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Rosenberg BM, Young KS, Nusslock R, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG. Anhedonia is associated with overgeneralization of conditioned fear during late adolescence and early adulthood. J Anxiety Disord 2024; 105:102880. [PMID: 38833961 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pavlovian fear paradigms involve learning to associate cues with threat or safety. Aberrances in Pavlovian fear learning correlate with psychopathology, especially anxiety disorders. This study evaluated symptom dimensions of anxiety and depression in relation to Pavlovian fear acquisition and generalization. METHODS 256 participants (70.31 % female) completed a Pavlovian fear acquisition and generalization paradigm at ages 18-19 and 21-22 years. Analyses focused on indices of learning (self-reported US expectancy, skin conductance). Multilevel models tested associations with orthogonal symptom dimensions (Anhedonia-Apprehension, Fears, General Distress) at each timepoint. RESULTS All dimensions were associated with weaker acquisition of US expectancies at each timepoint. Fears was associated with overgeneralization only at age 21-22. General Distress was associated with overgeneralization only at age 18-19. Anhedonia-Apprehension was associated with overgeneralization at ages 18-19 and 21-22. CONCLUSIONS Anhedonia-Apprehension disrupts Pavlovian fear acquisition and increases overgeneralization of fear. These effects may emerge during adolescence and remain into young adulthood. General Distress and Fears also contribute to overgeneralization of fear, but these effects may vary as prefrontal mechanisms of fear inhibition continue to develop during late adolescence. Targeting specific symptom dimensions, particularly Anhedonia-Apprehension, may decrease fear generalization and augment interventions built on Pavlovian principles, such as exposure therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Katherine S Young
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Richard E Zinbarg
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; The Family Institute at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Michelle G Craske
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
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2
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Battaglia S, Nazzi C, Lonsdorf TB, Thayer JF. Neuropsychobiology of fear-induced bradycardia in humans: progress and pitfalls. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02600-x. [PMID: 38862673 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
In the last century, the paradigm of fear conditioning has greatly evolved in a variety of scientific fields. The techniques, protocols, and analysis methods now most used have undergone a progressive development, theoretical and technological, improving the quality of scientific productions. Fear-induced bradycardia is among these techniques and represents the temporary deceleration of heart beats in response to negative outcomes. However, it has often been used as a secondary measure to assess defensive responding to threat, along other more popular techniques. In this review, we aim at paving the road for its employment as an additional tool in fear conditioning experiments in humans. After an overview of the studies carried out throughout the last century, we describe more recent evidence up to the most contemporary research insights. Lastly, we provide some guidelines concerning the best practices to adopt in human fear conditioning studies which aim to investigate fear-induced bradycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Battaglia
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Nazzi
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tina B Lonsdorf
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Section for Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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3
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Luo RH, Su F, Zhao XY, Cao TH, Liao J, Xue YX, Huang GD, Yang JL. Impairment in acquisition of conditioned fear in people with depressive symptoms. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1384053. [PMID: 38863669 PMCID: PMC11166000 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1384053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is one of the primary global public health issues, and there has been a dramatic increase in depression levels among young people over the past decade. The neuroplasticity theory of depression postulates that a malfunction in neural plasticity, which is responsible for learning, memory, and adaptive behavior, is the primary source of the disorder's clinical manifestations. Nevertheless, the impact of depression symptoms on associative learning remains underexplored. Methods We used the differential fear conditioning paradigm to investigate the effects of depressive symptoms on fear acquisition and extinction learning. Skin conductance response (SCR) is an objective evaluation indicator, and ratings of nervousness, likeability, and unconditioned stimuli (US) expectancy are subjective evaluation indicators. In addition, we used associability generated by a computational reinforcement learning model to characterize the skin conductance response. Results The findings indicate that individuals with depressive symptoms exhibited significant impairment in fear acquisition learning compared to those without depressive symptoms based on the results of the skin conductance response. Moreover, in the discrimination fear learning task, the skin conductance response was positively correlated with associability, as estimated by the hybrid model in the group without depressive symptoms. Additionally, the likeability rating scores improved post-extinction learning in the group without depressive symptoms, and no such increase was observed in the group with depressive symptoms. Conclusion The study highlights that individuals with pronounced depressive symptoms exhibit impaired fear acquisition and extinction learning, suggesting a possible deficit in associative learning. Employing the hybrid model to analyze the learning process offers a deeper insight into the associative learning processes of humans, thus allowing for improved comprehension and treatment of these mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Han Luo
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Su
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhao
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tian-Hui Cao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Liao
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Xue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Geng-Di Huang
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Li Yang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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4
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Dymond S, Cameron G, Zuj DV, Quigley M. Far from the threatening crowd: Generalisation of conditioned threat expectancy and fear in COVID-19 lockdown. Learn Behav 2024:10.3758/s13420-024-00625-4. [PMID: 38286957 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-024-00625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Fear and anxiety are rarely confined to specific stimuli or situations. In fear generalisation, there is a spread of fear responses elicited by physically dissimilar generalisation stimuli (GS) along a continuum between danger and safety. The current study investigated fear generalisation with a novel online task using COVID-19-relevant stimuli (i.e., busy or quiet shopping street/mall scenes) during pandemic lockdown restrictions in the United Kingdom. Participants (N = 50) first completed clinically relevant trait measures before commencing a habituation phase, where two conditioned stimuli (CSs; i.e., a busy or quiet high street/mall scene) were presented. Participants then underwent fear conditioning where one conditioned stimulus (CS+) was followed by an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US; a loud female scream accompanied by a facial photograph of a female displaying a fearful emotion) and another (CS-) was not. In a test phase, six generalisation stimuli were presented where the US was withheld, and participants provided threat expectancy and fear ratings for all stimuli. Following successful conditioning, fear generalization was observed for both threat expectancy and fear ratings. Trait worry partially predicted generalised threat expectancy and COVID-19 fear strongly predicted generalised fear. In conclusion, a generalisation gradient was evident using an online remote generalisation task with images of busy/quiet streets during the pandemic. Worry and fear of COVID-19 predicted fear generalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dymond
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavík University, Menntavegur 1, Nauthólsvík, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | - Gemma Cameron
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Daniel V Zuj
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1342, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Martyn Quigley
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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5
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Hampf C, Scherf-Clavel M, Weiß C, Klüpfel C, Stonawski S, Hommers L, Lichter K, Erhardt-Lehmann A, Unterecker S, Domschke K, Kittel-Schneider S, Menke A, Deckert J, Weber H. Effects of Anxious Depression on Antidepressant Treatment Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17128. [PMID: 38138957 PMCID: PMC10742776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxious depression represents a subtype of major depressive disorder and is associated with increased suicidality, severity, chronicity and lower treatment response. Only a few studies have investigated the differences between anxious depressed (aMDD) and non-anxious depressed (naMDD) patients regarding treatment dosage, serum-concentration and drug-specific treatment response. In our naturalistic and prospective study, we investigated whether the effectiveness of therapy including antidepressants (SSRI, SNRI, NaSSA, tricyclics and combinations) in aMDD patients differs significantly from that in naMDD patients. In a sample of 346 patients, we calculated the anxiety somatization factor (ASF) and defined treatment response as a reduction (≥50%) in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)-21 score after 7 weeks of pharmacological treatment. We did not observe an association between therapy response and the baseline ASF-scores, or differences in therapy outcomes between aMDD and naMDD patients. However, non-responders had higher ASF-scores, and at week 7 aMDD patients displayed a worse therapy outcome than naMDD patients. In subgroup analyses for different antidepressant drugs, venlafaxine-treated aMDD patients showed a significantly worse outcome at week 7. Future prospective, randomized-controlled studies should address the question of a worse therapy outcome in aMDD patients for different psychopharmaceuticals individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Hampf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Maike Scherf-Clavel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Carolin Weiß
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Catherina Klüpfel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.H.); (J.D.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Stonawski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.H.); (J.D.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leif Hommers
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.H.); (J.D.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Lichter
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Angelika Erhardt-Lehmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.H.); (J.D.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Unterecker
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.H.); (J.D.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Andreas Menke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.H.); (J.D.)
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Park Chiemseeblick, 83233 Bernau, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.H.); (J.D.)
| | - Heike Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (C.H.); (J.D.)
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Poplin T, Ironside M, Kuplicki R, Aupperle RL, Guinjoan SM, Khalsa SS, Stewart JL, Victor TA, Paulus MP, Kirlic N. The unique face of anxious depression: Increased sustained threat circuitry response during fear acquisition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.17.562565. [PMID: 37905149 PMCID: PMC10614928 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.17.562565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Sensitivity to threat with dysregulation of fear learning is thought to contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders (AD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, fewer studies have examined fear learning in MDD than in AD. Nearly half of individuals with MDD have an AD and the comorbid diagnosis has worse outcomes. The current study used propensity matching to examine the hypothesis that AD+MDD shows greater neural correlates of fear learning than MDD, suggesting that the co-occurrence of AD+MDD is exemplified by exaggerated defense related processes. Methods 195 individuals with MDD (N = 65) or AD+MDD (N=130) were recruited from the community and completed multi-level assessments, including a Pavlovian fear learning task during functional imaging. Results MDD and AD+MDD showed significantly different patterns of activation for [CSplus-CSminus] in the medial amygdala (ηp2=0.009), anterior insula (ηp2=0.01), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (ηp2=0.002), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ηp2=0.01), mid-cingulate cortex (ηp2=0.01) and posterior cingulate cortex (ηp2=0.02). These differences were driven by greater activation to the CS+ in late conditioning phases in ADD+MDD relative to MDD. Conclusions AD+MDD showed a pattern of increased sustained activation in regions identified with fear learning. Effects were consistently driven by the threat condition, further suggesting fear signaling as the emergent target process. Differences emerged in regions associated with salience processing, attentional orienting/conflict, and self-relevant processing.These findings help to elucidate the fear signaling mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of comorbid anxiety and depression, thereby highlighting promising treatment targets for this prevalent treatment group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tate Poplin
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | - Maria Ironside
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
- University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Rayus Kuplicki
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | - Robin L. Aupperle
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
- University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Salvador M. Guinjoan
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
- University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Sahib S. Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
- University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Stewart
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
- University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Teresa A. Victor
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | - Martin P. Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
- University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Namik Kirlic
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
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7
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Johnston JN, Allen J, Shkolnikov I, Sanchez-Lafuente CL, Reive BS, Scheil K, Liang S, Christie BR, Kalynchuk LE, Caruncho HJ. Reelin Rescues Behavioral, Electrophysiological, and Molecular Metrics of a Chronic Stress Phenotype in a Similar Manner to Ketamine. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0106-23.2023. [PMID: 37550058 PMCID: PMC10431216 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0106-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, has demonstrated fast-acting antidepressant effects previously unseen with monoaminergic-based therapeutics. Concerns regarding psychotomimetic effects limit the use of ketamine for certain patient populations. Reelin, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, has shown promise as a putative fast-acting antidepressant in a model of chronic stress. However, research has not yet demonstrated the changes that occur rapidly after peripheral reelin administration. To address this key gap in knowledge, male Long-Evans rats underwent a chronic corticosterone (CORT; or vehicle) paradigm (40 mg/kg, 21 d). On day 21, rats were then administered an acute dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), reelin (3 µg, i.v.), or vehicle. Twenty-four hours after administration, rats underwent behavioral or in vivo electrophysiological testing before killing. Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm changes in hippocampal reelin immunoreactivity. Lastly, the hippocampus was microdissected from fresh tissue to ascertain whole cell and synaptic-specific changes in protein expression through Western blotting. Chronic corticosterone induced a chronic stress phenotype in the forced swim test and sucrose preference test (SPT). Both reelin and ketamine rescued immobility and swimming, however reelin alone rescued latency to immobility. In vivo electrophysiology revealed decreases in hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) after chronic stress which was increased significantly by both ketamine and reelin. Reelin immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus paralleled the behavioral and electrophysiological findings, but no significant changes were observed in synaptic-level protein expression. This exploratory research supports the putative rapid-acting antidepressant effects of an acute dose of reelin across behavioral, electrophysiological, and molecular measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenessa N Johnston
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Josh Allen
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Irene Shkolnikov
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Carla L Sanchez-Lafuente
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Brady S Reive
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Kaylene Scheil
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Stanley Liang
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Brian R Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
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8
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Lichter K, Klüpfel C, Stonawski S, Hommers L, Blickle M, Burschka C, Das F, Heißler M, Hellmuth A, Helmel J, Kranemann L, Lechner K, Lehrieder D, Sauter A, Schiele MA, Vijayakumar V, von Broen M, Weiß C, Morbach C, Störk S, Gelbrich G, Heuschmann PU, Higuchi T, Buck A, Homola GA, Pham M, Menke A, Domschke K, Kittel-Schneider S, Deckert J. Deep phenotyping as a contribution to personalized depression therapy: the GEParD and DaCFail protocols. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:707-722. [PMID: 36959471 PMCID: PMC10121520 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Depressive patients suffer from a complex of symptoms of varying intensity compromising their mood, emotions, self-concept, neurocognition, and somatic function. Due to a mosaic of aetiologies involved in developing depression, such as somatic, neurobiological, (epi-)genetic factors, or adverse life events, patients often experience recurrent depressive episodes. About 20-30% of these patients develop difficult-to-treat depression. Here, we describe the design of the GEParD (Genetics and Epigenetics of Pharmaco- and Psychotherapy in acute and recurrent Depression) cohort and the DaCFail (Depression-associated Cardiac Failure) case-control protocol. Both protocols intended to investigate the incremental utility of multimodal biomarkers including cardiovascular and (epi-)genetic markers, functional brain and heart imaging when evaluating the response to antidepressive therapy using comprehensive psychometry. From 2012 to 2020, 346 depressed patients (mean age 45 years) were recruited to the prospective, observational GEParD cohort protocol. Between 2016 and 2020, the DaCFail case-control protocol was initiated integrating four study subgroups to focus on heart-brain interactions and stress systems in patients > 50 years with depression and heart failure, respectively. For DaCFail, 120 depressed patients (mean age 60 years, group 1 + 2), of which 115 also completed GEParD, and 95 non-depressed controls (mean age 66 years) were recruited. The latter comprised 47 patients with heart failure (group 3) and 48 healthy subjects (group 4) of a population-based control group derived from the Characteristics and Course of Heart Failure Stages A-B and Determinants of Progression (STAAB) cohort study. Our hypothesis-driven, exploratory study design may serve as an exemplary roadmap for a standardized, reproducible investigation of personalized antidepressant therapy in an inpatient setting with focus on heart comorbidities in future multicentre studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lichter
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Catherina Klüpfel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital of Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Stonawski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital of Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leif Hommers
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital of Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Blickle
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital of Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Burschka
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Das
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Heißler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Hellmuth
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Helmel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Kranemann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Karin Lechner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Lehrieder
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Amelie Sauter
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Miriam A Schiele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vithusha Vijayakumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael von Broen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Weiß
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Morbach
- Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital of Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Störk
- Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital of Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Götz Gelbrich
- Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital of Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter U Heuschmann
- Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital of Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital of Würzburg, Am Schwarzenberg 15, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Andreas Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstr. 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - György A Homola
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Pham
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Menke
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Park Chiemseeblick, Rathausstr. 25, 83233, Bernau am Chiemsee, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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9
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Forys BJ, Tomm RJ, Stamboliyska D, Terpstra AR, Clark L, Chakrabarty T, Floresco SB, Todd RM. Gender Impacts the Relationship between Mood Disorder Symptoms and Effortful Avoidance Performance. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0239-22.2023. [PMID: 36717265 PMCID: PMC9907394 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0239-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We must often decide how much effort to exert or withhold to avoid undesirable outcomes or obtain rewards. In depression and anxiety, levels of avoidance can be excessive and reward-seeking may be reduced. Yet outstanding questions remain about the links between motivated action/inhibition and anxiety and depression levels, and whether they differ between men and women. Here, we examined the relationship between anxiety and depression scores, and performance on effortful active and inhibitory avoidance (Study 1) and reward seeking (Study 2) in humans. Undergraduates and paid online workers ([Formula: see text] = 545, [Formula: see text] = 310; [Formula: see text] = 368, [Formula: see text] = 450, [Formula: see text] = 22.58, [Formula: see text] = 17-62) were assessed on the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and performed an instructed online avoidance or reward-seeking task. Participants had to make multiple presses on active trials and withhold presses on inhibitory trials to avoid an unpleasant sound (Study 1) or obtain points toward a monetary reward (Study 2). Overall, men deployed more effort than women in both avoidance and reward-seeking, and anxiety scores were negatively associated with active reward-seeking performance based on sensitivity scores. Gender interacted with anxiety scores and inhibitory avoidance performance, such that women with higher anxiety showed worse avoidance performance. Our results illuminate effects of gender in the relationship between anxiety and depression levels and the motivation to actively and effortfully respond to obtain positive and avoid negative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Forys
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ryan J Tomm
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dayana Stamboliyska
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alex R Terpstra
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Luke Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Trisha Chakrabarty
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Stan B Floresco
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rebecca M Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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10
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Newsome P, Ruiz SG, Gold AL, Pine DS, Abend R. Fear-potentiated startle reveals diminished threat extinction in pathological anxiety. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 183:81-91. [PMID: 36442665 PMCID: PMC9812922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major theories propose that perturbed threat learning is central to pathological anxiety, but empirical support is inconsistent. Failures to detect associations with anxiety may reflect limitations in quantifying conditioned responses to anticipated threat, and hinder translation of theory into empirical work. In prior work, we could not detect threat-specific anxiety effects on states of conditioned threat using psychophysiology in a large sample of patients and healthy comparisons. Here, we examine the utility of an alternative fear potentiated startle (FPS) scoring in revealing associations between anxiety and threat conditioning and extinction in this dataset. Secondary analyses further explored associations among conditioned threat responses, subcortical morphometry, and treatment outcomes. METHODS Youths and adults with anxiety disorders and healthy comparisons (n = 306; 178 female participants; 8-50 years) previously completed a well-validated differential threat learning paradigm. FPS and skin conductance response (SCR) quantified psychophysiological responses during threat conditioning and extinction. In this report, we examined normalizing raw FPS scores to intertrial intervals (ITI) to address challenges in more common approaches to FPS scoring which could mask group effects. Secondary analyses examined associations between FPS and subcortical morphometry and with response to exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy in a subsample of patients. RESULTS Patients and comparisons showed comparable differential threat conditioning using FPS and SCR. While SCR suggested comparable extinction between groups, FPS revealed stronger retention of threat contingency during extinction in individuals with anxiety disorders. Extinction indexed with FPS was not associated with age, morphometry, or anxiety treatment outcome. CONCLUSION ITI-normalized FPS may have utility in detecting difficulties in extinguishing conditioned threat responses in anxiety. These findings provide support for extinction theories of anxiety and encourage continued research on aberrant extinction in pathological anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Newsome
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sonia G Ruiz
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrea L Gold
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rany Abend
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Israel.
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11
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The importance of a multidimensional approach to the preclinical study of major depressive disorder and apathy. Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:479-489. [PMID: 36413089 PMCID: PMC9788393 DOI: 10.1042/etls20220004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Both the neuropsychiatric syndrome of apathy and major depressive disorder comprise a heterogenous cluster of symptoms which span multiple behavioural domains. Despite this heterogeneity, there is a tendency in the preclinical literature to conclude a MDD or apathy-like phenotype from a single dimensional behavioural task used in isolation, which may lead to inaccurate phenotypic interpretation. This is significant, as apathy and major depressive disorder are clinically distinct with different underlying mechanisms and treatment approaches. At the clinical level, apathy and major depressive disorder can be dissociated in the negative valence (loss) domain of the Research Domain Criteria. Symptoms of MDD in the negative valence (loss) domain can include an exaggerated response to emotionally salient stimuli and low mood, while in contrast apathy is characterised by an emotionally blunted state. In this article, we highlight how using a single dimensional approach can limit psychiatric model interpretation. We discuss how integrating behavioural findings from both the positive and negative (loss) valence domains of the Research Domain Criteria can benefit interpretation of findings. We focus particularly on behaviours relating to the negative valence (loss) domain, which may be used to distinguish between apathy and major depressive disorder at the preclinical level. Finally, we consider how future approaches using home cage monitoring may offer a new opportunity to detect distinct behavioural profiles and benefit the overall translatability of findings.
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12
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Qiu Y, Dou H, Dai Y, Li H, Lei Y. The influence of being left behind on fear acquisition and academic performance—a study of left-behind children. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Park H, Kirlic N, Kuplicki R, Paulus M, Guinjoan S. Neural Processing Dysfunctions During Fear Learning but Not Reward-Related Processing Characterize Depressed Individuals With High Levels of Repetitive Negative Thinking. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:716-724. [PMID: 35065290 PMCID: PMC9271540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) is a symptom dimension of depression that is associated with a poorer prognosis in terms of higher recurrence, treatment resistance, residual symptoms, and disability. This investigation examined whether RNT is associated with aberrant reward processing and fear learning. METHODS Very high RNT (VH-RNT) (n = 60) and high RNT (H-RNT) (n = 60) propensity-matched individuals with depression (age, sex, race/ethnicity, income/employment, body mass index, depressive and anxiety symptom severity) participated in this study along with matched healthy comparison volunteers (n = 30). This propensity-matched sample was selected from the larger Tulsa 1000 study. Participants performed two functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks: the monetary incentive delay task probing reward processing and the fear conditioning task probing aversive learning and extinction. RESULTS Both VH-RNT and H-RNT groups showed lower neural activity than healthy comparison subjects in reward circuitry, including the inferior frontal gyrus (VH-RNT: β = -1.24, H-RNT: β = -1.28) and the cerebellum (VH-RNT: β = -0.93, H-RNT: β = -1.14). However, individuals with VH-RNT exhibited lower activation than those with H-RNT in central autonomic network components during fear conditioning (β = -0.84) and continued conditioned responses during early extinction in the postcentral cortex (β = 0.71). CONCLUSIONS VH-RNT showed aberrant processing in fear conditioning during both learning and extinction phases compared with H-RNT. These findings demonstrate that dysfunctions of negative valence associated with RNT may be domain specific, which should be taken into account for identifying potential specific targets of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyeong Park
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma; Department of Psychology, University of North Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Namik Kirlic
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | | | - Martin Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
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14
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Fraunfelter L, Gerdes ABM, Alpers GW. Fear one, fear them all: A systematic review and meta-analysis of fear generalization in pathological anxiety. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104707. [PMID: 35643120 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is a defining feature of anxiety disorders that fear is elicited by a circumscribed class of stimuli rather than by only one specific exemplar of that class. Therefore, fear generalization, a mechanism by which associative fear extends from one conditioned stimulus to similar cues, has been central to theories on anxiety. Yet, experimental evidence for the link between generalization and pathological anxiety, as well as its moderators, has not been formally integrated. This systematic review and meta-analysis of empirical findings clarifies the relationship between fear generalization and pathological anxiety. In conclusion, enhanced fear generalization is associated with several anxiety disorders and stress-related disorders, which is supported statistically by a small, but robust effect size of g = 0.44 for risk ratings as an index of fear generalization. However, empirical results are inconsistent across disorders and they rarely allow for conclusions on their causality in the disorders' etiology. Therefore, based on theoretical considerations, we recommend directions for intensified research, especially on the causal relationship between overgeneralization and pathological fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fraunfelter
- University of Mannheim, School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, L13, 17, 68131 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - A B M Gerdes
- University of Mannheim, School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, L13, 17, 68131 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - G W Alpers
- University of Mannheim, School of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, L13, 17, 68131 Mannheim, Germany.
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15
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Okamoto N, Watanabe K, Tesen H, Ikenouchi A, Igata R, Konishi Y, Natsuyama T, Fujii R, Kakeda S, Kishi T, Iwata N, Yoshimura R. Volume of Amygdala Subregions and Plasma Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Cortisol in Patients with s/s Genotype of Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism of First-Episode and Drug-Naive Major Depressive Disorder: An Exploratory Study. Neurol Int 2022; 14:378-390. [PMID: 35466212 PMCID: PMC9036263 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint14020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The amygdala is a prominent region of the brain that plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). The amygdala is formed from a collection of interconnected substructures (nuclei) that relay signals from multiple brain areas, which suggests that the amygdala has different functions depending on its subregion. There are two main alleles of serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR): a 44-bp insertion (l-allele) or deletion (s-allele). The transcriptional activity of the l-allele of the gene is twice that of the s-allele. The present study aimed to investigate the association between the volume of the whole amygdala and subregions of the amygdala in 25 first-episode and drug-naive patients with MDD and 46 healthy controls (HCs) with the s/s genotype of 5-HTTLPR and plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or cortisol. No significant difference was observed in the amygdala total and subregion volumes between the HC and MDD groups. No significant difference was found in the plasma levels of BDNF and cortisol between the two groups. In addition, no correlations were found between the total and subregion amygdala volume and plasma levels of cortisol or BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomichi Okamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital of University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; (N.O.); (H.T.); (A.I.); (R.I.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (R.F.)
- Medical Center for Dementia, Hospital of University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Keita Watanabe
- Open Innovation Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
| | - Hirofumi Tesen
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital of University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; (N.O.); (H.T.); (A.I.); (R.I.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (R.F.)
| | - Atsuko Ikenouchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital of University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; (N.O.); (H.T.); (A.I.); (R.I.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (R.F.)
- Medical Center for Dementia, Hospital of University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Ryohei Igata
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital of University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; (N.O.); (H.T.); (A.I.); (R.I.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (R.F.)
| | - Yuki Konishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital of University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; (N.O.); (H.T.); (A.I.); (R.I.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (R.F.)
| | - Tomoya Natsuyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital of University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; (N.O.); (H.T.); (A.I.); (R.I.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (R.F.)
| | - Rintaro Fujii
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital of University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; (N.O.); (H.T.); (A.I.); (R.I.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (R.F.)
| | - Shingo Kakeda
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8560, Japan;
| | - Taro Kishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (T.K.); (N.I.)
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (T.K.); (N.I.)
| | - Reiji Yoshimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital of University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; (N.O.); (H.T.); (A.I.); (R.I.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-93-691-7253
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16
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Carboni L, El Khoury A, Beiderbeck DI, Neumann ID, Mathé AA. Neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and neurokinin A in brain regions of HAB rats correlate with anxiety-like behaviours. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 57:1-14. [PMID: 35008014 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are pervasive psychiatric disorders causing great suffering. The high (HAB) and low (LAB) anxiety-related behaviour rats were selectively bred to investigate neurobiological correlates of anxiety. We compared the level of neuropeptides relevant for anxiety- and depression-related behaviours in selected brain regions of HAB and LAB rats. Increased anxiety and depression-like behaviours of male and female HAB rats in the elevated plus-maze and forced swim tests were accompanied by elevated levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the prefrontal (PFC), frontal (FC) and cingulate cortex (CCx), the striatum, and periaqueductal grey (PAG). Moreover, HAB rats displayed sex-dependent, elevated levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in PFC, FC, CCx, hippocampus, and PAG. Higher neurokinin A (NKA) levels were detected in CCx, striatum, and PAG in HAB males and in CCx and hypothalamus in HAB females. Increased neurotensin was detected in CCx and PAG in HAB males and in hypothalamus in HAB females. Elevated corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) levels appeared in female HAB hypothalamus. Significant correlations were found between anxiety-like behaviour and NPY, CGRP, NKA, and neurotensin, particularly with NPY in CCx and striatum, CGRP in FC and hippocampus, and NKA in entorhinal cortex. This is the first report of NPY, CGRP, NKA, Neurotensin, and CRH measurements in brain regions of HAB and LAB rats, which showed widespread NPY and CGRP alterations in cortical regions, with NKA and neurotensin changes localised in sub-cortical areas. The results may contribute to elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms underlying anxiety and depression and should facilitate identifying novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Carboni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Aram El Khoury
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela I Beiderbeck
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inga D Neumann
- Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Aleksander A Mathé
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden
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