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Horsley BJ, Tofari PJ, Halson SL, Kemp JG, Chalkley D, Cole MH, Johnston RD, Cormack SJ. Validity and Reliability of Thoracic-Mounted Inertial Measurement Units to Derive Gait Characteristics During Running. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:274-282. [PMID: 37884006 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Horsley, BJ, Tofari, PJ, Halson, SL, Kemp, JG, Chalkley, D, Cole, MH, Johnston, RD, and Cormack, SJ. Validity and reliability of thoracic-mounted inertial measurement units to derive gait characteristics during running. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 274-282, 2024-Inertial measurement units (IMUs) attached to the tibia or lumbar spine can be used to analyze running gait but, with team-sports, are often contained in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) units worn on the thoracic spine. We assessed the validity and reliability of thoracic-mounted IMUs to derive gait characteristics, including peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF peak ) and vertical stiffness (K vert ). Sixteen recreationally active subjects performed 40 m run throughs at 3-4, 5-6, and 7-8 m·s -1 . Inertial measurement units were attached to the tibia, lumbar, and thoracic spine, whereas 2 GNSS units were also worn on the thoracic spine. Initial contact (IC) from a validated algorithm was evaluated with F1 score and agreement (mean difference ± SD ) of gait data with the tibia and lumbar spine using nonparametric limits of agreement (LoA). Test-retest error {coefficient of variation, CV (95% confidence interval [CI])} established reliability. Thoracic IMUs detected a nearly perfect proportion (F1 ≥ 0.95) of IC events compared with tibia and lumbar sites. Step length had the strongest agreement (0 ± 0.04 m) at 3-4 m·s -1 , whereas contact time improved from 3 to 4 (-0.028 ± 0.018 second) to 7-8 m·s -1 (-0.004 ± 0.013 second). All values for K vert fell within the LoA at 7-8 m·s -1 . Test-retest error was ≤12.8% for all gait characteristics obtained from GNSS units, where K vert was most reliable at 3-4 m·s -1 (6.8% [5.2, 9.6]) and vGRF peak at 7-8 m·s -1 (3.7% [2.5, 5.2]). The thoracic-spine site is suitable to derive gait characteristics, including K vert , from IMUs within GNSS units, eliminating the need for additional sensors to analyze running gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Horsley
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Paul J Tofari
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Shona L Halson
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Justin G Kemp
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Daniel Chalkley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Michael H Cole
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Rich D Johnston
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Cormack
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
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Starling LT, Tucker R, Quarrie K, Schmidt J, Hassanein O, Smith C, Flahive S, Morris C, Lancaster S, Mellalieu S, Curran O, Gill N, Clarke W, Davies P, Harrington M, Falvey E. The World Rugby and International Rugby Players Contact Load Guidelines: From conception to implementation and the future. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2023; 35:v35i1a16376. [PMID: 38249755 PMCID: PMC10798596 DOI: 10.17159/2078-516x/2023/v35i1a16376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Managing training load in rugby union is crucial for optimising performance and injury prevention. Contact training warrants attention because of higher overall injury and head impact risk, yet players must develop physical, technical, and mental skills to withstand the demands of the game. To help coaches manage contact loads in professional rugby, World Rugby and International Rugby Players convened an expert working group. They conducted a global survey with players to develop contact load guidelines. This commentary aims to describe the contact load guidelines and their implementation, and identify areas where future work is needed to support their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- LT Starling
- World Rugby House, Pembroke Street Lower, Dublin,
Ireland
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath,
UK
| | - R Tucker
- World Rugby House, Pembroke Street Lower, Dublin,
Ireland
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), Department of Exercise, University of Stellenbosch,
South Africa
| | - K Quarrie
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington,
New Zealand
| | - J Schmidt
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington,
New Zealand
| | - O Hassanein
- International Rugby Players, Clonskeagh, Dublin,
Ireland
| | - C Smith
- International Rugby Players, Clonskeagh, Dublin,
Ireland
| | - S Flahive
- International Rugby Players, Clonskeagh, Dublin,
Ireland
| | - C Morris
- C J Morris Consulting Ltd, Cheshire,
UK
| | | | - S Mellalieu
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research (CAWR), Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff,
UK
| | - O Curran
- Irish Rugby Football Union, High Performance Centre, National Sports Campus, Dublin 15,
Ireland
| | - N Gill
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington,
New Zealand
- University of Waikato, Tauranga,
New Zealand
| | - W Clarke
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington,
New Zealand
| | - P Davies
- World Rugby House, Pembroke Street Lower, Dublin,
Ireland
| | - M Harrington
- World Rugby House, Pembroke Street Lower, Dublin,
Ireland
| | - E Falvey
- World Rugby House, Pembroke Street Lower, Dublin,
Ireland
- College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork,
Ireland
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Menzies FA, Walsh J, Boyd AJ, Turner AP. Assessment of contact involvements and scrums in international rugby union match-play using video analysis and microsensor technology methods. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:2129-2137. [PMID: 38329895 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2313837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
This study sought to assess the validity of contact involvement (CI) detection using microsensor technology (MST, Catapult Vector) within the context of a Tier One national rugby union (RU) squad, consisting of 44 players. Sensitivity of MST units to detect CI and scrums was assessed in eight test matches, by comparison with match data obtained by video analysis. This paper is the first to assess the sensitivity of MST to the full range of skilled CI which occur in RU, including evaluating "non-performance" collisions, such as incidental collisions or foul play. Sensitivity to tackles made (52.9-84.9%) and ruck hits (53.3-87.2%) was lower than previous research, although ball carries (71.9-93.5%) showed broadly similar sensitivity to established results. The sensitivity of the MST to detect scrums was substantially lower than previous findings, with large positional variation evident (51.4-91.5%). Further refinement of MST software should be considered in order to facilitate valid monitoring of RU performance and injury risk. An additional finding was that video analysis generally demonstrated satisfactory intrarater reliability. This result supports the use of video analysis as a reliable method of assessing RU performance, including CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser A Menzies
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- High Performance Department, Scottish Rugby Union, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jack Walsh
- High Performance Department, Scottish Rugby Union, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andy J Boyd
- High Performance Department, Scottish Rugby Union, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anthony P Turner
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Field B, Waddington G, McKune A, Goecke R, Gardner AJ. Validation of an instrumented mouthguard in rugby union-a pilot study comparing impact sensor technology to video analysis. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1230202. [PMID: 38053522 PMCID: PMC10694248 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1230202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To better understand the biomechanical profile of direct head impacts and the game scenarios in which they occur in Rugby Union, there is a need for an on-field validation of a new instrumented mouthguard (IMG) against the reference standard. This study considers the potential of a combined biomechanical (IMG) and video analysis approach to direct head impact recognition, both of which in isolation have limitations. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between an instrumented mouthguard and video analysis in detection of direct head impacts in rugby union. Design Pilot Study - Observational Cohort design. Methods The instrumented mouthguard was worn by ten (3 backs, 7 forwards) professional Rugby Union players during the 2020-21 Gallagher Premiership (UK) season. Game-day video was synchronized with timestamped head acceleration events captured from the instrumented mouthguard. Direct Head Impacts were recorded in a 2 × 2 contingency table to determine sensitivity. Impact characteristics were also collected for all verified head impacts to further the understanding of head biomechanics during the game. Results There were 2018 contact events that were reviewed using video analysis. Of those 655 were categorized as direct head impacts which also correlated with a head acceleration event captured by the IMG. Sensitivity analysis showed an overall sensitivity of 93.6% and a positive predictive value (PPV of 92.4%). When false positives were excluded due to ball out of play, mouthguard removal or handling after a scoring situation or stoppage, PPV was improved (98.3%). Most verified head impacts occurred in and around the ruck contest (31.2%) followed by impacts to the primary tackler (28.4%). Conclusion This pilot validation study demonstrates that this IMG provides a highly accurate measurement device that could be used to complement video verification in the recognition of on-field direct head impacts. The frequency and magnitude of direct head impacts derived from specific game scenarios has been described and allows for greater recognition of high-risk situations. Further studies with larger sample sizes and in different populations of Rugby Union players are required to develop our understanding of head impact and enable strategies for injury mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Field
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Gordon Waddington
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew McKune
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise, and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Roland Goecke
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Gardner
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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5
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Automatic Detection Algorithm of Football Events in Videos. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:2839244. [PMID: 35607480 PMCID: PMC9124102 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2839244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose is to effectively solve the problems of high time cost, low detection accuracy, and difficult standard training samples in video processing. Based on previous investigations, football game videos are taken as research objects, and their shots are segmented to extract the keyframes. The football game videos are divided into different semantic shots using the semantic annotation method. The key events and data in the football videos are analyzed and processed using a combination of artificial rules and a genetic algorithm. Finally, the performance of the proposed model is evaluated and analyzed by using concrete example videos as data sets. Results demonstrate that adding simple artificial rules based on the classic semantic annotation algorithms can save a lot of time and costs while ensuring accuracy. The target events can be extracted and located initially using a unique lens. The model constructed by the genetic algorithm can provide higher accuracy when the training samples are insufficient. The recall and precision of events using the text detection method can reach 96.62% and 98.81%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed model has high video recognition accuracy, which can provide certain research ideas and practical experience for extracting and processing affective information in subsequent videos.
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6
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Paul L, Naughton M, Jones B, Davidow D, Patel A, Lambert M, Hendricks S. Quantifying Collision Frequency and Intensity in Rugby Union and Rugby Sevens: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:12. [PMID: 35050440 PMCID: PMC8776953 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Collisions in rugby union and sevens have a high injury incidence and burden, and are also associated with player and team performance. Understanding the frequency and intensity of these collisions is therefore important for coaches and practitioners to adequately prepare players for competition. The aim of this review is to synthesise the current literature to provide a summary of the collision frequencies and intensities for rugby union and rugby sevens based on video-based analysis and microtechnology. Methods A systematic search using key words was done on four different databases from 1 January 1990 to 1 September 2021 (PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science). Results Seventy-three studies were included in the final review, with fifty-eight studies focusing on rugby union, while fifteen studies explored rugby sevens. Of the included studies, four focused on training—three in rugby union and one in sevens, two focused on both training and match-play in rugby union and one in rugby sevens, while the remaining sixty-six studies explored collisions from match-play. The studies included, provincial, national, international, professional, experienced, novice and collegiate players. Most of the studies used video-based analysis (n = 37) to quantify collisions. In rugby union, on average a total of 22.0 (19.0–25.0) scrums, 116.2 (62.7–169.7) rucks, and 156.1 (121.2–191.0) tackles occur per match. In sevens, on average 1.8 (1.7–2.0) scrums, 4.8 (0–11.8) rucks and 14.1 (0–32.8) tackles occur per match. Conclusions This review showed more studies quantified collisions in matches compared to training. To ensure athletes are adequately prepared for match collision loads, training should be prescribed to meet the match demands. Per minute, rugby sevens players perform more tackles and ball carries into contact than rugby union players and forwards experienced more impacts and tackles than backs. Forwards also perform more very heavy impacts and severe impacts than backs in rugby union. To improve the relationship between matches and training, integrating both video-based analysis and microtechnology is recommended. The frequency and intensity of collisions in training and matches may lead to adaptations for a “collision-fit” player and lend itself to general training principles such as periodisation for optimum collision adaptation. Trial Registration PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020191112. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-021-00398-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Paul
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Mitchell Naughton
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben Jones
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Demi Davidow
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amir Patel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, African Robotics unit, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Mike Lambert
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Health Through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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A Machine Learning Approach to Analyze Home Advantage during COVID-19 Pandemic Period with Regards to Margin of Victory and to Different Tournaments in Professional Rugby Union Competitions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312711. [PMID: 34886435 PMCID: PMC8656876 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Home advantage (HA) is the tendency for sporting teams to perform better at their home ground than away from home, it is also influenced by the crowd support, and its existence has been well established in a wide range of team sports including rugby union. Among all the HA determinants, the positive contribute of the crowd support on the game outcome can be analyzed in the unique pandemic situation of COVID-19. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the HA of professional high-level rugby club competition from a complex dynamical system perspective before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. HA was analyzed in northern and southern hemisphere rugby tournaments with (2013–2019) and without (2020/21) crowd support by the means of the exhaustive chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) decision trees (DT). HA was mitigated by the crowd absence especially in closed games, although differences between tournaments emerged. Both for northern and southern hemisphere, the effect of playing without the crowd support had a negative impact on the home team advantage. These findings evidenced that in ghost games, where differences in the final score were less than a converted try (7 points), HA has disappeared.
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Bridgeman LA, Gill ND. The Use of Global Positioning and Accelerometer Systems in Age-Grade and Senior Rugby Union: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:15. [PMID: 33616786 PMCID: PMC7900280 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Global positioning systems (GPS) imbedded with accelerometer systems (AS) are used in rugby union (RU) to collect information on absolute and relative distances, distances in different speed zones, high-speed running (HSR) distances, repeated high-intensity efforts (RHIE) and collisions and impacts. This information can be used to monitor match play which can then be used to plan training sessions. The objective of this review was to conduct a systematic review of studies which have reported the use of GPS and AS.
Methods
A systematic review of the use of GPS and AS in both age-grade and senior rugby was conducted. The authors systematically searched electronic databases from January 2010 until March 2020. Keywords included rugby union, GPS, global position* and microtechnology.
Results
A total of 51 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. There was a total of 34 studies utilising GPS and AS in senior RU players (mean ± SD; age 26.2 ± 1.9 years; height 185.7 ± 2.6 cm; mass 101.3 ± 4.2 kg) and 17 studies in age-grade RU players (mean ± SD; age 17.6 ± 1.5 years; height 182.1 ± 3.3 cm; mass 87.1 ± 8.6 kg). The results of this review highlighted that there are differences between backs and forwards and within these positions in these groups during both match play and training sessions. The backs covered greater total absolute, relative and HSR distance compared to forwards. Forwards are involved in more collisions and impacts than backs. When investigating the most intense periods of match play, studies in this review highlighted that the demands during these periods outweigh the average demands of the game. It was proposed that a rolling average over different time epochs is the best way to assess this and ensure that the most intense periods of play are assessed and monitored.
Conclusions
The information highlighted in this review can be used to help coaches assess performances in match play, allow them to plan appropriate training sessions and monitor training load.
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Cust EE, Sweeting AJ, Ball K, Robertson S. Classification of Australian football kick types in-situation via ankle-mounted inertial measurement units. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1330-1338. [PMID: 33377818 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1868678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The utility of inertial measurement units (IMUs) for sporting skill and performance analysis during training and competition is advantageous for enhancing the objectivity of athlete monitoring. This study aimed to classify Australian Rules football (AF) kick types in an applied environment using ankle-mounted IMUs. IMUs and video capture of a controlled protocol, including four kick types at varying distances, were recorded during a single testing session with female AF athletes (n = 20). Processed IMU data were modelled using support vector machine classifier, random forest, and k-nearest neighbour algorithms under a 2-Kick, 4-Kick, and kick distance (10, 20, 30 m) conditions. The random forest model showed the highest results for overall classification accuracy (83% 2-Kick and 80% 4-Kick), test F1-score (0.76 2-Kick and 0.81 4-Kick), and AUC score (0.58 2-Kick and 0.60 4-Kick). Kick distance classification showed a model test and class weighted F1-score of 0.63 and overall accuracy of 64%, respectively. This study highlights the potential for an applied semi-automated AF training kick detection and type classification system using IMUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Cust
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Western Bulldogs Football Club, Footscray, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alice J Sweeting
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Western Bulldogs Football Club, Footscray, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin Ball
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Western Bulldogs Football Club, Footscray, Melbourne, Australia
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Crang ZL, Duthie G, Cole MH, Weakley J, Hewitt A, Johnston RD. The Validity and Reliability of Wearable Microtechnology for Intermittent Team Sports: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2020; 51:549-565. [PMID: 33368031 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technology has long been used to track player movements in team sports, with initial tracking via manual coding of video footage. Since then, wearable microtechnology in the form of global and local positioning systems has provided a less labour-intensive way of monitoring movements. As such, there has been a proliferation in research pertaining to these devices. OBJECTIVE A systematic review of studies that investigate the validity and/or reliability of wearable microtechnology to quantify movement and specific actions common to intermittent team sports. METHODS A systematic search of CINAHL, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus was performed; studies included must have been (1) original research investigations; (2) full-text articles written in English; (3) published in a peer-reviewed academic journal; and (4) assessed the validity and/or reliability of wearable microtechnology to quantify movements or specific actions common to intermittent team sports. RESULTS A total of 384 studies were retrieved and 187 were duplicates. The titles and abstracts of 197 studies were screened and the full texts of 88 manuscripts were assessed. A total of 62 studies met the inclusion criteria. Additional 10 studies, identified via reference list assessment, were included. Therefore, a total of 72 studies were included in this review. CONCLUSION There are many studies investigating the validity and reliability of wearable microtechnology to track movement and detect sport-specific actions. It is evident that for the majority of metrics, validity and reliability are multi-factorial, in that it is dependent upon a wide variety of factors including wearable technology brand and model, sampling rate, type of movement performed (e.g., straight line, change of direction) and intensity of movement (e.g., walk, sprint). Practitioners should be mindful of the accuracy and repeatability of the devices they are using when making decisions on player training loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Crang
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QL, 4014, Australia.
| | - Grant Duthie
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, Australia
| | - Michael H Cole
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QL, 4014, Australia
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QL, 4014, Australia.,Institute of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Adam Hewitt
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QL, 4014, Australia
| | - Rich D Johnston
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QL, 4014, Australia.,Institute of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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11
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Tierney P, Blake C, Delahunt E. The relationship between collision metrics from micro‐sensor technology and video‐coded events in rugby union. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2193-2204. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tierney
- The Football Association Tatenhill, Burton upon Trent UK
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Catherine Blake
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Institute for Sport and Health University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
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12
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Sport Biomechanics Applications Using Inertial, Force, and EMG Sensors: A Literature Overview. Appl Bionics Biomech 2020; 2020:2041549. [PMID: 32676126 PMCID: PMC7330631 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2041549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, a number of technological developments have advanced the spread of wearable sensors for the assessment of human motion. These sensors have been also developed to assess athletes' performance, providing useful guidelines for coaching, as well as for injury prevention. The data from these sensors provides key performance outcomes as well as more detailed kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data that provides insight into how the performance was obtained. From this perspective, inertial sensors, force sensors, and electromyography appear to be the most appropriate wearable sensors to use. Several studies were conducted to verify the feasibility of using wearable sensors for sport applications by using both commercially available and customized sensors. The present study seeks to provide an overview of sport biomechanics applications found from recent literature using wearable sensors, highlighting some information related to the used sensors and analysis methods. From the literature review results, it appears that inertial sensors are the most widespread sensors for assessing athletes' performance; however, there still exist applications for force sensors and electromyography in this context. The main sport assessed in the studies was running, even though the range of sports examined was quite high. The provided overview can be useful for researchers, athletes, and coaches to understand the technologies currently available for sport performance assessment.
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Naughton M, Jones B, Hendricks S, King D, Murphy A, Cummins C. Quantifying the Collision Dose in Rugby League: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Critical Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:6. [PMID: 31970529 PMCID: PMC6976075 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collisions (i.e. tackles, ball carries, and collisions) in the rugby league have the potential to increase injury risk, delay recovery, and influence individual and team performance. Understanding the collision demands of the rugby league may enable practitioners to optimise player health, recovery, and performance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to (1) characterise the dose of collisions experienced within senior male rugby league match-play and training, (2) systematically and critically evaluate the methods used to describe the relative and absolute frequency and intensity of collisions, and (3) provide recommendations on collision monitoring. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science) using keywords was undertaken. A meta-analysis provided a pooled mean of collision frequency or intensity metrics on comparable data sets from at least two studies. RESULTS Forty-three articles addressing the absolute (n) or relative collision frequency (n min-1) or intensity of senior male rugby league collisions were included. Meta-analysis of video-based studies identified that forwards completed approximately twice the number of tackles per game than backs (n = 24.6 vs 12.8), whilst ball carry frequency remained similar between backs and forwards (n = 11.4 vs 11.2). Variable findings were observed at the subgroup level with a limited number of studies suggesting wide-running forwards, outside backs, and hit-up forwards complete similar ball carries whilst tackling frequency differed. For microtechnology, at the team level, players complete an average of 32.7 collisions per match. Limited data suggested hit-up and wide-running forwards complete the most collisions per match, when compared to adjustables and outside backs. Relative to playing time, forwards (n min-1 = 0.44) complete a far greater frequency of collision than backs (n min-1 = 0.16), with data suggesting hit-up forwards undertake more than adjustables, and outside backs. Studies investigating g force intensity zones utilised five unique intensity schemes with zones ranging from 2-3 g to 13-16 g. Given the disparity between device setups and zone classification systems between studies, further analyses were inappropriate. It is recommended that practitioners independently validate microtechnology against video to establish criterion validity. CONCLUSIONS Video- and microtechnology-based methods have been utilised to quantify collisions in the rugby league with differential collision profiles observed between forward and back positional groups, and their distinct subgroups. The ball carry demands of forwards and backs were similar, whilst tackle demands were greater for forwards than backs. Microtechnology has been used inconsistently to quantify collision frequency and intensity. Despite widespread popularity, a number of the microtechnology devices have yet to be appropriately validated. Limitations exist in using microtechnology to quantify collision intensity, including the lack of consistency and limited validation. Future directions include application of machine learning approaches to differentiate types of collisions in microtechnology datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Naughton
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ben Jones
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club, Leeds, UK.,England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Doug King
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Sports Performance Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Faculty of Health and Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Aron Murphy
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Cloe Cummins
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) centre, Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,National Rugby League, Sydney, Australia
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