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Şimşek C, Tav Şimşek D, Özüçelik DN, Sümer E, Hacıhasanoğlu E, Sarıkaya S. Experımental Study: The Effect Of 20% Intralıpıd Emulsıon Therapy In Cerebral Ischemıc Reperfusıon. Brain Inj 2024; 38:489-498. [PMID: 38420951 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2318596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of 20% Intralipid Emulsion (ILE) treatment on Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury (CIRI) after reperfusion in acute ischemic stroke. METHODS In this experimental study, seven rats without any intervention (control group), seven rats (sham group) for which CIRI was created after the common carotid artery was ligated for 2 hours, and seven rats who were treated with 20% ILE after CIRI (CIRI + ILE group) were sacrificed after 24 hours, and histopathological findings were investigated. RESULTS In rats that were not treated after CIRI, 52.7% had level-1, 32.7% had level-2. and 14.5% had level-3. histopathological findings. While 72.2% of the rats treated with ILE had level-1 and 27.8% had level-2 findings, no level-3 histopathological findings were detected in any of the rats. While no signs of coagulative necrosis, spongiosis of surrounding tissue and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were observed histopathological in any of the rats given ILE, there was no macrophages finding in 85.6% of the rats. ILE treatment also reduced the histopathological findings of eosinophilic neurons, astrogliosis, neovascularization, vascular thrombosis and mononuclear inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION This study showed that 20% ILE treatment reduces the histopathological damage seen in cerebral ischemia and CIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Şimşek
- Emergency Department, Yeditepe Üniversity, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Dijan Tav Şimşek
- Emergency Department, Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. İlhan Varank Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Doğaç Niyazi Özüçelik
- Health Science Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
- UNEC Social Work and Social Innovation Center, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Engin Sümer
- Faculty of Medicine Experimental Research Center, Yeditepe University İstanbul, Turkey
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Oka N, Doan VTH, Matsubara H, Imai T, Yoshioka Y, Katsuki J, Fujii S, Nakamura S, Shimazawa M, Hara H, Sakurai K. Protective effects of alpha-mangostin encapsulated in cyclodextrin-nanoparticle on cerebral ischemia. J Control Release 2023; 353:216-228. [PMID: 36410615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during and after the onset of an ischemic stroke induces neuronal cell death and severely damages brain function. Therefore, reducing ROS by administrating antioxidant compounds is a promising approach to improving ischemic symptoms. Alpha-mangostin (α-M) is an antioxidant compound extracted from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit. Reportedly, α-M decreases neuronal toxicity in primary rat cerebral cortical neurons. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective activity of α-M in both in vitro and in vivo assays. Pretreatment with α-M inhibited excessive cellular ROS production after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro using an SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma) cell line. In addition, α-M maintained mitochondrial membrane potential and suppressed mitochondrial-specific ROS production induced by OGD/R. Meanwhile, the low bioavailability of α-M due to its poor water solubility has been an insuperable obstruction impeding extensive investigations of the biological functions of α-M and its medical applications. To overcome this problem, we synthesized a cyclodextrin-based nanoparticle (CDNP) that is known to increase the loading efficiency and binding constant of α-M, compared with cyclodextrins themselves. This nano-formulated α-M (α-M/CDNP) was optimized for an in vivo ischemic stroke model. Our results indicated that α-M/CDNP (25 mg/kg/injection) reduced infarct volume and improved neurological behavior (p = 0.036 and p = 0.046, respectively). These in vivo results suggest that α-M appears to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with the help of a nano-formulation with CDNP. Combining an in vitro BBB model and a physicochemical binding assay between α-M and albumin, it is speculated that α-M released from CDNP would interact with albumin during its prolonged circulation in the blood, and the resultant α-M/albumin complex may cross the BBB through the absorptive-mediated transcytosis pathway. These findings suggest the potential clinical application of α-M in ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Oka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Van Thi Hong Doan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsubara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yukie Yoshioka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Jun Katsuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Shota Fujii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; Lab of Collaborative research for Innovative Drug Discovery, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; Lab of Collaborative research for Innovative Drug Discovery, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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3
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Haupt M, Gerner ST, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Quest for Quality in Translational Stroke Research-A New Dawn for Neuroprotection? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5381. [PMID: 35628192 PMCID: PMC9140731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous progress in modern-day stroke therapy, ischemic stroke remains a disease associated with a high socioeconomic burden in industrialized countries. In light of demographic change, these health care costs are expected to increase even further. The current causal therapeutic treatment paradigms focus on successful thrombolysis or thrombectomy, but only a fraction of patients qualify for these recanalization therapies because of therapeutic time window restrictions or contraindications. Hence, adjuvant therapeutic concepts such as neuroprotection are urgently needed. A bench-to-bedside transfer of neuroprotective approaches under stroke conditions, however, has not been established after more than twenty years of research, albeit a great many data have demonstrated several neuroprotective drugs to be effective in preclinical stroke settings. Prominent examples of substances supported by extensive preclinical evidence but which failed clinical trials are tirilazad and disodium 2,4-sulphophenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (NXY-059). The NXY-059 trial, for instance, was retrospectively shown to have a seriously weak study design, a trial of insufficient quality and a poor statistical analysis, although it initially met the recommendations of the STAIR committee. In light of currently ongoing novel neuroprotective stroke trials, such as ESCAPE-NA, and to avoid the mistakes made in the past, an improvement in study quality in the field of stroke neuroprotection is urgently needed. In the present review, animal models closely reflecting the "typical" stroke patient, occlusion techniques and the appropriate choice of time windows are discussed. In this context, the STAIR recommendations could provide a useful orientation. Taking all of this into account, a new dawn for neuroprotection might be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Haupt
- Department of Neurology, University of Goettingen Medical School, 37075 Goettingen, Germany;
| | - Stefan T. Gerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University of Goettingen Medical School, 37075 Goettingen, Germany;
| | - Thorsten R. Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University of Goettingen Medical School, 37075 Goettingen, Germany;
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany;
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Medipol University Istanbul, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
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Matsubara H, Imai T, Tsuji S, Oka N, Egashira Y, Enomoto Y, Nakayama N, Nakamura S, Shimazawa M, Iwama T, Hara H. Nafamostat protects against early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 148:65-72. [PMID: 34924132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nafamostat, a serin protease inhibitor, in the management of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). SAH was induced by endovascular perforation in male mice. Nafamostat was administered intraperitoneally four times immediately after SAH induction. Cerebral blood flow, neurological behavior tests, SAH grade and protein expression were evaluated at 24 h after SAH induction. In the in vitro model, human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs), HBVECs were exposed to thrombin and hypoxia for 24 h; nafamostat was administered and the protein expression was evaluated. Eighty-eight mice were included in the in vivo study. Fifteen mice (17%) were excluded because of death or procedure failure. Nafamostat exerted no significant effect on the SAH grade or cerebral blood flow; however, it improved the neurological behavior and suppressed the thrombin and MMP-9 expression. In addition, nafamostat suppressed the ICAM-1 expression and p38 phosphorylation in the in vitro study. Nafamostat has a protective effect against HBMVEC after exposure to thrombin and hypoxia, suggesting its role in improving the neurological outcomes after SAH. These findings indicate that nafamostat has the potential to be a novel therapeutic drug in the management of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Matsubara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shohei Tsuji
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Natsumi Oka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yusuke Egashira
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukiko Enomoto
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nakayama
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toru Iwama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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Sutkowy P, Woźniak A, Mila-Kierzenkowska C, Szewczyk-Golec K, Wesołowski R, Pawłowska M, Nuszkiewicz J. Physical Activity vs. Redox Balance in the Brain: Brain Health, Aging and Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010095. [PMID: 35052600 PMCID: PMC8773223 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proven that physical exercise improves cognitive function and memory, has an analgesic and antidepressant effect, and delays the aging of the brain and the development of diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. There are even attempts to use physical activity in the treatment of mental diseases. The course of most diseases is strictly associated with oxidative stress, which can be prevented or alleviated with regular exercise. It has been proven that physical exercise helps to maintain the oxidant–antioxidant balance. In this review, we present the current knowledge on redox balance in the organism and the consequences of its disruption, while focusing mainly on the brain. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of physical activity on aging and brain diseases, and present current recommendations and directions for further research in this area.
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6
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Matsubara H, Imai T, Tsuji S, Oka N, Ohba T, Yamada T, Egashira Y, Nakamura S, Shimazawa M, Iwama T, Hara H. Involvement of Cerebral Blood Flow on Neurological and Behavioral Functions after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105952. [PMID: 34214963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) change after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) is strongly associated with brain injuries such as early brain injury and delayed cerebral ischemia. We evaluated the correlation between CBF using Laser Speckle Flow Imaging (LSFI) after SAH and neurological findings in the sub-acute phase. METHOD An SAH was induced by endovascular perforation in male mice. CBF was quantitatively measured by using LSFI at six time points, immediately to 14 days after SAH induction. Behavior tests and survival rate were evaluated. The mice were divided into recovery and hypo-perfusion groups according to their CBF at 1 day after the procedure. RESULT Forty mice were included in this study. Five mice (20%) were included in the hypo-perfusion group, and the remaining 20 (80%) mice were classified as the recovery group. The decrease of CBF in the recovery group was observed until 1 day after the procedure. However, the decrease of CBF in the hypo-perfusion group was prolonged until 7 days after the procedure. Neurological findings and survival rates in the hypo-perfusion group were significantly worse than those in the recovery group. The low alternation cases (≤ 50%) in the Y-maze test in the recovery group (n = 5) had significantly lower CBF at 1 day after the procedure. CONCLUSION Low blood flow at 1 day after SAH was associated with worse survival rate, neurological findings, and memory disturbance. Early improvement in CBF may be associated with an improved prognosis after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Matsubara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu Japan
| | - Shohei Tsuji
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu Japan
| | - Natsumi Oka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu Japan
| | - Takuya Ohba
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yusuke Egashira
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu Japan
| | - Toru Iwama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu Japan.
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7
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Ishida K, Yako T, Tanaka M, Otsu W, Nakamura S, Shimazawa M, Tsusaki H, Hara H. Free-Radical Scavenger NSP-116 Protects the Corneal Epithelium against UV-A and Blue LED Light Exposure. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:937-946. [PMID: 34193689 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The corneal epithelium is continuously exposed to oxygen, light, and environmental substances. Excessive exposure to those stresses is thought to be a risk factor for eye diseases. Photokeratitis is damage to the corneal epithelium resulting in a painful eye condition caused by unprotected exposure to UV rays, usually from sunlight, and is often found in people who spend a long time outdoors. In modern life, human eyes are exposed to artificial light from light-emitting diode (LED) displays of computers and smartphones, and it has been shown that short-wavelength (blue) LED light can damage eyes, especially photoreceptors. However, the effect of blue LED light on the cornea is less understood. In addition, it is important to develop new treatments for preserving human eyesight and eye health from light stress. Here, we used human corneal epithelial cells-transformed (HCE-T) cells as an in-vitro model to investigate the protective effect of NSP-116, an imidazolyl aniline derivative, against the oxidative stress induced by light in the corneal epithelium. Treatment with 10 µM NSP-116 significantly increased the cell viability and reduced the death ratio following UV or blue LED light exposure. Furthermore, NSP-116 treatment decreased light-induced reactive oxygen species production and preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential. Immunoblotting data showed that NSP-116 suppressed the stress response pathway. Finally, NSP-116 treatment prevented corneal epithelial apoptosis induced by blue LED light in an in-vivo mouse model. In conclusion, NSP-116 has a protective effect against oxidative stress and corneal cell death from both UV and blue LED light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Ishida
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tomohiro Yako
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Miruto Tanaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Wataru Otsu
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University.,Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hideshi Tsusaki
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University.,Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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Narayan SK, Grace Cherian S, Babu Phaniti P, Babu Chidambaram S, Rachel Vasanthi AH, Arumugam M. Preclinical animal studies in ischemic stroke: Challenges and some solutions. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:104-115. [PMID: 34179718 PMCID: PMC8212819 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the impressive efficacies demonstrated in preclinical research, hundreds of potentially neuroprotective drugs have failed to provide effective neuroprotection for ischemic stroke in human clinical trials. Lack of a powerful animal model for human ischemic stroke could be a major reason for the failure to develop successful neuroprotective drugs for ischemic stroke. This review recapitulates the available cerebral ischemia animal models, provides an anatomical comparison of the circle of Willis of each species, and describes the functional assessment tests used in these ischemic stroke models. The distinct differences between human ischemic stroke and experimental stroke in available animal models is explored. Innovative animal models more closely resembling human strokes, better techniques in functional outcome assessment and better experimental designs generating clearer and stronger evidence may help realise the development of truly neuroprotective drugs that will benefit human ischemic stroke patients. This may involve use of newer molecules or revisiting earlier studies with new experimental designs. Translation of any resultant successes may then be tested in human clinical trials with greater confidence and optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Narayan
- Comprehensive Stroke Care and Neurobiology Centre, Department of NeurologyJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPuducherryIndia
| | - Simy Grace Cherian
- Comprehensive Stroke Care and Neurobiology Centre, Department of NeurologyJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPuducherryIndia
| | - Prakash Babu Phaniti
- Department of Biotechnology & School of Medical SciencesUniversity of HyderabadHyderabadIndia
| | | | | | - Murugesan Arumugam
- Comprehensive Stroke Care and Neurobiology Centre, Department of NeurologyJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPuducherryIndia
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Local Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060585. [PMID: 34064017 PMCID: PMC8224016 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Hemorrhagic stroke is a lethal disease, accounting for 15% of all stroke cases. However, there are very few models of stroke with a hemorrhagic etiology. Research work is devoted to studying the development of cerebrovascular disorders in rats with an intracerebral hematoma model. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive short-term study, including neurological tests, biochemical blood tests, and histomorphological studies of brain structures. (2) Methods: The model was reproduced surgically by traumatizing the brain in the capsula interna area and then injecting autologous blood. Neurological deficit was assessed according to the McGrow stroke-index scale, motor activity, orientation–exploratory behavior, emotionality, and motor functions. On Day 15, after the operation, hematological and biochemical blood tests as well as histological studies of the brain were performed. (3) Results: The overall lethality of the model was 43.7%. Acute intracerebral hematoma in rats causes marked disorders of motor activity and functional impairment, as well as inflammatory processes in the nervous tissue, which persist for at least 14 days. (4) Conclusions: This model reflects the situation observed in the clinic and reproduces the main diagnostic criteria for acute disorders of cerebral circulation.
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Wang M, Liu X, Wu Y, Wang Y, Cui J, Sun J, Bai Y, Lang MF. ΜicroRNA-122 protects against ischemic stroke by targeting Maf1. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:616. [PMID: 33936273 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The protection of brain tissue against damage and the reduction of infarct size is crucial for improving patient prognosis following ischemic stroke. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of microRNA (miR)-122 and its target gene repressor of RNA polymerase III transcription MAF1 homolog (Maf1) on the infarct area in ischemic stroke. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed to determine miR-122 expression levels in an ischemic stroke [middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)] mouse model. Nissl staining was conducted to measure the infarct area of the MCAO mouse model. Moreover, RT-qPCR was performed to investigate the relationship between the expression of Maf1 and miR-122 in the MCAO mouse model. Dual-luciferase reporter assay in vitro and miR-122 mimic or inhibitor treatment in vivo were conducted to verify that miR-122 targeted and inhibited Maf1 expression. The results suggested that miR-122 was upregulated in the brain tissue of MCAO model mice. miR-122 overexpression effectively reduced the size of the infarct area in comparison with a control and miR-122 knockdown in brain tissue resulted in the opposite effect. Moreover, Maf1 was confirmed to be a direct target of miR-122. The results of a dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that miR-122 bound to the 3'-untranslated region of Maf1. Maf1 expression decreased after stroke model induction in comparison with that in sham animals, and Maf1 expression was negatively associated with the expression of miR-122. In addition, miR-122 knockdown increased Maf1 expression levels, whereas miR-122 overexpression decreased Maf1 expression levels in comparison with a control. In conclusion, the results suggested that miR-122 improved the outcome of acute ischemic stroke by reducing the expression of Maf1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wu
- Medical College, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Cui
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, P.R. China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Fei Lang
- Medical College, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, P.R. China
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Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Targets following Intracerebral Hemorrhage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8815441. [PMID: 33688394 PMCID: PMC7920740 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8815441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is induced by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and plays an important role in secondary brain injury caused by the inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the pathogenic mechanisms of brain injury after ICH, markers for detecting OS, and therapeutic strategies that target OS to mitigate brain injury.
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Yamamoto T, Nitta K, Nishinaka A, Tanaka M, Nakamura S, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Oral administration of NSP-116, a free radical scavenger, suppresses the symptoms of retinal vein occlusion in the murine model. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108453. [PMID: 33503450 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is an intractable eye disease that results in reduced visual acuity, associated with retinal ischemia, hemorrhage, and edema. RVO results in excessive ROS production in the retina, causing inflammation and retinal edema. A free radical scavenger, 4-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(1H-imidazole-1-yl) aniline (NSP-116), has been reported to demonstrate antioxidative effects and prevent ROS production in the retina. Therefore, NSP-116 may represent a useful drug for treating the pathological symptoms of RVO, such as retinal edema and ischemic symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the effects of NSP-116 in a murine model of RVO. We evaluated the thickness of the retinal layer and the size of the non-perfused area following the oral administration of NSP-116. Moreover, we used western blot analysis to examine the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, after NSP-116 administration, and examined the localization of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), by immunostaining. The findings indicate that NSP-116 suppressed retinal edema and expansion the non-perfused area by suppressing the increased expression of VEGF, TNF-α, and 8-OHdG in the murine RVO model. In conclusion, the oral administration of NSP-116 may serve as an effective pharmacological treatment for the pathological symptoms of RVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yamamoto
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Koki Nitta
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Anri Nishinaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Miruto Tanaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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The Mitochondria-targeted Peptide, Bendavia, Attenuated Ischemia/Reperfusion-induced Stroke Damage. Neuroscience 2020; 443:110-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Imai T, Tsuji S, Matsubara H, Ohba T, Sugiyama T, Nakamura S, Hara H, Shimazawa M. Deferasirox, a trivalent iron chelator, ameliorates neuronal damage in hemorrhagic stroke models. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 394:73-84. [PMID: 32808069 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating disease with high mortality and morbidity. After ICH, iron released from the hematoma plays a crucial role in secondary brain injury. Deferasirox (DFR) is a trivalent iron chelator, which was approved to treat iron overload syndrome after transfusion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of DFR in both in vitro and in vivo ICH models. METHODS Using a hemin-induced SH-SY5Y cell damage model, we performed an intracellular bivalent iron (Fe2+) accumulation assay, cell death assay, oxidative stress assessments, and Western blotting analysis. Moreover, the effects of DFR intraventricular administration on hematoma, neurological deficits, and histological alteration were evaluated in an in vivo ICH mouse model by collagenase. RESULTS DFR significantly suppressed the intracellular Fe2+ accumulation and cell death caused by hemin exposure. These effects were related to the suppression of both reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation over-production. In Western blotting analysis, hemin increased the expression of ferritin (an iron storage protein), LC3 and p62 (autophagy-related markers), phosphorylated p38 (a stress response protein), and cleaved-caspase3 and cleaved-poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) (apoptosis-related makers). However, DFR suppressed the increase of these proteins. In addition, DFR attenuated the neurological deficits until 7 days after ICH without affecting hematoma and injury area. Furthermore, DFR also suppressed microglia/macrophage activation in peri-hematoma area at 3 days after ICH. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that DFR might be a useful therapeutic agent for the therapy of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Imai
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shohei Tsuji
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hirohumi Matsubara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takuya Ohba
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tomoki Sugiyama
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
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Li Z, You M, Long C, Bi R, Xu H, He Q, Hu B. Hematoma Expansion in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Update on Prediction and Treatment. Front Neurol 2020; 11:702. [PMID: 32765408 PMCID: PMC7380105 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal type of stroke, but there is no specific treatment. After years of effort, neurologists have found that hematoma expansion (HE) is a vital predictor of poor prognosis in ICH patients, with a not uncommon incidence ranging widely from 13 to 38%. Herein, the progress of studies on HE after ICH in recent years is updated, and the topics of definition, prevalence, risk factors, prediction score models, mechanisms, treatment, and prospects of HE are covered in this review. The risk factors and prediction score models, including clinical, imaging, and laboratory characteristics, are elaborated in detail, but limited by sensitivity, specificity, and inconvenience to clinical practice. The management of HE is also discussed from bench work to bed practice. However, the upmost problem at present is that there is no treatment for HE proven to definitely improve clinical outcomes. Further studies are needed to identify more accurate predictors and effective treatment to reduce HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingfeng You
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunnan Long
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rentang Bi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoqiang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quanwei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zhu XY, Xia B, Ye T, Dai MZ, Yang H, Li CQ, Li P. Ponatinib-induced ischemic stroke in larval zebrafish for drug screening. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 889:173292. [PMID: 32668288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Conventional mammalian ischemic stroke models for drug screening are technically challenging, laborious and time-consuming. In this study, using Ponatinib as an inducer, we developed and characterized a zebrafish ischemic stroke model. This zebrafish ischemic stroke had the cerebral vascular endothelial injury, thrombosis, reduced blood flow, inflammation and apoptosis as well as the reduced motility. The zebrafish ischemic stroke model was validated with 6 known human therapeutic drugs of ischemic stroke (Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Naoxintong capsules, Edaravone, Xingnaojing injection, Shuxuening injection). The mRNA levels of the neovascularization-related gene (vegfaa) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor gene (VEGFR), neurodevelopment related genes (mbp and α1-tubulin), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were significantly downregulated; whereas apoptosis-related genes (caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-9 and bax/bcl-2), and inflammatory factor genes (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and NF-κB) were remarkably upregulated in the model. These results suggest that the pathophysiology of Ponatinib-induced zebrafish ischemic stroke is similar to that of human ischemic stroke patients and this whole animal model could be used to study the complex cellular and molecular pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and to rapidly identify therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, PR China; Hunter Biotechnology, Inc, F1A, Building 5, No. 88 Jiangling Road, Binjiang Zone, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310051, PR China
| | - Bo Xia
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc, F1A, Building 5, No. 88 Jiangling Road, Binjiang Zone, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310051, PR China
| | - Ting Ye
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc, F1A, Building 5, No. 88 Jiangling Road, Binjiang Zone, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310051, PR China
| | - Ming-Zhu Dai
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc, F1A, Building 5, No. 88 Jiangling Road, Binjiang Zone, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310051, PR China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, PR China
| | - Chun-Qi Li
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc, F1A, Building 5, No. 88 Jiangling Road, Binjiang Zone, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310051, PR China.
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, PR China.
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