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Wang S, Li R, Zhou Y, Fernie AR, Ding Z, Zhou Q, Che Y, Yao Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Hu X, Guo J. Integrated Characterization of Cassava ( Manihot esculenta) Pectin Methylesterase ( MePME) Genes to Filter Candidate Gene Responses to Multiple Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2529. [PMID: 37447090 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant pectin methylesterases (PMEs) play crucial roles in regulating cell wall modification and response to various stresses. Members of the PME family have been found in several crops, but there is a lack of research into their presence in cassava (Manihot esculent), which is an important crop for world food security. In this research, 89 MePME genes were identified in cassava that were separated into two types (type-Ⅰ and type-Ⅱ) according to the existence or absence of a pro-region (PMEI domain). The MePME gene members were unevenly located on 17 chromosomes, with 19 gene pairs being identified that most likely arose via duplication events. The MePMEs could be divided into ten sub-groups in type-Ⅰ and five sub-groups in type-Ⅱ. The motif analysis revealed 11 conserved motifs in type-Ⅰ and 8 in type-Ⅱ MePMEs. The number of introns in the CDS region of type-Ⅰ MePMEs ranged between one and two, and the number of introns in type-Ⅱ MePMEs ranged between one and nine. There were 21 type-Ⅰ and 31 type-Ⅱ MePMEs that contained signal peptides. Most of the type-Ⅰ MePMEs had two conserved "RK/RLL" and one "FPSWVS" domain between the pro-region and the PME domain. Multiple stress-, hormone- and tissue-specific-related cis-acting regulatory elements were identified in the promoter regions of MePME genes. A total of five co-expressed genes (MePME1, MePME2, MePME27, MePME65 and MePME82) were filtered from different abiotic stresses via the use of UpSet Venn diagrams. The gene expression pattern analysis revealed that the expression of MePME1 was positively correlated with the degree of cassava postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD). The expression of this gene was also significantly upregulated by 7% PEG and 14 °C low-temperature stress, but slightly downregulated by ABA treatment. The tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that MePME1 and MePME65 generally displayed higher expression levels in most tissues than the other co-expressed genes. In this study, we obtain an in-depth understanding of the cassava PME gene family, suggesting that MePME1 could be a candidate gene associated with multiple abiotic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Ruimei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yangjiao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Zhongping Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yannian Che
- College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xinwen Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Jianchun Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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Sotelo-Lara DM, Amador-Espejo GG, Zamora-Gasga VM, Gutiérrez-Martínez P, Velázquez-Estrada RM. Effect of thermosonication on bioactive compounds, enzymatic and microbiological inactivation in nectar with strawberry by-products. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:1580-1589. [PMID: 37033320 PMCID: PMC10076460 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of strawberry by-products (pulp and achene) and thermosonication offers a nectar with a potential contribution of health and safety benefits. Strawberry nectar with 0, 10 and 20% of strawberry by-products (SB) was subjected to thermosonication (24 kHz) at 70 and 80% for 8 min at 50 °C. Total soluble solids, pH, polyphenol oxidase (PO) and pectin methylesterase (PME) activities, total soluble phenols (TSP), ascorbic acid (AA), anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity (AOX) were evaluated. Microbiological reduction and inactivation of Escherichia coli was also determined. A limited activity was observed in PO and PME related to the SB percentage added. TSP, AA, anthocyanins, and AOX were increased due to the different percentages of SB added to the nectar. A reduction of aerobic mesophiles (1.28 Log CFU/mL), molds and yeast counts (1.23 Log CFU/mL) were achieved by thermosonication. E. coli inactivation was approximately 1 log CFU/mL in 20% SB nectar at 80% amplitude, 8 min at 50 °C, but increased during storage at 6 °C (0.915-5.86 Log CFU/mL). Thermosonication showed the possibility of employing strawberry by-products in nectars, improving the use of agro-industrial residues by non-thermal technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia M. Sotelo-Lara
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico 2595, Col. Lagos del Country, C.P. 63175 Tepic, Nayarit México
| | - Genaro G. Amador-Espejo
- CONACYT-IPN Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, C.P. 90700 Tlaxcala, México
| | - Víctor M. Zamora-Gasga
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico 2595, Col. Lagos del Country, C.P. 63175 Tepic, Nayarit México
| | - Porfirio Gutiérrez-Martínez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico 2595, Col. Lagos del Country, C.P. 63175 Tepic, Nayarit México
| | - Rita M. Velázquez-Estrada
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico 2595, Col. Lagos del Country, C.P. 63175 Tepic, Nayarit México
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GAO J, PAN T, CHEN X, Wei Q, Xu L. Proteomic analysis of Masson pine with high resistance to pine wood nematodes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273010. [PMID: 35960732 PMCID: PMC9374249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease is a dangerous pine disease globally. We used Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) clones, selected through traditional breeding and testing for 20 years, to study the molecular mechanism of their high resistance to pine wood nematodes (PWN,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Nine strains of seedlings of genetically stable Masson pine screened from different families with high resistance to PWN were used. The same number of sensitive clones were used as susceptible controls. Total proteins were extracted for tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomic analysis. The key proteins were verified by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). A threshold of upregulation greater than 1.3-fold or downregulation greater than 0.3-fold was considered significant in highly resistant strains versus sensitive strains. A total of 3491 proteins were identified from the seedling tissues, among which 2783 proteins contained quantitative information. A total of 42 proteins were upregulated and 96 proteins were downregulated in the resistant strains. Functional enrichment analysis found significant differences in the proteins with pectin esterase activity or peroxidase activity. The proteins participating in salicylic acid metabolism, antioxidant stress reaction, polysaccharide degradation, glucose acid ester sheath lipid biosynthesis, and the sugar glycosaminoglycan degradation pathway were also changed significantly. The PRM results showed that pectin acetyl esterase, carbonic anhydrase, peroxidase, and chitinase were significantly downregulated, while aspartic protease was significantly upregulated, which was consistent with the proteomic data. These results suggest that Masson pine can degrade nematode-related proteins by increasing protease to inhibit their infestation, and can enhance the resistance of Masson pine to PWN by downregulating carbon metabolism to limit the carbon available to PWN or for involvement in cell wall components or tissue softening. Most of the downregulated proteins are supposed to act as an alternative mechanism for latter enhancement after pathogen attacks. The highly resistant Masson pine, very likely, harbors multiple pathways, both passive and active, to defend against PWN infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbin GAO
- Anhui Vocational & Technical College of Forestry, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Pine Wood Nematode Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ting PAN
- State Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Pine Wood Nematode Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Forestry, Hefei, China
| | - Xuelian CHEN
- State Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Pine Wood Nematode Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Forestry, Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Pine Wood Nematode Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Forestry, Hefei, China
| | - Liuyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Pine Wood Nematode Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Forestry, Hefei, China
- * E-mail:
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Temple H, Phyo P, Yang W, Lyczakowski JJ, Echevarría-Poza A, Yakunin I, Parra-Rojas JP, Terrett OM, Saez-Aguayo S, Dupree R, Orellana A, Hong M, Dupree P. Golgi-localized putative S-adenosyl methionine transporters required for plant cell wall polysaccharide methylation. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:656-669. [PMID: 35681018 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide methylation, especially that of pectin, is a common and important feature of land plant cell walls. Polysaccharide methylation takes place in the Golgi apparatus and therefore relies on the import of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) from the cytosol into the Golgi. However, so far, no Golgi SAM transporter has been identified in plants. Here we studied major facilitator superfamily members in Arabidopsis that we identified as putative Golgi SAM transporters (GoSAMTs). Knockout of the two most highly expressed GoSAMTs led to a strong reduction in Golgi-synthesized polysaccharide methylation. Furthermore, solid-state NMR experiments revealed that reduced methylation changed cell wall polysaccharide conformations, interactions and mobilities. Notably, NMR revealed the existence of pectin 'egg-box' structures in intact cell walls and showed that their formation is enhanced by reduced methyl esterification. These changes in wall architecture were linked to substantial growth and developmental phenotypes. In particular, anisotropic growth was strongly impaired in the double mutant. The identification of putative transporters involved in import of SAM into the Golgi lumen in plants provides new insights into the paramount importance of polysaccharide methylation for plant cell wall structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Temple
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pyae Phyo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Weibing Yang
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Shanghai, China
| | - Jan J Lyczakowski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Igor Yakunin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juan Pablo Parra-Rojas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oliver M Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Rey-Serra P, Mnejja M, Monfort A. Shape, firmness and fruit quality QTLs shared in two non-related strawberry populations. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 311:111010. [PMID: 34482914 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is an octoploid species (2n = 8x = 56), appreciated widely for its fruit. There have been very few studies on fruit quality traits, which are known to be mostly polygenic and environmentally dependent. To identify higher genetic variability, two non-related populations were genotyped: an F1 population cross between 'FC50' and 'FD54' and an F2 population cross between 'Camarosa' and 'Dover', hybridizing both with IStraw35k and IStraw90k SNP arrays, respectively. The F1 genetic map was constructed with 14595 SNPs and the F2 map with 7977 SNPs. High collinearity was observed when comparing one genetic map with the other and on comparing both with the octoploid genome. To assess fruit variability, both populations were phenotyped for shape, firmness, taste and other fruit traits over the 2016-2019 period. With QTL analyses, 33 stable QTLs were mapped in the 'FC50xFD54' population, and three hotspot regions were found for shape traits in LG3A, LG4D and LG6D. In the '21AF' population, only eight stable QTLs were detected. Despite that, two major and stable QTLs were mapped in the same interval of confidence for both populations. A shared fruit shape ratio QTL which explained around 25 % of trait variance was mapped in LG3A, and a shared firmness QTL explaining 26.9 % of trait variance in LG7C. For the first time, two QTLs were discovered in LG3A and LG4A for a phenotype neck without achenes. When analysing two different mapping populations, in addition to finding specific QTL regions for the studied traits, a narrowing down of the interval of confidence for the shared QTLs is achieved. As a result of this study, a new set of SNPs for fruit firmness and shape is now available for use in MAS in strawberry breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Rey-Serra
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mourad Mnejja
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Monfort
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain.
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Anees M, Gao L, Umer MJ, Yuan P, Zhu H, Lu X, He N, Gong C, Kaseb MO, Zhao S, Liu W. Identification of Key Gene Networks Associated With Cell Wall Components Leading to Flesh Firmness in Watermelon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:630243. [PMID: 34239519 PMCID: PMC8259604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.630243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Flesh firmness of watermelon is an important quality trait for commercial fruit values, including fruit storability, transportability, and shelf life. To date, knowledge of the gene networks underlying this trait is still limited. Herein, we used weighted genes co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) based on correlation and the association of phenotypic data (cell wall contents) with significantly differentially expressed genes between two materials, a near isogeneic line "HWF" (with high average flesh firmness) and inbred line "203Z" (with low average flesh firmness), to identify the gene networks responsible for changes in fruit flesh firmness. We identified three gene modules harboring 354 genes; these gene modules demonstrated significant correlation with water-soluble pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and protopectin. Based on intramodular significance, eight genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and ethylene pathway are identified as hub genes within these modules. Among these genes, two genes, Cla012351 (Cellulose synthase) and Cla004251 (Pectinesterase), were significantly correlated with cellulose (r 2 = 0.83) and protopectin (r 2 = 0.81); three genes, Cla004120 (ERF1), Cla009966 (Cellulose synthase), and Cla006648 (Galactosyltransferase), had a significant correlation with water-soluble pectin (r 2 = 0.91), cellulose (r 2 = 0.9), and protopectin (r 2 = 0.92); and three genes, Cla007092 (ERF2a), Cla004119 (probable glycosyltransferase), and Cla018816 (Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase), were correlated with hemicellulose (r 2 = 0.85), cellulose (r 2 = 0.8), and protopectin (r 2 = 0.8). This study generated important insights of biosynthesis of a cell wall structure and ethylene signaling transduction pathway, the mechanism controlling the flesh firmness changes in watermelon, which provide a significant source to accelerate future functional analysis in watermelon to facilitate crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shengjie Zhao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of South Asian Fruits and Cucurbits, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenge Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of South Asian Fruits and Cucurbits, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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Paniagua C, Ric-Varas P, García-Gago JA, López-Casado G, Blanco-Portales R, Muñoz-Blanco J, Schückel J, Knox JP, Matas AJ, Quesada MA, Posé S, Mercado JA. Elucidating the role of polygalacturonase genes in strawberry fruit softening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7103-7117. [PMID: 32856699 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To disentangle the role of polygalacturonase (PG) genes in strawberry softening, the two PG genes most expressed in ripe receptacles, FaPG1 and FaPG2, were down-regulated. Transgenic ripe fruits were firmer than those of the wild type when PG genes were silenced individually. Simultaneous silencing of both PG genes by transgene stacking did not result in an additional increase in firmness. Cell walls from ripe fruits were characterized by a carbohydrate microarray. Higher signals of homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan I pectin epitopes in polysaccharide fractions tightly bound to the cell wall were observed in the transgenic genotypes, suggesting a lower pectin solubilization. At the transcriptomic level, the suppression of FaPG1 or FaPG2 alone induced few transcriptomic changes in the ripe receptacle, but the amount of differentially expressed genes increased notably when both genes were silenced. Many genes encoding cell wall-modifying enzymes were down-regulated. The expression of a putative high affinity potassium transporter was induced in all transgenic genotypes, indicating that cell wall weakening and loss of cell turgor could be linked. These results suggest that, besides the disassembly of pectins tightly linked to the cell wall, PGs could play other roles in strawberry softening, such as the release of oligogalacturonides exerting a positive feedback in softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelas Paniagua
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Ric-Varas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan A García-Gago
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Gloria López-Casado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Julia Schückel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Antonio J Matas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A Quesada
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sara Posé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José A Mercado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Wang Y, Li W, Chang H, Zhou J, Luo Y, Zhang K, Zuo J, Wang B. SRNAome and transcriptome analysis provide insight into strawberry fruit ripening. Genomics 2020; 112:2369-2378. [PMID: 31945464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Strawberry fruit ripening is a complex process affected by multiple factors at different regulation levels. To elucidate the regulation mechanisms, the combined analysis of sRNAome and transcriptome were used. A total of 124 known and 190 novel miRNAs were found, 62 of them were significantly differentially expressed (DE). The targets of the DE miRNAs were parsed and several TFs, such as SPL, ARF, WRKY, and TCP, were found to be involved in ripening. Elevated CO2 can significantly postpone ripening and miR156, miR166f, miR171a, and miR171d were the DE miRNAs. Transcriptome analysis found 313 DE genes related to fruit ripening, including cell wall metabolism-related genes, color-related genes, ethylene-related genes, and genes encoding TFs such as MYB, SPL, NAC, TCP, and ARF. Based on above, a combined regulatory model involved in fruit ripening was created. These results provide valuable information for understanding the complicated coordinated regulatory network of strawberry fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Wang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; National R&D Center For Fruit Processing, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wensheng Li
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; National R&D Center For Fruit Processing, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; National R&D Center For Fruit Processing, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jiahua Zhou
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; National R&D Center For Fruit Processing, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yunbo Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kaichun Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; National R&D Center For Fruit Processing, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jinhua Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Baogang Wang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; National R&D Center For Fruit Processing, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China.
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9
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Xue C, Guan SC, Chen JQ, Wen CJ, Cai JF, Chen X. Genome wide identification and functional characterization of strawberry pectin methylesterases related to fruit softening. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:13. [PMID: 31914938 PMCID: PMC6950920 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectin methylesterase (PME) is a hydrolytic enzyme that catalyzes the demethylesterification of homogalacturonans and controls pectin reconstruction, being essential in regulation of cell wall modification. During fruit ripening stage, PME-mediated cell wall remodeling is an important process to determine fruit firmness and softening. Strawberry fruit is a soft fruit with a short postharvest life, due to a rapid loss of firm texture. Hence, preharvest improvement of strawberry fruit rigidity is a prerequisite for extension of fruit refreshing time. Although PME has been well characterized in model plants, knowledge regarding the functionality and evolutionary property of PME gene family in strawberry remain limited. RESULTS A total of 54 PME genes (FvPMEs) were identified in woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca 'Hawaii 4'). Phylogeny and gene structure analysis divided these FvPME genes into four groups (Group 1-4). Duplicate events analysis suggested that tandem and dispersed duplications effectively contributed to the expansion of the PME family in strawberry. Through transcriptome analysis, we identified FvPME38 and FvPME39 as the most abundant-expressed PMEs at fruit ripening stages, and they were positively regulated by abscisic acid. Genetic manipulation of FvPME38 and FvPME39 by overexpression and RNAi-silencing significantly influences the fruit firmness, pectin content and cell wall structure, indicating a requirement of PME for strawberry fruit softening. CONCLUSION Our study globally analyzed strawberry pectin methylesterases by the approaches of phylogenetics, evolutionary prediction and genetic analysis. We verified the essential role of FvPME38 and FvPME39 in regulation of strawberry fruit softening process, which provided a guide for improving strawberry fruit firmness by modifying PME level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xue
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Si-Cong Guan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jian-Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Chen-Jin Wen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jian-Fa Cai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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10
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Langer SE, Marina M, Burgos JL, Martínez GA, Civello PM, Villarreal NM. Calcium chloride treatment modifies cell wall metabolism and activates defense responses in strawberry fruit (Fragaria × ananassa, Duch). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4003-4010. [PMID: 30723911 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit dips in calcium ions solutions have been shown as an effective treatment to extend strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa, Duch) quality during storage. In the present work, strawberry fruit were treated with 10 g L-1 calcium chloride solution and treatment effects on cell wall enzymes activities and the expression of encoding genes, as well as enzymes involved in fruit defense responses were investigated. RESULTS Calcium treatment enhanced pectin methylesterase activity while inhibited those corresponding to pectin hydrolases as polygalacturonase and β-galactosidase. The expression of key genes for strawberry pectin metabolism was up-regulated (for FaPME1) and down-regulated (for FaPG1, FaPLB, FaPLC, FaβGal1 and FaAra1) by calcium dips. In agreement, a higher firmness level and ionically-bound pectins (IBPs) amount were detected in calcium-treated fruit compared with controls. The in vitro and in vivo growth rate of fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea was limited by calcium treatment. Moreover, the activities of polyphenol oxidases, chitinases, peroxidases and β-1,3-glucanases were enhanced by calcium ion dips. CONCLUSION News insights concerning the biochemical and molecular basis of cell wall preservation and resistance to fungal pathogens on calcium-treated strawberries are provided. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia E Langer
- INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - María Marina
- INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - José L Burgos
- INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Martínez
- INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pedro M Civello
- INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, La Plata, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Natalia M Villarreal
- INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Chascomús, Argentina
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11
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Oliver P, Cicerale S, Pang E, Keast R. Identifying Key Flavors in Strawberries Driving Liking via Internal and External Preference Mapping. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1073-1083. [PMID: 29603215 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Australian consumers desire the development of a more flavorsome Australian strawberry cultivar. To aid in the development of well-liked strawberries, the attributes driving liking need to be identified. The objective of this research is to apply Preference Mapping (PM) techniques to the descriptive profile of commercial and newly bred strawberry cultivars, together with consumer preference data to determine the flavors contributing to liking. A trained sensory panel (n = 12) used Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA®) methodology to evaluate two appearance, seven aroma, five texture, 10 flavor and 10 aftertaste attributes of three commercial strawberry cultivars and six elite breeding lines grown in Victoria, Australia. Strawberry consumers (n = 150) assessed their liking of the same strawberry cultivars. QDA® significantly discriminated strawberries on 28 of the 34 sensory attributes. There were significant differences in hedonic ratings of strawberries (F(8,714) = 11.5, P = 0.0001), with Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) identifying three consumer clusters each displaying differing patterns of preference. Internal and external PM techniques were applied to the data to identify the attributes driving consumer acceptability. Sweet, berry, caramel, fruity and floral attributes were identified as most contributing to liking. Sour, citrus, green, astringent, firm and gritty attributes were conversely associated with a reduction in consumer liking. Elite Lines 2 and 6 have been identified as having the broadest appeal, satisfying between 60% and 70% of consumers in the population assessed, thus the introduction of these cultivars should satisfy the largest group of consumers in the Australian market. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The results of this research could be applied to breeding programs, to ensure newly bred cultivars express characteristics that were identified as well-liked amongst consumers. In addition, this research provides evidence for marketing strawberries by cultivar, to assist consumers in identifying those strawberries for which they have a preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Oliver
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science, Deakin Univ., 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara Cicerale
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science, Deakin Univ., 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Edwin Pang
- School of Science, RMIT Univ., Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Russell Keast
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science, Deakin Univ., 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, Australia
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12
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Oliver P, Cicerale S, Pang E, Keast R. Check-all-that-applies as an alternative for descriptive analysis to establish flavors driving liking in strawberries. J SENS STUD 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Oliver
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science, Deakin University; Burwood Victoria Australia
| | - Sara Cicerale
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science, Deakin University; Burwood Victoria Australia
| | - Edwin Pang
- School of Science, RMIT University; Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | - Russell Keast
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science, Deakin University; Burwood Victoria Australia
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13
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Oliver P, Cicerale S, Pang E, Keast R. Developing a strawberry lexicon to describe cultivars at two maturation stages. J SENS STUD 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Oliver
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science; Deakin University; Burwood Victoria Australia
| | - Sara Cicerale
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science; Deakin University; Burwood Victoria Australia
| | - Edwin Pang
- School of Science; RMIT University; Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | - Russell Keast
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science; Deakin University; Burwood Victoria Australia
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14
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Paniagua C, Santiago-Doménech N, Kirby AR, Gunning AP, Morris VJ, Quesada MA, Matas AJ, Mercado JA. Structural changes in cell wall pectins during strawberry fruit development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:55-63. [PMID: 28618373 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria × anannasa Duch.) is one of the most important soft fruit. Rapid loss of firmness occurs during the ripening process, resulting in a short shelf life and high economic losses. To get insight into the role of pectin matrix in the softening process, cell walls from strawberry fruit at two developmental stages, unripe-green and ripe-red, were extracted and sequentially fractionated with different solvents to obtain fractions enriched in a specific component. The yield of cell wall material as well as the per fresh weight contents of the different fractions decreased in ripe fruit. The largest reduction was observed in the pectic fractions extracted with a chelating agent (trans-1,2- diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N'N'-tetraacetic acid, CDTA fraction) and those covalently bound to the wall (extracted with Na2CO3). Uronic acid content of these two fractions also decreased significantly during ripening, but the amount of soluble pectins extracted with phenol:acetic acid:water (PAW) and water increased in ripe fruit. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the different fractions showed that the degree of esterification decreased in CDTA pectins but increased in soluble fractions at ripen stage. The chromatographic analysis of pectin fractions by gel filtration revealed that CDTA, water and, mainly PAW polyuronides were depolymerised in ripe fruit. By contrast, the size of Na2CO3 pectins was not modified. The nanostructural characteristics of CDTA and Na2CO3 pectins were analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Isolated pectic chains present in the CDTA fractions were significantly longer and more branched in samples from green fruit than those from red fruit. No differences in contour length were observed in Na2CO3 strands between samples of both stages. However, the percentage of branched chains decreased from 19.7% in unripe samples to 3.4% in ripe fruit. The number of pectin aggregates was higher in green fruit samples of both fractions. These results show that the nanostructural complexity of pectins present in CDTA and Na2CO3 fractions diminishes during fruit development, and this correlates with the solubilisation of pectins and the softening of the fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelas Paniagua
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Nieves Santiago-Doménech
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Andrew R Kirby
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - A Patrick Gunning
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Victor J Morris
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Miguel A Quesada
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio J Matas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - José A Mercado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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15
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Bonnin E, Mutic J, Nikolic J, Burr S, Robert P, Crépeau MJ. Methylesterase behaviour is related to polysaccharide organisation in model systems mimicking cell walls. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 124:57-65. [PMID: 25839794 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pectin gels and pectin-cellulose binary gels were used as cell wall-mimicking systems to investigate the diffusion ability of a fungal pectin methylesterase. Increasing content of cellulose in the gel appears to result: (i) in longer demethylated blocks thus favouring AaPME processivity, and (ii) in accelerated enzyme kinetics. To better understand this unexpected behaviour, a method was set up to investigate the gel porosity as a function of the cellulose content by following the passive diffusion of three pullulans having different hydrodynamic volumes. Like the enzyme, the pullulans diffused more efficiently in the gels containing the highest proportions of cellulose. Altogether, these results suggest that the gel settled differently during formation according to the respective proportions of the two polysaccharides. With cellulose present, a fraction of pectin would form close interactions with the microfibrils resulting in a larger volume accessible to diffusing molecules. This volume would be related to the cellulose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Bonnin
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, La Géraudière, F-44300 Nantes, France.
| | - Jelena Mutic
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, La Géraudière, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Jasna Nikolic
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, La Géraudière, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Sally Burr
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, La Géraudière, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Paul Robert
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, La Géraudière, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Jeanne Crépeau
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, La Géraudière, F-44300 Nantes, France
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16
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Kirtil E, Oztop MH, Sirijariyawat A, Ngamchuachit P, Barrett DM, McCarthy MJ. Effect of pectin methyl esterase (PME) and CaCl2 infusion on the cell integrity of fresh-cut and frozen-thawed mangoes: An NMR relaxometry study. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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de Souza A, Hull PA, Gille S, Pauly M. Identification and functional characterization of the distinct plant pectin esterases PAE8 and PAE9 and their deletion mutants. PLANTA 2014; 240:1123-38. [PMID: 25115560 PMCID: PMC4200376 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PAE8 and PAE9 have pectin acetylesterase activity and together remove one-third of the cell wall acetate associated with pectin formation in Arabidopsis leaves. In pae8 and pae9 mutants, substantial amounts of acetate accumulate in cell walls. In addition, the inflorescence stem height is decreased. Pectic polysaccharides constitute a significant part of the primary cell walls in dicotyledonous angiosperms. This diverse group of polysaccharides has been implicated in several physiological processes including cell-to-cell adhesion and pathogenesis. Several pectic polysaccharides contain acetyl-moieties directly affecting their physical properties such as gelling capacity, an important trait for the food industry. In order to gain further insight into the biological role of pectin acetylation, a reverse genetics approach was used to investigate the function of genes that are members of the Pectin AcetylEsterase gene family (PAE) in Arabidopsis. Mutations in two members of the PAE family (PAE8 and PAE9) lead to cell walls with an approximately 20 % increase in acetate content. High-molecular-weight fractions enriched in pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI) extracted from the mutants had increased acetate content. In addition, the pae8 mutant displayed increased acetate content also in low-molecular-weight pectic fractions. The pae8/pae9-2 double mutant exhibited an additive effect by increasing wall acetate content by up to 37 %, suggesting that the two genes are not redundant and act on acetyl-substituents of different pectic domains. The pae8 and pae8/pae9-2 mutants exhibit reduced inflorescence growth underscoring the role of pectic acetylation in plant development. When heterologously expressed and purified, both gene products were shown to release acetate from the corresponding mutant pectic fractions in vitro. PAEs play a significant role in modulating the acetylation state of pectic polymers in the wall, highlighting the importance of apoplastic metabolism for the plant cell and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amancio de Souza
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Energy Biosciences Building 212C, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-5230 USA
| | - Philip A. Hull
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Energy Biosciences Building 212C, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-5230 USA
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, PO Box 419100, San Francisco, CA 94141-9100 USA
| | - Sascha Gille
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Energy Biosciences Building 212C, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-5230 USA
- Bayer CropScience, Weed Control Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 65929 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Energy Biosciences Building 212C, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-5230 USA
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18
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Sénéchal F, Wattier C, Rustérucci C, Pelloux J. Homogalacturonan-modifying enzymes: structure, expression, and roles in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5125-60. [PMID: 25056773 PMCID: PMC4400535 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the changes affecting the plant cell wall is a key element in addressing its functional role in plant growth and in the response to stress. Pectins, which are the main constituents of the primary cell wall in dicot species, play a central role in the control of cellular adhesion and thereby of the rheological properties of the wall. This is likely to be a major determinant of plant growth. How the discrete changes in pectin structure are mediated is thus a key issue in our understanding of plant development and plant responses to changes in the environment. In particular, understanding the remodelling of homogalacturonan (HG), the most abundant pectic polymer, by specific enzymes is a current challenge in addressing its fundamental role. HG, a polymer that can be methylesterified or acetylated, can be modified by HGMEs (HG-modifying enzymes) which all belong to large multigenic families in all species sequenced to date. In particular, both the degrees of substitution (methylesterification and/or acetylation) and polymerization can be controlled by specific enzymes such as pectin methylesterases (PMEs), pectin acetylesterases (PAEs), polygalacturonases (PGs), or pectate lyases-like (PLLs). Major advances in the biochemical and functional characterization of these enzymes have been made over the last 10 years. This review aims to provide a comprehensive, up to date summary of the recent data concerning the structure, regulation, and function of these fascinating enzymes in plant development and in response to biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christopher Wattier
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christine Rustérucci
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
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19
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Wang MH, Kim JG, Ahn SE, Lee AY, Bae TM, Kim DR, Hwang YS. Potential role of pectate lyase and Ca(2+) in the increase in strawberry fruit firmness induced by short-term treatment with high-pressure CO2. J Food Sci 2014; 79:S685-92. [PMID: 24592970 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Postharvest treatment with high-pressure CO2 helps to control decay and increase firmness in strawberries. Increases in firmness occurred through modification of calcium binding to cell wall. However, the mechanism(s) involved in Ca(2+) migration to pectic polymers and other physiological events associated with the maintenance of increased firmness are not clearly understood. The focus of this study was to find potential mechanism(s) that are associated with calcium movement, increases in firmness, or maintenance of firmness in strawberry fruit after high-pressure CO2 treatment. An increase in firmness was induced by high-pressure CO2 treatment, but not by high-pressure N2 treatment. This indicates that CO2 stimulates a change in firmness. The increase in firmness induced by high-pressure CO2 seems to involve calcium efflux. Using membrane Ca(2+) -dependent ATPase inhibitors sodium vanadate (250 μM) and erythrosin B (100 μM) delayed both the increase in firmness and calcium binding to wall polymers. Exogenous application of CaCl2 (10 mM) enhanced the firmness increase of fruit slices only when they were exposed to high-pressure CO2 . The activity of pectate lyase was downregulated by CO2 treatment, but β-galactosidase activity was not affected. The increase in strawberry firmness induced by high-pressure CO2 treatment primarily involves the efflux of calcium ions and their binding to wall polymers. These physiological changes are not induced by an anaerobic environment. The downregulation of wall-modifying enzymes, such as pectate lyase, appeared to contribute to the maintenance of firmness that was induced by high-pressure CO2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Hua Wang
- Dept. of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam Natl. Univ., Deajeon, 305-764, South Korea
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20
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Ünal MÜ, Şener A. Extraction and characterization of pectin methylesterase from Alyanak apricot (Prunus armeniaca L). Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013; 52:1194-9. [PMID: 25694739 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine some of the biochemical properties of pectin methylesterase (PME) from Alyanak apricot which is an important variety grown in Malatya region of Turkey. The enzyme had high activity in a pH range of 7.0-8.0 with the maximal activity occurring at pH 7.5. However, the enzyme activity at high and low pH values was very low. The optimum temperature for maximal PME activity was found to be 60 °C. The activity of PME has been enhanced by NaCl, particularly at 0.15 M. Km and Vmax values for Alyanak apricot PME using apple pectin as substrate were found to be 1.69 mg/mL (r(2) = 0.992) and 3.41 units/mL, respectively. The enzyme was stable at 30-45 °C/10 min whereas it lost nearly all of its activity at 80 °C/10 min. Ea and Z values were found to be 206.1 kJ/mol (r(2) = 0.993) and 10.62 °C (r(2) = 0.992), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ümit Ünal
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Cukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Balcali, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Aysun Şener
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Cukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Balcali, 01330 Adana, Turkey
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21
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Pressurization and cold storage of strawberry purée: Colour, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid and pectin methylesterase. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Frenkel C, Hartman TG. Decrease in fruit moisture content heralds and might launch the onset of ripening processes. J Food Sci 2013; 77:S365-76. [PMID: 23061891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED It is known that fruit ripening is a genetically programmed event but it is not entirely clear what metabolic cue(s) stimulate the onset of ripening, ethylene action notwithstanding. Here, we examined the conjecture that fruit ripening might be evoked by an autonomously induced decrease in tissue water status. We found decline in water content occurring at the onset of ripening in climacteric and nonclimacteric fruit, suggesting that this phenomenon might be universal. This decline in water content persisted throughout the ripening process in some fruit, whereas in others it reversed during the progression of the ripening process. Applied ethylene also induced a decrease in water content in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers. In ethylene-mutant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit (antisense to1-aminocyclopropane carboxylate synthase), cold-induced decline in water content stimulated onset of ripening processes apparently independently of ethylene action, suggesting cause-and-effect relationship between decreasing water content and onset of ripening. The decline in tissue water content, occurring naturally or induced by ethylene, was strongly correlated with a decrease in hydration (swelling) efficacy of cell wall preparations suggesting that hydration dynamics of cell walls might account for changes in tissue moisture content. Extent of cell wall swelling was, in turn, related to the degree of oxidative cross-linking of wall-bound phenolic acids, suggesting that oxidant-induced wall restructuring might mediate cell wall and, thus, fruit tissue hydration status. We propose that oxidant-induced cell wall remodeling and consequent wall dehydration might evoke stress signaling for the onset of ripening processes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This study suggests that decline in fruit water content is an early event in fruit ripening. This information may be used to gauge fruit maturity for appropriate harvest date and for processing. Control of fruit hydration state might be used to regulate the onset of fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim Frenkel
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Cação SMB, Leite TF, Budzinski IGF, dos Santos TB, Scholz MBS, Carpentieri-Pipolo V, Domingues DS, Vieira LGE, Pereira LFP. Gene expression and enzymatic activity of pectin methylesterase during fruit development and ripening in Coffea arabica L. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:3186-97. [PMID: 23007997 DOI: 10.4238/2012.september.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Coffee quality is directly related to the harvest and post harvest conditions. Non-uniform maturation of coffee fruits, combined with inadequate harvest, negatively affects the final quality of the product. Pectin methylesterase (PME) plays an important role in fruit softening due to the hydrolysis of methylester groups in cell wall pectins. In order to characterize the changes occurring during coffee fruit maturation, the enzymatic activity of PME was measured during different stages of fruit ripening. PME activity progressively increased from the beginning of the ripening process to the cherry fruit stage. In silico analysis of expressed sequence tags of the Brazilian Coffee Genome Project database identified 5 isoforms of PME. We isolated and cloned a cDNA homolog of PME for further characterization. CaPME4 transcription was analyzed in pericarp, perisperm, and endosperm tissues during fruit development and ripening as well as in other plant tissues. Northern blot analysis revealed increased transcription of CaPME4 in the pericarp 300 days after flowering. Low levels of CaPME4 mRNAs were observed in the endosperm 270 days after flowering. Expression of CaPME4 transcripts was strong in the branches and lower in root and flower tissues. We showed that CaPME4 acts specifically during the later stages of fruit ripening and possibly contributes to the softening of coffee fruit, thus playing a significant role in pectin degradation in the fruit pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M B Cação
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brasil
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Teixeira GHA, Durigan JF, Santos LO, Hojo ETD, Cunha Júnior LC. Changes in the quality of jaboticaba fruit (Myriciaria jaboticaba (Vell) Berg. cv. Sabará) stored under different oxygen concentrations. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:2844-2849. [PMID: 21748733 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jaboticaba (Myriciaria jaboticaba (Vell) Berg.) is a highly perishable Brazilian berry with a shelf life of only 2 days under ambient conditions. Low temperatures and controlled atmosphere (CA) have been used to extend the shelf life of perishable fruit. Thus the aim of this study was to determine the effect of CA with varying concentrations of oxygen (1, 5, 10, 15 and 21 kPa) during cold storage (12.5 °C) of 'Sabará' jaboticaba fruit. RESULTS Atmospheres with lower oxygen concentrations (1 and 5 kPa O(2) ) significantly reduced jaboticaba respiration rate. Fruit stored under these conditions had higher L values, and titratable acidity (TA), and lower ratios of soluble solids content (SSC)/TA. However, at the lowest concentration of oxygen (1 kPa O(2) ), firmness decreased markedly compared to fruits stored at higher O(2) levels (P < 0.05). After only 2 days of storage at ambient temperature jaboticaba received a score of 1.6 (dislike strongly - 1) compared to fruit stored under CA, which scored 7.4 (like moderately - 7). After 9 days of storage, fruit from all treatments remained above the limit of acceptability (score 5) and were rated as 6.2. With respect to appearance, statistical differences between treatments were not observed. The total anthocyanin content was not affected by oxygen concentration but decreased 40.4% during CA storage. CONCLUSION 'Sabará' jaboticaba fruit can be satisfactorily stored under atmospheres containing 5-21 kPa O(2) at 12.5 °C for up to 6 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H A Teixeira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 14.040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Osorio S, Bombarely A, Giavalisco P, Usadel B, Stephens C, Aragüez I, Medina-Escobar N, Botella MA, Fernie AR, Valpuesta V. Demethylation of oligogalacturonides by FaPE1 in the fruits of the wild strawberry Fragaria vesca triggers metabolic and transcriptional changes associated with defence and development of the fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2855-73. [PMID: 21273336 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of the strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) gene FaPE1 encoding pectin methyl esterase produced in the wild species Fragaria vesca partially demethylated oligogalacturonides (OGAs), which conferred partial resistance of ripe fruits to the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Analyses of metabolic and transcriptional changes in the receptacle of the transgenic fruits revealed channelling of metabolites to aspartate and aromatic amino acids as well as phenolics, flavanones, and sesquiterpenoids, which was in parallel with the increased expression of some genes related to plant defence. The results illustrate the changes associated with resistance to B. cinerea in the transgenic F. vesca. These changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in the auxin content of the receptacle of the ripe fruits of transgenic F. vesca, and enhanced expression of some auxin-repressed genes. The role of these OGAs in fruit development was revealed by the larger size of the ripe fruits in transgenic F. vesca. When taken together these results show that in cultivated F. ananassa FaPE1 participates in the de-esterification of pectins and the generation of partially demethylated OGAs, which might reinforce the plant defence system and play an active role in fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Louvet R, Rayon C, Domon JM, Rusterucci C, Fournet F, Leaustic A, Crépeau MJ, Ralet MC, Rihouey C, Bardor M, Lerouge P, Gillet F, Pelloux J. Major changes in the cell wall during silique development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:59-67. [PMID: 21051061 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fruit development is a highly complex process, which involves major changes in plant metabolism leading to cell growth and differentiation. Changes in cell wall composition and structure play a major role in modulating cell growth. We investigated the changes in cell wall composition and the activities of associated enzymes during the dry fruit development of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Silique development is characterized by several specific phases leading to fruit dehiscence and seed dispersal. We showed that early phases of silique growth were characterized by specific changes in non-cellulosic sugar content (rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, galactose and galacturonic acid). Xyloglucan oligosaccharide mass profiling further showed a strong increase in O-acetylated xyloglucans over the course of silique development, which could suggest a decreased capacity of xyloglucans to be associated with each other or to cellulose. The degree of methylesterification, mediated by the activity of pectin methylesterases (PMEs), decreased over the course of silique growth and dehiscence. The major changes in cell wall composition revealed by our analysis suggest that it could be major determinants in modulating cell wall rheology leading to growth or growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Louvet
- EA3900-BioPI Biologie des Plantes et contrôle des Insectes ravageurs, Université de Picardie, Amiens, France
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Pectin methylesterase and its proteinaceous inhibitor: a review. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:2583-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wolf S, Mouille G, Pelloux J. Homogalacturonan methyl-esterification and plant development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:851-60. [PMID: 19825662 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a plant cell to expand is largely defined by the physical constraints imposed by its cell wall. Accordingly, cell wall properties have to be regulated during development. The pectic polysaccharide homogalacturonan is a major component of the plant primary walls. Biosynthesis and in muro modification of homogalacturonan have recently emerged as key determinants of plant development, controlling cell adhesion, organ development, and phyllotactic patterning. This review will focus on recent findings regarding impact of homogalacturonan content and methyl-esterification status of this polymer on plant life. De-methyl-esterification of homogalacturonan occurs through the action of the ubiquitous enzyme 'pectin methyl-esterase'. We here describe various strategies developed by the plant to finely tune the methyl-esterification status of homogalacturonan along key events of the plant lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wolf
- Heidelberg Institute for Plant Science, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Deytieux-Belleau C, Vallet A, Donèche B, Geny L. Pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase in the developing grape skin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:638-646. [PMID: 18513987 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ripening of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry immediately precedes harvesting and the evolution of the skin tissue is important as it contains the key compounds for wine quality. Grape softening is thought to result from extensive cell wall modifications that occur during ripening. These modifications result from the activity of different cell wall-modifying enzymes. Two of the most significant pectin-degrading enzymes are pectin methylesterase (EC 3.1.1.11) and polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15). In this work, the activities of both enzymes were monitored in skin tissue throughout berry development. Pectin methylesterase activity was present before the onset of veraison and increased during skin maturation. No polygalacturonase activity could be detected. The accumulation of mRNA encoding a pectin methylesterase and two polygalacturonase isoforms was examined using RT-PCR. Transcripts for pectin methylesterase were present in all stages analyzed with a maximal accumulation at the end of color change. Accumulation of VvPG1 transcript was closely correlated with berry softening, and expression of this gene was markedly increased during the color change. VvPG2 mRNA accumulation began before veraison and was low during skin ripening. A phylogenic analysis showed that this gene is classified in a different group than VvPG1. These findings suggest that both genes are associated with different mechanisms during skin development. VvPG1, in particular, is most likely to play a role in skin softening and VvPG2 in triggering the ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Deytieux-Belleau
- UMR 1219 Œnologie, Université V. Ségalen Bordeaux 2, INRA, ISVV, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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