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Zhang B, Wen T, Xiang N, Zhao Y, Guo X. Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on tocochromanol and carotenoid biofortification in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:1412-1420. [PMID: 36151954 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maize is a sought-after food crop because it is micronutrient-rich and affordable. It is an excellent source of carotenoids and tocochromanols. To investigate ways to enhance the micronutrients in maize, we grew maize seedlings with ultrasonic pretreatment to study the effect of ultrasound pretreatment on the biofortification of tocochromanols and carotenoids using high-performance liquid chromatography and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Four tocopherol isomers, three tocotrienol isomers and six carotenoid components were measured in maize seedlings. Compared with the untreated maize seedlings, carotenoid content increased and reached the highest level at 8 min ultrasonic pretreatment (19.21 ± 0.44 μg g-1 fresh weight (FW)), but tocotrienol content evidently decreased. Tocopherol dropped at first but began to rise after 8 min ultrasonic pretreatment (258.1 ± 6.4 μg g-1 FW). In particular, zeaxanthin in maize seedlings doubled after pre-sonication, while lutein was boosted to 11.81 ± 0.20 μg g-1 FW. Ultrasonic pretreatment changed the predominant component of tocochromanols in maize seedlings from γ-tocotrienol to α-tocopherol, with the latter content being 1.3 times higher than in the untreated group. Up-regulation of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of tocopherols and carotenoids in maize seedlings occurred as a result of both 2 min and 6 min sonication pretreatment. In particular, Zm HPPD, Zm ZE, Zm ZDS and Zm MPBQ-MT could partly explain the changes in these phytochemicals. CONCLUSION Wet ultrasonic pretreatment could increase tocopherol and carotenoid accumulation in maize seedlings but decrease tocotrienol synthesis. Some up-regulating genes are related to relevant syntheses, such as Zm HPPD, Zm ZE, Zm ZDS and Zm MPBQ-MT, which could influence the accumulation of tocopherols and carotenoids after ultrasonic pretreatment. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianxiang Wen
- Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics Improvement of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihan Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinbo Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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Rascón-Cruz Q, González-Barriga CD, Iglesias-Figueroa BF, Trejo-Muñoz JC, Siqueiros-Cendón T, Sinagawa-García SR, Arévalo-Gallegos S, Espinoza-Sánchez EA. Plastid transformation: Advances and challenges for its implementation in agricultural crops. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Luo T, Xia W, Gong S, Mason AS, Li Z, Liu R, Dou Y, Tang W, Fan H, Zhang C, Xiao Y. Identifying Vitamin E Biosynthesis Genes in Elaeis guineensis by Genome-Wide Association Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:678-685. [PMID: 31858793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Elaeis guineensis is a tropical oil crop and has the highest oil yield per unit area. Palm oil has high palmitic acid content and is also rich in vitamins, including vitamin E. We conducted genome-wide association studies in a diversity panel of 161 E. guineensis accessions to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked with vitamin E and validated candidate genes in these marker-associated intervals. Based on the SNPs reported in our previous research, 47 SNP markers were detected to be significantly associated with the variation of tocopherol and tocotrienol content at a cutoff P value of 6.3 × 10-7. A total of 656 candidate genes in the flanking regions of the 47 SNPs were identified, followed by pathway enrichment analysis. Of these candidate genes, EgHGGT (homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase) involved in the biosynthesis of tocotrienols had a higher expression level in the mesocarp compared to other tissues. Expression of the EgHGGT gene was positively correlated with the variation in α-tocotrienol content. Induced overexpression of the gene in Arabidopsis caused a significant increase in vitamin E content and production of α-tocotrienols compared to wild Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Luo
- National Research Center of Rapeseed Engineering and Technology, College of Plant Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Wei Xia
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops , Hainan University , Haikou 570228 , P.R China
| | - Shufang Gong
- Coconut Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 , P.R. China
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Department of Plant Breeding, IFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 , Giessen 35392i , Germany
| | - Zhiying Li
- Coconut Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 , P.R. China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafe Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Region , Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou 571101 , China
| | - Rui Liu
- Coconut Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 , P.R. China
| | - Yajing Dou
- Coconut Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 , P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Tang
- Coconut Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 , P.R. China
| | - Haikuo Fan
- Coconut Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 , P.R. China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- National Research Center of Rapeseed Engineering and Technology, College of Plant Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Coconut Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Wenchang 571339 , P.R. China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafe Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Region , Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou 571101 , China
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Stavridou E, Michailidis M, Gedeon S, Ioakeim A, Kostas S, Chronopoulou E, Labrou NE, Edwards R, Day A, Nianiou-Obeidat I, Madesis P. Tolerance of Transplastomic Tobacco Plants Overexpressing a Theta Class Glutathione Transferase to Abiotic and Oxidative Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1861. [PMID: 30687339 PMCID: PMC6337918 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are organelles subjected to extreme oxidative stress conditions. Biomolecules produced in the chloroplasts act as signals guiding plant metabolism toward stress tolerance and play a major role in regulating gene expression in the nucleus. Herein, we used transplastomic plants as an alternative approach to expression of transgenes in the nucleus for conferring stress tolerance to abiotic stresses and herbicides. To investigate the morphophysiological and molecular mechanisms and the role of plastid expressed GSTs in tobacco stress detoxification and stress tolerance, we used transplastomic tobacco lines overexpressing a theta class glutathione transferase (GST) in chloroplasts. The transplastomic plants were tested under drought (0, 100, and 200 mM mannitol) and salinity (0, 150, and 300 mM NaCl) in vitro, and under herbicide stress (Diquat). Our results suggest that pt AtGSTT lines were tolerant to herbicide-induced oxidative and salinity stresses and showed enhanced response tolerance to mannitol-induced osmotic stress compared to WT plants. Overexpression of the Arabidopsis thaliana AtGSTT in the chloroplasts resulted in enhanced photo-tolerance and turgor maintenance under stress. Whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed that genes related to stress tolerance, were upregulated in pt AtGSTT2a line under both control and high mannitol stress conditions. Transplastomic plants overexpressing the pt AtGSTT2a in the chloroplast showed a state of acclimation to stress, as only limited number of genes were upregulated in the pt AtGSTT2a transplastomic line compared to WT under stress conditions while at the same time genes related to stress tolerance were upregulated in pt AtGSTT2a plants compared to WT in stress-free conditions. In parallel, the metabolic profile indicated limited perturbations of the metabolic homeostasis in the transplastomic lines and greater accumulation of mannitol, and soluble sugars under high mannitol stress. Therefore, transplastomic lines seem to be in a state of acclimation to stress under stress-free conditions, which was maintained even under high mannitol stress. The results help to elucidate the role of GSTs in plant abiotic stress tolerance and the underlying mechanisms of the GSTs expressed in the chloroplast, toward environmental resilience of cultivated crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Stavridou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michail Michailidis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stella Gedeon
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antri Ioakeim
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanos Kostas
- Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Chronopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E. Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anil Day
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Irini Nianiou-Obeidat
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Szymańska R, Kruk J. Novel and rare prenyllipids - Occurrence and biological activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 122:1-9. [PMID: 29169080 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The data presented indicate that there is a variety of unique prenyllipids, often of very limited taxonomic distribution, whose origin, biosynthesis, metabolism and biological function deserves to be elucidated. These compounds include tocoenols, tocochromanol esters, tocochromanol acids, plastoquinones and ubiquinones. Additionally, based on the available data, it can be assumed that there are still unrecognized prenyllipids, like prenylquinols fatty acid esters of the hydroquinone ring, including prenylquinol phosphates, and others, whose biological function might be of great importance. Our knowledge of these compounds is not only important from the scientific point of view, but may also be of practical significance to medicine, pharmacy or cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Szymańska
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Singh RK, Chaurasia AK, Bari R, Sane VA. Tocopherol levels in different mango varieties correlate with MiHPPD expression and its over-expression elevates tocopherols in transgenic Arabidopsis and tomato. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:352. [PMID: 29062673 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mango fruit tocopherol levels vary in different varieties during ripening. This study shows that tocopherol accumulation is highly correlated with its p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (MiHPPD) gene expression during ripening. MiHPPD transcript is ethylene induced and differentially expressed in four mango varieties used in this study. Higher/lower accumulation of tocopherol (mainly α-tocopherol) was achieved by heterologous expression of MiHPPD in Arabidopsis and tomato. The results suggest that tocopherol accumulation in mango fruit is correlated to MiHPPD gene expression. Over-expression of MiHPPD gene channelizes the flux towards tocophreol biosynthesis and could be used as a potential tool for metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Singh
- Plant Gene Expression Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Present Address: Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Akhilesh K Chaurasia
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Jain R&D Lab, Agri Park, Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd., Jain Hills, Shirsoli Road, Jalgaon, 425001 India
| | - Rupesh Bari
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Jain R&D Lab, Agri Park, Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd., Jain Hills, Shirsoli Road, Jalgaon, 425001 India
| | - Vidhu A Sane
- Plant Gene Expression Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
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Olejniczak SA, Łojewska E, Kowalczyk T, Sakowicz T. Chloroplasts: state of research and practical applications of plastome sequencing. PLANTA 2016; 244:517-27. [PMID: 27259501 PMCID: PMC4983300 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review presents origins, structure and expression of chloroplast genomes. It also describes their sequencing, analysis and modification, focusing on potential practical uses and biggest challenges of chloroplast genome modification. During the evolution of eukaryotes, cyanobacteria are believed to have merged with host heterotrophic cell. Afterward, most of cyanobacterial genes from cyanobacteria were transferred to cell nucleus or lost in the process of endosymbiosis. As a result of these changes, a primary plastid was established. Nowadays, plastid genome (plastome) is almost always circular, has a size of 100-200 kbp (120-160 in land plants), and harbors 100-120 highly conserved unique genes. Plastids have their own gene expression system, which is similar to one of their cyanobacterial ancestors. Two different polymerases, plastid-derived PEP and nucleus-derived NEP, participate in transcription. Translation is similar to the one observed in cyanobacteria, but it also utilizes protein translation factors and positive regulatory mRNA elements absent from bacteria. Plastoms play an important role in genetic transformation. Transgenes are introduced into them either via gene gun (in undamaged tissues) or polyethylene glycol treatment (when protoplasts are targeted). Antibiotic resistance markers are the most common tool used for selection of transformed plants. In recent years, plastome transformation emerged as a promising alternative to nuclear transformation because of (1) high yield of target protein, (2) removing the risk of outcrossing with weeds, (3) lack of silencing mechanisms, and (4) ability to engineer the entire metabolic pathways rather than single gene traits. Currently, the main directions of such research regard: developing efficient enzyme, vaccine antigen, and biopharmaceutical protein production methods in plant cells and improving crops by increasing their resistance to a wide array of biotic and abiotic stresses. Because of that, the detailed knowledge of plastome structure and mechanism of functioning started to play a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Adam Olejniczak
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Łojewska
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sakowicz
- Department of Genetics and Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
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Bellucci M, De Marchis F, Ferradini N, Pompa A, Veronesi F, Rosellini D. A mutant Synechococcus gene encoding glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase confers gabaculine resistance when expressed in tobacco plastids. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:2127-36. [PMID: 26265112 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A mutant glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase gene from the Synechococcus , inserted into tobacco plastid DNA by means of particle bombardment and antibiotic selection, conferred gabaculine resistance allowing to attain homoplasmy. Many plant species are recalcitrant to plastid genome transformation. New selections systems may help to overcome this limitation and to extend the application of this technology. A mutant hemL gene from the photosynthetic cyanobacterium Synechococcus, encoding a gabaculine-insensitive glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (GSA), is an efficient selectable marker gene for nuclear transformation of tobacco, alfalfa and durum wheat. Since GSA functions in the plastid, we introduced the mutant hemL gene into the tobacco plastid genome along with the conventional antibiotic resistance aadA gene, in the attempt to develop a new selection system for plastome transformation. Although we were unable to directly regenerate gabaculine resistant transplastomic plants, we demonstrated the functionality of hemL in tobacco plastids by using gabaculine selection in the second and third rounds of in vitro selection that permitted to obtain the homoplasmic state in transgenic plants. Thus, the mutant hemL gene functions as a secondary selection marker in tobacco plastids. Our results encourage further attempts to test gabaculine resistant GSA for plastome transformation of crop plants in which gabaculine has stronger regeneration-inhibiting effects with respect to tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bellucci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca De Marchis
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ferradini
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pompa
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabio Veronesi
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniele Rosellini
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
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Kosař M, Holková L, Březinová Belcredi N, Ehrenbergerová J. HPPD gene expression in relation to vitamin E content in spring barley. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun200957040013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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10
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Hwang JE, Ahn JW, Kwon SJ, Kim JB, Kim SH, Kang SY, Kim DS. Selection and molecular characterization of a high tocopherol accumulation rice mutant line induced by gamma irradiation. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:7671-81. [PMID: 25098603 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tocopherols are micronutrients with antioxidant properties. They are synthesized by photosynthetic bacteria and plants, and play important roles in animal and human nutrition. In this study, we isolated a new rice mutant line with elevated tocopherol content (MRXII) from an in vitro mutagenized population induced by gamma irradiation. The mutant exhibited greater seed longevity than the control, indicating a crucial role for tocopherols in maintaining viability during quiescence, and displayed faster seedling growth during the early growth stage. To study the molecular mechanism underlying vitamin E biosynthesis, we examined the expression patterns of seven rice genes encoding vitamin E biosynthetic enzymes. Accumulation levels of the OsVTE2 transcript and OsVTE2 protein in the MRXII mutant were significantly higher than in the control. Sequence analysis revealed that the MRXII mutant harbored a point mutation in the OsVTE2 promoter region, which resulted in the generation of MYB transcription factor-binding cis-element. These results help identify the promoter regions that regulate OsVTE2 transcription, and offer insights into the regulation of tocopherol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Hwang
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1266 Sinjeong, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 580-185, Republic of Korea
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Arun M, Subramanyam K, Theboral J, Sivanandhan G, Rajesh M, Kapil Dev G, Jaganath B, Manickavasagam M, Girija S, Ganapathi A. Transfer and targeted overexpression of γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT) gene using seed-specific promoter improves tocopherol composition in Indian soybean cultivars. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:1763-76. [PMID: 24258793 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Soybean oil contains high levels of tocopherols which are an important source of vitamin E in human diet. The conversion of γ- to α-tocopherol catalyzed by γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT) is found to be the rate limiting factor in soybean which influences the tocopherol composition. Using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, we overexpressed the γ-TMT gene of Perilla frutescens under the control of the seed-specific promoter vicillin in cultivar Pusa 16. Transgene integration and expression was confirmed in five independently transformed GUS positive soybean plants by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern hybridization, and reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that overexpression of Pf-γ-TMT resulted in efficient conversion of γ-tocopherol to α-tocopherol and concomitant increase in seed α-tocopherol content in RT-PCR positive plants. The protocol was successfully applied to three more cultivars PK 416, Gujarat soybean 1, and VL soya 1 in which seeds of transformed plants showed elevated level of α-tocopherol than wild-type seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukrishnan Arun
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chaudhary N, Khurana P. Cloning, functional characterisation and transgenic manipulation of vitamin E biosynthesis genes of wheat. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:1129-1136. [PMID: 32481180 DOI: 10.1071/fp12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tocochromanols are an important group of plastidic lipophilic antioxidants that form an essential part of human diet and play important functions in photosynthetic organisms by protecting them from photo-oxidation, lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. Molecular genetics and genomics-based approaches have revealed the genes required for synthesis of these compounds in model organisms like rice, Arabidopsis and Synechocystis. To create a positive impact on human nutrition and health, the levels of total and specific tocochromanols have been altered in various agricultural crops by metabolic engineering. To understand the mechanisms involved in higher tocochromanol levels of wheat seeds and its germ, the tocochromanol biosynthesis pathway was investigated in wheat. The focus of this research was towards isolation of genes involved in wheat tocochromanol biosynthesis, and homologous and heterologous transgenic manipulation to alter their content and composition. Functional characterisation of TaHydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase and Taγ-Tocopherol methyltransferase-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants revealed alterations in tocochromanol content and composition, which suggests better growth of these plants in the presence of sorbitol. TaHydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-overexpressing transgenic wheat, Triticum aestivum L. plants also showed 2.4-fold increase in tocochromanol content, which may have nutritional as well as antioxidative roles. Further characterisation and field trials of these transgenic lines can provide us more insight about the antioxidative roles of tocochromanols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Chaudhary
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Paramjit Khurana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi-110021, India
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Wang X, Song YE, Li JY. High expression of tocochromanol biosynthesis genes increases the vitamin E level in a new line of giant embryo rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5860-5869. [PMID: 23738742 DOI: 10.1021/jf401325e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
'Shangshida No. 5' is a new variety of giant embryo rice derived from a single-point mutation of the giant embryo gene (ge) in 'Chao2-10' rice. This study quantified the levels of eight vitamin E homologues (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienol) in brown rice, embryos, endosperm, and developing seeds of giant embryo and normal embryo rice using a normal phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was conducted to reveal the different expression patterns of the ge gene and tocochromanol biosynthesis genes in developing giant and normal embryo seeds. The total vitamin E content in 'Shangshida No. 5' brown rice was 52.54 mg α-tocopherol equivalent (α-TE)/kg, of which α-tocopherol constituted 49.14 mg/kg, which was approximately 2.2-fold greater than that in 'Chao2-10' brown rice. In giant embryo seeds, the expression level of the ge gene was higher than that in normal embryo seeds during early developmental stages. These results are the first to indicate that coup-regulated expression of the OsHPPD, OsHPT, and OsMPBQ MT2 genes might be the primary reason for the large accumulation of α-tocopherol in giant embryo rice seeds. The different transcription pattern of the tocochromanol biosynthesis genes in 'Shangshida No. 5' rice seeds compared with 'Chao2-10' rice seeds is attributable to the ge mutation and the different expression level of the ge gene in giant embryo seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences and ‡Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China
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Venkatesh J, Park SW. Plastid genetic engineering in Solanaceae. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:981-99. [PMID: 22395455 PMCID: PMC3459085 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plastid genetic engineering has come of age, becoming today an attractive alternative approach for the expression of foreign genes, as it offers several advantages over nuclear transformants. Significant progress has been made in plastid genetic engineering in tobacco and other Solanaceae plants, through the use of improved regeneration procedures and transformation vectors with efficient promoters and untranslated regions. Many genes encoding for industrially important proteins and vaccines, as well as genes conferring important agronomic traits, have been stably integrated and expressed in the plastid genome. Despite these advances, it remains a challenge to achieve marked levels of plastid transgene expression in non-green tissues. In this review, we summarize the basic requirements of plastid genetic engineering and discuss the current status, limitations, and the potential of plastid transformation for expanding future studies relating to Solanaceae plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Park
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 Republic of Korea
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Zhang GY, Liu RR, Xu G, Zhang P, Li Y, Tang KX, Liang GH, Liu QQ. Increased α-tocotrienol content in seeds of transgenic rice overexpressing Arabidopsis γ-tocopherol methyltransferase. Transgenic Res 2012; 22:89-99. [PMID: 22763462 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E comprises a group of eight lipid soluble antioxidant compounds that are an essential part of the human diet. The α-isomers of both tocopherol and tocotrienol are generally considered to have the highest antioxidant activities. γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT) catalyzes the final step in vitamin E biosynthesis, the methylation of γ- and δ-isomers to α- and β-isomers. In present study, the Arabidopsis γ-TMT (AtTMT) cDNA was overexpressed constitutively or in the endosperm of the elite japonica rice cultivar Wuyujing 3 (WY3) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. HPLC analysis showed that, in brown rice of the wild type or transgenic controls with empty vector, the α-/γ-tocotrienol ratio was only 0.7, much lower than that for tocopherol (~19.0). In transgenic rice overexpressing AtTMT driven by the constitutive Ubi promoter, most of the γ-isomers were converted to α-isomers, especially the γ- and δ-tocotrienol levels were dramatically decreased. As a result, the α-tocotrienol content was greatly increased in the transgenic seeds. Similarly, over-expression of AtTMT in the endosperm also resulted in an increase in the α-tocotrienol content. The results showed that the α-/γ-tocopherol ratio also increased in the transgenic seeds, but there was no significant effect on α-tocopherol level, which may reflect the fact that γ-tocopherol is present in very small amounts in wild type rice seeds. AtTMT overexpression had no effect on the absolute total content of either tocopherols or tocotrienols. Taken together, these results are the first demonstration that the overexpression of a foreign γ-TMT significantly shift the tocotrienol synthesis in rice, which is one of the world's most important food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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Transgenic rice grains expressing a heterologous ρ-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase shift tocopherol synthesis from the γ to the α isoform without increasing absolute tocopherol levels. Transgenic Res 2012; 21:1093-7. [PMID: 22361804 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We generated transgenic rice plants overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana ρ-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), which catalyzes the first committed step in vitamin E biosynthesis. Transgenic grains accumulated marginally higher levels of total tocochromanols than controls, reflecting a small increase in absolute tocotrienol synthesis (but no change in the relative abundance of the α and γ isoforms). In contrast, there was no change in the absolute tocopherol level, but a significant shift from the γ to the α isoform. These data confirm HPPD is not rate limiting, and that increasing flux through the early pathway reveals downstream bottlenecks that act as metabolic tipping points.
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Isemer R, Mulisch M, Schäfer A, Kirchner S, Koop HU, Krupinska K. Recombinant Whirly1 translocates from transplastomic chloroplasts to the nucleus. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:85-8. [PMID: 22154598 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Whirly1 was shown to be dually located in chloroplasts and nucleus of the same cell. To investigate whether the protein translocates from chloroplasts to the nucleus, we inserted a construct encoding an HA-tagged Whirly1 into the plastid genome of tobacco. Although the tagged protein was synthesized in plastids, it was detected in nuclei. Dual location of the protein was confirmed by immunocytological analyses. These results indicate that the plastidial Whirly1 is translocated from the plastid to the nucleus where it affects expression of target genes such as PR1. Our results support a role of Whirly1 in plastid-nucleus communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Isemer
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Ren W, Zhao L, Zhang L, Wang Y, Cui L, Tang Y, Sun X, Tang K. Molecular cloning and characterization of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase gene from Lactuca sativa. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:1076-83. [PMID: 21349599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E has been found to be associated with an important antioxidant property in mammals and plants. In photosynthetic organisms, the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD; E.C. 1.13.11.27) plays an important role in the vitamin E biosynthetic pathway. The full-length cDNA encoding HPPD was isolated from Lactuca sativa L. by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The cDNA, designated as LsHPPD, was 1743 base pairs (bp) long containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 1338 bp encoding a protein of 446 amino acids. Sequence analysis indicated that LsHPPD shared high identity with HPPD from Medicago truncatula L. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed that LsHPPD was preferentially expressed in mature leaves compared with other tissues and that the LsHPPD expression was sensitive to high light and drought stress treatments. Transient expression of LsHPPD via agroinfiltration resulted in 12-fold increase in LsHPPD mRNA expression level and 4-fold enhancement in α-tocopherol content compared with the negative control. A decrease in chlorophyll content and inhibition of photosystem II were observed during stress treatments and agroinfiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Ren
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture South, Ministry of Agriculture, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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Day A, Goldschmidt-Clermont M. The chloroplast transformation toolbox: selectable markers and marker removal. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:540-53. [PMID: 21426476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plastid transformation is widely used in basic research and for biotechnological applications. Initially developed in Chlamydomonas and tobacco, it is now feasible in a broad range of species. Selection of transgenic lines where all copies of the polyploid plastid genome are transformed requires efficient markers. A number of traits have been used for selection such as photoautotrophy, resistance to antibiotics and tolerance to herbicides or to other metabolic inhibitors. Restoration of photosynthesis is an effective primary selection method in Chlamydomonas but can only serve as a screening tool in flowering plants. The most successful and widely used markers are derived from bacterial genes that inactivate antibiotics, such as aadA that confers resistance to spectinomycin and streptomycin. For many applications, the presence of a selectable marker that confers antibiotic resistance is not desirable. Efficient marker removal methods are a major attraction of the plastid engineering tool kit. They exploit the homologous recombination and segregation pathways acting on chloroplast genomes and are based on direct repeats, transient co-integration or co-transformation and segregation of trait and marker genes. Foreign site-specific recombinases and their target sites provide an alternative and effective method for removing marker genes from plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Day
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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21
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Impact of gene expression of chosen genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin E on the total vitamin E content and composition in grain of spring barley. KVASNY PRUMYSL 2010. [DOI: 10.18832/kp2010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li Y, Wang Z, Sun X, Tang K. Current opinions on the functions of tocopherol based on the genetic manipulation of tocopherol biosynthesis in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:1057-1069. [PMID: 18844774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As a member of an important group of lipid soluble antioxidants, tocopherols play a paramount role in the daily diet of humans and animals. Recently, genes required for tocochromanol biosynthesis pathway have been identified and cloned with the help of genomics-based approaches and molecular manipulation in the model organisms: Arabidopsis thaliana and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. At the basis of these foundations, genetic manipulation of tocochromanol biosynthesis pathway can give rise to strategies that enhance the level of tocochromanol content or convert the constitution of tocochromanol. In addition, genetic manipulations of the tocochromanol biosynthesis pathway provide help for the study of the function of tocopherol in plant systems. The present article summarizes recent advances and pays special attention to the functions of tocopherol in plants. The roles of tocopherol in the network of reactive oxygen species, antioxidants and phytohormones to maintain redox homeostasis and the functions of tocopherol as a signal molecule in chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling to regulate carbohydrate metabolism are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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23
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Ruiz-Rodriguez A, Bronze MR, Ponte MND. Supercritical fluid extraction of tobacco leaves: A preliminary study on the extraction of solanesol. J Supercrit Fluids 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Lee CM, Yeo YS, Lee JH, Kim SJ, Kim JB, Han NS, Koo BS, Yoon SH. Identification of a novel 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase from the soil metagenome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 370:322-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Biolistic delivery of DNA initiated plastid transformation research and still is the most widelyused approach to generate transplastomic lines in both algae and higher plants. The principal designof transformation vectors is similar in both phylogenetic groups. Although important additions tothe list of species transformed in their plastomes have been made in algae and in higher plants, thekey organisms in the area are still the two species, in which stable plastid transformation was initiallysuccessful, i.e., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and tobacco. Basicresearch into organelle biology has substantially benefited from the homologous recombination-basedcapability to precisely insert at predetermined loci, delete, disrupt, or exchange plastid genomesequences. Successful expression of recombinant proteins, including pharmaceutical proteins, hasbeen demonstrated in Chlamydomonas as well as in higher plants,where some interesting agronomic traits were also engineered through plastid transformation.
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26
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Hunter SC, Cahoon EB. Enhancing vitamin E in oilseeds: unraveling tocopherol and tocotrienol biosynthesis. Lipids 2007; 42:97-108. [PMID: 17393215 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring vitamin E, comprised of four forms each of tocopherols and tocotrienols, are synthesized solely by photosynthetic organisms and function primarily as antioxidants. These different forms vary in their biological availability and in their physiological and chemical activities. Tocopherols and tocotrienols play important roles in the oxidative stability of vegetable oils and in the nutritional quality of crop plants for human and livestock diets. The isolation of genes for nearly all the steps in tocopherol and tocotrienol biosynthesis has facilitated efforts to alter metabolic flux through these pathways in plant cells. Herein we review the recent work done in the field, focusing on branch points and metabolic engineering to enhance and alter vitamin E content and composition in oilseed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Hunter
- United States Department of Agriculture, ARS, Plant Genetics Research Unit, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, Saint Louis, MO 63132, USA.
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Dufourmantel N, Dubald M, Matringe M, Canard H, Garcon F, Job C, Kay E, Wisniewski JP, Ferullo JM, Pelissier B, Sailland A, Tissot G. Generation and characterization of soybean and marker-free tobacco plastid transformants over-expressing a bacterial 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase which provides strong herbicide tolerance. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2007; 5:118-33. [PMID: 17207262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) is part of the biosynthetic pathway leading to plastoquinone and vitamin E. This enzyme is also the molecular target of various new bleaching herbicides for which genetically engineered tolerant crops are being developed. We have expressed a sensitive bacterial hppd gene from Pseudomonas fluorescens in plastid transformants of tobacco and soybean and characterized in detail the recombinant lines. HPPD accumulates to approximately 5% of total soluble protein in transgenic chloroplasts of both species. As a result, the soybean and tobacco plastid transformants acquire a strong herbicide tolerance, performing better than nuclear transformants. In contrast, the over-expression of HPPD has no significant impact on the vitamin E content of leaves or seeds, quantitatively or qualitatively. A new strategy is presented and exemplified in tobacco which allows the rapid generation of antibiotic marker-free plastid transformants containing the herbicide tolerance gene only. This work reports, for the first time, the plastome engineering for herbicide tolerance in a major agronomic crop, and a technology leading to marker-free lines for this trait.
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Cornwell DG, Ma J. Studies in Vitamin E: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Tocopherol Quinones. VITAMIN E 2007; 76:99-134. [PMID: 17628173 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(07)76005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tocopherols and tocotrienols, parent congeners in the vitamin E family, function as phenolic antioxidants. However, there has been little interest in their quinone electrophiles formed as a consequence of oxidation reactions, even though unique biological properties were suggested by early studies conducted immediately after the discovery of vitamin E. Oxidation of tocopherols and tocotrienols produces para- and ortho-quinones, and quinone methides, while oxidation of their carboxyethyl hydroxychroman derivatives produces quinone lactones. These quinone electrophiles are grouped in two subclasses, the nonarylating fully methylated alpha-family and the arylating desmethyl beta-, gamma-, and delta-family. Arylating quinone electrophiles form Michael adducts with thiol nucleophiles, provided by cysteinyl proteins or peptides, which can be identified and quantified by tetramethylammonium hydroxide thermochemolysis. They have striking biological properties which differ significantly from their nonarylating congeners. They are highly cytotoxic, inducing characteristic apoptotic changes in cultured cells. Cytotoxicity is intimately associated with the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and a consequent unfolded protein response involving the pancreatic ER kinase (PERK) signaling pathway that commits overstressed cells to apoptosis. The step-function difference between arylating and nonarylating tocopherol quinones is conceivably the basis for distinct biological properties of parent tocopherols, including the epigenetic modification of a histone thiol, the ceramide pathway, natriuresis, and the activity of COX-2, NF-kappaB, PPARgamma, and cyclin. The role of alpha-tocopherol in the origin and evolution of the western hominin diet, the so-called "Mediterranean" diet, and the prominence of alpha-tocopherol in colostrum, mother's milk, and infant nutrition are considered. Finally, the discordance introduced into the diet by arylating tocopherol quinone precursors through the wide use of vegetable oils in deep-frying is recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Cornwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Chen S, Li H, Liu G. Progress of vitamin E metabolic engineering in plants. Transgenic Res 2006; 15:655-65. [PMID: 17072565 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-9012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E is important for human and animal health. Many human diseases, such as certain cancers and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disease, are associated with the insufficient intake of vitamin E. The daily requirements for vitamin E in men and women have been increased to 15-30 mg. Because the primary source of dietary vitamin E comes from plants, there is a need to increase vitamin E production through plant engineering in order to meet the demand in human consumption. Numerous studies have been carried out in this field, leading to many successful examples. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in vitamin E metabolic engineering in plants aimed at improving the vitamin E content and regulating composition of vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, PR China
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DellaPenna D, Pogson BJ. Vitamin synthesis in plants: tocopherols and carotenoids. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 57:711-38. [PMID: 16669779 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids and tocopherols are the two most abundant groups of lipid-soluble antioxidants in chloroplasts. In addition to their many functional roles in photosynthetic organisms, these compounds are also essential components of animal diets, including humans. During the past decade, a near complete set of genes required for the synthesis of both classes of compounds in photosynthetic tissues has been identified, primarily as a result of molecular genetic and biochemical genomics-based approaches in the model organisms Arabidopsis thaliana and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Mutant analysis and transgenic studies in these and other systems have provided important insight into the regulation, activities, integration, and evolution of individual enzymes and are already providing a knowledge base for breeding and transgenic approaches to modify the types and levels of these important compounds in agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean DellaPenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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