAN). The experimental results show that GAN is more accurate than the PCA-QDA, PCA-MLP and CNN models, and the classification accuracy reached 100%. In the cumin and fennel classification experiment in the same region, the four models achieve great classification results from three regions under the condition that all model parameters remain unchanged. The experimental results show that when the training data are limited and the dimension is high, the model obtained by GAN using competitive learning has more generalization ability and higher classification accuracy. It also provides a new method for solving the problem of limited training data in food research and medical diagnosis in the future.

Doubled Haploidy for Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and Dill (Anethum graveolens L.)

Doubled haploidy technology is a powerful tool to accelerate the breeding of new crop varieties. Protocols are not universal, as even species within the same family require a specific process. Here we describe methods for developing doubled haploids for fennel and dill, both Apiaceae species which are used for food, flavorings, and medicine.

Development and characterization of genic SSR-FDM for stem gall disease resistance in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and its cross species transferability

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is well known vegetable and spice crop grown globally for its leaves and seeds. Stem gall (Protomyces macrosporus L.) is a fungal disease affecting its quality and yield. However, no information is available on SSR markers linked to disease resistance in coriander. Hence, development of co-dominant genetic markers is prerequisite for disease investigations in coriander. In-house stem gall resistance and susceptible cultivars transcriptome data were utilized. Totally, 59,933 and 56,861 transcripts were examined, 9141 and 8346 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) were identified and the most abundant type was the tri, followed by di, tetra, penta and hexa nucleotide repeats. A total of ten selected SSR-Functional Domain Markers (FDM) were developed based on functional annotation terms associated with pathogen response and validated among ten coriander cultivars and their transferability was examined in five fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) cultivars. Nine primer pairs resulted from amplified bands. Marker ACorSGD-1 shown monomorphic bands among coriander genotypes except Acr-1 showed heterologouse and multiple bands in fennel cultivars. Markers ACorSGD-4, 5, 7 and 9 shown presence in resistant cultivars and absence of bands among susceptible cultivars of coriander and thus, considered to be the candidate markers for disease screening. Marker ACorSGD-6 shown monomorphic bands among coriander. Markers ACorSGD-1, 2, 3, and 5 shown transferability among fennel cultivars. A total of 136 alleles in coriander and fennel were produced. Using UPGMA clustering method a dendrogram was generated and cultivars were grouped into two separate clusters with coriander and fennel. Identified and developed SSR-FDM markers are useful for linkage mapping for disease resistant in coriander.

Impact of phytoestrogens on treatment of urogenital menopause symptoms: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials

OBJECTIVE

Menopause symptoms affect the various dimensions of women's lives and they can lead to reduction of their quality of life. Phytoestrogens can be used as an approach to diminish these symptoms. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of phytoestrogens on the treatment of urogenital menopause symptoms.

STUDY DESIGN

PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane library,Scopus and ProQuest were systematically searched from 2000-2020. All randomized clinical trials were included. The quality of the selected papers was evaluated by the CONSORT checklist.

RESULTS

33 eligible high-quality papers were reviewed. Various forms of phytoestrogens such as Pueraria Mirifica, fennel, Hop plant(Humuluslupulus L.), Glycine Max (L.) Merr, soy, red clover, black cohosh, ginsing, cimicifugaracemosa, genistein, diadzein, glycitein and isoflavone in the form of oral capsules and pill, food supplement, enriched powder, vaginal gel, cream and suppository could improve menopausal urogenital symptoms. The recovery rate in vaginal use of these phytoestrogens was greater than other consumptions.

CONCLUSIONS

After using a variety of phytoestrogens in different forms indicators of urogenital atrophy and urinary disorders improved and women's sexual function improved after treatment. The use of phytoestrogens as a safe, low-risk compared to hormone therapy and almost accessible method for women can relieve urogenital symptoms and promote the sexual satisfaction and quality of life.

Evaluation of expression and serum concentration of anti-Mullerian hormone as a follicle growth marker following consumption of fennel and flaxseed extract in first-generation mice pups

Background

The aim of the present study was to assess the expression and serum level of AMH in first-generation female mice pups following fennel and flaxseed consumption.

Methods

Twenty pregnant NMRI mice were allocated into four groups including control (CTL), fennel (FV), flaxseed (LU) and FV+ LU. Sixty-four female offsprings after lactation period, received the same regimen as their mothers for 56 and 240 days. The ovarian follicles development, serum concentration of AMH, as well as gene and protein expression of AMH were evaluated in the female offsprings at post-natal day 56 (PND56) and 240 (PND240).

Results

The number of total growing follicles were raised in the FV group in compression to the all experimental groups. In contrast, LU group showed a marked decrease in their numbers. The highest level of serum AMH was seen in the FV-diet mice, whereas LU negatively affected it. The expression level of AMH also increased in the FV and FV + LU groups, while a reduction was observed in the LU group. As well, IHC data showed that the number of AMH-positive cells in almost ovarian follicles of FV and FV + LU-treated mice was in compared to those of the LU group.

Conclusions

The overall effect of fennel treatment (alone and in combination with flaxseed) on ovary might be maintain primordial follicle storage through increased expression and serum level of AMH.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) for the management of menopausal women's health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

This review aimed to evaluate the current evidence on the effectiveness and safety of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) for managing menopausal women's health. Fourteen databases were searched. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated any type of fennel treatment in menopausal women. Seven RCTs that met our inclusion criteria were identified and analyzed. The included RCTs had concerning risks of bias in general. Two RCTs compared the effects of fennel with placebo, and the meta-analysis results favored fennel for improving menopausal symptoms (n = 145, standard mean difference -1.32 [-1.76, -0.87], p < 0.00001). Other studies failed to show beneficial effects of fennel in terms of sexual function, quality of life (QoL), and psychological health. No serious adverse events were reported. Our review presented evidence for fennel improving menopausal symptoms. However, the effectiveness and safety of fennel in improving QoL, and psychological health remains unclear.

Ameliorative effect of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil on chlorpyrifos toxicity in Cyprinus carpio

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide that is frequently and widely used to control both agricultural and domestic pests worldwide. In this study, the protective effect of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oil (FEO) was investigated in carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to CPF. The fish were divided into six groups that one control group (no treatment) and five experimental groups (FEO (3ml/100g diet) group, CPF₁ (0.023 mg/l) group CPF₂ (0.046 mg/l) group, CPF₁ (0.023 mg/l) plus FEO (3ml/100g diet) group, CPF₂ (0.046 mg/l) plus FEO (3ml/100g diet) group). Blood and tissue (liver, kidney, gill, and brain) samples were taken from the fish at the end of 14 days of application. Hemoglobin (Hb) level, nitoblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity, and total immunoglobulin (TI) level were measured in blood samples of fish. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was determined in brain tissue while malondialdehyde (MDA) level, reduced glutathione (GSH) level, catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were determined in liver, kidney, and gill tissues. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in Hb level, NBT activity, and TI levels in CPF-treated fish compared to the control group. In addition, increased in MDA levels and significant decreases in GSH level, AChE, CAT, and GPx activities were observed in CPF-treated groups. However, FEO-treated was showed a significant improvement in all parameters except AChE activity compared to CPF groups. These study findings showed that FEO could improve CPF-induced toxicity in C. carpio, except inhibition of AChE activity.

Role of Caraway, Fennel and Melissa Addition on Productive Performance of Lactating Frisian Cows

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The use of aromatic and herbal plants as a feed additive became a new trend in feeding dairy cows to enhance animal productivity. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding some herbal and aromatic plants (Melissa, Fennel and Caraway) at 0.7% of total DM of rations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three herbal plants were evaluated in this study (melissa, fennel and caraway) by using thirteen Holstein Friesian cows. Cows were in 3rd and 5th lactation seasons were used as one experimental group by swing over design in lactation experiment (control then T1 then T2 then T3 then control). Nutrients digestibility, milk production, milk composition and blood constituents were determined.

RESULTS

Data indicated that nutrients digestibility and nutritive value were improved with herbal plants addition, especially with caraway treatment which recorded significantly (p>0.05) the highest values. In the same trend, Actual milk yield, 4% FCM and fat content were significantly (p>0.05) increased when cows fed rations supplemented with fennel and caraway. The addition of melissa decreased the concentration of Total Saturated Fatty Acids (TSFA) in the milk. Normal ranges for blood parameters with no negative impact on animal health were observed with experimental rations.

CONCLUSION

It could be concluded that caraway addition at 0.7% of the total dry matter of dairy rations, has a great potential to improve animal productivity and enhance the quality of milk fatty acids profile.

The inhibitory influence of toluene on mare ovarian granulosa cells can be prevented by fennel

The influence of environmental contaminant toluene and of plant fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) on reproduction are reported, but the mechanisms of their action and the protective effect of fennel on contaminant influence remain to be elucidated. In this study, we hypothesized that toluene and fennel directly affects basic ovarian cell functions, and that fennel can be used as an appropriate natural protective agent against the potential adverse effects of toluene. This study aimed to examine the action of toluene (20 μg/mL) and fennel extract (0, 1, 10, 100 μg/mL), and assess their combination on viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and hormone release by cultured healthy mare ovarian granulosa cells. Viability, proliferation (percentage of PCNA-positive cells), apoptosis and release of progesterone, oxytocin and prostaglandin F were evaluated by using Trypan blue exclusion tests, immunocytochemistry and enzyme immunoassays, respectively. Toluene, when given alone, inhibited viability, proliferation, apoptosis, progesterone, prostaglandin F and IGF-I. However, it did not affect oxytocin release. Moreover, Fennel, when given alone, inhibited viability, progesterone, and prostaglandin F release, as well as stimulating proliferation and oxytocin release. In addition, Fennel did not affect apoptosis. When given in combination with toluene, fennel was able to suppress, and even invert, the effects of toluene on viability, proliferation, apoptosis, prostaglandin F, and IGF-I. However, it did not alter its effect on progesterone release. Moreover, fennel induced the inhibitory effect of toluene on oxytocin output. The findings of our study suggest direct adverse effects of toluene on the basic ovarian functions of mares. Lastly, we also observed the direct influence of fennel on these functions, as well as its ability to be a natural protector against the action of toluene on the ovarian functions of mares.

Effect of sweet fennel seed extract capsule on knee pain in women with knee osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common types of arthritis. The disease not only has a high disease burden but also reduces the quality of life of patients. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (commonly known as Fennel) seed extract on knee pain in women patients with knee osteoarthritis.

METHODS

In this randomized, double-blind trial, a total of 66 patients were assigned randomly via the blocking method in two groups, fennel and placebo. All patients received four capsules daily of either powdered fennel extract (each capsule contained 200 mg dried fennel extract from 7 g of fennel seeds) or placebo twice a day for two weeks. The patients completed the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain intensity measurement before and after the study completion. Data were then analyzed via intention to treat method using the SPSS statistical software package.

RESULTS

Two weeks after the trial, a significant decrease was noted between the two groups in terms of pain, disability, total WOMAC score, and VAS variables. After comparing the pre- and post-intervention, the variables mentioned above revealed a significant decline in both groups. The stiffness variable indicated a significant reduction in the fennel group (between baseline and study completion) after two weeks, but this decline was not significant in the placebo group, and was not significant either between the two groups. At the end of the trial, the percentage change was higher in the fennel group than in the placebo group. Also, the effect size was greater in the fennel group especially in pain variable based on WOMAC and VAS than in the placebo group.

CONCLUSION

The results indicated that fennel may be an appropriate alternative for complementary treatment in patients with knee osteoarthritis. This study is the first clinical trial using oral fennel on knee pain in these patients, and the outcomes should be confirmed through additional studies.

Appetite-enhancing effects of inhaling cinnamon, clove, and fennel essential oils containing phenylpropanoid analogues

Cinnamon, clove, and fennel are commonly used as spices and herbal medicines, and one of their medicinal uses is as aromatic stomachics. We investigated the effect on appetite in mice of inhaling volatile compounds contained in essential oils extracted from herbal medicines used as aromatic stomachics. The appetite-enhancing effects of cinnamon and fennel essential oils were similar to those of their main components trans-cinnamaldehyde and trans-anethole, respectively. The appetite-enhancing effects of clove essential oil were observed over a wide range of doses (4.5 × 10^-4 to 4.5 × 10^-3 mg/cage), even though the active compounds showed effects within a narrow range of doses (eugenol: 4.5 × 10^-4 to 2.5 × 10^-3 mg/cage; eugenol acetate: 1.1 × 10^-3 to 4.5 × 10^-3 mg/cage). The increase in appetite at doses that differed by tenfold in mice administered clove oil was due to synergistic effects between eugenol and eugenol acetate in clove oil. Thus, loss of appetite could be treated more effectively using essential oil containing both eugenol and eugenol acetate compared with the active compounds administered separately. Administering essential oils, such as cinnamon and clove, could improve loss of appetite without strict dosage adjustment.

Triggering of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by fennel and clove oils in Caco-2 cells: the role of combination

Background: Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oils are known for their various biological effects, including anticancer properties. Objective: To investigate the anticancer effect of combined fennel and clove oil treatment on Caco-2 cells and normal human lymphocytes (NHL). Methods: GC-MS, in vitro cytotoxicity, morphological, apoptosis-related marker, and flow cytometric cell cycle distribution analyses were conducted. Results: Seventeen volatile compounds were identified in fennel oil, including trans-anethole (68.3%) and (+)-fenchone (8.1%). In clove oil, 22 compounds, including eugenol (71.4%) and caryophyllene (8.7%), were identified. IC₅₀ of the fennel, clove, and oil mixture were 300 ± 5.0, 150 ± 4.0, and 73 ± 2.5 µg/mL, respectively with combination index (CI) < 1.0. Mechanistic anticancer properties were investigated using 30, 45, and 60 µg/mL oil mixture. Analysis of apoptotic morphology, flow cytometric cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis-related markers, such as Bcl-2 and Ki-67, confirmed cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in Caco-2 cells by the fennel and clove oil combination. Moreover, the oil mixture did not exert significant (p < 0.01) toxicity on NHL in vitro. Conclusion: The oil mixture exerted selective cytotoxicity towards Caco-2 cells through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, which may occur through synergistic effects between fennel and clove oil active ingredients.

Foeniculum vulgare as Valuable Plant in Management of Women's Health

This review paper evaluates use of Foeniculum vulgare extracts as a popular female plant in management of different ailments of women. Information in this paper was gathered from accessible sources (PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, Wiley, and Google), and traditional books (Persian or English modern traditional books), unpublished data (R&D reports, thesis and dissertation) by keywords based on the words F. vulgare or fennel and women. Efficacy of oral fennel oil in management of dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, amenorrhea, menopause, lactation, and polycystic ovary syndrome were confirmed according to results of clinical studies. Results of clinical efficacy of fennel oil on menstrual bleeding is complicated, but results of one meta-analysis study revealed that fennel oil significantly increased means of bleeding in the first menstrual periodic cycle (P = 0.001), while fennel oil had no significant effect on bleeding in the second menstrual cycle (P = 0.67). Topical and vaginal fennel extract (5%) exhibited good efficacy in treatment of sexual function, vaginal atrophy, and hirsutism. Fennel had no effect on bone density, or body mass index of menopause women. Results of clinical studies introduce fennel as a valuable medicinal plant in management of women's ailments, but understanding the mechanism of action could be the subject of future studies.

The comparison of fennel infusion plus dry cupping versus metformin in management of oligomenorrhoea in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised clinical trial

Oligomenorrhoea treatment with hormone therapy and Metformin is not usually well tolerated and is associated with a broad range of side effects. In Persian medicine, the management of oligomenorrhoea can be done with fennel and dry cupping. A clinical trial was conducted on 61 patients with oligomenorrhoea. The patients randomly received treatment for 6 months in two groups: fennel infusion plus dry cupping (Group A); versus treatment with Metformin (Group B). On the days between the two periods, the patients' BMI, pain levels and side effects were assessed. Thirty-one patients (mean age: 26.68) in Group A, and 30 patients (mean age: 28.90) in Group B were enrolled. The mean numbers of days between the two periods after 3 and 6 months in Group A was, respectively, 32.59 and 30.69, versus 40.66 and 431.22 in Group B. The mean pain severity dropped significantly in Group A. Fennel seed infusion plus a dry cupping uses a safe and effective therapeutic intervention in the management of oligomenorrhoea. IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject? Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women. Some common clinical manifestations of this syndrome include menstrual disorders such as oligomenorrhoea and amenorrhoea. The recommended therapeutic interventions include oral intervention, as well as metformin, which are associated with an increased risk of vascular thromboembolism, digestive complications such as nausea, and dizziness, and vitamin B12 deficiency. Therefore, the use of complementary medicine in controlling and treating PCOS is considered a valuable intervention in conventional medicine. In Persian traditional medicine, medicinal fennel (with the scientific name of Foeniculum Vulgare Mill) is commonly used in this regard. The practice of dry cupping during the monthly period that ends with ovulation is also recommended. What do the results of this study add? The present study concludes that fennel seed infusion plus a dry cupping therapy is effective and safe in reducing the days between two menstrual periods and manages oligomenorrhoea. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? A clinical study is suggested for assessing the effect of fennel seed infusion plus dry cupping on oligomenorrhoea, with a large sample size and a longer follow up time.

Valorization of the Green Waste from Two Varieties of Fennel and Carrot Cultivated in Tunisia by Identification of the Phytochemical Profile and Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activities of Their Essentials Oils

The purpose of this study was to identify the chemical composition and the antibacterial activity of the essential oils (EOs) extracted from the green tops of Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang. plants producing yellow roots (DcsYR) and those producing orange roots (DcsOR) and from two varieties of Foeniculum vulgare subsp. vulgare cultivated in Tunisia. Analyses revealed that the EOs from the two D. carota varieties were rich in constituents belonging to sesquiterpenes. Phenylpropanoids and non-terpene derivatives were the most abundant classes of compounds in the EOs from the two varieties of F. vulgare, of which compositions were predominated by (E)-anethole and p-acetonylanisole. All the tested EOs were significantly more effective against Gram-negative bacteria, and that obtained from var. azoricum was more active against the yeast Candida albicans than the reference drug. The EOs obtained from these by-products showed indeed interesting potential to be promoted as natural antimicrobials in food preservation systems, as well as the possibility to be used in flavor industries.

Chloroform fraction of Foeniculum vulgare induced ROS mediated, mitochondria-caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway in MCF-7, human breast cancer cell line

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Fennel) is one of the most common herbs used in alternative medicines for its varied range of bioactivity. In Ecuador (South America), use of fennel in traditional cancer treatment is on record.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effect of chloroform fraction of fennel (CFF) in MCF-7 cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Anti-proliferative assay (MTT assay) and colony formation assay were performed to study the growth inhibitory effect of CFF. Various morphological changes of apoptosis were observed using Giemsa, Hoechst and Acridine orange/ ethidium bromide stains in MCF-7 cells. The extent of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest was measured by flow cytometer. Levels of ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by DCFH-DA and JC-1 respectively. Caspases activity was measured by luminescence and DNA fragmentation by comet assay.

RESULTS

CFF appeared as a good inhibitor of growth against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-237 in time- and concentration-dependent manners. All the morphological changes of apoptosis were evident in treatment groups. Annexin V/PI-assay of apoptosis gave around 49% of apoptotic cells upon treatment of 0.5 mg/ml of CFF and PI-stained cells showed the G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Elevated levels of ROS, disrupted mitochondrial membrane, increased levels of caspase-9 & caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation were noted in treated MCF-7 cells.

CONCLUSION

Our findings revealed the proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction effect of CFF, which may help in exploring the novel anti-cancer drug for therapeutic implications.

Fungi in spices and mycotoxigenic potential of some Aspergilli isolated

The aim of this study was to identify fungal species present in 200 samples of rosemary, fennel, cinnamon, clove, pepperoni, black and white pepper and oregano and evaluate the mycotoxigenic potential of the some Aspergilli isolated. Clove, black and white peppers were analyzed by direct plating. For rosemary, cinnamon, fennel, pepperoni pepper and oregano samples were used spread plate. Mycotoxigenic capacity was verified by the agar plug method. With the exception of clove, all the spices showed high fungal contamination, especially by Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Cladosporium sp. Frequency of toxigenic Aspergillus spp. was intense in white and black peppers, with presence of Aspergillus flavus (up to 32%), Aspergillus nomius (up to 12%), Aspergillus parasiticus (up to 4%), Aspergillus niger complex (up to 52%), Aspergillus ochraceus (up 12%) and Aspergillus carbonarius (up to 4%). 14,2% of A. flavus isolated from black pepper were aflatoxins producers. In the white pepper, 66.7% of A. flavus isolates and 100% of A. nomius were aflatoxigenic. Oregano showed the highest number of A. niger complex isolates (49), however, only 2.04% produced ochratoxin A. This study showed a huge fungal presence in spices, which could compromise the sensorial quality of these products and represent a hazard for consumers.

Health Benefits of Fennel, Rosemary Volatile Oils and their Nano-Forms in Dyslipidemic Rat Model

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Dyslipidemia is a major health problem that may lead to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In the present research, a biological experiment was run on dyslipidemic rats to study the health benefits of the volatile oils (VOs) of fennel and rosemary in its original and nano-form using chitosan as carrier.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rats were divided into 6 groups; normal control, dyslipidemic control and 4 test groups with dyslipidemia and treated by VOs of fennel and rosemary and their respective nano-forms separately. Glucose tolerance test was carried out after 4 weeks. Parameters reflecting oxidative stress/antioxidant plasma catalase, malondialdehyde (MDA) and blood uric acid, were assessed. Plasma lipid profile and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as inflammatory biomarker were determined. Liver and kidney function were assessed as determinant of the safety of the different VO forms. Twenty four hour urinary volume was measured to assess creatinine clearance and to evaluate the possible diuretic activity of the VOs.

RESULTS

Dyslipidemic control rats showed dyslipidemia, increased CVDs risk, liver dysfunction, elevated MDA and TNF-α with marked increase in blood sugar after half an hour of glucose ingestion compared to normal control. Treatment with the four VOs forms improved the majority of the biochemical parameters.

CONCLUSION

All treatment showed cardio and hepato- protective effect and safety towards kidney and blood sugar. Oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers were significantly improved by the different treatments; both VO forms of fennel were more efficient in ameliorating inflammation.

Leaf proteomics of drought-sensitive and -tolerant genotypes of fennel

Fennel is attracted attention as a useful resource as researching medicinal plant for drought tolerance. To elucidate the response mechanism in drought-sensitive and -tolerant genotypes of fennel leaf, a gel-free/label-free proteomic technique was used. Fifty-day-old plants were subjected to drought stress for 60days. The relative water and proline contents were decreased and increased in sensitive genotypes, respectively; however, they were not a big change in tolerant genotypes. Photosynthesis was decreased in the sensitive genotypes under drought; however, it was increased in the tolerant genotype. In both drought-sensitive and -tolerant genotypes, proteins related to protein metabolism and cell organization were predominately affected under drought stress. The abundance of phosphoribulokinase and phosphoglycerate kinase enzymes were decreased and increased in drought-sensitive and -tolerant genotypes, respectively; however, the abundance of RuBisCO and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzymes were increased and decreased in drought-sensitive and -tolerant genotypes, respectively. Under drought stress, the abundance of glycolysis-related proteins was decreased in sensitive genotypes; however, they were increased in tolerance genotypes. Commonly changed proteins with polyethylene glycol fractionation such as cobalamin-independent methionine synthase were decreased and increased in drought-sensitive and -tolerant genotypes, respectively. These results suggest that cobalamin-independent methionine synthetase is involved in the tolerance of drought-tolerant fennel leaf under drought stress.

Ovarian protection in cyclophosphamide-treated mice by fennel

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Morphological parameters (WVD) in CP-treated groups significantly reduced.

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Female sexual hormones in CP-treated groups significantly decreased.

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CP-treatment lead to a reduction in the number of different ovarian follicles.

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Fennel extract significantly ameliorate cyclophosphamide ovarian damages.

Evaluation of protective effect of fennel on mouse ovary against the destructive effects of cyclophosphamide (CP) was the aim of this study. Adult female NMARI mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 8): (A) negative control, (B) CP200 mg/kg, (C) fennel 400 mg/kg/day, (E, F, and D) that received fennel 200, 400 and 100 mg/kg/day respectively + CP200 mg/kg. Their ovary weight, volume, and diameter (WVD) were measured. Five micron sections were stained using the H&E method. The serum levels of oestrogen and progesterone were measured using ELISA kit. The results showed that WVD significantly reduced in the CP-treated groups in comparison with the A and C, but WVD increased after treatment of the mice with fennel extract, in comparison with B group. A significant decrease of serum in terms of oestrogen and progesterone levels among CP-treated groups in comparison with the A group was observed. In the CP-treated groups a reduction in the number of different ovarian follicles in comparison with the A and C groups was observed. However, in the treated animals with fennel extract, these parameters significantly increased in comparison with the B group. Finally, it is concluded that fennel can protect ovary from cyclophosphamide side effects.

Comprehensive Research on Essential Oil and Phenolic Variation in Different Foeniculum vulgare Populations During Transition from Vegetative to Reproductive Stage

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of four fennel populations (England, Spain, Poland and Iran) were investigated during six developmental stages including two vegetative and four reproductive phases. In reproductive phase, the essential oil content of fruits decreased and the maximum content (5.9%) was obtained in immediate fruits. The essential oils were analyzed using GC/MS. trans-Anethole was the main component of the leaves and the fruits oil. In leaves, it ranged from 41.28% in England at late vegetative stage to 56.6% in Poland population at early vegetative stage. Other major compounds of leaves were limonene, α-pinene and (Z)-β-ocimene. In reproductive phases the trans-anethole increased dramatically. It varied from 85.25% in immature fruits from Poland to 90.7% in pre-mature stage from Spain. The highest phenolic content in the extracts at different growth stages obtained 189 mg TAE/g DW at full mature stage of seed in Iran population. The flavonoid of leaves extract ranged from 3 to 7.5 mg QUE/g DW, while in fruits extract varied from 3 to 10.3 mg QUE/g DW. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) and β-carotene model systems. Immature and full mature growth stages of fennel population from Spain indicated the highest activity in quenching of DPPH radical (74.2% and 74.5, respectively). Antioxidant activities of the extracts had high positive correlation with their phenolic contents in all fruit maturity stages. Finally, it might probably be suggested that in fennel the hot and humid condition can lead to increase trans-anethole, while the hot and dry one can produce higher amount of phenolics and flavonoids.

Intake of selected bioactive compounds from plant food supplements containing fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) among Finnish consumers

The purpose of this study was to estimate the intake of selected bioactive compounds from fennel-containing plant food supplements (PFS) among Finnish consumers. The estimated average intake of estragole was 0.20mg/d, of trans-anethole 1.15mg/d, of rosmarinic acid 0.09mg/d, of p-coumaric acid 0.0068mg/d, of kaempferol 0.0034mg/d, of luteolin 0.0525μg/d, of quercetin 0.0246mg/d, of matairesinol 0.0066μg/d and of lignans 0.0412μg/d. The intakes of kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, matairesinol and lignans from PFS were low in comparison with their dietary supply. The intake of estragole was usually moderate, but a heavy consumption of PFS may lead to a high intake of estragole. The intake of trans-anethole did not exceed the acceptable daily intake, but PFS should be taken into account when assessing the total exposure. To our knowledge, this study provided the first intake estimates of trans-anethole, p-coumaric acid and rosmarinic acid in human populations.

"Natural" relief of pregnancy-related symptoms and neonatal outcomes: above all do no harm

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In the South of Italy the use of herbal remedies to alleviate pregnancy-related symptoms is very common.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the proportion, prevalence of use, attitude and knowledge base in a sample of Italian pregnant women in the South of Italy. To explore the possible influence and risks of herbal consumption on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.

METHODS

A retrospective observational study was conducted during the study period November 2010-September 2013. Six hundred and thirty expectant mothers were interviewed within three days after childbirth in a public Hospital in the South of Italy.

RESULTS

Due to a lack of data, a total of six hundred interviews were considered. Four hundred and eighty six women (81%) reported to have constantly used at least one herbal product throughout the pregnancy period. The study enrolled mostly women between 31 and 40 years of age, with a middle-high level of education, married and employed. The most commonly used herbal products, taken by oral route and for the entire period of pregnancy, were chamomile, fennel, propolis, cranberry, lemon balm, ginger, valerian and mallow. The most relevant source of information for the majority of participants was the doctor (95%), and most of the women (72%) informed their doctors about their use of herbal remedies.

CONCLUSIONS

The regular chamomile consumption resulted in a higher risk of pre-term delivery, lower birth weight and lower length of the newborn. Also a regular use of fennel resulted in a shorter gestational age. Finally, ginger intake resulted in a shorter gestational age and in a smaller circumference of the newborn's skull.

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) inhibition by tienilic acid produces hepatic injury: Antioxidant protection by fennel extract and whey protein concentrate

This study evaluated the effect of whey protein concentrate (WPC) or fennel seed extract (FSE) on paraoxonase-1 activity (PON1) and oxidative stress in liver of tienilic acid (TA) treated rats. Six groups of rats were treated for six weeks as follows: control; WPC (0.5g/kg/day); FSE (200mg/ kg/day); TA (1g/kg/twice a week); TA (1g/kg/twice a week) plus WPC (0.5g/kg/day); TA (1g/kg/twice a week) plus FSE (200mg/kg/day). TA administration significantly increased ALT and AST besides to total- and direct bilirubin levels. Also, serum tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide levels were significantly increased. Furthermore, serum PON1, and hepatic reduced glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase values were diminished matched with a significant rise in the level of hepatic lipid peroxidation. Also, triglycerides, total- and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly elevated while HDL-cholesterol was unchanged. The administration of either WPC or FSE to TA-treated animals significantly protected the liver against the injurious effects of tienilic acid. This appeared from the improvement of hepatic functions, atherogenic markers, Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity, endogenous antioxidants and hepatic lipid peroxidation level; where WPC showed the strongest protection effect. In conclusion, the present study indicated that WPC and FSE improve PON1 activity and attenuate liver dysfunction induced by TA. This may be attributed to the high content of antioxidant compounds in WPC and fennel extract.

Detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in German licensed herbal medicinal teas

BACKGROUND

Because of the hepatotoxic, mutagenic, and cancerogenic effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) recommends not to exceed a daily PA intake of 0.007 µg/kg body weight (0.42 µg/60 kg adult). In a recent study conducted by the BfR, up to 5647 µg PA/kg dried herbal material were detected in tea products marketed as food.

PURPOSE

The present study aimed at elucidating whether medicinal teas licensed or registered as medicinal products contain PAs as well.

STUDY DESIGN

One hundred sixty-nine different commercially available medicinal teas, i.e. 19 nettle (Urtica dioica L.), 12 fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), 14 chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), 11 melissa (Melissa officinalis L.) and 4 peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) teas as well as 109 tea mixtures were analyzed for the presence of 23 commercially available PAs.

METHOD

LC/MS was used for the determination of the PAs

RESULTS

In general, the total PA contents ranging 0-5668 µg/kg. Thirty percent of the tested single-ingredient tea products and 56.9% of the tested medicinal tea mixtures were found to contain PA concentrations above the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 10 µg/kg. In 11 medicinal teas PA contents >300 µg/kg dry herb were determined thus exceeding the recommended limit for PA intake by BfR. In addition three products of the investigated tea mixtures revealed extremely high PA contents of 4227, 5137, and 5668 µg/kg. Generally, single-ingredient tea products contained much less or even no detectable amounts of PAs when compared to the tea mixtures. PAs in the range between 13 and 1080 µg/kg were also detected in five analyzed aqueous herbal infusions of the medicinal tea mixture products with the highest PA content. Two out of the five investigated herbal infusions exceeded the recommended BfR limit for PA intake.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates clearly that also medicinal teas licensed as medicinal products may partly contain high amounts of PAs exceeding current recommendations. For that reason manufacturers are advised to carry out more rigorous quality control tests devoted to the detection of PAs. This is very important to minimize PAs in medicinal teas accounting for possible additional exposure of the consumer to PAs from other food sources (e.g. honey).

Levels of major and trace elements in fennel (Foeniculum vulgari Mill.) fruits cultivated in Ethiopia

Background

Sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is one of the precious spices. Almost all parts of fennel plant are edible. The herb is used as carminative, digestive, diuretic, cosmetic and medicine.

Methods

A 0.5 g of the oven dried fennel fruit and soil samples were digested by wet-digestion method. The levels of selected elements (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, Zn, Ni, Cd and Pb) were determined in sweet fennel fruit (Foeniculum vulgari Mill.) and soil from Addis Ababa (Central Ethiopia) and Gojjam (Northern West Ethiopia) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).

Results

The elemental concentrations (μg/g) in fennel fruit were: Ca (20,500–23,000), Mg (1,310–3,460), Fe (1,140–1,900), Mn (31–51), Cu (24–103), Cr (91–98), Co (26–71), Zn (37–45), Ni (19–24), and Cd (1.6–1.9) while in the soil were: Ca (1,440–1,780), Mg (1,260–3,310), Fe (26,900–28,000), Mn (1,460–1,980), Cu (51–101), Cr (127–141), Co (54–143), Zn (99–104), Ni (98–161), and Cd (1.7–2.9). Pb was below the method detection limit in both the fennel fruit and soil.

Conclusion

The Ethiopian fennel fruits are rich in Ca and Mg and other essential elements (Fe, Cu, Co and Zn) and can be used as good supplement for human being in particularly for children and pregnant women. The toxic element Cd is at trace level and Pb is not detected in the fennel fruit. Thus, Ethiopian fennel fruits are safe for human consumption.

Comparison of Scolicidal Effects of Amphotricin B, Silver Nanoparticles,_and Foeniculum vulgare Mill on Hydatid Cysts Protoscoleces

BACKGROUND

Surgery is the preferred treatment for hydatid cyst (cystic echinococcosis, CE). At present, various scolicidal agents have been used for inactivation of protoscoleces during surgery, but they are associated with adverse side effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the scolicidal effects of amphotricin B, Silver nano particles, Foeniculum vulgare Mill, essential oil and hypertonic saline against protoscoleces of hydatid cyst on an in vitro model.

METHODS

Protoscoleces were aseptically aspirated from the naturally infected livers of sheep and goats. Various concentrations of AmB (2.5-20 mg/ml), Ag-NPs (0.5-4 mg/ml), F. vulgare essential oil (0.125-1 mg/ml) and hypertonic saline (10-20%) were used for 5-60 min. Eosin exclusion test was used to determine the viability of protoscoleces.

RESULTS

Maximum protoscolicidal effect of AmB and Ag-NPs was found at concentrations of 20 and 4 mg/mL, resulting in only 82.3% and 71.6% of the protoscoleces after 60 min of incubation, respectively. In contrast, F. vulgare essential oil at concentration of 1 mg/ml and hypertonic saline 20% killed 100% protoscoleces after 5 and 10 min of exposure, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The results indicated weak scolicidal activity of AmB and Ag-NPs; whereas F. vulgare essential oil had potent scolicidal activity against protoscoleces of hydatid cyst that revealed the potential of F. vulgare as a natural source for the production of new scolicidal agent for use in hydatid cyst surgery. However, further studies will be needed to confirm these results by checking the essential oil and its active component in the in vivo model.

Effect of fennel on pain intensity in dysmenorrhoea: A placebo-controlled trial

The aim of this study was to determine the clinical effect of Foeniculum vulgare on primary dysmenorrhoea. Sixty virgin girls with complaints of dysmenorrhoea were enrolled in this study, out of which 50 cases were completed the course of treatment and were divided in two groups (study and placebo) and were under treatment for two cycles. In study group a capsule of 30 mg fennel extract, four times a day for three days from start of their menstrual period and in placebo a capsule containing wheat flour in same dose was administered. Intensity of pain was reported by using a 10 - point linear analogue technique. In study group the mean age of menarche was 13.1 ± 0.1 and onset age of dysmenorrhoea was 14.5 ± 0.1 years. Both groups were relieved but there was significant difference between study and placebo group. Study group shown more effective results than placebo in pain relief (P`0.05). Based on the observations, it can be concluded that, fennel is an effective herbal drug for menstrual pain.

Oral fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) drop effect on primary dysmenorrhea: Effectiveness of herbal drug

BACKGROUND

Primary dysmenorrhea refers to the occurrence of painful menstrual cramps of uterus and is considered as a gynecological complaint. The common treatment for this problem is medical therapy such as mefenamic acid [non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)] and oral contraceptive pills, both of which work by reducing myometrial activity. Fennel contains an antispasmodic and anethol agents and may be helpful for management of primary dysmenorrhea.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral fennel drop for treating primary dysmenorrhea. Sixty college students suffering from primary dysmenorrhea were randomly assigned to two groups and followed up for two cycles. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Parametric and non-parametric tests were adopted.

RESULTS

Comparison of pain intensity in the two groups showed that there was no significant difference in pain relief between the two groups. Comparison of bleeding severity in the study group before and after intervention was demonstrated from the first day to the fifth day (PV on first day, second day, third day, fourth day, and fifth day 0.948, 0.330, 0.508, 0.583, 0.890, respectively).

CONCLUSION

It seems that fennel can be effective in reducing the severity of dysmenorrhea, but it has an unpleasant taste in view of most of the volunteers.

Comparison of the effectiveness of combination of fennel extract/vitamin E with ibuprofen on the pain intensity in students with primary dysmenorrhea

BACKGROUND

Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecologic disorder affecting as many as 60% of menstruating women. In the United States, work absenteeism due to dysmenorrhea is estimated to be 600 million work hours per year, and the economic consequences are estimated at $2 billion per year; therefore, it is a public problem nowadays.

AIM

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of combination of fennel extract/vitamin E with ibuprofen on the intensity of pain in primary dysmenorrhea among the students of Tabriz city in 2007-2009.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was done by using double-blinded quasi-experimental research method. After taking the required licenses from ethics committee, 68 students from Medical and Tabriz universities, who were living in the dormitory, suffering from primary dysmenorrhea, and were eligible for the study, were randomly divided into two groups of 34 students each (the two groups used combination of fennel extract/vitamin E and ibuprofen cross-over form in the 2 months). We used Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) tool for ranking the intensity of the pain. Data analysis was done by using SPSS Ver. 14.

RESULTS

The mean of peak pain intensity in the first, second, third, sixth, and forty-eighth hours in the group that had used combination of fennel extract/vitamin E was lower than the group that had used ibuprofen, and statistical differences were observed between the two groups in the first and second hours; combination of fennel extract/vitamin E was more effective than ibuprofen in the first hour (P < 0.03) and second hour (P < 0.04).

CONCLUSION

Combination of fennel extract/vitamin E is effective on decreasing the intensity of pain of primary dysmenorrhea, and it is advised to those who cannot use chemical drugs.

Comparing the Effects of Echinophora-platyloba, Fennel and Placebo on Pre-menstrual Syndrome

INTRODUCTION

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a condition characterized by a number of behavioral, psychological and physical symptoms recurring cyclically during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The uncertainty in the pathogenesis of PMS has led to many treatment protocols being suggested as possible therapies. The present study was carried out to compare the effects of echinophora-platyloba and fennel extracts on the PMS against placebo in students of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences in 2008.

METHODS

In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, 90 students with moderate to severe PMS enrolled in the study and were randomely divided into three equal groups. The first group received echinophora-platyloba extract, the second group received fennel extracts and the third group received placebo. The severity of PMS was measured by Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP) questionnaire at the end of the first and second menstrual cycles before the intervention and the results were compared with them after the intervention. Data was analyzed using Dunn, Kruskal Wallis, and Pearson correlation tests by SPSS (v. 11.5) and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

There were not any significant differences in the means of premenstrual syndrome scores before the intervention among the three groups (100.8±22.1 in echinophora-platyloba group, 101.3±27.1 in fennel group and 104.3±19.5 in placebo group, p > 0.05), but the differences were significant after the intervention (49.7±23.2 in echinophora-platyloba group, 64.4±27.5 in fennel group and 79.1±28.1 in placebo group, respectively, p < 0.001). No significant differences were seen between the echinophora-platyloba and fennel groups.

CONCLUSION

The echinophora-platyloba and fennel extracts could reduce the severity of PMS. The effects of echinophora-platyloba and fennel were similar and greater than the placebo. Administration of the extracts of these herbs is suggested for relieving the signs and symptoms of PMS.