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Burma JS, Bailey DM, Johnson NE, Griffiths JK, Burkart JJ, Soligon CA, Fletcher EKS, Javra RM, Debert CT, Schneider KJ, Dunn JF, Smirl JD. Physiological influences on neurovascular coupling: A systematic review of multimodal imaging approaches and recommendations for future study designs. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39392865 DOI: 10.1113/ep092060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we have amalgamated the literature, taking a multimodal neuroimaging approach to quantify the relationship between neuronal firing and haemodynamics during a task paradigm (i.e., neurovascular coupling response), while considering confounding physiological influences. Original research articles that used concurrent neuronal and haemodynamic quantification in humans (n ≥ 10) during a task paradigm were included from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE and PsychINFO. Articles published before 31 July 2023 were considered for eligibility. Rapid screening was completed by the first author. Two authors completed the title/abstract and full-text screening. Article quality was assessed using a modified version of the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. A total of 364 articles were included following title/abstract and full-text screening. The most common combination was EEG/functional MRI (68.7%), with cognitive (48.1%) and visual (27.5%) tasks being the most common. The majority of studies displayed an absence/minimal control of blood pressure, arterial gas concentrations and/or heart rate (92.9%), and only 1.3% monitored these factors. A minority of studies restricted or collected data pertaining to caffeine (7.4%), exercise (0.8%), food (0.5%), nicotine (2.7%), the menstrual cycle (0.3%) or cardiorespiratory fitness levels (0.5%). The cerebrovasculature is sensitive to numerous factors; thus, to understand the neurovascular coupling response fully, better control for confounding physiological influences of blood pressure and respiratory metrics is imperative during study-design formulation. Moreover, further work should continue to examine sex-based differences, the influence of sex steroid hormone concentrations and cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Burma
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Nathan E Johnson
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - James K Griffiths
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Josh J Burkart
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Clara A Soligon
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth K S Fletcher
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raelyn M Javra
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chantel T Debert
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kathryn J Schneider
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff F Dunn
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Smirl
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Hu X, Li Y, Cao Y, Shi F, Shang L. The role of nitric oxide synthase/ nitric oxide in infection-related cancers: Beyond antimicrobial activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189156. [PMID: 39032540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
As a free radical and endogenous effector molecule, mammalian endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is mainly derived from nitric oxide synthase (NOS) via L-arginine. NO participates in normal physiological reactions and provides immune responses to prevent the invasion of foreign bacteria. However, NO also has complex and contradictory biological effects. Abnormal NO signaling is involved in the progression of many diseases, such as cancer. In the past decades, cancer research has been closely linked with NOS/ NO, and many tumors with poor prognosis are associated with high expression of NOS. In this review, we give a overview of the biological effects of NOS/ NO. Then we focus on the oncogenic role of iNOS/ NO in HPV, HBV, EBV and H. pylori related tumors. In fact, there is growing evidence that iNOS could be used as a potential therapeutic target in cancer therapy. We emphasize that the pro-tumor effect of NOS/ NO is greater than the anti-tumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders/ XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yueshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders/ XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of National Health Commission, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Li Shang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders/ XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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Rouland A, Thuillier P, Al-Salameh A, Benzerouk F, Bahougne T, Tramunt B, Berlin I, Clair C, Thomas D, Le Faou AL, Vergès B, Durlach V. Smoking and diabetes. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2024:S0003-4266(24)00112-4. [PMID: 39218351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Smoking increases insulin resistance via multiple mechanisms but is a poorly understood risk factor for onset of type-2 diabetes. It is also associated with impaired beta-cell function in humans, but again the mechanisms are poorly understood. Mechanistic studies of the impact of smoking on carbohydrate metabolism mainly evaluated nicotine as the causal agent, and more rarely other tobacco constituents, making it impossible to conclude that the risk of diabetes is linked to the effects of nicotine alone. Active smoking also has negative impact on glycemic control in both type-1 and type-2 diabetic patients. It increases the risk of all-cause mortality and worsens the chronic complications of diabetes. Impact on microangiopathic complications in type-2 diabetic patients, however, is more controversial. Data on pharmacological and behavioral strategies for smoking cessation used in the general population are more sparse in diabetic patients, despite opportunities with recent therapeutic trials involving varenicline and GLP-1 analogues. It is essential for diabetic patients to stop smoking, and diabetologists must get involved in smoking cessation as they have done for many years in therapeutic education, which can easily include measures to help patients stop smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Rouland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Thuillier
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France.
| | - Abdallah Al-Salameh
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Nutrition, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France; PeriTox=UMR-I 01, University of Picardy Jules-Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Farid Benzerouk
- Cognition Health and Society Laboratory (C2S-EA 6291), University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; Department of Psychiatry, Marne Public Mental Health Institute & Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Thibault Bahougne
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France; Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, CNRS UPR-3212, Strasbourg, France
| | - Blandine Tramunt
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, UMR1297 INSERM/UPS, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France; Department of Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Ivan Berlin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, hôpital Pitie-Salpêtrière-Sorbonne université, AP-HP, Sorbonne, France
| | - Carole Clair
- Department of Ambulatory Care, Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Institute of Cardiology, hôpital Pitie-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laurence Le Faou
- Outpatient Addiction Center, Georges-Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP Centre-Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Vergès
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France; INSERM LNC-UMR1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Vincent Durlach
- Champagne-Ardenne University, UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC & Cardio-Thoracic Department, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
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Ewees MG, El-Mahdy MA, Hannawi Y, Zweier JL. Tobacco cigarette smoking induces cerebrovascular dysfunction followed by oxidative neuronal injury with the onset of cognitive impairment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024:271678X241270415. [PMID: 39136181 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241270415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
While chronic smoking triggers cardiovascular disease, controversy remains regarding its effects on the brain and cognition. We investigated the effects of long-term cigarette smoke (CS) exposure (CSE) on cerebrovascular function, neuronal injury, and cognition in a novel mouse exposure model. Longitudinal studies were performed in CS or air-exposed mice, 2 hours/day, for up to 60 weeks. Hypertension and carotid vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) occurred by 16 weeks of CSE, followed by reduced carotid artery blood flow, with oxidative stress detected in the carotid artery, and subsequently in the brain of CS-exposed mice with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secondary protein and DNA oxidation, microglial activation and astrocytosis. Brain small vessels exhibited decreased levels of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), enlarged perivascular spaces with blood brain barrier (BBB) leak and decreased levels of tight-junction proteins. In the brain, amyloid-β deposition and phosphorylated-tau were detected with increases out to 60 weeks, at which time mice exhibited impaired spatial learning and memory. Thus, long-term CSE initiates a cascade of ROS generation and oxidative damage, eNOS dysfunction with cerebral hypoperfusion, as well as cerebrovascular and BBB damage with intracerebral inflammation, and neuronal degeneration, followed by the onset of impaired cognition and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed G Ewees
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mohamed A El-Mahdy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yousef Hannawi
- Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases and Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Oviedo DC, Tratner AE, Rodríguez-Araña S, Villarreal AE, Rangel G, Carreira MB, Britton GB. Predictors of cognitive change in cognitively healthy older women in Panama: the PARI-HD study. Front Glob Womens Health 2024; 5:1353657. [PMID: 38939750 PMCID: PMC11208464 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2024.1353657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that a combination of biological and social factors influence risk of dementia differently for women and men. In healthy older women, several factors may contribute to changes in cognition. Objective Describe the characteristics associated with variation in cognition in a sample of cognitively healthy older Panamanian women. Methods The study includes cross-sectional analyses of cognitive domains at baseline (n = 357) and 17-month (SD = 2.0) follow-up (n = 200) for women aged 60 years and older enrolled in the Panama Aging Research Initiative-Health Disparities (PARI-HD) study. Instruments included clinical questionnaires, physiological measures, and a neuropsychological test battery assessing global cognition and seven cognitive domains. Multiple regression analyses examined the associations between demographic and clinical characteristics and cognition at baseline. Repeated measures analyses were used to investigate changes in cognition from baseline to follow-up. Results On average, participants were 68.6 years of age (SD = 5.9) with 16.1 years of education (SD = 4.7). Age, income, and education showed robust associations with baseline cognition. Subjective cognitive impairment was associated with lower performance in global cognition, verbal learning, and memory domains. Only performance in the attention domain decreased at follow-up, and subjective health state and depressive symptoms significantly predicted the change in attention. Discussion Our study findings contribute to the investigation of cognitive health in older Hispanic women and to the understanding of sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with cognitive decline and the progression to cognitive impairment and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Oviedo
- Centro de Neurociencias y Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Institiuto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panamá
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Santa María la Antigua (USMA), Panama City, Panamá
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) SENACYT, Panama City, Panamá
| | - Adam E. Tratner
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) SENACYT, Panama City, Panamá
- Florida State University, Panama City, Panamá
| | - Sofía Rodríguez-Araña
- Centro de Neurociencias y Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Institiuto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panamá
| | - Alcibiades E. Villarreal
- Centro de Neurociencias y Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Institiuto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panamá
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) SENACYT, Panama City, Panamá
| | - Giselle Rangel
- Centro de Neurociencias y Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Institiuto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panamá
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) SENACYT, Panama City, Panamá
| | - María B. Carreira
- Centro de Neurociencias y Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Institiuto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panamá
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) SENACYT, Panama City, Panamá
| | - Gabrielle B. Britton
- Centro de Neurociencias y Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Institiuto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panamá
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) SENACYT, Panama City, Panamá
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Kalousova L. Tobacco taxes as a community protective factor against cognitive decline in later life. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3985-3997. [PMID: 37132125 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prior work has suggested that encouraging smoking cessation could be an important tool for curbing later-life cognitive decline and cognitive disparities. This study investigates whether higher cigarette taxes were associated with lower odds of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and lesser cognitive disparities. METHODS Using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data collected between 2019 and 2021, this study estimates logistic regression models predicting SCD by average state cigarette taxes in the last 5, 10, and 20 years, with gradual adjustment for sociodemographic and state characteristics. RESULTS The results show that higher cigarette taxes were associated with decreased odds of SCD only in models without adjustment. Among Hispanics only, higher taxes were associated with lower odds of SCD. DISCUSSION The lower rates of SCD in states with higher cigarette taxes could be explained by their different sociodemographic characteristics. Future research should explore the mechanisms that underlie the observed association among Hispanic Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kalousova
- Department of Medicine, Health, and Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Sanotra MR, Kao SH, Lee CK, Hsu CH, Huang WC, Chang TC, Tu FY, Hsu IU, Lin YF. Acrolein adducts and responding autoantibodies correlate with metabolic disturbance in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:115. [PMID: 37349844 PMCID: PMC10286356 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by many intertwining pathologies involving metabolic aberrations. Patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) generally show hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, which can lead to the formation of aldehydic adducts such as acrolein on peptides in the brain and blood. However, the pathogenesis from MetS to AD remains elusive. METHODS An AD cell model expressing Swedish and Indiana amyloid precursor protein (APP-Swe/Ind) in neuro-2a cells and a 3xTg-AD mouse model were used. Human serum samples (142 control and 117 AD) and related clinical data were collected. Due to the involvement of MetS in AD, human samples were grouped into healthy control (HC), MetS-like, AD with normal metabolism (AD-N), and AD with metabolic disturbance (AD-M). APP, amyloid-beta (Aß), and acrolein adducts in the samples were analyzed using immunofluorescent microscopy, histochemistry, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and/or ELISA. Synthetic Aß1-16 and Aß17-28 peptides were modified with acrolein in vitro and verified using LC-MS/MS. Native and acrolein-modified Aß peptides were used to measure the levels of specific autoantibodies IgG and IgM in the serum. The correlations and diagnostic power of potential biomarkers were evaluated. RESULTS An increased level of acrolein adducts was detected in the AD model cells. Furthermore, acrolein adducts were observed on APP C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs) containing Aß in 3xTg-AD mouse serum, brain lysates, and human serum. The level of acrolein adducts was correlated positively with fasting glucose and triglycerides and negatively with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, which correspond with MetS conditions. Among the four groups of human samples, the level of acrolein adducts was largely increased only in AD-M compared to all other groups. Notably, anti-acrolein-Aß autoantibodies, especially IgM, were largely reduced in AD-M compared to the MetS group, suggesting that the specific antibodies against acrolein adducts may be depleted during pathogenesis from MetS to AD. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic disturbance may induce acrolein adduction, however, neutralized by responding autoantibodies. AD may be developed from MetS when these autoantibodies are depleted. Acrolein adducts and the responding autoantibodies may be potential biomarkers for not only diagnosis but also immunotherapy of AD, especially in complication with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Renuka Sanotra
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Huei Kao
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kuo Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Heping Fuyou Branch, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei, 231, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 242, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Tsuei-Chuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Tu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - I-Uen Hsu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Yung-Feng Lin
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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Thwarting Alzheimer's Disease through Healthy Lifestyle Habits: Hope for the Future. Neurol Int 2023; 15:162-187. [PMID: 36810468 PMCID: PMC9944470 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that slowly disintegrates memory and thinking skills. Age is known to be the major risk factor in AD, but there are several nonmodifiable and modifiable causes. The nonmodifiable risk factors such as family history, high cholesterol, head injuries, gender, pollution, and genetic aberrations are reported to expediate disease progression. The modifiable risk factors of AD that may help prevent or delay the onset of AD in liable people, which this review focuses on, includes lifestyle, diet, substance use, lack of physical and mental activity, social life, sleep, among other causes. We also discuss how mitigating underlying conditions such as hearing loss and cardiovascular complications could be beneficial in preventing cognitive decline. As the current medications can only treat the manifestations of AD and not the underlying process, healthy lifestyle choices associated with modifiable factors is the best alternative strategy to combat the disease.
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Jeong SM, Park J, Han K, Yoo J, Yoo JE, Lee CM, Jung W, Lee J, Kim SY, Shin DW. Association of Changes in Smoking Intensity With Risk of Dementia in Korea. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2251506. [PMID: 36656579 PMCID: PMC9857334 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.51506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Several observational studies have reported that smoking cessation is associated with a lower risk of dementia. However, no studies have examined the association between change in smoking intensity and risk of dementia. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between a change in smoking intensity, including smoking reduction and smoking cessation, and risk of all dementia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used data from the National Health Insurance Service database of Korea. The cohort included participants 40 years or older who underwent biennial health examinations (2009 and 2011) and had current smoking status at the first health examination. The cohort was followed up until December 31, 2018, and statistical analysis was performed between July and December 2021. EXPOSURES Change in smoking intensity from baseline was defined operationally as follows: quitters (stopped smoking), reducers I (decreased number of cigarettes smoked per day by ≥50%), reducers II (decreased number of cigarettes smoked per day by 20%-50%), sustainers (maintained [decreased or increased] number of cigarettes smoked per day by less than 20%), or increasers (increased number of cigarettes smoked per day by ≥20%). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was newly diagnosed dementia, which was identified by prescribed antidementia medications with concomitant International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision diagnosis codes for dementia. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs were used to determine the association between change in smoking intensity and incidence of dementia, including Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). RESULTS A total of 789 532 participants (756 469 males [95.8%]; mean [SD] age, 52.2 [8.5] years) were included. During a median (IQR) follow-up period of 6.3 (6.1-6.6) years, 11 912 dementia events, including 8800 AD and 1889 VaD events, were identified. Overall, participants in the quitter group had a significantly lower risk of all dementia (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87-0.97) compared with those in the sustainer group. Those in the reducer I (aHR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.18-1.33) and increaser (aHR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.06-1.18) groups had a significantly higher risk of all dementia compared with those in the sustainer group.The patterns for AD and VaD remained consistent with patterns for all dementia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of this study showed that smoking cessation was associated with a lower risk of dementia compared with sustained smoking intensity, while smoking reduction was associated with a higher risk. Smoking cessation should be emphasized in efforts to reduce the disease burden of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Health Service Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhee Park
- Department of Family Medicine/Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Yoo
- Department of Medical Statistics, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Yoo
- Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyoung Jung
- Department of Family Medicine/Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkook Lee
- Department of Economics, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California
| | - Sang Yun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine/Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Keshawarz A, Joehanes R, Guan W, Huan T, DeMeo DL, Grove ML, Fornage M, Levy D, O’Connor G. Longitudinal change in blood DNA epigenetic signature after smoking cessation. Epigenetics 2022; 17:1098-1109. [PMID: 34570667 PMCID: PMC9542417 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1985301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with epigenetic changes that may be reversible following smoking cessation. Whole blood DNA methylation was evaluated in Framingham Heart Study Offspring (n = 169) and Third Generation (n = 30) cohort participants at two study visits 6 years apart and in Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (n = 222) participants at two study visits 20 years apart. Changes in DNA methylation (delta β values) at 483,565 cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites and differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were compared between participants who were current, former, or never smokers at both visits (current-current, former-former, never-never, respectively), versus those who quit in the interim (current-former). Interim quitters had more hypermethylation at four CpGs annotated to AHRR, one CpG annotated to F2RL3, and one intergenic CpG (cg21566642) compared with current-current smokers (FDR < 0.02 for all), and two significant DMRs were identified. While there were no significant differentially methylated CpGs in the comparison of interim quitters and former-former smokers, 106 DMRs overlapping with small nucleolar RNA were identified. As compared with all non-smokers, current-current smokers additionally had more hypermethylation at two CpG sites annotated to HIVEP3 and TMEM126A, respectively, and another intergenic CpG (cg14339116). Gene transcripts associated with smoking cessation were implicated in immune responses, cell homoeostasis, and apoptosis. Smoking cessation is associated with early reversion of blood DNA methylation changes at CpG sites annotated to AHRR and F2RL3 towards those of never smokers. Associated gene expression suggests a role of longitudinal smoking-related DNA methylation changes in immune response processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amena Keshawarz
- Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Roby Joehanes
- Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tianxiao Huan
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dawn L. DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan L. Grove
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- McGovern Medical School and Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George O’Connor
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Mulugeta A, Navale SS, Lumsden AL, Llewellyn DJ, Hyppönen E. Healthy Lifestyle, Genetic Risk and Brain Health: A Gene-Environment Interaction Study in the UK Biobank. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193907. [PMID: 36235559 PMCID: PMC9570683 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility and lifestyle affect the risk of dementia but there is little direct evidence for their associations with preclinical changes in brain structure. We investigated the association of genetic dementia risk and healthy lifestyle with brain morphometry, and whether effects from elevated genetic risk are modified by lifestyle changes. We used prospective data from up to 25,894 UK Biobank participants (median follow-up of 8.8 years), and defined healthy lifestyle according to American Heart Association criteria as BMI < 30, no smoking, healthy diet and regular physical activity). Higher genetic risk was associated with lower hippocampal volume (beta −0.16 cm3, 95% CI −0.22, −0.11) and total brain volume (−4.34 cm3, 95% CI −7.68, −1.01) in participants aged ≥60 years but not <60 years. Healthy lifestyle was associated with higher total brain, grey matter and hippocampal volumes, and lower volume of white matter hyperintensities, with no effect modification by age or genetic risk. In conclusion, adverse effects of high genetic risk on brain health were only found in older participants, while adhering to healthy lifestyle recommendations is beneficial regardless of age or genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Mulugeta
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia
| | - Shreeya S. Navale
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Amanda L. Lumsden
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - David J. Llewellyn
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
- Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(08)-83022518
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12
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Impact of Electronic Cigarette Vaping on Cerebral Ischemia: What We Know So Far. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:923-938. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Paes MMBM, Martins LMM, Diniz ALD. A sex specific approach of ophthalmic and middle cerebral arteries Doppler in smokers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21719. [PMID: 34741061 PMCID: PMC8571273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunctions can progress and lead to stroke and cardiovascular disease, especially in smokers. The presence of particular vascular changes according to sex has been described and they can be identified by the Doppler method. This study evaluated Doppler velocimetry parameters of the Ophthalmic Artery (OA) and the Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) according to sex in smokers regarding a non-smoker group. This cross-sectional observational study included 178 subjects: 93 women and 85 men. Doppler parameters were assessed in OA and MCA. Student's t-test was used, with p < 0.05. There were no significant differences in OA and MCA Doppler velocimetry data between male non-smokers and smokers. However, female smokers presented several differences compared with non-smokers: lower pulsatility index (PI) and higher peak ratio in OA, and higher PI and resistance index and lower end diastolic velocity in MCA. There were different brain vascular waveforms in the group of female smokers compared with non-smokers. Cigarette smoking also led to opposite arterial patterns in OA and MCA in the female group, with signs of falling impedance in OA and increased impedance in MCA. An individualized approach regarding arterial changes according to sex is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Marta B M Paes
- Department of Ultrasound, Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Angélica L D Diniz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, SN - Umuarama, Uberlândia - MG, State of Minas Gerais, 38405-320, Brazil.
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14
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Ameliorating Effect of Combined Cinnamon and Ginger Oils against the Neurotoxicity of Nicotine Administration on the Prefrontal Cortex of Adult Albino Rats: Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Study. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nicotine is the active alkaloid in cigarettes. It was reported that tobacco smoking has many hazards; one of these hazards is the effect on the cognitive function of the prefrontal cortex. The aim of our study is to investigate the antioxidant effects of ginger, cinnamon oils, and their combination on morphological changes in the prefrontal cortex that were induced by nicotine. Materials and methods: Fifty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups: group I (control group), group II (nicotine), group III (nicotine + cinnamon), group IV (nicotine + ginger), and group V (nicotine + cinnamon + ginger). The coronal sections from the anterior part of the rat brain at the site of prefrontal cortex were examined by light microscope for (H&E and immunohistochemical staining with TNF-α and GFAP), while the ultrastructure morphology was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Levels of the oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH) in the rats’ brain tissue homogenate were biochemically assessed. Results: Compared to the control group, the rats that were treated with nicotine (group II) showed a significant oxidative stress in the form of marked elevation of MDA and decrease in GSH, apoptotic changes especially in the pyramidal cells in the form of neuronal cell degeneration and pyknosis, and an elevation in the inflammatory marker TNF-α and GFAP expressions. These changes were observed to a lesser degree in rat group (III) and group (IV), while there was a marked improvement achieved by the combined usage of cinnamon and ginger oils, together compared to the nicotine group. Conclusions: Ginger and cinnamon are powerful antioxidants which ameliorate the degenerative and oxidative effects produced by nicotine on a rat’s prefrontal cortex.
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15
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Whitehead AK, Erwin AP, Yue X. Nicotine and vascular dysfunction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13631. [PMID: 33595878 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the single most important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the role of nicotine, the addictive component of all tobacco products, in the development of CVD is incompletely understood. Although increased public awareness of the harms of cigarette smoking has successfully led to a decline in its prevalence, the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cig) or electronic nicotine delivery system has increased dramatically in recent years because of the perception that these products are safe. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the expression and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the cardiovascular system and the impact of nicotine exposure on cardiovascular health, with a focus on nicotine-induced vascular dysfunction. Nicotine alters vasoreactivity through endothelium-dependent and/or endothelium-independent mechanisms, leading to clinical manifestations in both cigarette smokers and e-cig users. In addition, nicotine induces vascular remodelling through its effects on proliferation, migration and matrix production of both vascular endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. The purpose of this review is to identify critical knowledge gaps regarding the effects of nicotine on the vasculature and to stimulate continued nicotine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Whitehead
- Department of Physiology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA USA
| | - Abigail P. Erwin
- Department of Physiology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA USA
| | - Xinping Yue
- Department of Physiology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA USA
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16
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Zheng YL, Wang WD, Li MM, Lin S, Lin HL. Updated Role of Neuropeptide Y in Nicotine-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:630968. [PMID: 33708805 PMCID: PMC7940677 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.630968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction of the arterial vasculature plays a pivotal role in cardiovascular pathogenesis. Nicotine-induced endothelial dysfunction substantially contributes to the development of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nicotine promotes oxidative inflammation, thrombosis, pathological angiogenesis, and vasoconstriction, and induces insulin resistance. However, the exact mechanism through which nicotine induces endothelial dysfunction remains unclear. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is widely distributed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, and it participates in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by regulating vasoconstriction, energy metabolism, local plaque inflammatory response, activation and aggregation of platelets, and stress and anxiety-related emotion. Nicotine can increase the expression of NPY, suggesting that NPY is involved in nicotine-induced endothelial dysfunction. Herein, we present an updated review of the possible mechanisms of nicotine-induced atherosclerosis, with a focus on endothelial cell dysfunction associated with nicotine and NPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wan-da Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Mei-Mei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.,Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hui-Li Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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17
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Kim YJ, Kim SM, Jeong DH, Lee SK, Ahn ME, Ryu OH. Associations between metabolic syndrome and type of dementia: analysis based on the National Health Insurance Service database of Gangwon province in South Korea. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33407809 PMCID: PMC7789546 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the relationship between metabolic syndrome and dementia has remained controversial. Using nationwide population cohort data, we investigated the association between metabolic syndrome and dementia, according to the dementia type. METHODS We analyzed data of 84,144 individuals, in the aged group of more than 60 years, between January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2009, at Gangwon province by using the information of the (Korean) National Health Insurance Service. After eight years of gap, in 2017, we investigated the relationship between metabolic syndrome and dementia. We classified Dementia either as dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD) or vascular dementia (VD). AD and VD were defined as per the criteria of International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Multiple logistic regression analyses examined the associations between metabolic syndrome or five metabolic syndrome components and dementia. Analyses included factors like age, sex, smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity, previous stroke, and previous cardiac disease. RESULTS Metabolic syndrome was associated with AD (OR = 11.48, 95% CI 9.03-14.59), not with VD. Each of five components of metabolic syndrome were also associated with AD. (high serum triglycerides: OR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.60-2.19; high blood pressure: OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.55-2.21; high glucose: OR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.52-2.06; abdominal obesity: OR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.57-2.25; low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: OR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.63-2.24) However, among components of metabolic syndrome, only the high glucose level was associated with VD. (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.01-1.56) body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, and smoking were also associated with AD. (BMI: OR = 0.951, 95% CI 0.927-0.975; fasting glucose: OR = 1.003, 95% CI 1.001-1.005; smoking: OR = 1.020, 95% CI 1.003-1.039) A history of the previous stroke was associated with both AD and VD. (AD: OR = 1.827, 95% CI 1.263-2.644; VD: OR 2.775, 95% CI 1.747-4.406) CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome was associated with AD but not with VD. Patients with metabolic syndrome had an 11.48 times more likeliness to develop AD compared to those without metabolic syndrome. VD was associated only with several risk factors that could affect the vascular state rather than a metabolic syndrome. We suggested that the associations between metabolic syndrome and dementia would vary depending on the type of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mi Kim
- Department of Big Data Analytics, Ewha Woman’s University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Jeong
- Research Institute for Gangwon, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Eob Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do Republic of Korea
| | - Ohk-Hyun Ryu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 77 Sakju-ro, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24253 Republic of Korea
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18
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Ricciardolo FLM, Bertolini F, Carriero V, Högman M. Nitric oxide's physiologic effects and potential as a therapeutic agent against COVID-19. J Breath Res 2020; 15:014001. [PMID: 33080582 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abc302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19 pneumonia, a pandemic that precipitates huge pressures on the world's social and economic systems. Disease severity varies among individuals. SARS-CoV-2 infection can be associated with e.g. flu-like symptoms, dyspnoea, severe interstitial pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan dysfunction, and generalized coagulopathy. Nitric oxide (NO), is a small signal molecule that impacts pleiotropic functions in human physiology, which can be involved in the significant effects of COVID-19 infection. NO is a neurotransmitter involved in the neural olfactory processes in the central nervous system, and some infected patients have reported anosmia as a symptom. Additionally, NO is a well-known vasodilator, important coagulation mediator, anti-microbial effector and inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication. Exhaled NO is strongly related to the type-2 inflammatory response found in asthma, which has been suggested to be protective against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several reports indicate that the use of inhaled NO has been an effective therapy during this pandemic since the ventilation-perfusion ratio in COVID-19 patients improved afterwards and they did not require mechanical ventilation. The aim of this mini-review is to summarize relevant actions of NO that could be beneficial in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Luigi Massimo Ricciardolo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Rare Lung Disease Unit and Severe Asthma Centre, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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19
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Sharma VK, Singh TG, Singh S. Cyclic Nucleotides Signaling and Phosphodiesterase Inhibition: Defying Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:1371-1384. [PMID: 32718286 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200727104728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Defects in brain functions associated with aging and neurodegenerative diseases benefit insignificantly from existing options, suggesting that there is a lack of understanding of pathological mechanisms. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is such a nearly untreatable, allied to age neurological deterioration for which only the symptomatic cure is available and the agents able to mould progression of the disease, is still far away. The altered expression of phosphodiesterases (PDE) and deregulated cyclic nucleotide signaling in AD has provoked a new thought of targeting cyclic nucleotide signaling in AD. Targeting cyclic nucleotides as an intracellular messenger seems to be a viable approach for certain biological processes in the brain and controlling substantial. Whereas, the synthesis, execution, and/or degradation of cyclic nucleotides has been closely linked to cognitive deficits. In relation to cognition, the cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) have an imperative execution in different phases of memory, including gene transcription, neurogenesis, neuronal circuitry, synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival, etc. AD is witnessed by impairments of these basic processes underlying cognition, suggesting a crucial role of cAMP/cGMP signaling in AD populations. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are the exclusive set of enzymes to facilitate hydrolysis and degradation of cAMP and cGMP thereby, maintains their optimum levels initiating it as an interesting target to explore. The present work reviews a neuroprotective and substantial influence of PDE inhibition on physiological status, pathological progression and neurobiological markers of AD in consonance with the intensities of cAMP and cGMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India,Govt. College of Pharmacy, Rohru, District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh-171207, India
| | - Thakur G Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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20
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Liu Y, Li H, Wang J, Xue Q, Yang X, Kang Y, Li M, Xu J, Li G, Li C, Chang HC, Su KP, Wang F. Association of Cigarette Smoking With Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration, Neuroinflammation, and Oxidation. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2018777. [PMID: 33006621 PMCID: PMC7532384 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.18777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cigarette smoking has been associated with risk of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer disease. The association between smoking and biomarkers of changes in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of cigarette smoking with CSF biomarkers of neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, oxidation, and neuroprotection. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this case-control study of 191 adult men in China, biomarkers in the CSF of participants with and without significant cigarette exposure were examined. Participants who did not smoke and had no history of substance use disorder or dependence were assigned to the nonsmoking group. The active smoking group included participants who consumed at least 10 cigarettes per day for 1 year. Five-milliliter samples of CSF were obtained from routine lumbar puncture conducted before anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Data collection took place from September 2014 to January 2016, and analysis took place from January to February 2016. EXPOSURES Cigarette smoking. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES CSF levels of β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42), which has diagnostic specificity for Alzheimer disease, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), total superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were measured. Sociodemographic data and history of smoking were obtained. RESULTS Of 191 participants, 87 (45.5%) were included in the active smoking group and 104 (54.4%) in the nonsmoking group. Compared with the active smoking group, the nonsmoking group was younger (mean [SD] age, 34.4 [10.5] years vs 29.6 [9.5] years; P = .01), had more education (mean [SD] duration of education, 11.9 [3.1] years vs 13.2 [2.6] years; P = .001), and had lower body mass index (mean [SD], 25.9 [3.6] vs 24.9 [4.0]; P = .005). Comparing the nonsmoking group with the smoking group, mean (SD) CSF levels of Aβ42 (38.0 [25.9] pg/mL vs 52.8 [16.5] pg/mL; P < .001) and TNFα (23.0 [2.5] pg/mL vs 28.0 [2.0] pg/mL; P < .001) were significantly lower, while BDNF (23.1 [3.9] pg/mL vs 13.8 [2.7] pg/mL; P < .001), total SOD (15.7 [2.6] U/L vs 13.9 [2.4] U/L; P < .001), total NOS (28.3 [7.2] U/L vs 14.7 [5.6] U/L; P < .001), inducible NOS (16.0 [5.4] U/L vs 10.3 [2.7] U/L; P < .001), and constitutive NOS (12.4 [6.9] U/mL vs 4.4 [3.9] U/mL) were higher. In addition, in participants in the smoking group who were aged 40 years or older, total SOD levels were negatively correlated with Aβ42 levels (r = -0.57; P = .02). In those who smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day, TNFα levels were positively correlated with Aβ42 levels (r = 0.51; P = .006). The association of TNFα with Aβ42 production was stronger than that of total SOD with Aβ42 production (z = -4.38; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This case-control study found that cigarette smoking was associated with at-risk biomarkers for Alzheimer disease, as indicated by higher Aβ42 levels, excessive oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and impaired neuroprotection found in the CSF of participants in the active smoking group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Liu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorder Research, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Psychology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xue
- Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | | | - Yimin Kang
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Mengjie Li
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
- Sleep Medicine Center, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhong Xu
- Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, China
| | - Guohua Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorder Research, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Cunbao Li
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Hui-Chih Chang
- School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fan Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorder Research, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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21
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Gan Y, Liang J, Diao W, Zhou X, Mu J, Pang L, Tan F, Zhao X. Lactobacillus plantarum KSFY06 and geniposide counteract montmorillonite-induced constipation in Kunming mice. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5128-5137. [PMID: 32994973 PMCID: PMC7500764 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation is a common clinical manifestation of digestive system disorders and occurs worldwide. This study investigated the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum KSFY06 (LP-KSFY06) to promote the action of geniposide in preventing montmorillonite-induced constipation in Kunming mice, with the aim of providing a successful solution. The effects of LP-KSFY06 and geniposide on constipation were measured, and the results showed that the protective effect of geniposide on constipation was enhanced by LP-KSFY06 and that the combination resulted in increased weight, moisture content, and particle number of feces. The first black stool defecation time was decreased from 182 min to 87 min, which clearly indicates that defecating difficulty was alleviated in constipated mice. The synergic intervention of LP-KSFY06 and geniposide (LP + G) assisted in maintaining the body weight of constipated mice. The LP + G intervention significantly increased serum levels of motilin (MTL, 167.8 pg/ml), acetylcholinesterase (AChE, 45.3 pg/ml), substance P (SP, 61.0 pg/ml), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, 70.5 pg/ml), endothelin-1 (ET-1, 16.1 pg/ml), and gastrin (73.0 pg/ml) and remarkably decreased somatostatin (SS, 35.2 pg/ml) when compared to those indexes in the LP-KSFY06 group and geniposide group. The LP + G treatment also significantly increased the mRNA expression of cluster of differentiation 117 (c-Kit), stem cell factor (SCF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and remarkably downregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The experimental results showed that the combination treatment has the strongest prevention effect against constipation, and LP-KSFY06 promotes the ability of geniposide to prevent constipation. Therefore, LP-KSFY06 is a potential probiotic strain with the capacity to prevent montmorillonite-induced constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gan
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of PediatricsChongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine HospitalChongqingChina
| | - Wenjing Diao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
| | - Xianrong Zhou
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
| | - Jianfei Mu
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
| | - Liang Pang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of StomatologyChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Fang Tan
- Department of Public HealthOur Lady of Fatima UniversityValenzuelaPhilippines
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional FoodChongqing University of EducationChongqingChina
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22
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Gallucci G, Tartarone A, Lerose R, Lalinga AV, Capobianco AM. Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:3866-3876. [PMID: 32802468 PMCID: PMC7399440 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2020.02.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Smoking increases mortality from all causes and has a crucial role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Active smoking and secondhand smoke exposure determine more than 30% of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. The exact mechanisms of cardiovascular damages are not well known, but the detrimental effect of smoking on endothelial function has long been recognized. Smoking elicits oxidative processes, negatively affects platelet function, fibrinolysis, inflammation and vasomotor function; all these proatherogenic effects double the 10-year risk of fatal events in smokers compared to non smokers. An intriguing issue about smoking is the vulnerability of female gender. The mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is higher in female than male smokers and female smokers show a 25% higher risk of developing CHD than men with the same exposure to tobacco smoke. This female vulnerability seems to be related to genes involved in thrombin signaling. The effects of smoking cessation have also been extensively studied. Cessation at an early age (40 years) has an impressive 90% reduction in the excess risk of death. In this review we report recent data about the causal link between smoking and CVDs and about the benefits of smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Gallucci
- Cardiology Unit, IRCCS-CROB Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - Alfredo Tartarone
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS-CROB Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - Rosa Lerose
- Hospital Pharmacy, IRCCS-CROB Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - Anna Vittoria Lalinga
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS-CROB Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
| | - Alba Maria Capobianco
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS-CROB Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture (PZ), Italy
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23
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D'Arrigo JS. Biomimetic Nanocarrier Targeting Drug(s) to Upstream-Receptor Mechanisms in Dementia: Focusing on Linking Pathogenic Cascades. Biomimetics (Basel) 2020; 5:E11. [PMID: 32244941 PMCID: PMC7148491 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Past published studies have already documented that, subsequent to the intravenous injection of colloidal lipid nanocarriers, apolipoprotein (apo)A-I is adsorbed from the blood onto the nanoparticle surface. The adsorbed apoA-I mediates the interaction of the nanoparticle with scavenger receptors on the blood-brain barrier (BBB), followed by receptor-mediated endocytosis and subsequent transcytosis across the BBB. By incorporating the appropriate drug(s) into biomimetic (lipid cubic phase) nanocarriers, one obtains a multitasking combination therapeutic which targets certain cell-surface scavenger receptors, mainly class B type I (i.e., SR-BI), and crosses the BBB. Documented similarities in lipid composition between naturally occurring high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and the artificial biomimetic (nanoemulsion) nanocarrier particles can partially simulate or mimic the known heterogeneity (i.e., subpopulations or subspecies) of HDL particles. Such biomedical application of colloidal drug-nanocarriers can potentially be extended to the treatment of complex medical disorders like dementia. The risk factors for dementia trigger widespread inflammation and oxidative stress; these two processes involve pathophysiological cascades which lead to neuronal Ca2+ increase, neurodegeneration, gradual cognitive/memory decline, and eventually (late-onset) dementia. In particular, more recent research indicates that chronic inflammatory stimulus in the gut may induce (e.g., via serum amyloid A (SAA)) the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Hence, an effective preventive and therapeutic strategy could be based upon drug targeting toward a major SAA receptor responsible for the SAA-mediated cell signaling events leading to cognitive decline and eventually Alzheimer's disease or (late-onset) dementia.
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24
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Alamu O, Rado M, Ekpo O, Fisher D. Differential Sensitivity of Two Endothelial Cell Lines to Hydrogen Peroxide Toxicity: Relevance for In Vitro Studies of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020403. [PMID: 32050666 PMCID: PMC7072657 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) has been linked to blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction which in turn has been implicated in the initiation and propagation of some neurological diseases. In this study, we profiled, for the first time, two endothelioma cell lines of mouse brain origin, commonly used as in vitro models of the blood–brain barrier, for their resistance against oxidative stress using viability measures and glutathione contents as markers. OS was induced by exposing cultured cells to varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and fluorescence microscopy/spectrometry was used to detect and estimate cellular glutathione contents. A colorimetric viability assay was used to determine changes in the viability of OS-exposed cells. Both the b.End5 and bEnd.3 cell lines investigated showed demonstrable content of glutathione with a statistically insignificant difference in glutathione quantity per unit cell, but with a statistically significant higher capacity for the b.End5 cell line for de novo glutathione synthesis. Furthermore, the b.End5 cells demonstrated greater oxidant buffering capacity to higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide than the bEnd.3 cells. We concluded that mouse brain endothelial cells, derived from different types of cell lines, differ enormously in their antioxidant characteristics. We hereby recommend caution in making comparisons across BBB models utilizing distinctly different cell lines and require further prerequisites to ensure that in vitro BBB models involving these cell lines are reliable and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi Alamu
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa; (O.A.); (M.R.); (O.E.)
- Anatomy Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210241, Nigeria
| | - Mariam Rado
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa; (O.A.); (M.R.); (O.E.)
| | - Okobi Ekpo
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa; (O.A.); (M.R.); (O.E.)
| | - David Fisher
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa; (O.A.); (M.R.); (O.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-959-2185
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25
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Short-term E-cigarette toxicity effects on brain cognitive memory functions and inflammatory responses in mice. Toxicol Res 2020; 36:267-273. [PMID: 32685431 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-019-00031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is associated with an increased risk of several neurological diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia. At present, commercialization of E-cigarettes (ECs) is increasing, and they are advertised as a less harmful nicotine-delivery system. There are, however, limited studies regarding the neurotoxicity effects of ECs on the brain, which remains a subject of debate. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of short-term EC vapor exposure on the brain and compare them with the effects of cigarette smoke (CS). BALB/c mice were exposed to air, CS, and EC for 14 days. We then assessed the inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and cognitive functions of the mice by using maze tests. Cognitive spatial tests showed that the mice exposed to CS and ECs had delayed time in finding food rewards. EC exposure demonstrated no improvement in spatial memory learning to find the food reward on the next day. This implies that CS and EC exposure possibly causes damage to the olfactory system. Notably, EC exposure potentially causes abnormalities in mice memory functions. Histological staining of the cerebral cortex of mice brain in the EC-exposed group demonstrated inflammatory responses such as necrosis and cytoplasm vacuolization. Immunohistochemical staining revealed high expression of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in both the EC- and CS-exposed groups. Hence, we conclude that ECs share similar toxicity profiles as CS, which potentially negatively impact brain function.
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26
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D’Arrigo JS. Nanotargeting of Drug(s) for Delaying Dementia: Relevance of Covid-19 Impact on Dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2020; 35:1533317520976761. [PMID: 33307726 PMCID: PMC10623919 DOI: 10.1177/1533317520976761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By incorporating appropriate drug(s) into lipid (biobased) nanocarriers, one obtains a combination therapeutic for dementia treatment that targets certain cell-surface scavenger receptors (mainly class B type I, or "SR-BI") and thereby crosses the blood-brain barrier. The cardiovascular risk factors for dementia trigger widespread inflammation -- which lead to neurodegeneration, gradual cognitive/memory decline, and eventually (late-onset) dementia. Accordingly, one useful strategy to delay dementia could be based upon nanotargeting drug(s), using lipid nanocarriers, toward a major receptor class responsible for inflammation-associated (cytokine-mediated) cell signaling events. At the same time, the immune response and excessive inflammation, commonly observed in the very recent human coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, may accelerate the progression of brain inflammatory neurodegeneration-which increases the probability of post-infection memory impairment and accelerating progression of Alzheimer's disease. Hence, the proposed multitasking combination therapeutic, using a (biobased) lipid nanocarrier, may also display greater effectiveness at different stages of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. D’Arrigo
- Cavitation-Control Technology Inc, Farmington, CT, USA. D’Arrigo is now with Cav-Con, Inc, Bellevue, WA, USA
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27
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Li G, Chan YL, Sukjamnong S, Anwer AG, Vindin H, Padula M, Zakarya R, George J, Oliver BG, Saad S, Chen H. A Mitochondrial Specific Antioxidant Reverses Metabolic Dysfunction and Fatty Liver Induced by Maternal Cigarette Smoke in Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071669. [PMID: 31330878 PMCID: PMC6682890 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal smoking leads to glucose and lipid metabolic disorders and hepatic damage in the offspring, potentially due to mitochondrial oxidative stress. Mitoquinone mesylate (MitoQ) is a mitochondrial targeted antioxidant with high bioavailability. This study aimed to examine the impact of maternal cigarette smoke exposure (SE) on offspring’s metabolic profile and hepatic damage, and whether maternal MitoQ supplementation during gestation can affect these changes. Female Balb/c mice (eight weeks) were either exposed to air or SE for six weeks prior to mating and throughout gestation and lactation. A subset of the SE dams were supplied with MitoQ in the drinking water (500 µmol/L) during gestation and lactation. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed in the male offspring at 12 weeks and the livers and plasma were collected at 13 weeks. Maternal SE induced glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis, mitochondrial oxidative stress and related damage in the adult offspring. Maternal MitoQ supplementation reduced hepatic mitochondrial oxidative stress and improved markers of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. This may restore hepatic mitochondrial health and was associated with an amelioration of glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis and pathological changes induced by maternal SE. MitoQ supplementation may potentially prevent metabolic dysfunction and hepatic pathology induced by intrauterine SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Li
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Yik Lung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Suporn Sukjamnong
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ayad G Anwer
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Howard Vindin
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Matthew Padula
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Razia Zakarya
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China.
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28
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Elbejjani M, Auer R, Dolui S, Jacobs DR, Haight T, Goff DC, Detre JA, Davatzikos C, Bryan RN, Launer LJ. Cigarette smoking and cerebral blood flow in a cohort of middle-aged adults. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1247-1257. [PMID: 29355449 PMCID: PMC6668508 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18754973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is often associated with dementia. This association is thought to be mediated by hypoperfusion; however, how smoking behavior relates to cerebral blood flow (CBF) remains unclear. Using data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort (mean age = 50; n = 522), we examined the association between smoking behavior (status, cumulative pack-years, age at smoking initiation, and years since cessation) and CBF (arterial spin labeling) in brain lobes and regions linked to dementia. We used adjusted linear regression models and tested whether associations differed between current and former-smokers. Compared to never-smokers, former-smokers had lower CBF in the parietal and occipital lobes, cuneus, precuneus, putamen, and insula; in contrast, current-smokers did not have lower CBF. The relationship between pack-years and CBF was different between current and former-smokers (p for interaction < 0.05): Among current-smokers, higher pack-years were associated with higher occipital, temporal, cuneus, putamen, insula, hippocampus, and caudate CBF; former-smokers had lower caudate CBF with increasing pack-years. Results show links between smoking and CBF at middle-age in regions implicated in cognitive and compulsive/addictive processes. Differences between current and former smoking suggest that distinct pathological and/or compensatory mechanisms may be involved depending on the timing and history of smoking exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Elbejjani
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and
Population Sciences,
National
Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reto Auer
- Institute of Primary Health Care
(BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sudipto Dolui
- Department of Radiology, University of
Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community
Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thaddeus Haight
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and
Population Sciences,
National
Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David C Goff
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John A Detre
- Department of Neurology; University of
Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Department of Radiology, University of
Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R Nick Bryan
- Department of Radiology, University of
Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and
Population Sciences,
National
Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
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29
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Ma H, Xiong H, Zhu X, Ji C, Xue J, Li R, Ge B, Cui H. Polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis ameliorates diphenoxylate-induced constipation symptoms in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:1090-1101. [PMID: 31054300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to probe new functions of a polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis (PSP) on constipation and intestinal microbiota in mice. Diphenoxylate-induced constipation in mice was treated with different doses of PSP, followed by examining the defecation patterns, levels of acetyl cholinesterase (AchE), nitric oxide (NO), and tissue section histopathology. The composition of intestinal microbiota was determined by genome sequencing analysis of the 16S rDNA. This study found that the average molecular weight of PSP was 29, 600 Da, and mainly monosaccharides of PSP were rhamnose (24.7%), glucose (16.15%) and galactose (13.32%). The beneficial effects of PSP treatment include defecation improvement, increase of AchE activity, reduction of NO concentration, renovation of the damaged intestinal villus and affection on the expression of some related genes in the constipated mice. In addition, PSP had significant effects on the gut microbiota, showing the enhancement in abundance of beneficial bacteria including Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, Butyricimonas, Candidatus Arthromitus and Prevotella, and the reduction in abundance of harmful bacteria such as Clostridium and Dorea. The present s uncovered a new function of PSP, indicating that PSP could be used in constipation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Ma
- Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Huaye Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Chunli Ji
- Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Jinai Xue
- Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China.
| | - Baosheng Ge
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Hongli Cui
- Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; Functional Food Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China.
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30
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Chang D, Zhang J, Peng W, Shen Z, Gao X, Du Y, Ge Q, Song D, Shang Y, Wang Z. Smoking Cessation With 20 Hz Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Applied to Two Brain Regions: A Pilot Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:344. [PMID: 30319373 PMCID: PMC6166007 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic smoking impairs brain functions in the prefrontal cortex and the projecting meso-cortical limbic system. The purpose of this pilot study is to examine whether modulating the frontal brain activity using high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can improve smoking cessation and to explore the changing pattern of the brain activity after treatment. Fourteen treatment-seeking smokers were offered a program involving 10 days of rTMS treatment with a follow-up for another 25 days. A frequency of 20 Hz rTMS was sequentially applied on the left dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the superior medial frontal cortex (SMFC). The carbon monoxide (CO) level, withdrawal, craving scales, and neuroimaging data were collected. Ten smokers completed the entire treatment program, and 90% of them did not smoke during the 25-day follow-up time. A significant smoking craving reduction and resting brain activity reduction measured by the cerebral blood flow (CBF) and brain entropy (BEN) were observed after 10 days of 20 Hz rTMS treatments compared to the baseline. Although limited by sample size, these pilot findings definitely showed a high potential of multiple-target high-frequency rTMS in smoking cessation and the utility of fMRI for objectively assessing the treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Chang
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuowen Shen
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youhong Du
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiu Ge
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Donghui Song
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqi Shang
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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LeSage MG, Smethells JR, Harris AC. Status and Future Directions of Preclinical Behavioral Pharmacology in Tobacco Regulatory Science. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 18:252-274. [PMID: 30214916 DOI: 10.1037/bar0000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral pharmacology is a branch of the experimental analysis of behavior that has had great influence in drug addiction research and policy. This paper provides an overview of recent behavioral pharmacology research in the field of tobacco regulatory science, which provides the scientific foundation for the Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products (FDA CTP) to set tobacco control policies. The rationale and aims of tobacco regulatory science are provided, including the types of preclinical operant behavioral models it deems important for assessing the abuse liability of tobacco products and their constituents. We then review literature relevant to key regulatory actions being considered by the FDA CTP, including regulations over nicotine and menthol content of cigarettes, and conclude with suggesting some directions for future research. The current era of tobacco regulatory science provides great opportunities for behavioral pharmacologists to address the leading cause of preventable death and disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G LeSage
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation
- Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | - John R Smethells
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation
- Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota
| | - Andrew C Harris
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation
- Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
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D'Arrigo JS. Targeting Early Dementia: Using Lipid Cubic Phase Nanocarriers to Cross the Blood⁻Brain Barrier. Biomimetics (Basel) 2018; 3:E4. [PMID: 31105226 PMCID: PMC6352688 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, a frequent co-morbidity of cerebrovascular pathology and Alzheimer's disease has been observed. Numerous published studies indicate that the preservation of a healthy cerebrovascular endothelium can be an important therapeutic target. By incorporating the appropriate drug(s) into biomimetic (lipid cubic phase) nanocarriers, one obtains a multitasking combination therapeutic, which targets certain cell surface scavenger receptors, mainly class B type I (i.e., SR-BI), and crosses the blood⁻brain barrier. This targeting allows for various cell types related to Alzheimer's to be simultaneously searched out for localized drug treatment in vivo.
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Liu H, He J, Zhong J, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Liu L, Huang Z, Wu Y, Jiang L, Guo Z, Xu R, Chai W, Huo G, Sun X, Cheng C. Clinical and Basic Evaluation of the Prognostic Value of Uric Acid in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1072-1082. [PMID: 30013449 PMCID: PMC6036155 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.25799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: As a major antioxidant in serum, uric acid (UA) was once considered only as the leading cause of gout; however, recent studies have validated its neuroprotective role in ischemic stroke. Because the potential protective effects of UA in traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain largely unknown, this study investigated the role of UA in TBI in both clinical patients and experimental animals. Methods: In TBI patients, serum UA concentrations were measured within 3 days after injury. Clinical outcomes at discharge were classified according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale: good outcome (4-5) and poor outcome (1-3). Risk factors for good outcome were identified via backward logistic regression analysis. For the animal study, a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury model was established in mice. These mice were given UA at different doses intraperitoneally, and subsequent UA concentrations in mouse serum and brain tissue were determined. Neurological function, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, neuronal maintenance, cerebral blood flow, and lesion size were also assessed. Results: The serum UA level was significantly lower in TBI patients who had a good outcome (P<0.01), and low serum UA was an independent predictor of good outcome after TBI (P<0.01; odds ratio, 0.023; 95% confidence interval, 0.006-0.082). Consistently, decreased levels of serum UA were observed in both TBI patients and CCI animals (P<0.05), whereas the UA concentration was increased in CCI brain tissue (P<0.05). Administration of UA further increased the UA level in brain tissue as compared to that in control animals (P<0.05). Among the different doses administered, 16 mg/kg UA improved sensorimotor functional recovery, spatial learning, and memory in CCI mice (P<0.05). Moreover, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response were inhibited by UA treatment (P<0.05). UA treatment also improved neuronal maintenance and cortical blood flow (P<0.05) but not lesion size (P>0.05). Conclusions: UA acted to attenuate neuronal loss, cerebral perfusion impairment and neurological deficits in TBI mice through suppression of neuronal and vascular oxidative stress. Following TBI, active antioxidant defense in the brain may result in consumption of UA in the serum, and thus, a decreased serum UA level could be predictive of good clinical recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junchi He
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongrong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaosi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weina Chai
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongjie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Nanotherapy for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: Targeting senile endothelium. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 251:44-54. [PMID: 29274774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the complexity of Alzheimer's disease, multiple cellular types need to be targeted simultaneously in order for a given therapy to demonstrate any major effectiveness. Ultrasound-sensitive coated microbubbles (in a targeted lipid nanoemulsion) are available. Versatile small molecule drug(s) targeting multiple pathways of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis are known. By incorporating such drug(s) into the targeted "lipid-coated microbubble" [LCM]/"nanoparticle-derived" [ND] (or LCM/ND) nanoemulsion type, one obtains a multitasking combination therapeutic for translational medicine. This multitasking therapeutic targets cell-surface scavenger receptors (mainly class B type I), or SR-BI, making possible for various Alzheimer's-related cell types to be simultaneously searched out for localized drug treatment in vivo. Besides targeting cell-surface SR-BI, the proposed LCM/ND-nanoemulsion combination therapeutic(s) include a characteristic lipid-coated microbubble [LCM] subpopulation (i.e., a stable LCM suspension); such film-stabilized microbubbles are well known to substantially reduce the acoustic power levels needed for accomplishing temporary noninvasive (transcranial) ultrasound treatment, or sonoporation, if additionally desired for the Alzheimer's patient.
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Alzheimer’s Disease, Brain Injury, and C.N.S. Nanotherapy in Humans: Sonoporation Augmenting Drug Targeting. Med Sci (Basel) 2017. [PMCID: PMC5753658 DOI: 10.3390/medsci5040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the complexity of neurodegenerative diseases, multiple cellular types need to be targeted simultaneously in order for a given therapy to demonstrate any major effectiveness. Ultrasound-sensitive coated microbubbles (in a targeted nanoemulsion) are available. Versatile small-molecule drug(s) targeting multiple pathways of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis are known. By incorporating such drug(s) into the targeted lipid-coated microbubble/nanoparticle-derived (LCM/ND) lipid nanoemulsion type, one obtains a multitasking combination therapeutic for translational medicine. This multitasking therapeutic targets cell-surface scavenger receptors (mainly scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)), making it possible for various Alzheimer’s-related cell types to be simultaneously sought for localized drug treatment in vivo. Besides targeting cell-surface SR-BI, the proposed LCM/ND-nanoemulsion combination therapeutic(s) include a characteristic lipid-coated microbubble (LCM) subpopulation (i.e., a stable LCM suspension); such LCM substantially reduce the acoustic power levels needed for accomplishing temporary noninvasive (transcranial) ultrasound treatment, or sonoporation, if additionally desired for the Alzheimer’s patient.
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Cai Z, Liu Z, Xiao M, Wang C, Tian F. Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Promotes Amyloid-Beta Pathogenesis via Activating β/γ-Secretases. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3446-3455. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Salter B, Sehmi R. The role of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenic responses in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:2168-2177. [PMID: 28840018 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.07.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased vascularity of the bronchial sub-mucosa is a cardinal feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is associated with disease severity. Capillary engorgement, leakage, and vasodilatation can directly increase airway wall thickness resulting in airway luminal narrowing and facilitate inflammatory cell trafficking, thereby contributing to irreversible airflow obstruction, a characteristic of COPD. Airway wall neovascularisation, seen as increases in both the size and number of bronchial blood vessels is a prominent feature of COPD that correlates with reticular basement membrane thickening and airway obstruction. Sub-epithelial vascularization may be an important remodelling event for airway narrowing and airflow obstruction in COPD. Post-natal angiogenesis is a complex process, whereby new blood vessels sprouting from extant microvasculature, can arise from the proliferation of resident mature vascular endothelial cells (ECs). In addition, this may arise from increased turnover and lung-homing of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from the bone marrow (BM). Following lung-homing, EPCs can differentiate locally within the tissue into ECs, further contributing to vascular repair, maintenance, and expansion under pathological conditions, governed by a locally elaborated milieu of growth factors (GFs). In this article, we will review evidence for the role of BM-derived EPCs in the development of angiogenesis in the lug and discuss how this may relate to the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Salter
- CardioRespiratory Research Group, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roma Sehmi
- CardioRespiratory Research Group, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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