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Tuncay S, Sarman A. Determination of the relationship between depression and suicide in young adolescents. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2024; 37:e12473. [PMID: 38923673 DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to explore the relationships between depression, and the likelihood of suicide among young adolescents by considering various factors. DESIGN AND SAMPLES It was conducted in a descriptive-cross-sectional format, with fieldwork spanning from November 16, 2022, to June 30, 2023. The study assessed the likelihood of depression, and suicide in young adolescents attending a university in Eastern Turkey. MEASUREMENTS Sociodemographic features survey form, Beck's Depression Inventory and Suicide Probability Scale were used to collect data. RESULTS The results from this investigation indicated that women, individuals with chronic illnesses, those with a history of psychiatric conditions, those expressing a constant desire to die, those with suicidal thoughts or plans, and those with a family member who had attempted suicide exhibited significantly higher mean scores for depression and suicide. There was a positive correlation between high depression scores and suicidal tendencies. However, no conclusive evidence of a link between depression, and suicide was established. CONCLUSIONS In this study, certain demographic and psychological factors were identified as correlating with elevated levels of depression and suicidal tendencies among young adolescents. It is imperative that individuals identified as being at risk be promptly referred to appropriate units for comprehensive interventions and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Tuncay
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Sarman
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
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Ye Y, Wang H, Liao X, Yu C, Zhang W. Stressful Life Events, Sleep Quality and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Chinese Adolescents: The Moderating Effect of Sensation Seeking. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:286. [PMID: 38667082 PMCID: PMC11047468 DOI: 10.3390/bs14040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing evidence that stressful life events are associated with adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), few studies have investigated the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this link. The current study examined whether sleep quality mediated the link between stressful life events and NSSI and whether this mediating process was moderated by adolescent sensation seeking. The participants were 1006 Chinese adolescents (48.21% boys; mean age = 13.16 years, SD = 0.67). They completed the Life Events Checklist, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, and NSSI Questionnaire. The PROCESS macro for SPSS was used to examine the hypothesized moderated mediation model. The results showed that sleep quality significantly mediated the positive association between stressful life events and adolescent NSSI. Moreover, this mediating pathway was moderated by sensation seeking. Specifically, the risk impact of stressful life events on NSSI through sleep quality was significant only among adolescents with high-level sensation seeking but not among those with low-level sensation seeking. These findings provide intervention insights to reduce the risk of adolescent NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiu Ye
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Huahua Wang
- Department of Psychology, Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liao
- Department of Psychology, Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chengfu Yu
- Department of Psychology, Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Xie M, Zou X, Xie Y, Hu L, Tang Y, Cai J, Kuang Y, Zhu L, Zou M, Wang Q. Childhood trauma and suicide risk in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia: the sequential mediating roles of pandemic related post-traumatic stress symptoms, sleep quality, and psychological distress. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1221529. [PMID: 37810605 PMCID: PMC10551446 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1221529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stressful global situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic caused a tremendous impact on mental health in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. The mediating roles of psychological impact related to COVID-19, sleep quality, and psychological distress were investigated in the association between childhood trauma and suicidal risk in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data of 147 patients with schizophrenia and 189 healthy controls (HCs). Results Histories of childhood trauma and schizophrenia were good predictors of COVID-19-related psychological impact, global sleep quality, and psychological distress. Moreover, the series mediation model showed that the effect of childhood trauma on suicidal risk in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia was totally sequential mediated by the psychological impact of COVID-19, sleep quality, and psychological distress. Conclusion Clinicians need to recognize the increased suicidal risk associated with COVID-19-related psychological distress in schizophrenia patients with a history of childhood trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemin Zou
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingjing Xie
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Hu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiguo Tang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Jai Cai
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunxue Kuang
- The First People’s Hospital of Longquanyi District Chengdu, West China Longquan Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Southwest Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Min Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
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Song X, Zou S, Li Y, Chen L, Feng P, Xu P, Zhang H, Deng F, Xu H, Tao Y, Jin M, Ran M, Zhang H, Ma F, Wang Y, Yin L. Correlation between negative life events and suicide attempts among Yi adolescents with HIV/AIDS in Liangshan Prefecture. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1600. [PMID: 37608310 PMCID: PMC10463523 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence of suicide attempts among adolescents with HIV/AIDS in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province, as well as the correlation between negative life events, sleep, exercise, drug therapy and suicide attempts. METHODS A total of 180 Yi adolescents aged 11-19 years with HIV/AIDS in a county of Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China, were investigated by census. The main outcome indicators included the incidence of suicide attempts and whether negative life events, sleep, exercise, drug therapy and other factors were related to suicide attempts. RESULTS We found that the incidence rate of suicide attempts among Yi adolescents with HIV/AIDS in Liangshan Prefecture was 13.9%. Negative life events were a risk factor for suicide attempts (OR = 1.047, p < 0.001, 95% CI 1.027-1.067). In the factors of negative life events, adaptation was a risk factor for suicide attempts (OR = 1.203, p = 0.026, 95% CI 1.022-1.416), and academic pressure showed a tendency to be a risk factor for suicide attempts (OR = 1.149, p = 0.077, 95% CI 0.985-1.339). However, the punishment factor, interpersonal stress factor and loss factor had no significant correlation with suicide attempts. There was no significant correlation between sleep, exercise, drug therapy and suicide attempts. CONCLUSION The proportion of suicide attempts among Yi adolescents with HIV/AIDS in Liangshan Prefecture is high and should be considered. Negative life events are independent risk factors for suicide attempts, and it is necessary to strengthen the screening and early intervention for suicide attempts in HIV/AIDS adolescents with definite negative life events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Song
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shoukang Zou
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangling Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Center for Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Feng
- Center for Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiwei Xu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Deng
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanmei Xu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanmei Tao
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meijiang Jin
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Maojia Ran
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanghua Ma
- Antiviral Treatment Center, Zhao jue County People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Li Yin
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Mobile Phone Addiction and Sleep Quality: The Mediating Role of Anxiety and the Moderating Role of Emotion Regulation. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13030250. [PMID: 36975275 PMCID: PMC10045665 DOI: 10.3390/bs13030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Smartphones have become a fundamental tool in the daily life of mankind, but its excessive use seriously impairs people’s quality of sleep. A specific state of emotion has been shown to play a crucial role in the relationship between mobile phone addiction (MPA) and the sleep quality of college students. However, studies have rarely considered top-down emotion regulation. This study is the first to examine the effects of MPA on the sleep quality of Chinese college students from a top-down emotion regulation perspective. The survey sample comprised 1559 university students (40.73% male; M (SD) age = 19.11 (1.22) years) who completed questionnaires on MPA, sleep quality, anxiety and emotion regulation. The results revealed that (1) Anxiety mediated the relationship between MPA and sleep quality; (2) Cognitive reappraisal (CR) negatively moderated the relationship between MPA and anxiety; and (3) Expressive suppression (ES) positively moderated the relationship between MPA and anxiety. These findings reveal the mechanism of sleep problems in Chinese college students. We provide research ideas and method guidance for the follow-up intervention and treatment of college students’ sleep problems.
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Friesen E, Sopp MR, Cordi MJ, Rasch B, Michael T. Sleep-Directed Hypnosis Improves Subjective Sleep Quality but not Extinction Memory After Exposure to Analog Trauma. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-022-10345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Evidence-based treatments of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) aim to promote fear extinction learning. Post-learning sleep, particularly slow wave sleep (SWS), promotes memory consolidation and recall. Thus, boosting SWS might strengthen extinction recall. The current study investigated whether sleep-directed hypnosis designed to increase SWS and sleep quality improves extinction recall and reduces analog PTSD symptoms.
Method
In two subsamples (remote/laboratory), 211 healthy individuals underwent fear conditioning with a traumatic film clip. On the next evening, they underwent extinction training. Thereafter, the experimental group received sleep-directed hypnosis, whereas the control group listened to a control text. Extinction recall and generalization and film-related intrusions and rumination were assessed on the following morning.
Results
Subjective sleep quality declined following exposure to an aversive film. No group differences were found in SWS though exploratory analyses indicated less rapid eye movement sleep after hypnosis. After hypnosis, the experimental group reported improved sleep quality, whereas the control group showed a further deterioration. Hypnosis had no effects on extinction retention and generalization nor on analog intrusions and rumination.
Conclusion
The current results indicate that sleep-directed hypnosis may be beneficial for improving subjective sleep quality after trauma but not for enhancing extinction memory and reducing analog PTSD symptoms.
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Kearns JC, Kittel JA, Schlagbaum P, Pigeon WR, Glenn CR. Worry-related sleep problems and suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adolescents in 88 low-, middle-, and high-income countries: an examination of individual- and country-level factors. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1995-2011. [PMID: 34213638 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01838-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A strong association between sleep problems and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) has been demonstrated in high-income countries. The sleep-STB relationship, however, is minimally understood among youth in low and middle-incomes countries. There also is a limited understanding of how individual- (i.e., age, sex) and country-level (i.e., economic inequality, economic quality) factors may moderate the magnitude of the sleep-STB association among youth. Data were analyzed from the cross-national Global School-based Health Survey 2003-2017, which assessed a range of health behaviors among school-enrolled adolescents aged 11-18 years from 88 low-, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income countries. Multilevel models were used to examine the influence of individual- and country-level factors on the association between past-year worry-related sleep problems and past-year suicide ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts. Worry-related sleep problems were significantly associated with suicide ideation, plans, and attempts. Adolescent sex, country economic quality (income group designation), and country economic inequality moderated the sleep-STB association, but age did not. The sleep-STB relationship was stronger for males and across macroeconomic indices, the relationship was generally strongest among upper-middle income countries (economic quality) and countries with a big income gap (economic inequality). When examining how individual-level factors differentially affected the sleep-STB relationship within economic quality (income group designation), the effects were driven by older adolescents in high-income countries for suicide ideation and suicide plans. Study findings suggest an important role for global macroeconomic factors, for males, and older adolescents in high-income countries in the sleep-STB relationship. Future directions include expanding worldwide coverage of countries, assessing a wider range of sleep problems, and longitudinal work to understand potential mechanisms in the sleep-STB relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn C Kearns
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, 180 Meliora Hall, Box 270266, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
| | - Julie A Kittel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Paige Schlagbaum
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wilfred R Pigeon
- VA Center for Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Finger Lakes Healthcare System, Canandaigua, NY, USA.,Sleep and Neurophysiology Research Lab, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Catherine R Glenn
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.,Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, Norfolk, VA, USA
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Dumser B, Werner GG, Ehring T, Takano K. Symptom dynamics among nightmare sufferers: An intensive longitudinal study. J Sleep Res 2022; 32:e13776. [PMID: 36351660 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nightmares are considerably prevalent in the general population and are known to be closely associated with a variety of mental disorders. However, not much is known about the immediate antecedents and consequences of nightmares. Therefore, we used intensive longitudinal assessments to investigate the night-to-night within-person associations between nightmares on the one hand and fear of sleep, somatic as well as cognitive pre-sleep arousal, and sleep quality on the other hand. Young women with regular nightmares (n = 16) maintained a sleep diary for around 30 days; upon awaking, the participants reported on nightmares and sleep quality during the past night as well as the pre-sleep levels of arousal and fear of sleep (which resulted in 461 observations). Participants also wore an actigraph, which provided objective sleep parameters. Multilevel modeling showed that higher levels of fear of sleep and lower subjective sleep quality were significantly associated with higher levels of nightmare distress. Furthermore, we found individual differences in the strength of these associations, which implies that factors proximate to nightmares may vary across individuals. Pre-sleep arousal, however, did not show expected within-person associations with nightmares or fear of sleep. These findings highlight the crucial role of fear of sleep in the etiology of nightmares and sleep disturbances, while pointing to the importance of pursuing individual, personalised models that explain heterogeneity in the process of triggering nightmares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Dumser
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Gabriela G. Werner
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Ehring
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Keisuke Takano
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute (HIIRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tokyo Japan
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Sun L, Li K, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning was Associated With Lifetime Suicidal Ideation: Evidence From A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Hebei Province, China. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604462. [PMID: 35783447 PMCID: PMC9240916 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We want to test the association between carbon monoxide poisoning (CMP) experiencing and lifetime suicidal ideation/suicide plan among community residents.Methods: This is a population-based cross-sectional study conducted among community residents in Hebei province, China. We analyzed a total of 21,376 valid questionnaires. CMP experience and lifetime suicidal ideation/suicide plan were assessed in this study. Logistic regression and false discovery rate correction were conducted to analyze the associations and correct the p values.Results: We found that CMP (OR = 2.56, p < 0.001, corrected-p = 0.001) was associated with lifetime suicidal ideation, and the other risk factors were female (OR = 0.53, p < 0.001, corrected-p = 0.001). The association between CMP and suicide plan was not supported after false discovery rate correction (OR = 2.15, p = 0.035, corrected-p = 0.385). For the CMP patients, experiencing ≥2 times CMP (OR = 2.76, p = 0.001, corrected-p = 0.011) was also in higher risk of lifetime suicidal ideation. The association between CMP times and lifetime suicidal plan was not supported after false discovery rate correction (OR = 4.95, p = 0.021, corrected-p = 0.231).Conclusion: CMP patients are in higher risk of lifetime suicidal ideation. For CMP patients, some strategies are needed to control their suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Sun
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Health Commission of China Key Lab for Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
| | - Keqing Li
- The Sixth People Hospital of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Yunshu Zhang
- The Sixth People Hospital of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Yunshu Zhang,
| | - Lili Zhang
- The Sixth People Hospital of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
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Effects of stress on endophenotypes of suicide across species: A role for ketamine in risk mitigation. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 18:100450. [PMID: 35685678 PMCID: PMC9170747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicide is a leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide, yet few interventions are available to mitigate its risk. Barriers to effective treatments involve a limited understanding of factors that predict the onset of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. In the context of suicide risk, stress is a precipitating factor that is largely overlooked in the literature. Indeed, the pathophysiology of stress and suicide are heavily interconnected, underscoring the need to target the stress system in suicide prevention. In this review, we integrate findings from the preclinical and clinical literature that links stress and suicide. We focus specifically on the effects of stress on underlying biological functions and processes associated with suicide, allowing for the review of research using animal models. Owing to the rapid anti-suicidal effects of (R,S)-ketamine, we discuss its ability to modulate various stress-related endophenotypes of suicide, as well as its potential role in preventing suicide in those with a history of chronic life stress (e.g., early life adversity). We highlight future research directions that could advance our understanding of stress-related effects on suicide risk, advocating a dimensional, endophenotype approach to suicide research. Suicide and chronic stress pathophysiology are interconnected. Chronic stress has profound impacts on several endophenotypes of suicide. Animal and human research points to stress as a precipitating factor in suicide. Ketamine modulates specific biological processes associated with stress and suicide. Suicide research into endophenotypes can help inform risk-mitigation strategies.
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