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Konwar B, De S, Das G, Ramesh A. Napthalimide-based nuclease inhibitor: A multifunctional therapeutic material to bolster MRSA uptake by macrophage-like cells and mitigate pathogen adhesion on orthopaedic implant. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134023. [PMID: 39032881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The healthcare burden rendered by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) warrants the development of therapeutics that offer a distinct benefit in the clinics as compared to conventional antibiotics. The present study describes the potential of napthalimide-based synthetic ligands (C1-C3) as inhibitors of the staphylococcal nuclease known as micrococcal nuclease (MNase), a key virulence factor of the pathogen. Amongst the ligands, the most potent MNase inhibitor C1 rendered non-competitive inhibition, reduced MNase turnover number (Kcat) and catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) with an IC50 value of ~950 nM. CD spectroscopy suggested distortion of MNase conformation in presence of C1. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy indicated that C1 restored the ability of activated THP-1 cells to engulf DNA-entrapped MRSA cells. Interestingly, C1 could inhibit MRSA adhesion onto collagen. For potential application, C1-loaded pluronic F-127 micellar nanocarrier (C1-PMC) was generated, wherein the anti-adhesion activity of the pluronic carrier (PMC) and C1 was harnessed in tandem to deter MRSA cell adhesion onto collagen. MRSA biofilm formation was hindered on C1-PMC-coated titanium (Ti) wire, while eluates from C1-PMC-coated Ti wires were non-toxic to HEK 293, MG-63 and THP-1 cells. The multifunctional C1 provides a blueprint for designing therapeutic materials that hold translational potential for mitigation of MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barlina Konwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sagnik De
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Gopal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Aiyagari Ramesh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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Maltz-Matyschsyk M, Melchiorre CK, Knecht DA, Lynes MA. Bacterial metallothionein, PmtA, a novel stress protein found on the bacterial surface of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and involved in management of oxidative stress and phagocytosis. mSphere 2024; 9:e0021024. [PMID: 38712943 PMCID: PMC11237414 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00210-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are small cysteine-rich proteins that play important roles in homeostasis and protection against heavy metal toxicity and oxidative stress. The opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, expresses a bacterial MT known as PmtA. Utilizing genetically modified P. aeruginosa PAO1 strains (a human clinical wound isolate), we show that inducing pmtA increases levels of pyocyanin and biofilm compared to other PAO1 isogenic strains, supporting previous results that pmtA is important for pyocyanin and biofilm production. We also show that overexpression of pmtA in vitro provides protection for cells exposed to oxidants, which is a characteristic of inflammation, indicating a role for PmtA as an antioxidant in inflammation. We found that a pmtA clean deletion mutant is phagocytized faster than other PAO1 isogenic strains in THP-1 human macrophage cells, indicating that PmtA provides protection from the phagocytic attack. Interestingly, we observed that monoclonal anti-PmtA antibody binds to PmtA, which is accessible on the surface of PAO1 strains using both flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. Finally, we investigated intracellular persistence of these PAO1 strains within THP-1 macrophages cells and found that the phagocytic endurance of PAO1 strains is affected by pmtA expression. These data show for the first time that a bacterial MT (pmtA) can play a role in the phagocytic process and can be found on the outer surface of PAO1. Our results suggest that PmtA plays a role both in protection from oxidative stress and in the resistance to the host's innate immune response, identifying PmtA as a potential therapeutic target in P. aeruginosa infection. IMPORTANCE The pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly problematic multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen with complex virulence networks. MDR P. aeruginosa infections have been associated with increased clinical visits, very poor healthcare outcomes, and these infections are ranked as critical on priority lists of both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization. Known P. aeruginosa virulence factors have been extensively studied and are implicated in counteracting host defenses, causing direct damage to the host tissues, and increased microbial competitiveness. Targeting virulence factors has emerged as a new line of defense in the battle against MDR P. aeruginosa strains. Bacterial metallothionein is a newly recognized virulence factor that enables evasion of the host immune response. The studies described here identify mechanisms in which bacterial metallothionein (PmtA) plays a part in P. aeruginosa pathogenicity and identifies PmtA as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clare K Melchiorre
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - David A Knecht
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael A Lynes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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3
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Konwar B, De S, Das G, Ramesh A. Inhibition of staphylococcal nuclease by benzimidazole-based Ligand: Implications in DNA-Mediated entrapment and uptake of MRSA by Macrophage-like cells. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107133. [PMID: 38278047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The staphylococcal nuclease also referred as micrococcal nuclease (MNase) is a key drug target as the enzyme degrades the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) and empowers the pathogen to subvert the host innate immune system. To this end, the current study presents a critical evaluation of MNase inhibition rendered by benzimidazole-based ligands (C1 and C2) and probes its therapeutic implications. A nuclease assay indicated that MNase inhibition rendered by C1 and C2 was ∼ 55 % and ∼ 72 %, respectively, at the highest tested concentration of 10 µM. Studies on enzyme kinetics revealed that C2 rendered non-competitive inhibition and significantly reduced MNase turnover number (Kcat) and catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) with an IC50 value of ∼ 1122 nM. In CD spectroscopy, a notable perturbation in the β-sheet content of MNase was observed in presence of C2. Fluorescence-microscope analysis indicated that MNase inhibition by C2 could restore entrapment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA). Flow cytometry and confocal microscope analysis revealed that uptake of DNA-entrapped MRSA by activated THP-1 cells was reinstated by MNase inhibition rendered by C2. Inhibition of nuclease by the non-toxic ligand C2 holds therapeutic prospect as it has the potential to bolster the DNA-mediated entrapment machinery and mitigate MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barlina Konwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sagnik De
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Gopal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Aiyagari Ramesh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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4
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Scheurlen KM, Snook DL, Littlefield AB, George JB, Parks MA, Beal RJ, MacLeod A, Riggs DW, Gaskins JT, Chariker J, Rouchka EC, Galandiuk S. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms in cancer research: Characterization of a distinct M2-like macrophage model derived from the THP-1 cell line. Cancer Med 2023; 12:21172-21187. [PMID: 38037545 PMCID: PMC10726891 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Macrophages play an essential role in cancer development. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have predominantly M2-like attributes that are associated with tumor progression and poor patient survival. Numerous methods have been reported for differentiating and polarizing macrophages in vitro, but there is no standardized and validated model for creating TAMs. Primary cells show varying cytokine responses depending on their origin and functional studies utilizing these cells may lack generalization and validity. A distinct cell line-derived TAM-like M2 subtype is required to investigate the mechanisms mediated by anti-inflammatory TAMs in vitro. Our previous work demonstrated a standardized protocol for creating an M2 subtype derived from a human THP-1 cell line. The cell expression profile, however, has not been validated. The aim of this study was to characterize and validate the TAM-like M2 subtype macrophage created based on our protocol to introduce them as a standardized model for cancer research. METHODS AND RESULTS Using qRT-PCR and ELISA, we demonstrated that proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and tumor-associated marker expression changed during THP-1-derived marcrophage development in vitro, mimicking a TAM-related profile (e.g., TNFα, IL-1β). The anti-inflammatory marker IL-8/CXCL8, however, is most highly expressed in young M0 macrophages. Flow cytometry showed increased expression of CD206 in the final TAM-like M2 macrophage. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of primary human monocytes and colon cancer tissue macrophages demonstrated that cell line-derived M2 macrophages resembled a TAM-related gene profile. CONCLUSIONS The THP-1-derived M2 macrophage based on a standardized cell line model represents a distinct anti-inflammatory TAM-like phenotype with an M2a subtype profile. This model may provide a basis for in vitro investigation of functional mechanisms in a variety of anti-inflammatory settings, particularly colon cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Scheurlen
- Digestive Surgery Research Laboratory, Price Institute of Surgical Research, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dylan L Snook
- Digestive Surgery Research Laboratory, Price Institute of Surgical Research, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andrew B Littlefield
- Digestive Surgery Research Laboratory, Price Institute of Surgical Research, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Joan B George
- Digestive Surgery Research Laboratory, Price Institute of Surgical Research, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Mary A Parks
- Digestive Surgery Research Laboratory, Price Institute of Surgical Research, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Robert J Beal
- Digestive Surgery Research Laboratory, Price Institute of Surgical Research, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Anne MacLeod
- Digestive Surgery Research Laboratory, Price Institute of Surgical Research, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Daniel W Riggs
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jeremy T Gaskins
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Julia Chariker
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE), Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Eric C Rouchka
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE), Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Susan Galandiuk
- Digestive Surgery Research Laboratory, Price Institute of Surgical Research, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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de Figueiredo AMB, Moraes D, Bailão AM, Rocha OB, Silva LOS, Ribeiro-Dias F, Soares CMDA. Proteomic analysis reveals changes in the proteome of human THP-1 macrophages infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1275954. [PMID: 38045758 PMCID: PMC10693345 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1275954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides spp. is the etiologic agent of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic disease with wide distribution in Latin America. Macrophages are very important cells during the response to infection by P. brasiliensis. In this study, we performed a proteomic analysis to evaluate the consequences of P. brasiliensis yeast cells on the human THP-1 macrophage proteome. We have identified 443 and 2247 upregulated or downregulated proteins, respectively, in macrophages co-cultured with yeast cells of P. brasiliensis in comparison to control macrophages unexposed to the fungus. Proteomic analysis revealed that interaction with P. brasiliensis caused metabolic changes in macrophages that drastically affected energy production pathways. In addition, these macrophages presented regulated many factors related to epigenetic modifications and gene transcription as well as a decrease of many proteins associated to the immune system activity. This is the first human macrophage proteome derived from interactions with P. brasiliensis, which contributes to elucidating the changes that occur during the host response to this fungus. Furthermore, it highlights proteins that may be targets for the development of new therapeutic approaches to PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marina Barroso de Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Dayane Moraes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Olivia Basso Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lana Ohara Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Grubwieser P, Hilbe R, Gehrer CM, Grander M, Brigo N, Hoffmann A, Seifert M, Berger S, Theurl I, Nairz M, Weiss G. Klebsiella pneumoniae manipulates human macrophages to acquire iron. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1223113. [PMID: 37637102 PMCID: PMC10451090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1223113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections, such as pneumonia. Moreover, it is classified as a pathogen of concern due to sprawling anti-microbial resistance. During infection, the gram-negative pathogen is capable of establishing an intracellular niche in macrophages by altering cellular metabolism. One factor critically affecting the host-pathogen interaction is the availability of essential nutrients, like iron, which is required for KP to proliferate but which also modulates anti-microbial immune effector pathways. We hypothesized, that KP manipulates macrophage iron homeostasis to acquire this crucial nutrient for sustained proliferation. Methods We applied an in-vitro infection model, in which human macrophage-like PMA-differentiated THP1 cells were infected with KP (strain ATCC 43816). During a 24-h course of infection, we quantified the number of intracellular bacteria via serial plating of cell lysates and evaluated the effects of different stimuli on intracellular bacterial numbers and iron acquisition. Furthermore, we analyzed host and pathogen specific gene and protein expression of key iron metabolism molecules. Results Viable bacteria are recovered from macrophage cell lysates during the course of infection, indicative of persistence of bacteria within host cells and inefficient pathogen clearing by macrophages. Strikingly, following KP infection macrophages strongly induce the expression of the main cellular iron importer transferrin-receptor-1 (TFR1). Accordingly, intracellular KP proliferation is further augmented by the addition of iron loaded transferrin. The induction of TFR1 is mediated via the STAT-6-IL-10 axis, and pharmacological inhibition of this pathway reduces macrophage iron uptake, elicits bacterial iron starvation, and decreases bacterial survival. Conclusion Our results suggest, that KP manipulates macrophage iron metabolism to acquire iron once confined inside the host cell and enforces intracellular bacterial persistence. This is facilitated by microbial mediated induction of TFR1 via the STAT-6-IL-10 axis. Mechanistic insights into immune metabolism will provide opportunities for the development of novel antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Hilbe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clemens Michael Gehrer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manuel Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Brigo
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sylvia Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pulmonology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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A Global Picture of Molecular Changes Associated to LPS Treatment in THP-1 Derived Human Macrophages by Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113447. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are among the first immune cells involved in the initiation of the inflammatory response to protect the host from pathogens. THP-1 derived macrophages (TDM) are used as a model to study the pro-inflammatory effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Intact TDM cells were analysed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy, supported by multivariate analysis, to obtain a snapshot of the molecular events sparked by LPS stimulation in macrophage-like cells. This spectroscopic analysis enabled the untargeted identification of the most significant spectral components affected by the treatment, ascribable mainly to lipid, protein, and sulfated sugar bands, thus stressing the fundamental role of these classes of molecules in inflammation and in immune response. Our study, therefore, shows that FTIR microspectroscopy enabled the identification of spectroscopic markers of LPS stimulation and has the potential to become a tool to assess those global biochemical changes related to inflammatory and anti-inflammatory stimuli of synthetic and natural immunomodulators different from LPS.
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8
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He L, Jhong JH, Chen Q, Huang KY, Strittmatter K, Kreuzer J, DeRan M, Wu X, Lee TY, Slavov N, Haas W, Marneros AG. Global characterization of macrophage polarization mechanisms and identification of M2-type polarization inhibitors. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109955. [PMID: 34731634 PMCID: PMC8783961 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages undergoing M1- versus M2-type polarization differ significantly in their cell metabolism and cellular functions. Here, global quantitative time-course proteomics and phosphoproteomics paired with transcriptomics provide a comprehensive characterization of temporal changes in cell metabolism, cellular functions, and signaling pathways that occur during the induction phase of M1- versus M2-type polarization. Significant differences in, especially, metabolic pathways are observed, including changes in glucose metabolism, glycosaminoglycan metabolism, and retinoic acid signaling. Kinase-enrichment analysis shows activation patterns of specific kinases that are distinct in M1- versus M2-type polarization. M2-type polarization inhibitor drug screens identify drugs that selectively block M2- but not M1-type polarization, including mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. These datasets provide a comprehensive resource to identify specific signaling and metabolic pathways that are critical for macrophage polarization. In a proof-of-principle approach, we use these datasets to show that MEK signaling is required for M2-type polarization by promoting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ)-induced retinoic acid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi He
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jhih-Hua Jhong
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan; Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Kai-Yao Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Karin Strittmatter
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Johannes Kreuzer
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Michael DeRan
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Xu Wu
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Tzong-Yi Lee
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Nikolai Slavov
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alexander G Marneros
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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9
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Li P, Hao Z, Wu J, Ma C, Xu Y, Li J, Lan R, Zhu B, Ren P, Fan D, Sun S. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Polarized Human THP-1 and Mouse RAW264.7 Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:700009. [PMID: 34267761 PMCID: PMC8276023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.700009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can be polarized into classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) in the immune system, performing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, respectively. Human THP-1 and mouse RAW264.7 cell line models have been widely used in various macrophage-associated studies, while the similarities and differences in protein expression profiles between the two macrophage models are still largely unclear. In this study, the protein expression profiles of M1 and M2 phenotypes from both THP-1 and RAW264.7 macrophages were systematically investigated using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. By quantitatively analyzing more than 5,000 proteins among different types of macrophages (M0, M1 and M2) from both cell lines, we identified a list of proteins that were uniquely up-regulated in each macrophage type and further confirmed 43 proteins that were commonly up-regulated in M1 macrophages of both cell lines. These results revealed considerable divergences of each polarization type between THP-1 and RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression of CMPK2, RSAD2, DDX58, and DHX58 were strongly up-regulated in M1 macrophages for both macrophage models. These data can serve as important resources for further studies of macrophage-associated diseases in experimental pathology using human and mouse cell line models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhifang Hao
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyu Wu
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Ma
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yintai Xu
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rongxia Lan
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bojing Zhu
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengyu Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shisheng Sun
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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10
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Ji F, Zhou M, Zhu H, Jiang Z, Li Q, Ouyang X, Lv Y, Zhang S, Wu T, Li L. Integrative Proteomic Analysis of Posttranslational Modification in the Inflammatory Response. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 20:163-176. [PMID: 33662623 PMCID: PMC9510875 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, particularly acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination, play critical roles in the host innate immune response. PTMs’ dynamic changes and the crosstalk among them are complicated. To build a comprehensive dynamic network of inflammation-related proteins, we integrated data from the whole-cell proteome (WCP), acetylome, phosphoproteome, and ubiquitinome of human and mouse macrophages. Our datasets of acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination sites helped identify PTM crosstalk within and across proteins involved in the inflammatory response. Stimulation of macrophages by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in both degradative and non-degradative ubiquitination. Moreover, this study contributes to the interpretation of the roles of known inflammatory molecules and the discovery of novel inflammatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Menghao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Huihui Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhengyi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qirui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaoxi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yiming Lv
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Sainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Tian Wu
- Quzhou Second People's Hospital, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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11
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Shrestha S, McFadden MJ, Gramolini AO, Santerre JP. Proteome analysis of secretions from human monocyte-derived macrophages post-exposure to biomaterials and the effect of secretions on cardiac fibroblast fibrotic character. Acta Biomater 2020; 111:80-90. [PMID: 32428683 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of exogenous biomolecules (BM) for the purpose of repairing and regenerating damaged cardiac tissue can yield serious side effects if used for prolonged periods. As well, such strategies can be cost prohibitive depending on the regiment and period of time applied. Alternatively, autologous monocytes/monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) can provide a viable path towards generating an endogenous source of stimulatory BM. Biomaterials are often considered as delivery vehicles to generate unique profiles of such BM in tissues or to deliver autologous cells, that can influence the nature of BM produced by the cells. MDM cultured on a degradable polar hydrophobic ionic (D-PHI) polyurethane has previously demonstrated a propensity to increase select anti-inflammatory cytokines, and therefore there is good rationale to further investigate a broader spectrum of the cells' BM in order to provide a more complete proteomic analysis of human MDM secretions induced by D-PHI. Further, it is of interest to assess the potential of such BM to influence cells involved in the reparative state of vital tissues such as those that affect cardiac cell function. Hence, this current study examines the proteomic profile of MDM secretions using mass spectrometry for the first time, along with ELISA, following their culture on D-PHI, and compares them to two important reference materials, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). Secretions collected from D-PHI cultured MDM led to higher levels of regenerative BM, AGRN, TGFBI and ANXA5, but lower levels of pro-fibrotic BM, MMP7, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα, when compared to MDM secretions collected from PLGA and TCPS. In the application to cardiac cell function, the secretion collected from D-PHI cultured MDM led to more human cardiac fibroblast (HCFs) migration. A lower collagen gel contraction induced by MDM secretions collected from D-PHI was supported by gene array analysis for human fibrosis-related genes. The implication of these findings is that more tailored biomaterials such as D-PHI, may lead to a lower pro-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages when used in cardiac tissue constructs, thereby enabling the development of vehicles for the delivery of interventional therapies, or be applied as coatings for sensor implants in cardiac tissue that minimize fibrosis. The general approach of using synthetic biomaterials in order to induce MDM secretions in a manner that will guide favorable regeneration will be critical in making the choice of biomaterials for tissue regeneration work in the future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Immune modulation strategies currently applied in cardiac tissue repair are mainly based on the delivery of defined exogenous biomolecules. However, the use of such biomolecules may pose wide ranging systemic effects, thereby rendering them clinically less practical. The chemistry of biomaterials (used as a potential targeted delivery modality to circumvent the broad systemic effects of biomolecules) can not only affect acute and chronic toxicity but also alters the timeframe of the wound healing cascade. In this context, monocytes/monocyte-derive macrophages (MDM) can be harnessed as an immune modulating strategy to promote wound healing by an appropriate choice of the biomaterial. However, there are limited reports on the complete proteome analysis of MDM and their reaction of biomaterial related interventions on cardiac tissues and cells. No studies to date have demonstrated the complete proteome of MDM secretions when these cells were cultured on a non-traditional immune modulatory ionomeric polyurethane D-PHI film. This study demonstrated that MDM cultured on D-PHI expressed significantly higher levels of AGRN, TGFBI and ANXA5 but lower levels of MMP7, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα when compared to MDM cultured on a well-established degradable biomaterials in the medical field, e.g. PLGA and TCPS, which are often used as the relative standards for cell culture work in the biomaterials field. The implications of these findings have relevance to the repair of cardiac tissues. In another aspect of the work, human cardiac fibroblasts showed significantly lower contractility (low collagen gel contraction and low levels of ACTA2) when cultured in the presence of MDM secretions collected after culturing them on D-PHI compared to PLGA and TCPS. The findings place emphasis on the importance of making the choice of biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applied to their use in cardiac tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suja Shrestha
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada; Translational Biology and Engineering Program and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Meghan J McFadden
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Anthony O Gramolini
- Translational Biology and Engineering Program and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1M8, Canada
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada; Translational Biology and Engineering Program and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada.
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Holme JA, Øya E, Afanou AKJ, Øvrevik J, Eduard W. Characterization and pro-inflammatory potential of indoor mold particles. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:662-681. [PMID: 32078193 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of epidemiological studies find an association between indoor air dampness and respiratory health effects. This is often suggested to be linked to enhanced mold growth. However, the role of mold is obviously difficult to disentangle from other dampness-related exposure including microbes as well as non-biological particles and chemical pollutants. The association may partly be due to visible mycelial growth and a characteristic musty smell of mold. Thus, the potential role of mold exposure should be further explored by evaluating information from experimental studies elucidating possible mechanistic links. Such studies show that exposure to spores and hyphal fragments may act as allergens and pro-inflammatory mediators and that they may damage airways by the production of toxins, enzymes, and volatile organic compounds. In the present review, we hypothesize that continuous exposure to mold particles may result in chronic low-grade pro-inflammatory responses contributing to respiratory diseases. We summarize some of the main methods for detection and characterization of fungal aerosols and highlight in vitro research elucidating how molds may induce toxicity and pro-inflammatory reactions in human cell models relevant for airway exposure. Data suggest that the fraction of fungal hyphal fragments in indoor air is much higher than that of airborne spores, and the hyphal fragments often have a higher pro-inflammatory potential. Thus, hyphal fragments of prevalent mold species with strong pro-inflammatory potential may be particularly relevant candidates for respiratory diseases associated with damp/mold-contaminated indoor air. Future studies linking of indoor air dampness with health effects should assess the toxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of indoor air particulate matter and combined this information with a better characterization of biological components including hyphal fragments from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic mold species. Such studies may increase our understanding of the potential role of mold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Øya
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medicines Access, Norwegian Medicines Agency, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anani K J Afanou
- Group of Occupational Toxicology, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wijnand Eduard
- Group of Occupational Toxicology, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
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Forrester MA, Wassall HJ, Hall LS, Cao H, Wilson HM, Barker RN, Vickers MA. Similarities and differences in surface receptor expression by THP-1 monocytes and differentiated macrophages polarized using seven different conditioning regimens. Cell Immunol 2018; 332:58-76. [PMID: 30077333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are key in orchestrating immune responses to micro-environmental stimuli, sensed by a complex set of surface receptors. The human cell line THP-1 has a monocytic phenotype, including the ability to differentiate into macrophages, providing a tractable, standardised surrogate for human monocyte-derived macrophages. Here we assessed the expression of 49 surface markers including Fc, complement, C-type lectin and scavenger receptors; TIMs; Siglecs; and co-stimulatory molecules by flow cytometry on both THP-1 monocytes and macrophages and following macrophage activation with seven standard conditioning/polarizing stimuli. Of the 34 surface markers detected on macrophages, 18 altered expression levels on activation. From these, expression of 9 surface markers were consistently altered by all conditioning regimens, while 9 were specific to individual polarizing stimuli. This study provides a resource for the study of macrophages and highlights that macrophage polarization states share much in common and the differences do not easily fit a simple classification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Forrester
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Heather J Wassall
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lindsay S Hall
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Huan Cao
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Heather M Wilson
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Robert N Barker
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mark A Vickers
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Aberdeen, UK.
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The phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate differentiation protocol is critical to the interaction of THP-1 macrophages with Salmonella Typhimurium. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29538403 PMCID: PMC5851575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
THP-1 cells differentiated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) are widely used as a model for function and biology of human macrophages. However, the conditions used for differentiation, particularly the concentration of PMA and the duration of treatment, vary widely. Here we compare several differentiation conditions and compare the ability of THP-1 macrophages to interact with the facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The results show that THP-1 macrophages differentiated in high concentrations of PMA rapidly died following infection whereas those differentiated in low concentrations of PMA survived and were able to control the intracellular bacteria similar to primary human macrophages.
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Huang C, Lewis C, Borg NA, Canals M, Diep H, Drummond GR, Goode RJ, Schittenhelm RB, Vinh A, Zhu M, Kemp-Harper B, Kleifeld O, Stone MJ. Proteomic Identification of Interferon-Induced Proteins with Tetratricopeptide Repeats as Markers of M1 Macrophage Polarization. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1485-1499. [PMID: 29508616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages, which accumulate in tissues during inflammation, may be polarized toward pro-inflammatory (M1) or tissue reparative (M2) phenotypes. The balance between these phenotypes can have a substantial influence on the outcome of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. Improved biomarkers of M1 and M2 macrophages would be beneficial for research, diagnosis, and monitoring the effects of trial therapeutics in such diseases. To identify novel biomarkers, we have characterized the global proteomes of THP-1 macrophages polarized to M1 and M2 states in comparison with unpolarized (M0) macrophages. M1 polarization resulted in increased expression of numerous pro-inflammatory proteins including the products of 31 genes under the transcriptional control of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1). In contrast, M2 polarization identified proteins regulated by components of the transcription factor AP-1. Among the most highly upregulated proteins under M1 conditions were the three interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs: IFIT1, IFIT2, and IFIT3), which function in antiviral defense. Moreover, IFIT1, IFIT2, and IFIT3 mRNA were strongly upregulated in M1 polarized human primary macrophages and IFIT1 was also expressed in a subset of macrophages in aortic sinus and brachiocephalic artery sections from atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice. On the basis of these results, we propose that IFITs may serve as useful markers of atherosclerosis and potentially other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | | | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences , La Trobe University , Bundoora , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | | | | | - Antony Vinh
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences , La Trobe University , Bundoora , Victoria 3086 , Australia
| | | | | | - Oded Kleifeld
- Faculty of Biology , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Technion City, Haifa 3200003 , Israel
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Hui WW, Hercik K, Belsare S, Alugubelly N, Clapp B, Rinaldi C, Edelmann MJ. Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Alters the Extracellular Proteome of Macrophages and Leads to the Production of Proinflammatory Exosomes. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00386-17. [PMID: 29158431 PMCID: PMC5778363 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00386-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a Gram-negative bacterium, which can invade and survive within macrophages. Pathogenic salmonellae induce the secretion of specific cytokines from these phagocytic cells and interfere with the host secretory pathways. In this study, we describe the extracellular proteome of human macrophages infected with S Typhimurium, followed by analysis of canonical pathways of proteins isolated from the extracellular milieu. We demonstrate that some of the proteins secreted by macrophages upon S Typhimurium infection are released via exosomes. Moreover, we show that infected macrophages produce CD63+ and CD9+ subpopulations of exosomes at 2 h postinfection. Exosomes derived from infected macrophages trigger the Toll-like receptor 4-dependent release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) from naive macrophages and dendritic cells, but they also stimulate secretion of such cytokines as RANTES, IL-1ra, MIP-2, CXCL1, MCP-1, sICAM-1, GM-CSF, and G-CSF. Proinflammatory effects of exosomes are partially attributed to lipopolysaccharide, which is encapsulated within exosomes. In summary, we show for the first time that proinflammatory exosomes are formed in the early phase of macrophage infection with S Typhimurium and that they can be used to transfer cargo to naive cells, thereby leading to their stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie W Hui
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kamil Hercik
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sayali Belsare
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Navatha Alugubelly
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Beata Clapp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carlos Rinaldi
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mariola J Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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