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Li R, Hosseini H, Saggar M, Balters SC, Reiss AL. Current opinions on the present and future use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in psychiatry. NEUROPHOTONICS 2023; 10:013505. [PMID: 36777700 PMCID: PMC9904322 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.10.1.013505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical imaging technique for assessing human brain activity by noninvasively measuring the fluctuation of cerebral oxygenated- and deoxygenated-hemoglobin concentrations associated with neuronal activity. Owing to its superior mobility, low cost, and good tolerance for motion, the past few decades have witnessed a rapid increase in the research and clinical use of fNIRS in a variety of psychiatric disorders. In this perspective article, we first briefly summarize the state-of-the-art concerning fNIRS research in psychiatry. In particular, we highlight the diverse applications of fNIRS in psychiatric research, the advanced development of fNIRS instruments, and novel fNIRS study designs for exploring brain activity associated with psychiatric disorders. We then discuss some of the open challenges and share our perspectives on the future of fNIRS in psychiatric research and clinical practice. We conclude that fNIRS holds promise for becoming a useful tool in clinical psychiatric settings with respect to developing closed-loop systems and improving individualized treatments and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihui Li
- Stanford University, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Hadi Hosseini
- Stanford University, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Manish Saggar
- Stanford University, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Stephanie Christina Balters
- Stanford University, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Allan L. Reiss
- Stanford University, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California, United States
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology and Pediatrics, Stanford, California, United States
- Stanford University, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to Allan L. Reiss,
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2
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Cao J, Huang Y, Meshberg N, Hodges SA, Kong J. Neuroimaging-Based Scalp Acupuncture Locations for Dementia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2477. [PMID: 32752265 PMCID: PMC7463942 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scalp acupuncture is a modality of acupuncture in which acupuncture needles are inserted into a certain layer of the scalp in order to affect the function of corresponding areas of the cerebral cortex and relieve symptoms. Clinical studies have demonstrated the potential of scalp acupuncture as a non-pharmacological treatment for dementia. Unfortunately, recent findings from brain neuroimaging studies on dementia have not been incorporated into scalp acupuncture. This study aims to integrate meta-analysis, resting-state functional connectivity, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to identify potential locations of scalp acupuncture for treatment of dementia. We found that the prefrontal cortex, the medial prefrontal cortex, the middle and superior temporal gyrus, the temporal pole, the supplementary motor area, the inferior occipital gyrus, and the precuneus are involved in the pathophysiology of dementia and, therefore, may be the target areas of scalp acupuncture for dementia treatment. The neuroimaging-based scalp acupuncture protocol developed in this study may help to refine the locations for the treatment of dementia. Integrating multidisciplinary methods to identify key surface cortical areas associated with a certain disorder may shed light on the development of scalp acupuncture and other neuromodulation methods such as transcranial electrical current stimulation, particularly in the domain of identifying stimulation locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Building 120, 2nd AVE, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Yiting Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Building 120, 2nd AVE, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nathaniel Meshberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Building 120, 2nd AVE, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sierra A Hodges
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Building 120, 2nd AVE, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Building 120, 2nd AVE, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Shinohara Y, Umezaki Y, Minami I, Watanabe M, Miura A, Mikutsuki L, Kawasaki K, Sugawara S, Trang TTH, Suga T, Watanabe T, Yoshikawa T, Takenoshita M, Motomura H, Toyofuku A. Comorbid depressive disorders and left-side dominant occlusal discomfort in patients with phantom bite syndrome. J Oral Rehabil 2019; 47:36-41. [PMID: 31398263 PMCID: PMC6916626 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phantom bite syndrome (PBS) is characterised by occlusal discomfort without corresponding dental abnormalities. Despite repeated, failed dental treatments, patients with PBS persist in seeking bite correction. PBS has been regarded as a mental disorder. However, we have reported that PBS patients with a dental trigger tend to have less psychiatric history than those without. Hence, the symptoms of PBS cannot be explained by a mental disorder alone, and it is unclear if mental disorders affect occlusal sensation. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the pathophysiology of PBS, we analysed the dental history, PBS symptom laterality and psychiatric history of patients. METHODS In this retrospective study, we reviewed outpatients with PBS who presented at our clinic between April 2012 and March 2017. Their medical records were reviewed for demographic data, medical history and laterality of occlusal discomfort. RESULTS Approximately half of the 199 enrolled patients had bilateral occlusal discomfort. In the others, the side with occlusal discomfort generally tended to be the one that had received dental treatment. There was no significant relationship between the side chiefly affected by occlusal discomfort and whether dental treatment had been received; however, the affected side differed depending on whether the patient had comorbid psychiatric disorders (P = .041). CONCLUSIONS The distributions of the side with symptoms of PBS were different between those with and without comorbid psychiatric disorders, suggesting that psychiatric disorders might affect occlusal sensation due to a subtle dysfunction in brain areas central to sensory integration. Central dysfunction might play an important role in PBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Shinohara
- Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yojiro Umezaki
- Section of Geriatric Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Minami
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Masticatory Function Rehabilitation, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoko Watanabe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anna Miura
- Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lou Mikutsuki
- Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kawasaki
- Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Sugawara
- Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tu Thi Hyen Trang
- Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suga
- Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yoshikawa
- Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Takenoshita
- Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Motomura
- Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Toyofuku
- Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Pinaya WHL, Mechelli A, Sato JR. Using deep autoencoders to identify abnormal brain structural patterns in neuropsychiatric disorders: A large-scale multi-sample study. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:944-954. [PMID: 30311316 PMCID: PMC6492107 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning is becoming an increasingly popular approach for investigating spatially distributed and subtle neuroanatomical alterations in brain-based disorders. However, some machine learning models have been criticized for requiring a large number of cases in each experimental group, and for resembling a "black box" that provides little or no insight into the nature of the data. In this article, we propose an alternative conceptual and practical approach for investigating brain-based disorders which aim to overcome these limitations. We used an artificial neural network known as "deep autoencoder" to create a normative model using structural magnetic resonance imaging data from 1,113 healthy people. We then used this model to estimate total and regional neuroanatomical deviation in individual patients with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder using two independent data sets (n = 263). We report that the model was able to generate different values of total neuroanatomical deviation for each disease under investigation relative to their control group (p < .005). Furthermore, the model revealed distinct patterns of neuroanatomical deviations for the two diseases, consistent with the existing neuroimaging literature. We conclude that the deep autoencoder provides a flexible and promising framework for assessing total and regional neuroanatomical deviations in neuropsychiatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H L Pinaya
- Center of Mathematics, Computing, and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil.,Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Mechelli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - João R Sato
- Center of Mathematics, Computing, and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
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5
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Zepf FD, Stewart RM, Hood S, Guillemin GJ. Great expectations: Nutritional medicine as a mainstream in clinical psychiatry and weighing opportunities against risks. Med Hypotheses 2016; 88:68-9. [PMID: 26880642 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F D Zepf
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Specialised Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), Department of Health in Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - R M Stewart
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - S Hood
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - G J Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology Group, MND and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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6
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Pae CU. The potential role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 for major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2014; 11:217-22. [PMID: 25110491 PMCID: PMC4124177 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2014.11.3.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune hypothesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) fits well with the supposed interaction between genetic and environmental factors in disorders with a complicated etiopathogenesis. It has been suggested that infectious diseases are associated with MDD in that cytokines may play a critical role as a key modulator in the transition between infection and the development of MDD. It has been also suggested that antidepressants have immunomodulatory effects on some cytokines and cytokine receptors, although the exact mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. Among cytokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is especially well known and has attracted considerable interest owing to its immunomodulatory functions. MCP-1 is expressed in highly regionalized neuronal areas in the brain, leading to kind of modulation of neuronal activity and neuroendocrine functions commonly seen in patients with MDD. Additionally, it is involved in the control of other cytokines that have been consistently proposed as associated with the development of MDD. It also has a possible role in the neurodegenerative process of a number of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Hence, this paper draws from the perspective of immunology to offer several suggestions about the role of MPC-1 in the development of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Un Pae
- Department of Psychiatry, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicines, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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7
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Ruisoto Palomera P, Juanes Méndez JA, Prats Galino A. Enhancing neuroanatomy education using computer-based instructional material. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Yang J, Chen T, Sun L, Zhao Z, Qi X, Zhou K, Cao Y, Wang X, Qiu Y, Su M, Zhao A, Wang P, Yang P, Wu J, Feng G, He L, Jia W, Wan C. Potential metabolite markers of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:67-78. [PMID: 22024767 PMCID: PMC3526727 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects 0.5-1% of the population worldwide. Current diagnostic methods are based on psychiatric interviews, which are subjective in nature. The lack of disease biomarkers to support objective laboratory tests has been a long-standing bottleneck in the clinical diagnosis and evaluation of schizophrenia. Here we report a global metabolic profiling study involving 112 schizophrenic patients and 110 healthy subjects, who were divided into a training set and a test set, designed to identify metabolite markers. A panel of serum markers consisting of glycerate, eicosenoic acid, β-hydroxybutyrate, pyruvate and cystine was identified as an effective diagnostic tool, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.945 in the training samples (62 patients and 62 controls) and 0.895 in the test samples (50 patients and 48 controls). Furthermore, a composite panel by the addition of urine β-hydroxybutyrate to the serum panel achieved a more satisfactory accuracy, which reached an AUC of 1 in both the training set and the test set. Multiple fatty acids and ketone bodies were found significantly (P<0.01) elevated in both the serum and urine of patients, suggesting an upregulated fatty acid catabolism, presumably resulting from an insufficiency of glucose supply in the brains of schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Institutes for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - T Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Sun
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Institutes for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - X Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - K Zhou
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Institutes for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Cao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Qiu
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - M Su
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - A Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - P Wang
- Wuhu No. 4 People's Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - P Yang
- Wuhu No. 4 People's Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - J Wu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - G Feng
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Institutes for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - L He
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Institutes for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - W Jia
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China. E-mail:
| | - C Wan
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Institutes for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China. E-mail:
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9
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Ruisoto P, Juanes JA, Contador I, Mayoral P, Prats-Galino A. Experimental evidence for improved neuroimaging interpretation using three-dimensional graphic models. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2012; 5:132-7. [PMID: 22434672 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) or volumetric visualization is a useful resource for learning about the anatomy of the human brain. However, the effectiveness of 3D spatial visualization has not yet been assessed systematically. This report analyzes whether 3D volumetric visualization helps learners to identify and locate subcortical structures more precisely than classical cross-sectional images based on a two dimensional (2D) approach. Eighty participants were assigned to each experimental condition: 2D cross-sectional visualization vs. 3D volumetric visualization. Both groups were matched for age, gender, visual-spatial ability, and previous knowledge of neuroanatomy. Accuracy in identifying brain structures, execution time, and level of confidence in the response were taken as outcome measures. Moreover, interactive effects between the experimental conditions (2D vs. 3D) and factors such as level of competence (novice vs. expert), image modality (morphological and functional), and difficulty of the structures were analyzed. The percentage of correct answers (hit rate) and level of confidence in responses were significantly higher in the 3D visualization condition than in the 2D. In addition, the response time was significantly lower for the 3D visualization condition in comparison with the 2D. The interaction between the experimental condition (2D vs. 3D) and difficulty was significant, and the 3D condition facilitated the location of difficult images more than the 2D condition. 3D volumetric visualization helps to identify brain structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala, more accurately and rapidly than conventional 2D visualization. This paper discusses the implications of these results with regards to the learning process involved in neuroimaging interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ruisoto
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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10
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Abstract
Here we describe MRI and (1)H MRS protocols for the investigation of animal models (mainly mice and rats) of psychiatric disorders. The introduction provides general findings from brain imaging studies in patients with psychiatric diseases and refers to general rules regarding the use of animal models in research. The methods section includes a selection of basic 9.4 T MRI and MRS protocols applicable for the investigation of animal models of psychiatric disorders (T1W, T2W, FLAIR, (1)H MRS). The notes section discusses in detail a series of factors that can influence the outcome of the experiment: from animal handling, stress-triggering aspects, and experimental design-related factors to technical aspects that affect T (1) and T (2) measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana S Poole
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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11
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Weisenberger AG, Lee S, Smith MF. Motion-tracking technique in unrestrained small-animal single-photon emission computed tomography. Rev Neurosci 2011; 22:657-63. [PMID: 22098447 DOI: 10.1515/rns.2011.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Medical researchers have used structural and functional imaging techniques to study various neurological phenomena. Humans are typically conscious for both structural and functional neuroimaging studies. The use of functional neuro-imaging techniques in mouse-based animal models is typically accomplished with restrained or anesthetized mice. A system was developed to perform functional imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography of awake mice to avoid the confounding influences of anesthesia or physical restraint. This review article provides an overview of the technique and how it is presently being used. The system is designed for brain imaging and uses infrared reflectors to track the head position as a function of time. The detected photons are acquired in list mode and are time-stamped. The position of the rotating gamma camera is also recorded as a function of time. These three sets of data are integrated together in an iterative image reconstruction program that performs motion compensation. The successful performance of the system is demonstrated in moving phantom and awake animal studies. The system and methodology has the potential of being a powerful tool in behavioral neuroimaging studies involving awake, unrestrained mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Weisenberger
- Detector and Imaging Group, Physics Division, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, 12000 Jefferson Ave., Newport News, VA 23606, USA.
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12
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Maes M, Leonard BE, Myint AM, Kubera M, Verkerk R. The new '5-HT' hypothesis of depression: cell-mediated immune activation induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which leads to lower plasma tryptophan and an increased synthesis of detrimental tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), both of which contribute to the onset of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:702-21. [PMID: 21185346 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the body of evidence that not only tryptophan and consequent 5-HT depletion, but also induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and the detrimental effects of tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) play a role in the pathophysiology of depression. IDO is induced by interferon (IFN)γ, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, lipopolysaccharides and oxidative stress, factors that play a role in the pathophysiology of depression. TRYCATs, like kynurenine and quinolinic acid, are depressogenic and anxiogenic; activate oxidative pathways; cause mitochondrial dysfunctions; and have neuroexcitatory and neurotoxic effects that may lead to neurodegeneration. The TRYCAT pathway is also activated following induction of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) by glucocorticoids, which are elevated in depression. There is evidence that activation of IDO reduces plasma tryptophan and increases TRYCAT synthesis in depressive states and that TDO activation may play a role as well. The development of depressive symptoms during IFNα-based immunotherapy is strongly associated with IDO activation, increased production of detrimental TRYCATs and lowered levels of tryptophan. Women show greater IDO activation and TRYCAT production following immune challenge than men. In the early puerperium, IDO activation and TRYCAT production are associated with the development of affective symptoms. Clinical depression is accompanied by lowered levels of neuroprotective TRYCATs or increased levels or neurotoxic TRYCATs, and lowered plasma tryptophan, which is associated with indices of immune activation and glucocorticoid hypersecretion. Lowered tryptophan and increased TRYCATs induce T cell unresponsiveness and therefore may exert a negative feedback on the primary inflammatory response in depression. It is concluded that activation of the TRYCAT pathway by IDO and TDO may be associated with the development of depressive symptoms through tryptophan depletion and the detrimental effects of TRYCATs. Therefore, the TRYCAT pathway should be a new drug target in depression. Direct inhibitors of IDO are less likely to be useful drugs than agents, such as kynurenine hydroxylase inhibitors; drugs which block the primary immune response; compounds that increase the protective effects of kynurenic acid; and specific antioxidants that target IDO activation, the immune and oxidative pathways, and 5-HT as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maes
- Maes Clinics @ TRIA, Piyavate Hospital, 998 Rimklongsamsen Road, Bangkok 10310, Thailand.
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13
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Rigucci S, Serafini G, Pompili M, Kotzalidis GD, Tatarelli R. Anatomical and functional correlates in major depressive disorder: The contribution of neuroimaging studies. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/15622970903131571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Azechi M, Iwase M, Ikezawa K, Takahashi H, Canuet L, Kurimoto R, Nakahachi T, Ishii R, Fukumoto M, Ohi K, Yasuda Y, Kazui H, Hashimoto R, Takeda M. Discriminant analysis in schizophrenia and healthy subjects using prefrontal activation during frontal lobe tasks: a near-infrared spectroscopy. Schizophr Res 2010; 117:52-60. [PMID: 19896332 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
While psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia are largely diagnosed on symptomatology, several studies have attempted to determine which biomarkers can discriminate schizophrenia patients from non-patients with schizophrenia. The objective of this study is to assess whether near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurement can distinguish schizophrenia patients from healthy subjects. Sixty patients with schizophrenia and sixty age- and gender-matched healthy controls were divided into two sequential groups. The concentration change in oxygenated hemoglobin (Delta[oxy-Hb]) was measured in the bilateral prefrontal areas (Fp1-F7 and Fp2-F8) during the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) letter version and category version, Tower of Hanoi (TOH), Sternberg's (SBT) and Stroop Tasks. In the first group, schizophrenia patients showed poorer task performance on all tasks and less prefrontal cortex activation during all but the Stroop Task compared to healthy subjects. In the second group, schizophrenia patients showed poorer task performance and less prefrontal cortex activation during VFTs and TOH tasks than healthy subjects. We then performed discriminant analysis by a stepwise method using Delta[oxy-Hb] and task performance measures as independent variables. The discriminant analysis in the first group included task performance of TOH, VFT letter and VFT category and Delta[oxy-Hb] of VFT letter. As a result, 88.3% of the participants were correctly classified as being schizophrenic or healthy subjects in the first analysis. The discriminant function derived from the first group correctly assigned 75% of the subjects in the second group. Our findings suggest that NIRS measurement could be applied to differentiate patients with schizophrenia from healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Azechi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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15
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Schmidt R, Havas D, Ropele S, Enzinger C, Fazekas F. MRI in Dementia. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2010; 18:121-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Neuroethics is a new subset of bioethics that addresses ethical issues pertaining to the brain, primarily in the fields of neuroscience, cognitive science, and neuroradiology. Research in brain science is progressing at a phenomenal rate and, as a result, the acquisition and application of knowledge and technology raises ethical questions of a practical and philosophical nature. While neuroethics is developing as a distinct field of study, one area that should be addressed in greater depth is the relevance and potential impact of neurotechnology in psychiatry. New knowledge in the mind-brain conundrum and increasingly sophisticated techniques for imaging and intervening in human cognition, emotion, and behavior pose ethical issues at the intersection of technology and psychiatry. This article presents a broad survey of the new directions in neuroethics, neuroscience, and technology and considers the implications of technological advances for the practice of psychiatry in the new millennium. (Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2009;15:391-401).
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Abstract
With cognitive disorders increasingly common, clinicians urgently need faster and more accurate tools to classify such disorders and to noninvasively monitor therapeutic interventions. In this review, we provide information on MRI techniques that enable the study of the morphology, neuronal integrity, and metabolism of dementing illnesses. In addition, we explore the usefulness of such techniques as surrogate markers of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
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18
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Jissendi Tchofo P, Balériaux D. Brain 1H-MR spectroscopy in clinical neuroimaging at 3T. J Neuroradiol 2009; 36:24-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Illes J, Lombera S, Rosenberg J, Arnow B. In the mind's eye: provider and patient attitudes on functional brain imaging. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 43:107-14. [PMID: 18423669 PMCID: PMC2613197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Success in functional neuroimaging has brought the promise of quantitative data in the form of brain images to the diagnosis of disorders of the central nervous system for which only qualitative clinical criteria have previously existed. Even though the translation of research to clinical neuroimaging for conditions such as major depression may not be available yet, rapid innovation along this trajectory of discovery to implementation compels exploration of how such information will eventually affect providers and patients. Clinical neuroethics is devoted to elucidating ethical challenges prior to and during the transfer of new research capabilities to the bedside. Through a model of proactive ethics, clinical neuroethics promotes the development of responsible social and public policies in response to new diagnostic and prognostic capabilities for the benefit of patients and their families, and for providers within the health care systems in which they practice. To examine views about the potential interaction of clinical neuroimaging and depression, we surveyed both mental health providers and outpatients and inpatients diagnosed with major depressive disorder. From responses of 52 providers and 72 patients, we found high receptivity to brain scans for treatment tailoring and choice, for improving understanding of and coping with disease, and for mitigating the effects of stigma and self-blame. Our results suggest that, once ready, roll out of the fully validated technology has significant potential to reduce social burden associated with highly stigmatized illnesses like depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Illes
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, Department of Pediatrics (Medical Genetics), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States,* Corresponding author. Present address: National Core for Neuroethics, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Koerner Pavilion, S124 Vancouver, Canada BC V6T 2B5. Tel.: +1 604 822 0746; fax: +1 604 827 5229. E-mail address: (J. Illes)
| | - S. Lombera
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, Program in Science, Technology and Society, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - J. Rosenberg
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - B. Arnow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
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20
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Karch S, Jäger L, Karamatskos E, Graz C, Stammel A, Flatz W, Lutz J, Holtschmidt-Täschner B, Genius J, Leicht G, Pogarell O, Born C, Möller HJ, Hegerl U, Reiser M, Soyka M, Mulert C. Influence of trait anxiety on inhibitory control in alcohol-dependent patients: simultaneous acquisition of ERPs and BOLD responses. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42:734-45. [PMID: 17826793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-dependence is often associated with comorbid psychiatric symptoms. However, the results concerning the influence of these symptoms on cognitive functioning in alcoholism are still inconsistent. The aim of this study was to determine performance monitoring in healthy volunteers and alcohol-dependent patients, and to assess the influence of trait anxiety on these processes. Sixteen healthy volunteers and 16 detoxified alcohol-dependent patients completed an auditory go/nogo paradigm. Functional magnetic resonance imaging, event-related potentials and behavioral data were acquired simultaneously. The patients were classified by median split based on level of self-rated trait anxiety (state-trait anxiety inventory; STAI). The results showed no significant differences regarding inhibition-associated electrophysiological and behavioral responses between alcohol-dependent patients with high-trait anxiety scores and alcohol-addicts with low-STAI scores. However, the functional MRI data revealed elevated activations during the response inhibition task especially in the middle frontal gyrus (BA 6/9), the superior frontal gyrus (BA 6/8/9) and the right inferior frontal gyrus, as well as temporo-parietal brain regions in patients with high-trait anxiety compared to non-anxious alcohol-addicts. Patients and healthy controls showed comparable results with regard to neural and behavioral responses. These results suggest that inhibitory control capacities of alcohol-dependent patients are not consistent: alcohol-addicts with high-trait anxiety ratings showed elevated neural responses compared to patients without any comorbid psychiatric symptoms. This may indicate that comorbid psychiatric symptoms need to be considered when assessing brain responses in alcohol-dependent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
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Miranda-Scippa ÂMDA, Pires MLN, Handfas BW, Marie SKN, Calil HM. Pituitary volume and the effects of phototherapy in patients with seasonal winter depression: a controlled study. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2008; 30:50-4. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462008000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Our aims were to investigate the pituitary volume in patients with seasonal winter depression and healthy volunteers in winter and summer, and to assess the effects of phototherapy in these patients. METHOD: The pituitary volume of 12 patients with winter depression and 12 healthy controls, paired according gender, age and menstrual cycle, were obtained from magnetic resonance imaging in winter and summer. Eight patients were submitted to phototherapy (10000 vs. 2500 lux) in a double-blind crossover fashion during the winter, and reassessed (symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging) after treatment. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in pituitary volume between controls and patients in winter or summer. Exposure to phototherapy (10000 lux) decreased the depressive symptoms (p = 0.004), but the glandular volume did not change (p = 0.5). However, the pituitary volume in winter showed a positive correlation with the severity of depression in these patients (r = 0.69, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that neither winter depression nor the change of seasons is associated with significant change in the pituitary volume. Despite the fact that this study was performed in a tropical area, phototherapy with 10000 lux showed to be an efficient treatment in this SAD patients sample.
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Sharma S, Ebadi M. SPECT neuroimaging in translational research of CNS disorders. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:352-62. [PMID: 17904694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 07/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
High resolution SPECT imaging is an emerging field and there are only limited studies as yet available in this direction. Still there is continuous effort to achieve better spatial and temporal resolution in order to obtain detailed structural and functional information of different brain regions in small experimental animals. Recently, SPECT imaging system has been used to perform in vivo imaging using specific radioligands to further elucidate the role of dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission in relation to regional cerebral blood flow in various human CNS disorders and in gene-manipulated mouse models of neurodegeneration. Although in vivo and non-invasive translational research can be performed by high-resolution microPET imaging system, its limited spatial resolution restricts detailed anatomical and functional information of different brain regions involved in disease process. Recently developed NanoSPECT/CT imaging system has a better spatial resolution hence can be used to correlate and confirm microPET imaging data and determine the precise structural and functional anatomy of CNS disorders and their remission. Moreover SPECT imaging system reduces the cost and number of animals and provides detailed information of CNS disorders at the cellular, molecular and genetic level. Furthermore, SPECT system is economical, provides less radiation burden, and can be used to study bio-distribution of newly synthesized radioligands with increased target to non-target ratios, quality control, and clinical applications. It is envisaged that high-resolution SPECT imaging system will further improve in vivo non-invasive translational research on CNS disorders of unknown etiopathogenesis and their treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Sharma
- Cyclotron & Positron Imaging Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Neurosciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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23
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Hoop JG, Smyth AC, Roberts LW. Ethical issues in psychiatric research on children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2008; 17:127-48, x. [PMID: 18036483 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric research on children and adolescents is ethically justified by the need to reduce the burden that mental illnesses place on young people, their families, and society. Such research must be conducted with careful attention to the ethical principles of beneficence, justice, and respect for persons. Child and adolescent psychiatrists who collaborate on research trials or advise patients and families about research participation should consider nine domains when evaluating the ethical acceptability of particular protocols. These domains include scientific merit and design; expertise, commitment, and integrity; risks and benefits; confidentiality; participant selection and recruitment; informed consent and decisional capacity; incentives; institution and peer/professional review; and data presentation. Special ethical issues in child and adolescent psychiatry research concern the use of randomized, controlled treatment trials; the informed consent process for research involving adolescents; the therapeutic misconception; and conflicts of interest in physician referrals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinger G Hoop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Manjunatha N, Saddichha S. Brain imaging in psychiatry--a study of 435 psychiatric in-patients at a university clinic. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007; 115:492; author reply 492. [PMID: 17498163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Pearlson GD, Calhoun V. Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging in psychiatric disorders. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2007; 52:158-66. [PMID: 17479523 DOI: 10.1177/070674370705200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report on recent advances in both structural and functional brain imaging studies in psychiatry and to highlight their importance for the field. METHOD We reviewed recently published articles dealing with such advances and abstracted them into a selective review of the field. RESULTS Some of the more important trends include integration of genetic information into research studies, use of novel quantitative image measurement techniques, studies of new subject populations, the use of pharmacologic probes in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, the incorporation of elements of virtual reality into fMRI task stimuli, and the methodological innovation of hyperscanning. CONCLUSIONS A whole series of new approaches and techniques are resulting in rapid advances in neuroimaging in psychiatry. Several of these show the potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey D Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA.
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