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Bhardwaj R, Lone JK, Pandey R, Mondal N, Dhandapani R, Meena SK, Khan S. Insights into morphological and physio-biochemical adaptive responses in mungbean ( Vigna radiata L.) under heat stress. Front Genet 2023; 14:1206451. [PMID: 37396038 PMCID: PMC10308031 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1206451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is an important food legume crop which contributes significantly to nutritional and food security of South and Southeast Asia. The crop thrives in hot and humid weather conditions, with an optimal temperature range of 28°-35°C, and is mainly cultivated under rainfed environments. However, the rising global temperature has posed a serious threat to mungbean cultivation. Optimal temperature is a vital factor in cellular processes, and every crop species has evolved with its specific temperature tolerance ability. Moreover, variation within a crop species is inevitable, given the diverse environmental conditions under which it has evolved. For instance, various mungbean germplasm can grow and produce seeds in extreme ambient temperatures as low as 20°C or as high as 45°C. This range of variation in mungbean germplasm for heat tolerance plays a crucial role in developing heat tolerant and high yielding mungbean cultivars. However, heat tolerance is a complex mechanism which is extensively discussed in this manuscript; and at the same time individual genotypes have evolved with various ways of heat stress tolerance. Therefore, to enhance understanding towards such variability in mungbean germplasm, we studied morphological, anatomical, physiological, and biochemical traits which are responsive to heat stress in plants with more relevance to mungbean. Understanding heat stress tolerance attributing traits will help in identification of corresponding regulatory networks and associated genes, which will further help in devising suitable strategies to enhance heat tolerance in mungbean. The major pathways responsible for heat stress tolerance in plants are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Bhardwaj
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith University, Tonk Rajasthan, India
| | - Jafar K Lone
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Pandey
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Nupur Mondal
- Shivaji College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - R Dhandapani
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Meena
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Grassland and Research Institute, Jhansi, India
| | - Suphiya Khan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith University, Tonk Rajasthan, India
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Ro S, Chea L, Ngoun S, Stewart ZP, Roeurn S, Theam P, Lim S, Sor R, Kosal M, Roeun M, Dy KS, Prasad PVV. Response of Tomato Genotypes under Different High Temperatures in Field and Greenhouse Conditions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030449. [PMID: 33673537 PMCID: PMC7997173 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is one of the production constraints for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) due to unfavorable, above optimum temperatures. This research was undertaken to evaluate growth and fruit yield of tomato genotypes under three contrasting growing conditions (i.e., optimal temperature in field-, high temperature in field- and high temperature in greenhouse conditions) to determine their relative heat tolerance. Eleven tomato genotypes, including two local check varieties, were evaluated, and data on growth and yield were measured and analyzed. The interactions between the genotypes and growing conditions for all yield traits were significant. In general, the performance of tomato under optimal temperature field conditions was better than under high temperature field- and greenhouse conditions. Genotypes CLN1621L, CLN2026D, CLN3212C, and KK1 had consistently greater fruit yield per plant in all growing conditions. Although the local genotype, Neang Tamm, had lower yield under optimal conditions, it performed moderately well under high temperature field- and high temperature greenhouse conditions, and yield decrease under high temperature condition was minimal. Genotype CLN1621L had stable fruit setting compared to other genotypes under high temperature conditions. Since fruit setting and yield are important traits for heat tolerance, genotypes CLN1621L and Neang Tamm are potential candidates for breeding programs focused on improved yield and heat stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophoanrith Ro
- Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh P.O. Box 2696, Cambodia; (L.C.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (P.T.); (S.L.); (R.S.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (K.S.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +855-11528284
| | - Leangsrun Chea
- Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh P.O. Box 2696, Cambodia; (L.C.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (P.T.); (S.L.); (R.S.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (K.S.D.)
| | - Sreymey Ngoun
- Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh P.O. Box 2696, Cambodia; (L.C.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (P.T.); (S.L.); (R.S.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (K.S.D.)
| | - Zachary P. Stewart
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Sustainable Intensification, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (Z.P.S.); (P.V.V.P.)
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Siranet Roeurn
- Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh P.O. Box 2696, Cambodia; (L.C.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (P.T.); (S.L.); (R.S.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (K.S.D.)
| | - Penghieng Theam
- Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh P.O. Box 2696, Cambodia; (L.C.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (P.T.); (S.L.); (R.S.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (K.S.D.)
| | - Sathya Lim
- Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh P.O. Box 2696, Cambodia; (L.C.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (P.T.); (S.L.); (R.S.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (K.S.D.)
| | - Rathana Sor
- Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh P.O. Box 2696, Cambodia; (L.C.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (P.T.); (S.L.); (R.S.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (K.S.D.)
| | - Meas Kosal
- Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh P.O. Box 2696, Cambodia; (L.C.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (P.T.); (S.L.); (R.S.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (K.S.D.)
| | - Malean Roeun
- Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh P.O. Box 2696, Cambodia; (L.C.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (P.T.); (S.L.); (R.S.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (K.S.D.)
| | - Kim Sreang Dy
- Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh P.O. Box 2696, Cambodia; (L.C.); (S.N.); (S.R.); (P.T.); (S.L.); (R.S.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (K.S.D.)
| | - P. V. Vara Prasad
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Sustainable Intensification, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (Z.P.S.); (P.V.V.P.)
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Chaudhary S, Devi P, Bhardwaj A, Jha UC, Sharma KD, Prasad PVV, Siddique KHM, Bindumadhava H, Kumar S, Nayyar H. Identification and Characterization of Contrasting Genotypes/Cultivars for Developing Heat Tolerance in Agricultural Crops: Current Status and Prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:587264. [PMID: 33193540 PMCID: PMC7642017 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.587264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rising global temperatures due to climate change are affecting crop performance in several regions of the world. High temperatures affect plants at various organizational levels, primarily accelerating phenology to limit biomass production and shortening reproductive phase to curtail flower and fruit numbers, thus resulting in severe yield losses. Besides, heat stress also disrupts normal growth, development, cellular metabolism, and gene expression, which alters shoot and root structures, branching patterns, leaf surface and orientation, and anatomical, structural, and functional aspects of leaves and flowers. The reproductive growth stage is crucial in plants' life cycle, and susceptible to high temperatures, as reproductive processes are negatively impacted thus reducing crop yield. Genetic variation exists among genotypes of various crops to resist impacts of heat stress. Several screening studies have successfully phenotyped large populations of various crops to distinguish heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive genotypes using various traits, related to shoots (including leaves), flowers, fruits (pods, spikes, spikelets), and seeds (or grains), which have led to direct release of heat-tolerant cultivars in some cases (such as chickpea). In the present review, we discuss examples of contrasting genotypes for heat tolerance in different crops, involving many traits related to thermotolerance in leaves (membrane thermostability, photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal activity), flowers (pollen viability, pollen germination, fertilization, ovule viability), roots (architecture), biomolecules (antioxidants, osmolytes, phytohormones, heat-shock proteins, other stress proteins), and "omics" (phenomics, transcriptomics, genomics) approaches. The traits linked to heat tolerance can be introgressed into high yielding but heat-sensitive genotypes of crops to enhance their thermotolerance. Involving these traits will be useful for screening contrasting genotypes and would pave the way for characterizing the underlying molecular mechanisms, which could be valuable for engineering plants with enhanced thermotolerance. Wherever possible, we discussed breeding and biotechnological approaches for using these traits to develop heat-tolerant genotypes of various food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poonam Devi
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Kamal Dev Sharma
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh (CSK HP) Agricultural University, Palampur, India
| | | | | | - H. Bindumadhava
- World Vegetable Center, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Harsh Nayyar
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Khadka K, Earl HJ, Raizada MN, Navabi A. A Physio-Morphological Trait-Based Approach for Breeding Drought Tolerant Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:715. [PMID: 32582249 PMCID: PMC7286286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the past, there have been drought events in different parts of the world, which have negatively influenced the productivity and production of various crops including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), one of the world's three important cereal crops. Breeding new high yielding drought-tolerant wheat varieties is a research priority specifically in regions where climate change is predicted to result in more drought conditions. Commonly in breeding for drought tolerance, grain yield is the basis for selection, but it is a complex, late-stage trait, affected by many factors aside from drought. A strategy that evaluates genotypes for physiological responses to drought at earlier growth stages may be more targeted to drought and time efficient. Such an approach may be enabled by recent advances in high-throughput phenotyping platforms (HTPPs). In addition, the success of new genomic and molecular approaches rely on the quality of phenotypic data which is utilized to dissect the genetics of complex traits such as drought tolerance. Therefore, the first objective of this review is to describe the growth-stage based physio-morphological traits that could be targeted by breeders to develop drought-tolerant wheat genotypes. The second objective is to describe recent advances in high throughput phenotyping of drought tolerance related physio-morphological traits primarily under field conditions. We discuss how these strategies can be integrated into a comprehensive breeding program to mitigate the impacts of climate change. The review concludes that there is a need for comprehensive high throughput phenotyping of physio-morphological traits that is growth stage-based to improve the efficiency of breeding drought-tolerant wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Khadka
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Arena C, Conti S, Francesca S, Melchionna G, Hájek J, Barták M, Barone A, Rigano MM. Eco-Physiological Screening of Different Tomato Genotypes in Response to High Temperatures: A Combined Field-to-Laboratory Approach. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040508. [PMID: 32326566 PMCID: PMC7238220 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High temperatures represent a limitation for growth and development of many crop species. Several studies have demonstrated that the yield reduction of tomato under high temperatures and drought is mainly due to a photosynthetic decline. In this paper, a set of 15 tomato genotypes were screened for tolerance to elevated temperatures by cultivating plants under plastic walk-in tunnels. To assess the potential tolerance of tomato genotypes to high temperatures, measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence, pigments content and leaf functional traits have been carried out together with the evaluation of the final yields. Based on the greenhouse trials, a group of eight putative heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant tomato genotypes was selected for laboratory experiments aimed at investigating the effects of short-term high temperatures treatments in controlled conditions. The chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics were recorded on detached leaves treated for 60 min at 35 °C or at 45 °C. The last treatment significantly affected the photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency (namely maximum PSII quantum efficiency, Fv/Fm, and quantum yield of PSII electron transport, ΦPSII) and the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in the majority of genotypes. The short-term heat shock treatments also led to significant differences in the shape of the slow Kautsky kinetics and its significant time points (chlorophyll fluorescence levels minimum O, peak P, semi-steady state S, maximum M, terminal steady state T) compared to the control, demonstrating heat shock-induced changes in PSII functionality. Genotypes potentially tolerant to high temperatures have been identified. Our findings support the idea that chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (i.e., ΦPSII or NPQ) and some leaf functional traits may be used as a tool to detect high temperatures-tolerant tomato cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Arena
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Stefano Conti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (G.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Silvana Francesca
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (G.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Melchionna
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (G.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Josef Hájek
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, University Campus Bohunice, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Miloš Barták
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, University Campus Bohunice, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Amalia Barone
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (G.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Maria Manuela Rigano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (S.C.); (S.F.); (G.M.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0039-0812-532125
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Effect of Wastewater Irrigation on Photosynthesis, Growth, and Anatomical Features of Two Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The wastewater from the Razi petrochemical complex contains high levels of salts and heavy metals. In the present research, the effects of different wastewater dilution levels (0, 25%, 50%, and 100%) were studied on two wheat cultivars—Chamran and Behrang. The wastewater contained high levels of NH4+, NO3-, PO43-, and SO42-, and Mg, Ca, K, Na, Cu, Zn, Fe, M, and Ni. The toxic levels of mineral elements in the wastewater resulted in a significant decline in the K, P, Si, and Zn content of leaves. Irrigation with the wastewater resulted in a significant reduction in photosynthetic characteristics including chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm and PIABS), intercellular CO2, net photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic pigments. The reduction in photosynthesis was followed by a significant decrease in the carbohydrate content and, subsequently, plant height, leaf area, and grain yield. Increasing the wastewater concentration reduced leaf thickness and root diameter, accounting for the decrease in xylem and phloem vessels, the root cortical parenchyma, and mesophyll thickness. The bulliform cell size increased under wastewater treatment, which may suggest induction of a defense system against water loss through leaf rolling. Based on the observed negative effect of wastewater on physiology, morphology, anatomy, and yield of two wheat cultivars, reusing wastewater with high levels of total suspended solids and salts for irrigation cannot be approved for wheat crops.
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He N, Liu Z, Sun X, Wang S, Liu W, Sun D, Duan S. Phytotoxicity, Bioaccumulation, and Degradation of Nonylphenol in Different Microalgal Species without Bacterial Influences. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041338. [PMID: 32079213 PMCID: PMC7073002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is a contaminant that has negative impacts on aquatic organisms. To investigate its phytotoxicity, bioaccumulation, and degradation in algae without associated bacteria, six freshwater microalgae—Ankistrodesmus acicularis, Chlorella vulgaris, Chroococcus minutus, Scenedesmus obliquus, Scenedesmus quadricauda, and Selenastrum bibraianum—in bacteria-free cultures were studied. When exposed to 0.5–3.0 mg L−1 NP for 4 days, cell growth and photosynthesis, including maximal photochemistry (Fv/Fm), were suppressed progressively. The antioxidant responses of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) showed species differences. While the antioxidant enzymes in C. vulgaris and S. obliquus were more active with the increase of NP (0–3 mg L−1), they dropped in the other four algae at concentrations of 1 and 1.5 mg L−1. Therefore, C. vulgaris and S. obliquus were designated as NP-tolerant species and showed more conspicuous and faster changes of antioxidant reactions compared with the four NP-sensitive species. All six species degraded NP, but A. acicularis was more reactive at low NP concentrations (<1 mg L−1), suggesting its possible application in sewage treatment for its potential for effective NP removal from water bodies in a suitable scope. Therefore, the conclusion is that biodegradation of NP by algae is species specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning He
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China;
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Xian Sun
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-756-7626350
| | - Shuangyao Wang
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;
| | - Weijie Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, NO.18 Ruihe RD., Guangzhou 510535, China;
| | - Dong Sun
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (D.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Shunshan Duan
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (D.S.); (S.D.)
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Quantifying Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters from Hyperspectral Reflectance at the Leaf Scale under Various Nitrogen Treatment Regimes in Winter Wheat. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11232838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) parameters, especially the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in dark- and light-adapted conditions (Fv/Fm and Fv’/Fm’), have been used extensively to indicate photosynthetic activity, physiological function, as well as healthy and early stress conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of applying hyperspectral data for the detection of ChlF parameters in vegetation. However, the performance of spectral features that have been documented to estimate ChlF is not ideal and is poorly understood. In this study, ChlF parameters and leaf reflectance were collected in two field experiments involving various wheat cultivars, nitrogen (N) applications, and plant densities, during the growing seasons of 2014 to 2015 and 2015 to 2016. Three types of spectral features, including vegetation indices (VIs), red edge position (REP), and wavelet features, were used to quantify ChlF parameters Fv/Fm and Fv’/Fm’. The results indicated that traditional chlorophyll fluorescence vegetation indices (ChlF VIs), such as the curvature index (CUR) and D705/D722 were capable of detecting Fv/Fm and Fv’/Fm’ under various scenarios. However, the wavelet-based REP (WREP-S4) and the wavelet feature (WF) (704 nm, scale 4) yielded higher accuracy than other spectral features in calibration and validation datasets. Moreover, the bands used to calculate WREP-S4 and WF (704 nm, scale 4) were all centered in the red edge region (680 to 760 nm), which highlighted the role of the red edge region in tracking the change of active ChlF signal. Our results are supported by previous studies, which have shown that the red edge region is vital for estimating the chlorophyll content, and also the ChlF parameters. These findings could help to improve our understanding of the relationships among active ChlF signal and reflectance spectra.
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Accelerating Breeding for Heat Tolerance in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.): An Integrated Approach. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9110720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is a major limiting factor for crop productivity. Tomato is highly sensitive to heat stress, which can result in a total yield loss. To adapt to current and future heat stress, there is a dire need to develop heat tolerant cultivars. Here, we review recent attempts to improve screening for heat tolerance and to exploit genetic and genomic resources in tomatoes. We provide key factors related to phenotyping environments and traits (morphological, physiological, and metabolic) to be considered to identify and breed thermo-tolerant genotypes. There is significant variability in tomato germplasm that can be harnessed to breed for thermo-tolerance. Based on our review, we propose that the use of advanced backcross populations and chromosome segments substitution lines is the best means to exploit variability for heat tolerance in non-cultivated tomato species. We applied a meta quantitative trait loci (MQTL) analysis on data from four mapping experiments to co-localize QTL associated with heat tolerance traits (e.g., pollen viability, number of pollen, number of flowers, style protrusion, style length). The analysis revealed 13 MQTL of which 11 were composed of a cluster of QTL. Overall, there was a reduction of about 1.5-fold in the confidence interval (CI) of the MQTL (31.82 cM) compared to the average CI of individual QTL (47.4 cM). This confidence interval is still large and additional mapping resolution approaches such as association mapping and multi-parent linkage mapping are needed. Further investigations are required to decipher the genetic architecture of heat tolerance surrogate traits in tomatoes. Genomic selection and new breeding techniques including genome editing and speed breeding hold promise to fast-track development of improved heat tolerance and other farmer- and consumer-preferred traits in tomatoes.
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Posch BC, Kariyawasam BC, Bramley H, Coast O, Richards RA, Reynolds MP, Trethowan R, Atkin OK. Exploring high temperature responses of photosynthesis and respiration to improve heat tolerance in wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5051-5069. [PMID: 31145793 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High temperatures account for major wheat yield losses annually and, as the climate continues to warm, these losses will probably increase. Both photosynthesis and respiration are the main determinants of carbon balance and growth in wheat, and both are sensitive to high temperature. Wheat is able to acclimate photosynthesis and respiration to high temperature, and thus reduce the negative affects on growth. The capacity to adjust these processes to better suit warmer conditions stands as a potential avenue toward reducing heat-induced yield losses in the future. However, much remains to be learnt about such phenomena. Here, we review what is known of high temperature tolerance in wheat, focusing predominantly on the high temperature responses of photosynthesis and respiration. We also identify the many unknowns that surround this area, particularly with respect to the high temperature response of wheat respiration and the consequences of this for growth and yield. It is concluded that further investigation into the response of photosynthesis and respiration to high temperature could present several methods of improving wheat high temperature tolerance. Extending our knowledge in this area could also lead to more immediate benefits, such as the enhancement of current crop models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Posch
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Buddhima C Kariyawasam
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Helen Bramley
- Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Narrabri, NSW, Australia
| | - Onoriode Coast
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Matthew P Reynolds
- Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Richard Trethowan
- Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture & School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Narrabri, NSW, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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11
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Bento M, Pereira SG, Viegas W, Silva M. Durum wheat diversity for heat stress tolerance during inflorescence emergence is correlated to TdHSP101C expression in early developmental stages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190085. [PMID: 29284056 PMCID: PMC5746240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted world population increase along with climate changes threatens sustainable agricultural supply in the coming decades. It is therefore vital to understand crops diversity associated to abiotic stress response. Heat stress is considered one of the major constrains on crops productivity thus it is essential to develop new approaches for a precocious and rigorous evaluation of varietal diversity regarding heat tolerance. Plant cell membrane thermostability (CMS) is a widely used method for wheat thermotolerance assessment although its limitations require complementary solutions. In this work we used CMS assay and explored TdHSP101C genes as an additional tool for durum wheat screening. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of TdHSP101C genes were performed in varieties with contrasting CMS results and further correlated with heat stress tolerance during fertilization and seed development. Although the durum wheat varieties studied presented a very high homology on TdHSP101C genes (>99%) the transcriptomic assessment allowed the discrimination between varieties with good CMS results and its correlation with differential impacts of heat treatment during inflorescence emergence and seed development on grain yield. The evidences here reported indicate that TdHSP101C transcription levels induced by heat stress in fully expanded leaves may be a promising complementary screening tool to discriminate between durum wheat varieties identified as thermotolerant through CMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Bento
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sónia Gomes Pereira
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Wanda Viegas
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Silva
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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12
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Sharma DK, Torp AM, Rosenqvist E, Ottosen CO, Andersen SB. QTLs and Potential Candidate Genes for Heat Stress Tolerance Identified from the Mapping Populations Specifically Segregating for Fv/ Fm in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1668. [PMID: 29021798 PMCID: PMC5623722 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that Fv/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II) is the most widely used parameter for a rapid non-destructive measure of stress detection in plants, there are barely any studies on the genetic understanding of this trait under heat stress. Our aim was to identify quantitative trait locus (QTL) and the potential candidate genes linked to Fv/Fm for improved photosynthesis under heat stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Three bi-parental F2 mapping populations were generated by crossing three heat tolerant male parents (origin: Afghanistan and Pakistan) selected for high Fv/Fm with a common heat susceptible female parent (origin: Germany) selected for lowest Fv/Fm out of a pool of 1274 wheat cultivars of diverse geographic origin. Parents together with 140 F2 individuals in each population were phenotyped by Fv/Fm under heat stress (40°C for 3 days) around anthesis. The Fv/Fm decreased by 6.3% in the susceptible parent, 1-2.5% in the tolerant parents and intermediately 4-6% in the mapping populations indicating a clear segregation for the trait. The three populations were genotyped with 34,955 DArTseq and 27 simple sequence repeat markers, out of which ca. 1800 polymorphic markers mapped to 27 linkage groups covering all the 21 chromosomes with a total genome length of about 5000 cM. Inclusive composite interval mapping resulted in the identification of one significant and heat-stress driven QTL in each population on day 3 of the heat treatment, two of which were located on chromosome 3B and one on chromosome 1D. These QTLs explained about 13-35% of the phenotypic variation for Fv/Fm with an additive effect of 0.002-0.003 with the positive allele for Fv/Fm originating from the heat tolerant parents. Approximate physical localization of these three QTLs revealed the presence of 12 potential candidate genes having a direct role in photosynthesis and/or heat tolerance. Besides providing an insight into the genetic control of Fv/Fm in the present study, the identified QTLs would be useful in breeding for heat tolerance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dew Kumari Sharma
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anna Maria Torp
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Eva Rosenqvist
- Section for Crop Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Carl-Otto Ottosen
- Plant, Food & Climate, Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Årslev, Denmark
| | - Sven B. Andersen
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Feng W, Qi S, Heng Y, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Liu W, He L, Li X. Canopy Vegetation Indices from In situ Hyperspectral Data to Assess Plant Water Status of Winter Wheat under Powdery Mildew Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1219. [PMID: 28751904 PMCID: PMC5507954 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant disease and pests influence the physiological state and restricts the healthy growth of crops. Physiological measurements are considered the most accurate way of assessing plant health status. In this paper, we researched the use of an in situ hyperspectral remote sensor to detect plant water status in winter wheat infected with powdery mildew. Using a diseased nursery field and artificially inoculated open field experiments, we detected the canopy spectra of wheat at different developmental stages and under different degrees of disease severity. At the same time, destructive sampling was carried out for physical tests to investigate the change of physiological parameters under the condition of disease. Selected vegetation indices (VIs) were mostly comprised of green bands, and correlation coefficients between these common VIs and plant water content (PWC) were generally 0.784-0.902 (p < 0.001), indicating the green waveband may have great potential in the evaluation of water content of winter wheat under powdery mildew stress. The Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) was sensitive to physiological response influenced by powdery mildew, and the relationships of PRI with chlorophyll content, the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), and the potential activity of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fo) were good with R2 = 0.639, 0.833, 0.808, respectively. Linear regressions showed PRI demonstrated a steady relationship with PWC across different growth conditions, with R2 = 0.817 and RMSE = 2.17. The acquired PRI model of wheat under the powdery mildew stress has a good compatibility to different experimental fields from booting stage to filling stage compared with the traditional water signal vegetation indices, WBI, FWBI1, and FWBI2. The verification results with independent data showed that PRI still performed better with R2 = 0.819 between measured and predicted, and corresponding RE = 8.26%. Thus, PRI is recommended as a potentially reliable indicator of PWC in winter wheat with powdery mildew stress. The results will help to understand the physical state of the plant, and provide technical support for disease control using remote sensing during wheat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
| | - Shuangli Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
| | - Yarong Heng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
| | - Yapeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
| | - Wandai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
| | - Li He
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, National Engineering Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
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14
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Nankishore A, Farrell AD. The response of contrasting tomato genotypes to combined heat and drought stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 202:75-82. [PMID: 27467552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to maximize yields of food crops can be undermined by abiotic stress factors, particularly those related to climate change. Here, we use a range of physiological methods to detect the individual and combined effects of heat and drought stress on three contrasting varieties of tomato: Hybrid 61, Moskvich, and Nagcarlang. Seedlings were acclimated under the following treatment regimes: CONTROL (25-36°C; well-watered), DRY (25-36°C; 20% field capacity), HOT (25-42°C; well-watered) and HOT+DRY (25-42°C; 20% field capacity). In each treatment, stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, chlorophyll content, and several chlorophyll fluorescence variables (both in situ and in vitro following a heat shock treatment) were measured. Plants from the HOT treatment remained statistically similar to the CONTROL plants in most of the measured parameters, while those from the DRY treatment and especially the HOT+DRY treatment showed clear effects of abiotic stress. Hybrid 61 showed considerable resilience to heat and drought stress compared to the other varieties, with significantly cooler leaves (one day after treatments imposed) and significantly higher Fv/Fm values both in situ and in vitro. The genotypic differences in resilience to heat stress were only apparent under water-limited conditions, highlighting the need to consider leaf temperature rather than air temperature when testing for tolerance to heat stress. The most effective parameters for discriminating genotypic variation in heat and drought stress were in vitro Fv/Fm and chlorophyll content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aidan D Farrell
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.
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15
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Sailaja B, Subrahmanyam D, Neelamraju S, Vishnukiran T, Rao YV, Vijayalakshmi P, Voleti SR, Bhadana VP, Mangrauthia SK. Integrated Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Analysis Identifies Important Traits and Mechanisms Associated with Differential Response of Rice Genotypes to Elevated Temperature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1044. [PMID: 26640473 PMCID: PMC4661239 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In changing climatic conditions, heat stress caused by high temperature poses a serious threat to rice cultivation. A multiple organizational analysis at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels is required to fully understand the impact of elevated temperature in rice. This study was aimed at deciphering the elevated temperature response in 11 popular and mega rice cultivars widely grown in India. Physiological and biochemical traits specifically membrane thermostability (MTS), antioxidants, and photosynthesis were studied at vegetative and reproductive phases, which were used to establish a correlation with grain yield under stress. Several useful traits in different genotypes were identified, which will be an important resource to develop high temperature-tolerant rice cultivars. Interestingly, Nagina22 emerged as the best performer in terms of yield as well as expression of physiological and biochemical traits at elevated temperature. It showed lesser relative injury, lesser reduction in chlorophyll content, increased super oxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities, lesser reduction in net photosynthetic rate (P N ), high transpiration rate (E), and other photosynthetic/fluorescence parameters contributing to least reduction in spikelet fertility and grain yield at elevated temperature. Furthermore, expression of 14 genes including heat shock transcription factors and heat shock proteins was analyzed in Nagina22 (tolerant) and Vandana (susceptible) at flowering phase, strengthening the fact that N22 performed better at molecular level also during elevated temperature. This study shows that elevated temperature response is complex and involves multiple biological processes that are needed to be characterized to address the challenges of extreme conditions of future climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarla Neelamraju
- National Professor Lab, Indian Institute of Rice ResearchHyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Vijai P. Bhadana
- Plant Breeding, Indian Institute of Rice ResearchHyderabad, India
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16
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Sun KF, Xu XR, Duan SS, Wang YS, Cheng H, Zhang ZW, Zhou GJ, Hong YG. Ecotoxicity of two organophosphate pesticides chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos on non-targeting cyanobacteria Microcystis wesenbergii. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:1498-1507. [PMID: 25854898 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs), as a replacement for the organochlorine pesticides, are generally considered non-toxic to plants and algae. Chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos are two OPs used for pest control all over the world. In this study, the dose-response of cyanobacteria Microcystis wesenbergii on OPs exposure and the stimulating effect of OPs with and without phosphorus source were investigated. The results showed that high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos caused significant decrease of chlorophyll a content. The median inhibitory concentrations (EC50) of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos at 96 h were 15.40 and 261.16 μmol L(-1), respectively. Growth of M. wesenbergii under low concentration of OPs (ranged from 1/10,000 to 1/20 EC50), was increased by 35.85 % (chlorpyrifos) and 41.83 % (dichlorvos) at 120 h, respectively. Correspondingly, the highest enhancement on the maximum quantum yield (F v/F m) was 4.20 % (24 h) and 9.70 % (48 h), respectively. Chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics, known as O-J-I-P transients, showed significant enhancements in the O-J, J-I, and I-P transients under low concentrations of dichlorvos at 144 h, while enhancements of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics induced by low concentrations of chlorpyrifos were only observed in the J-I transient at 144 h. Significant decreases of chlorophyll content, F v/F m and O-J-I-P transients with OPs as sole phosphorus source were found when they were compared with inorganic phosphate treatments. The results demonstrated an evidently hormetic dose-response of M. wesenbergii to both chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos, where high dose (far beyond environmental concentrations) exposure caused growth inhibition and low dose exposure induced enhancement on physiological processes. The stimulating effect of two OPs on growth of M. wesenbergii was negligible under phosphate limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Shun-Shan Duan
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - You-Shao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Zai-Wang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yi-Guo Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
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Sharma DK, Andersen SB, Ottosen CO, Rosenqvist E. Wheat cultivars selected for high Fv /Fm under heat stress maintain high photosynthesis, total chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, transpiration and dry matter. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 153:284-98. [PMID: 24962705 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv /Fm reflects the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry and has been widely used for early stress detection in plants. Previously, we have used a three-tiered approach of phenotyping by Fv /Fm to identify naturally existing genetic variation for tolerance to severe heat stress (3 days at 40°C in controlled conditions) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Here we investigated the performance of the previously selected cultivars (high and low group based on Fv /Fm value) in terms of growth and photosynthetic traits under moderate heat stress (1 week at 36/30°C day/night temperature in greenhouse) closer to natural heat waves in North-Western Europe. Dry matter accumulation after 7 days of heat stress was positively correlated to Fv /Fm . The high Fv /Fm group maintained significantly higher total chlorophyll and net photosynthetic rate (PN ) than the low group, accompanied by higher stomatal conductance (gs ), transpiration rate (E) and evaporative cooling of the leaf (ΔT). The difference in PN between the groups was not caused by differences in PSII capacity or gs as the variation in Fv /Fm and intracellular CO2 (Ci ) was non-significant under the given heat stress. This study validated that our three-tiered approach of phenotyping by Fv /Fm performed under increasing severity of heat was successful in identifying wheat cultivars differing in photosynthesis under moderate and agronomically more relevant heat stress. The identified cultivars may serve as a valuable resource for further studies to understand the physiological mechanisms underlying the genetic variability in heat sensitivity of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dew Kumari Sharma
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section of Plant and Soil Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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