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García-Arrabé M, Batuecas-Sánchez I, de Vidania S, Bravo-Aguilar M, Ruiz-Ruiz B, Romero-Morales C. Effects of technological running shoes versus barefoot running on the intrinsic foot muscles, ankle mobility, and dynamic control: a novel cross-sectional research. Braz J Phys Ther 2024; 28:101092. [PMID: 38964202 PMCID: PMC11269782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2024.101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technological running shoes have become increasingly popular, leading to improvements in performance. However, their long-term effects on foot musculature and joint mobility have not been thoroughly studied. OBJECTIVE To compare the activation of the intrinsic foot muscles between runners wearing technological footwear and barefoot runners. Secondary objectives included assessing ankle dorsiflexion (DF) range of motion (ROM) and dynamic postural control in both groups. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 22 technological footwear runners and 22 barefoot runners. Ultrasonography was used to measure the thickness of the plantar fascia (PF) and the quadratus plantae (QP), abductor digiti minimus (ADM), abductor hallucis (AH), and flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscles. Ankle mobility and dynamic postural control were also recorded. RESULTS Ultrasonography measurements showed statistically significant differences for PF thickness (mean difference [MD]: -0.10 cm; 95% CI: -0.13, -0.05 cm), QP cross-sectional area (CSA) (MD: -0.45 cm2; 95% CI: -0.77, -0.12 cm2), ADM CSA (MD: -0.49 cm2; 95% CI: -0.70, -0.17 cm2), and FHL thickness (MD: 0.82 cm; 95% CI: 0.53, 1.09 cm), with all measurements being lower in the group wearing technological footwear compared to the barefoot runners. Ankle DF ROM was also significantly greater for the barefoot runners (MD: -5.1°; 95% CI: -8.6, -1.7°). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest potential implications for the foot musculature and ankle mobility in runners using technological footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Arrabé
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Iván Batuecas-Sánchez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia de Vidania
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Bravo-Aguilar
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ruiz-Ruiz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Romero-Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
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Yang Z, Cui C, Zhou Z, Zheng Z, Yan S, Liu H, Qu F, Zhang K. Effect of midsole hardness and surface type cushioning on landing impact in heel-strike runners. J Biomech 2024; 165:111996. [PMID: 38377740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.111996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
High loading impact associated with heel strikes causes running injuries. This study aimed to investigate how loading impact is affected by midsole hardness and running surface type. Twelve young rear-foot runners ran at a fixed speed along an 18 m runway wearing shoes with different midsole hardness (Asker C-45, C-50, C-55, C-60, from soft to hard) and on two different surfaces (rubber and concrete). We quantified vertical average loading rate (VALR) and vertical impact peak force (VIPF). We conducted midsole × surface repeated-measures ANOVA on loading impact measures, and one-sample t-tests to compare VALR with a threshold value (80 BW·s-1). Midsole hardness and surface type mainly affected VALR. Although no significant effect of these variables was observed for VIPF magnitude, there were effects on time to VIPF and steps with VIPF. Several combinations of midsole and surface hardness reduced VALR below 80 BW·s-1: Asker C-45 with both surfaces, and Asker C-50 with a rubber surface. The combination of softer midsole and surface effectively reduced loading rates as shown by increased time to VIPF and reduced VALR. Combining softer midsole and surface results in the greatest cushioning, which demonstrates the benefit of considering both factors in reducing running injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Yang
- Fashion Accessory Art and Engineering College, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Biomechanics Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuyi Cui
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhipeng Zhou
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyi Zheng
- Anta (China) Co., Ltd. Anta Sports Science Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Songhua Yan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Qu
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Arefin MS, Chieh HF, Lin CJ, Lin CF, Su FC. Influence of altered torsional stiffness through sole modification of air pressure shoes on lower extremity biomechanical behaviour during side-step cutting maneuvers. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297592. [PMID: 38422014 PMCID: PMC10903810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Directional changes in cutting maneuvers are critical in sports, where shoe torsional stiffness (STS) is an important factor. Shoes are designed based on different constructions and movement patterns. Hence, it is unclear how adjustable spacers into the sole constructions of air pressure chambers (APC) affect the STS in side-step cutting. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of altered STS through adjustable sole spacers on ground reaction force (GRF) and ankle and knee joint moments in side-step cutting. Seventeen healthy recreational athletes performed side-step cutting with experimental conditions including (i) barefoot (BF), (ii) unaltered shoes (UAS): soles consisting of APC, and (iii) altered shoes (AS): modified UAS by inserting elastomeric spacers into cavities formed by APC. Mechanical and biomechanical variables were measured. Significant differences were revealed across shoe conditions for impact peak (p = 0.009) and impulse (p = 0.018) in vertical GRF, time to achieve peak braking (p = 0.004), and peak propulsion (p = 0.025) for anterior-posterior GRF in ANOVA test. No significant differences were observed in GRF peaks and impulses between UAS and AS except for a trend of differences in impact peak (p = 0.087) for vertical GRF. At the ankle and knee joint, peak ankle power absorption (p = 0.019), peak knee internal rotation moment (p = 0.042), peak knee extension moment (p = 0.001), peak knee flexion moment (0.000), peak knee power absorption (p = 0.047) showed significant difference across three shoe conditions. However, no significant differences between the UAS and AS were noticed for peak joint moments and power. Altered shoe torsional stiffness did not significantly affect the peak forces and peak ankle and knee joint moments or powers; hence sole adjustment did not influence the cutting performance. This study might be insightful in sports footwear design, and adjusting shoe torsional stiffness by sole modification might be advantageous for athletes playing sports with cutting maneuvers to reduce the risk of injuries by controlling the twisting force at the ankle that frequently happens during cutting maneuvers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Samsul Arefin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Leather Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Hsiao-Feng Chieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ju Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Feng Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Chin Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Kaiyala M, Hannigan J, Traut A, Pollard C. Bilateral movement asymmetries exist in recreational athletes during a 45° sidestep cut post-anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16948. [PMID: 38436020 PMCID: PMC10908263 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals post-ACL reconstruction (ACLR) are at elevated risk for ACL re-injury. While several studies have examined biomechanical asymmetries post-ACLR during landing, less is known about asymmetries during a sidestep cut. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare sagittal and frontal plane biomechanics at the hip and knee during a 45° sidestep cut in post-ACLR participants and healthy controls. Nineteen athletes post-ACLR and nineteen healthy controls performed a bilateral 45° sidestep cut while three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were measured. Sagittal and frontal plane kinematics and kinetics were examined at the hip and knee during stance phase. A linear mixed model compared biomechanical differences between the limbs of ACLR and healthy control participants (α = 0.05). In the post-ACLR group, peak hip extension, peak knee flexion, sagittal hip and knee excursion, and the peak knee extensor moment were significantly lower in the ACLR surgical limb compared to the non-surgical limb (p < 0.05). The peak knee flexion angle and peak knee extensor moment were also lower in the ACLR surgical limb compared to the matched control limb (p < 0.05). In summary, post-ACLR participants exhibited altered sagittal plane movement in their surgical limb that was not demonstrated in the non-surgical limb or in control participants, which may suggest avoidance, or reduced utilization of the ACLR limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montana Kaiyala
- Program in Physical Therapy, College of Health, Oregon State University—Cascades, Bend, Oregon, United States
| | - J.J. Hannigan
- Program in Physical Therapy, College of Health, Oregon State University—Cascades, Bend, Oregon, United States
| | - Andrew Traut
- Program in Kinesiology, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
| | - Christine Pollard
- Program in Physical Therapy, College of Health, Oregon State University—Cascades, Bend, Oregon, United States
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Paquette MR, Melaro JA, Smith R, Moore IS. Time to stability of treadmill running kinematics in novel footwear with different midsole thickness. J Biomech 2024; 164:111984. [PMID: 38330884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.111984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Running studies, particularly those examining footwear effects, commonly use warm-up or familiarization periods prior to testing. There is no consensus for how long these familiarization periods should be to ensure stable running kinematics prior to experimental testing in novel footwear. The aim of this study was to assess the time to stability of kinematic variables during treadmill running in novel compared to habitual neutral cushion footwear in distance runners. A cross-sectional analysis of 15 distance runners (seven women, eight men) during 10-minute treadmill running bouts in minimal, neutral cushion, and maximal cushioned footwear was conducted while lower extremity kinematics were recorded for 10 s at the end of each minute. Test-retest intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC, 3, k) were used to detect time to stability in cadence, vertical oscillation, peak dorsiflexion angle, peak eversion angle, and peak knee flexion angle. All kinematic variables were stabilized within two to three minutes (ICC < 0.90) and the type of novel footwear did not influence time to stability. These findings indicate that a two to three minute, ∼310-540 steps, depending on running cadence, familiarization period, regardless of footwear novelty, is sufficient for stabilization of these kinematic variables during treadmill running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R Paquette
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Jake A Melaro
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ross Smith
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Isabel S Moore
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Ye D, Li L, Zhang S, Xiao S, Sun X, Wang S, Fu W. Acute effect of foot strike patterns on in vivo tibiotalar and subtalar joint kinematics during barefoot running. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:108-117. [PMID: 37220811 PMCID: PMC10818114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot kinematics, such as excessive eversion and malalignment of the hindfoot, are believed to be associated with running-related injuries. The majority of studies to date show that different foot strike patterns influence these specific foot and ankle kinematics. However, technical deficiencies in traditional motion capture approaches limit knowledge of in vivo joint kinematics with respect to rearfoot and forefoot strike patterns (RFS and FFS, respectively). This study uses a high-speed dual fluoroscopic imaging system (DFIS) to determine the effects of different foot strike patterns on 3D in vivo tibiotalar and subtalar joints kinematics. METHODS Fifteen healthy male recreational runners underwent foot computed tomography scanning for the construction of 3-dimensional models. A high-speed DFIS (100 Hz) was used to collect 6 degrees of freedom kinematics for participants' tibiotalar and subtalar joints when they adopted RFS and FFS in barefoot condition. RESULTS Compared with RFS, FFS exhibited greater internal rotation at 0%-20% of the stance phase in the tibiotalar joint. The peak internal rotation angle of the tibiotalar joint under FFS was greater than under RFS (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.92). RFS showed more dorsiflexion at 0%-20% of the stance phase in the tibiotalar joint than FFS. RFS also presented a larger anterior translation (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.28) in the subtalar joint at initial contact than FFS. CONCLUSION Running with acute barefoot FFS increases the internal rotation of the tibiotalar joint in the early stance. The use of high-speed DFIS to quantify the movement of the tibiotalar and subtalar joint was critical to revealing the effects of RFS and FFS during running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Shen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Songlin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaole Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shaobai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Weijie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Haghverdian JC, Hsu AR. Maximalist Shoes: Separating Science From Hype. Foot Ankle Spec 2023:19386400231218334. [PMID: 38124257 DOI: 10.1177/19386400231218334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the most discussed but misunderstood topics in foot and ankle is shoe wear choices and the purported benefits of each type of shoe versus their actual scientific advantages. All foot and ankle care providers should be familiar with the various shoe wear types available to patients to improve their overall foot health. Recently, mainstream popularity and media coverage of maximalist shoes has created increased interest in the science and potential clinical benefits of maximalist shoes. The purpose of this review is to present the current biomechanical evidence of maximalist shoes and to help inform the foot and ankle community of their potential therapeutic applications.Levels of Evidence: Level V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Haghverdian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Andrew R Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California
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Mai P, Robertz L, Robbin J, Bill K, Weir G, Kurz M, Trudeau MB, Hollander K, Hamill J, Willwacher S. Towards functionally individualised designed footwear recommendation for overuse injury prevention: a scoping review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:152. [PMID: 37951935 PMCID: PMC10638717 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Injury prevention is essential in running due to the risk of overuse injury development. Tailoring running shoes to individual needs may be a promising strategy to reduce this risk. Novel manufacturing processes allow the production of individualised running shoes that incorporate features that meet individual biomechanical and experiential needs. However, specific ways to individualise footwear to reduce injury risk are poorly understood. Therefore, this scoping review provides an overview of (1) footwear design features that have the potential for individualisation; and (2) the literature on the differential responses to footwear design features between selected groups of individuals. These purposes focus exclusively on reducing the risk of overuse injuries. We included studies in the English language on adults that analysed: (1) potential interaction effects between footwear design features and subgroups of runners or covariates (e.g., age, sex) for running-related biomechanical risk factors or injury incidences; (2) footwear comfort perception for a systematically modified footwear design feature. Most of the included articles (n = 107) analysed male runners. Female runners may be more susceptible to footwear-induced changes and overuse injury development; future research should target more heterogonous sampling. Several footwear design features (e.g., midsole characteristics, upper, outsole profile) show potential for individualisation. However, the literature addressing individualised footwear solutions and the potential to reduce biomechanical risk factors is limited. Future studies should leverage more extensive data collections considering relevant covariates and subgroups while systematically modifying isolated footwear design features to inform footwear individualisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mai
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany.
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Leon Robertz
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johanna Robbin
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Bill
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gillian Weir
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Markus Kurz
- Sports Tech Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | | | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany
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Huang C, Ye J, Song Y, Kovács B, Baker JS, Mao Z, Gu Y. The Effects of Fatigue on the Lower Limb Biomechanics of Amateur Athletes during a Y-Balance Test. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2565. [PMID: 37761762 PMCID: PMC10530907 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11182565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Y-Balance Test (YBT) is a reliable tool for assessing the dynamic balance of athletes' lower limbs. This study aimed to compare the effects of the YBT on lower limb biomechanics before and after fatigue. Sixteen adult male recreational athletes were recruited for the study, and motion capture in combination with a force plate was used to collect kinematic, dynamics, and center of pressure (COP) data of the dominant leg during YBT testing before and after fatigue. Based on the research findings, there were significant statistical differences in the distances reached during the YBT in three directions before and after fatigue. After fatigue, there is a significant decrease in the ROM of the hip and knee joints in all three directions. Also, there is a significant increase in hip joint torque in the anterior- and posterior-lateral directions, while a significant decrease in hip and ankle joint torque is observed in the posterior-medial direction. Moreover, there is an increasing trend in positive and negative joint work for the hip, knee, and ankle joints in all three directions after fatigue. The range of COP displacement also increases following fatigue. The decline in YBT scores demonstrates the detrimental impact of fatigue on the dynamic balance of the lower limbs of adult male amateur athletes. We hope that these results can provide information for athletes and coaches to better understand the effects of fatigue on the dynamic balance of lower limbs, so as to carry out targeted lower limb balance training and prevent sports injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyu Huang
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Jingyi Ye
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Yang Song
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
- Doctoral School of Safety and Security Sciences, Obuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, 6724 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balint Kovács
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Physical Education, Alkotás u. 44, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Zhuqing Mao
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
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Kim J, McSweeney SC, Hollander K, Horstman T, Wearing SC. Adolescents running in conventional running shoes have lower vertical instantaneous loading rates but greater asymmetry than running barefoot or in partial-minimal shoes. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:774-787. [PMID: 37571975 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2240174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Footwear may moderate the transiently heightened asymmetry in lower limb loading associated with peak growth in adolescence during running. This repeated-measures study compared the magnitude and symmetry of peak vertical ground reaction force and instantaneous loading rates (VILRs) in adolescents during barefoot and shod running. Ten adolescents (age, 10.6 ± 1.7 years) ran at self-selected speed (1.7 ± 0.3 m/s) on an instrumented treadmill under three counter-balanced conditions; barefoot and shod with partial-minimal and conventional running shoes. All participants were within one year of their estimated peak height velocity based on sex-specific regression equations. Foot-strike patterns, peak vertical ground reaction force and VILRs were recorded during 20 seconds of steady-state running. Symmetry of ground reaction forces was assessed using the symmetry index. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to compare conditions (α=.05). Adolescents used a rearfoot foot-strike pattern during barefoot and shod running. Use of conventional shoes resulted in a lower VILR (P < .05, dz = 0.9), but higher VILR asymmetry (P < .05) than running barefoot (dz = 1.5) or in partial-minimal shoes (dz = 1.6). Conventional running shoes result in a lower VILR than running unshod or in partial-minimal shoes but may have the unintended consequence of increasing VILR asymmetry. The findings may have implications for performance, musculoskeletal development and injury in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kim
- Complete Rehab Allied Health Clinic, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon C McSweeney
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Exercise Science & Sports Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Horstman
- Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopaedics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Scott C Wearing
- Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopaedics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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11
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Ramsey C, Peterson B, Hébert-Losier K. Measurement and reporting of footwear characteristics in running biomechanics: A systematic search and narrative synthesis of contemporary research methods. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:351-387. [PMID: 36214324 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2125431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This review aimed to synthesise the methods for assessing and reporting footwear characteristics among studies evaluating the effect of footwear on running biomechanics. Electronic searches of Scopus®, EBSCO, PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, and Web of Science® were performed to identify original research articles of the effect of running footwear on running biomechanics published from 1st January 2015 to 7th October 2020. Risk of bias among included studies was not assessed. Results were presented via narrative synthesis. Eligible studies compared the effect of two or more footwear conditions in adult runners on a biomechanical parameter. Eighty-seven articles were included and data from 242 individual footwear were extracted. Predominantly, studies reported footwear taxonomy (i.e., classification) and manufacturer information, however omitted detail regarding the technical specifications of running footwear and did not use validated footwear reporting tools. There is inconsistency among contemporary studies in the methods by which footwear characteristics are assessed and reported. These findings point towards a need for consensus regarding the reporting of these characteristics within biomechanical studies to facilitate the conduct of systematic reviews and meta-analyses pertaining to the effect of running footwear on running biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codi Ramsey
- Institute of Sport , Exercise and Health, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Peterson
- Department of Podiatry, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
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Plesek J, Hamill J, Blaschova D, Freedman-Silvernail J, Jandacka D. Acute effects of footwear on running impact loading in the preschool years. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:442-458. [PMID: 35378049 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2058599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess acute effects of footwear conditions (barefoot, minimalist and standard running shoes) on running impact loading in the preschool years. Fourty-eight habitually shod preschool children (26 males and 22 females) were divided into four age groups (3-, 4-, 5- and 6-year-old). Children performed a simple running game in three different conditions. Three-dimensional biomechanical analysis was carried out during overground running. Statistical parametric mapping was performed on the vertical ground reaction force profiles during the stance phase and one-way repeated measures ANOVA on the vertical instantaneous loading rate. Three-year-old children displayed significantly lower vertical ground reaction force values in the barefoot condition compared to minimalist (3-7% stance) and standard running shoes (7-11% stance). There were also differences in vertical instantaneous loading rate, where 3-year-olds had lower loading when barefoot than in minimalist (p = 0.010, d = 1.19) or running shoes (p = 0.045, d = 0.98), despite no differences in the footstrike pattern (mostly rearfoot-midfoot strike). No differences were found for the older children. Running in minimalist shoes did not imitate barefoot running in 3-year-old children. On the contrary, increased loading was observed in minimalist shoes in early running developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plesek
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratories, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Denisa Blaschova
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Freedman-Silvernail
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Daniel Jandacka
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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13
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Ardigò LP, Buglione A, Russo L, Cular D, Esposito F, Doria C, Padulo J. Marathon shoes vs. track spikes: a crossover pilot study on metabolic demand at different speeds in experienced runners. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:13-20. [PMID: 33988477 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1929225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the metabolic cost (Cr) with marathon shoes (Adidas Adizero 3 [AA]) vs. track spikes (Nike Zoom Matumbo 3 [NZM]) on track. For this, five experienced runners were randomly assessed (NZM/AA) on a running track at 73% and 85% of best performance speed on 1500-m race. At first, speed (4.39 ± 0.53 m·s-1), Crs with AA and NZM resulted 3.63 ± 0.29 and 3.64 ± 0.43 J·kg-1·m-1 (+0.3% with NZM, effect size [ES] small and p = 0.951), respectively. Besides, at second speed (5.20 ± 0.18 m·s-1), Crs were 4.09 ± 0.28 and 4.07 ± 0.22 J·kg-1·m-1 (-0.5% with NZM, ES small and p = 0.919) with AA and NZM, respectively. It resulted in an increased Cr (+12.2%) between s1 and s2 with both shoe conditions (ES large and p = 0.009 and 0.011 with AA and NZM, respectively). There is a pattern yet to be confirmed for track spikes to become more beneficial at higher speeds (when duty factor becomes lower and therefore grip on track is crucial).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Paolo Ardigò
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Buglione
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Russo
- Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Drazen Cular
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia.,"Einstein" Craft for Research, Development, Education, Trade and Services, Split, Croatia
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Christian Doria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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14
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García-Arrabe M, García-Fernández P, Ruiz-Ruiz B, del Prado-Álvarez R, Romero-Morales C, Díaz-Arribas MJ. Effects of minimalist shoes on pelvic floor activity in nulliparous women during running at different velocities: a randomized cross-over clinical trial. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21218. [PMID: 36481768 PMCID: PMC9732344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, minimalist shoes have gained popularity as an alternative to traditional shoes. The aim of the present study was to determine the short-term effects of minimalist shoes in femur range of motion (ROM) and cadence. The secondary objectives were the assessment of the electromyographic activity of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) in nulliparous women. A randomized, prospective cross-over clinical trial design was used for the study. A total of 51 participants were randomly allocated into a two-sequence crossover design (AB/BA crossover design). Femur ROM, cadence and PFM activity were recorded. The femur ROM at 6 km/h was greater with the minimalist shoes by 1.62 degrees than with the traditional ones (p = 0.001). There was a main effect of the type of shoe (p = 0.015) systematically observing a higher running cadence with the minimalist shoe compared to the traditional one. Electromyographic activity of the PFM revealed significant differences for 11 km/h for the total average (p = 0.027) and the minimum peaks at 9 km/h (p = 0.011) and 11 km/h (p = 0.048) for the minimalist shoe with respect to the traditional shoes. Minimalist shoes produce immediate effects on the biomechanical variables of running. An increase was observed in the femur ROM at 6 km/h and in the cadence at 11 km/h with the use of minimalist shoes. The use of minimalist shoes increased the electromyographic activation of the PFM in the minimum peaks at speeds of 9 and 11 km/h and in the total average at speeds of 11 km/h compared to the traditional shoe.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Arrabe
- grid.119375.80000000121738416Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal nº 3, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ruiz-Ruiz
- grid.119375.80000000121738416Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca del Prado-Álvarez
- grid.119375.80000000121738416Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Romero-Morales
- grid.119375.80000000121738416Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Díaz-Arribas
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal nº 3, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Ho MT, Tan JC. The association between foot posture, single leg balance and running biomechanics of the foot. Foot (Edinb) 2022; 53:101946. [PMID: 36463612 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2022.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A mal-aligned foot posture (high-arched and flat feet) and poor single leg balance ability have been separately associated with foot injuries during running. Therefore, clinicians assess these routinely. However, the extent to which foot posture and single-leg balance ability affect actual foot biomechanics during running is not known. This study aims to investigate the association of foot posture, single-leg balance ability, and foot biomechanics during running. METHOD This is a cross sectional study of sixty-nine participants who had their foot postures and single-leg balance ability assessed. The Foot Posture Index and Balance Error Scoring System were used. Their foot kinetics was measured as they ran on an instrumented treadmill and foot kinematics was processed using a 3D motion capture system. Multiple-regression was used to analyse the variance of foot biomechanics explained by foot posture and single-leg balance ability. RESULTS Foot posture and single-leg balance ability were found to account significantly for the variance in rearfoot eversion (24%) and forefoot dorsiflexion (7%). Two regression equations were derived, where rearfoot eversion and forefoot dorsiflexion during running may be predicted. CONCLUSION Foot posture and single-leg balance ability can predict rearfoot eversion and forefoot dorsiflexion only during running. Based on the regression equations, individuals with the same foot posture but different single-leg balance ability may exhibit different foot kinematics. However, the angular differences are small. The equations may be useful for clinicians working in places where running gait analysis equipment are not readily accessible. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required to validate these equations. In addition, further studies are necessary to investigate the effect of these two variables under different running conditions e.g. with footwear and with orthoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malia T Ho
- Department of Podiatry, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity Australia, Building 34, Bruce Highway, North Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia.
| | - John C Tan
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore.
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16
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Ma R, Lam WK, Ding R, Yang F, Qu F. Effects of Shoe Midfoot Bending Stiffness on Multi-Segment Foot Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force during Heel-Toe Running. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9100520. [PMID: 36290488 PMCID: PMC9598119 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated how midfoot stiffness of running shoes influences foot segment kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) during heel-toe running. Nineteen male rearfoot strike runners performed overground heel-toe running at 3.3 m/s when wearing shoes with different midfoot bending stiffnesses (low, medium, and high) in a randomized order. A synchronized motion capture system (200 Hz) and force plate (1000 Hz) were used to collect the foot-marker trajectories and GRF data. Foot kinematics, including rearfoot-lab, midfoot-rearfoot, forefoot-rearfoot, and forefoot-midfoot interactions, and kinetics, including GRF characteristics, were analyzed. Our results indicated that high midfoot stiffness shoes reduced the forefoot-rearfoot range of motion (mean ± SD; high stiffness, 7.8 ± 2.0°, low stiffness, 8.7 ± 2.1°; p < 0.05) and forefoot-midfoot range of motion (mean ± SD; high stiffness, 4.2 ± 1.1°, medium stiffness, 4.6 ± 0.9°; p < 0.05) in the frontal plane. No differences were found in the GRF characteristics among the shoe conditions. These findings suggest that an increase in midsole stiffness only in the midfoot region can reduce intersegmental foot medial-lateral movements during the stance phase of running. This may further decrease the tension of the foot muscles and tendons during prolonged exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiya Ma
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Sports Information and External Affairs Center, Hong Kong Sports Institute, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Company Limited, Beijing 101111, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Company Limited, Beijing 101111, China
- School of Sports Science, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Feng Qu
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6298-9583
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17
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Gao Z, Fekete G, Baker JS, Liang M, Xuan R, Gu Y. Effects of running fatigue on lower extremity symmetry among amateur runners: From a biomechanical perspective. Front Physiol 2022; 13:899818. [PMID: 36117699 PMCID: PMC9478459 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.899818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of running fatigue on the symmetry of lower limb biomechanical parameters in eighteen male amateur runners. The marker trajectories and ground reaction forces were collected before and after the running-induced fatigue protocol. Symmetry angles (SA) were used to quantify the symmetry of each parameter. Normality tests and Paired sample T-tests were carried out to detect bilateral lower limb differences and SA of parameters between pre- and post-fatigue. One-dimensional statistical parameter mapping (SPM_1d) was used to compare parameters with the characteristic of one-dimensional time series data of lower limbs. After fatigue, the SA of knee extension angles, knee abduction moment, and hip joint flexion moment increased by 17%, 10%, and 11% respectively. In comparison, the flexion angle of the knee joint decreased by 5%. The symmetry of internal rotation of ankle, knee and hip joints increased after fatigued, while the SA of external rotation of the three joints decreased significantly. These findings provide preliminary evidence that fatigue changes lower limb symmetry in running gait and may have implications for understanding running-related injuries and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Gao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Gusztáv Fekete
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Department of Sport and Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Minjun Liang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Minjun Liang, ; Yaodong Gu,
| | - Rongrong Xuan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Minjun Liang, ; Yaodong Gu,
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18
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Effect of Sex-Specific Running Shoes on Female Recreational Runners. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in running shoe design have been studied and used in the prevention of injury and enhancement of performance allowing running shoe companies to market to a variety of runners based on skill level, foot-strike pattern, and even sex. These alterations have been shown to affect biomechanical and physiological variables associated with running. Some shoe companies have designed shoes specifically for biological female runners due to the morphological differences found between male and female feet. The purpose of this study is to determine if sex-specific running shoes can alter female runner biomechanics or physiology. Female runners were asked to run in the male and female models of the Altra Torin 4 Plush shoe to determine if there were differences in ground reaction forces (GRFs), sagittal plane joint angles and moments, oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and perceived level of comfort while running; There were no significant differences in GRFs, sagittal joint angles and moments, VO2, RER, or perceived comfort; There were no differences in measured biomechanical or physiological variables between the female and male version of the shoes suggesting that the alterations made to the female-specific shoe do not provide any additional benefit to female recreational runners.
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19
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Xiang L, Gu Y, Rong M, Gao Z, Yang T, Wang A, Shim V, Fernandez J. Shock Acceleration and Attenuation during Running with Minimalist and Maximalist Shoes: A Time- and Frequency-Domain Analysis of Tibial Acceleration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9070322. [PMID: 35877373 PMCID: PMC9312333 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9070322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibial shock attenuation is part of the mechanism that maintains human body stabilization during running. It is crucial to understand how shock characteristics transfer from the distal to proximal joint in the lower limb. This study aims to investigate the shock acceleration and attenuation among maximalist shoes (MAXs), minimalist shoes (MINs), and conventional running shoes (CONs) in time and frequency domains. Time-domain parameters included time to peak acceleration and peak resultant acceleration, and frequency-domain parameters contained lower (3−8 Hz) and higher (9−20 Hz) frequency power spectral density (PSD) and shock attenuation. Compared with CON and MAX conditions, MINs significantly increased the peak impact acceleration of the distal tibia (p = 0.01 and p < 0.01). Shock attenuation in the lower frequency depicted no difference but was greater in the MAXs in the higher frequency compared with the MIN condition (p < 0.01). MINs did not affect the tibial shock in both time and frequency domains at the proximal tibia. These findings may provide tibial shock information for choosing running shoes and preventing tibial stress injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Xiang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.X.); (Z.G.); (T.Y.)
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (A.W.); (V.S.); (J.F.)
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.X.); (Z.G.); (T.Y.)
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (A.W.); (V.S.); (J.F.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.R.); Tel.: +86-574-8760-9369 (Y.G.)
| | - Ming Rong
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.X.); (Z.G.); (T.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.R.); Tel.: +86-574-8760-9369 (Y.G.)
| | - Zixiang Gao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.X.); (Z.G.); (T.Y.)
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Tao Yang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (L.X.); (Z.G.); (T.Y.)
| | - Alan Wang
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (A.W.); (V.S.); (J.F.)
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Vickie Shim
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (A.W.); (V.S.); (J.F.)
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (A.W.); (V.S.); (J.F.)
- Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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20
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Su W, Zhang S, Ye D, Sun X, Zhang X, Fu W. Effects of Barefoot and Shod on the In Vivo Kinematics of Medial Longitudinal Arch During Running Based on a High-Speed Dual Fluoroscopic Imaging System. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:917675. [PMID: 35837546 PMCID: PMC9274304 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.917675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shoes affect the biomechanical properties of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) and further influence the foot’s overall function. Most previous studies on the MLA were based on traditional skin-marker motion capture, and the observation of real foot motion inside the shoes is difficult. Thus, the effect of shoe parameters on the natural MLA movement during running remains in question. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the differences in the MLA’s kinematics between shod and barefoot running by using a high-speed dual fluoroscopic imaging system (DFIS). Fifteen healthy habitual rearfoot runners were recruited. All participants ran at a speed of 3 m/s ± 5% along with an elevated runway in barefoot and shod conditions. High-speed DFIS was used to acquire the radiographic images of MLA movements in the whole stance phase, and the kinematics of the MLA were calculated. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare the kinematic characteristics of the MLA during the stance phase between shod and barefoot conditions. Compared with barefoot, shoe-wearing showed significant changes (p < 0.05) as follows: 1) the first metatarsal moved with less lateral direction at 80%, less anterior translation at 20%, and less superiority at 10–70% of the stance phase; 2) the first metatarsal moved with less inversion amounting to 20–60%, less dorsiflexion at 0–10% of the stance phase; 3) the inversion/eversion range of motion (ROM) of the first metatarsal relative to calcaneus was reduced; 4) the MLA angles at 0–70% of the stance phase were reduced; 5) the maximum MLA angle and MLA angle ROM were reduced in the shod condition. Based on high-speed DFIS, the above results indicated that shoe-wearing limited the movement of MLA, especially reducing the MLA angles, suggesting that shoes restricted the compression and recoil of the MLA, which further affected the spring-like function of the MLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyan Su
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shen Zhang, ; Weijie Fu,
| | - Dongqiang Ye
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaole Sun
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xini Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shen Zhang, ; Weijie Fu,
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21
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Hébert-Losier K, Finlayson SJ, Lamb PF, Driller MW, Hanzlíková I, Dubois B, Esculier JF, Beaven CM. Kinematics of recreational male runners in "super", minimalist and habitual shoes. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1426-1435. [PMID: 35699253 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2081767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We conducted an exploratory analysis to compare running kinematics of 16 male recreational runners wearing Nike Vaporfly 4% (VP4), Saucony Endorphin racing flat (FLAT), and their habitual (OWN) footwear. We also explored potential relationships between kinematic and physiological changes. Runners (age: 33 ± 12 y, V˙ O2peak: 55.2 ± 4.3 ml · kg-1·min-1) attended 3 sessions after completing an V˙ O2peak test in which sagittal plane 3D kinematics at submaximal running speeds (60%, 70% and 80% ʋ V˙ O2peak) were collected alongside economy measures. Kinematics were compared using notched boxplots, and between-shoe kinematic differences were plotted against between-shoe economy differences. Across intensities, VP4 involved longer flight times (6.7 to 10.0 ms) and lower stance hip range of motion (~3°), and greater vertical pelvis displacement than FLAT (~0.4 cm). Peak dorsiflexion angles (~2°), ankle range of motion (1.0° to 3.9°), and plantarflexion velocities (11.3 to 89.0 deg · sec-1) were greatest in FLAT and lowest in VP4. Foot-ground angles were smaller in FLAT (2.5° to 3.6°). Select kinematic variables were moderately related to economy, with higher step frequencies and shorter step lengths in VP4 and FLAT associated with improved economy versus OWN. Footwear changes from OWN altered running kinematics. The most pronounced differences were observed in ankle, spatiotemporal, and foot-ground angle variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Hébert-Losier
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand.,Research & Development, The Running Clinic, Lac Beauport, Québec, Canada
| | - Steven J Finlayson
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Peter F Lamb
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matthew W Driller
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ivana Hanzlíková
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Blaise Dubois
- Research & Development, The Running Clinic, Lac Beauport, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Esculier
- Research & Development, The Running Clinic, Lac Beauport, Québec, Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Martyn Beaven
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
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22
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Yu P, He Y, Gu Y, Liu Y, Xuan R, Fernandez J. Acute Effects of Heel-to-Toe Drop and Speed on Running Biomechanics and Strike Pattern in Male Recreational Runners: Application of Statistical Nonparametric Mapping in Lower Limb Biomechanics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:821530. [PMID: 35155415 PMCID: PMC8833076 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.821530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increased popularity of running, many studies have been conducted into footwears that are highly related to running performance and running-related injuries. Previous studies investigated different shoe types and running shoes with different heel-to-toe drops (HTDs). However, no research was found in investigating shoes with negative values with HTD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the acute effect of HTD and running speed on lower limb biomechanics and strike pattern in recreational runners. Thirteen male recreational runners wearing shoes with two different HTDs (−8 and 8 mm) performed running at three different speeds (preferred speed [PS], 90% of PS, 110% of PS). Lower extremity kinematics and ground reaction forces were synchronously captured via Vicon motion analysis system and AMTI force platform. Strike index (SI), vertical average loading rate (VALR), vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR), excursion, eversion duration, joint angles, and range of motion (ROM) of metatarsophalangeal (MTP), ankle, knee, and hip joints were calculated. Joint angles during the entire stance phase were analyzed applying the statistical nonparametric mapping (SnPM) method. SI and VILR in shoes with −8 mm HTD significantly increased by 18.99% and 31.836 BW/s compared to those with 8 mm HTD (SI: p = 0.002; VILR: p < 0.001). Significant alterations of ROM occurred in the MTP, ankle, and knee joints (p < 0.05), and HTD factor primarily accounted for these changes. Joint angles (MTP, knee, and hip) during the entire stance phase altered due to HTD and speed factors. Running speed primarily influenced the kinematics parameters of knee and hip joints, increasing knee angles in the frontal plane and hip angle in the horizontal plane at PS (p > 0.05). Compared to shoes with 8 mm HTD, shoes with −8 mm HTD may be useful to storage and return energy because of the increased ROM of MTP in the sagittal plane. Besides, forefoot strike gait retraining was recommended before transition from normal running shoes to running shoes with −8 mm HTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peimin Yu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yuhuan He
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Yaodong Gu, ; Rongrong Xuan,
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rongrong Xuan
- Obsterical Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Yaodong Gu, ; Rongrong Xuan,
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Foot and Lower Limb Clinical and Structural Changes in Overuse Injured Recreational Runners Using Floating Heel Shoes: Preliminary Results of a Randomised Control Trial. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21237814. [PMID: 34883818 PMCID: PMC8659959 DOI: 10.3390/s21237814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foot-strike and the associated load rate are factors related to overuse injuries in runners. The purpose of this study was to analyse structural and functional changes in runners using floating heel running shoes, compared with runners using conventional footwear. A randomised control trial was conducted. Twenty runners with overuse injuries were followed over a 12-week gait retraining programme using floating heel running shoes or their conventional footwear. Pain was measured with pressure pain thresholds (PPTs), structural changes were measured with ultrasonography, and severity and impact of injury was scored on the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Overuse Injury Questionnaire (OSTRC-O). Statistical differences were found between groups after the intervention (p < 0.001), with a medium size effect SE = 0.8, and the floating heel running shoes group reached higher PPTs values. Participants using floating heel running shoes showed higher OSTRC-O scores than those using their conventional footwear (p < 0.05), with higher scores after the intervention (p < 0.05). A 12-week gait retraining programme using floating heel running shoes had positive effects on the injury recovery process when compared to the use of conventional footwear, with significant differences in terms of pain and impact on sports activity.
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Leg and Joint Stiffness Adaptations to Minimalist and Maximalist Running Shoes. J Appl Biomech 2021; 37:408-414. [PMID: 34284352 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2020-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The running footwear literature reports a conceptual disconnect between shoe cushioning and external impact loading: footwear or surfaces with greater cushioning tend to result in greater impact force characteristics during running. Increased impact loading with maximalist footwear may reflect an altered lower-extremity gait strategy to adjust for running in compliant footwear. The authors hypothesized that ankle and knee joint stiffness would change to maintain the effective vertical stiffness, as cushioning changed with minimalist, traditional, and maximalist footwear. Eleven participants ran on an instrumental treadmill (3.5 m·s-1) for a 5-minute familiarization in each footwear, plus an additional 110 seconds before data collection. Vertical, leg, ankle, and knee joint stiffness and vertical impact force characteristics were calculated. Mixed model with repeated measures tested differences between footwear conditions. Compared with traditional and maximalist, the minimalist shoes were associated with greater average instantaneous and average vertical loading rates (P < .050), greater vertical stiffness (P ≤ .010), and less change in leg length between initial contact and peak resultant ground reaction force (P < .050). No other differences in stiffness or impact variables were observed. The shoe cushioning paradox did not hold in this study due to a similar musculoskeletal strategy for running in traditional and maximalist footwear and running with a more rigid limb in minimalist footwear.
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25
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Hannigan JJ, Pollard CD. Biomechanical analysis of two runners who developed leg injuries during a six-week transition to maximal running shoes: A case series. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2305-2311. [PMID: 34074228 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1930683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Achilles tendinopathy (AT) and medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) are two of the most common running-related injuries. In a previous study investigating running biomechanics before and after a six-week transition to maximal running shoes, two runners dropped out of this study due to Achilles pain and shin pain, respectively. The purpose of this case series was to investigate running biomechanics in those two runners, identifying potential causes for injury in relation to maximal shoe use. Running biomechanics were collected in a laboratory setting for these two runners wearing both a maximal running shoe and traditional running shoe before the six-week transition using an 8-camera motion capture system and two embedded force plates. Both runners displayed prolonged eversion in the maximal shoe, which has been previously cited as a potential risk factor for developing Achilles tendinopathy and medial tibial stress syndrome. Relatively high loading rates and impact forces were also observed in the runner with shin pain in the maximal shoe, which may have contributed to their pain. More prospective research on injury rates in individuals running in maximal shoes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hannigan
- Program in Physical Therapy, Oregon State University - Cascades, Bend, OR, USA.,School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christine D Pollard
- Program in Physical Therapy, Oregon State University - Cascades, Bend, OR, USA.,School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Sakamoto K, Tsujioka C, Sasaki M, Miyashita T, Kitano M, Kudo S. Validity and reproducibility of foot motion analysis using a stretch strain sensor. Gait Posture 2021; 86:180-185. [PMID: 33756406 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-segment foot analysis is traditionally challenging to perform while subjects are wearing footwear or a foot orthosis and is difficult to apply in the clinical setting. A recently developed stretch strain sensor (STR), that is thin and highly flexible, may solve this limitation because it does not require observation using a camera and is highly portable. RESEARCH QUESTION This study aimed to examine the reproducibility and validity of foot motion analysis using the STR during walking and running by comparing it with a conventional motion capture system. METHODS Twenty-one healthy participants were examined in this study. The STR was placed on the participant's foot in one of two locations in separate experiments (spring ligament; SL and navicular drop; ND methods). Foot kinematic data during walking and running were simultaneously recorded using the STR and a three-dimensional motion capture system. Intra-class correlation (ICC) was used to assess test-retest reproducibility of the STR method. Cross-correlation coefficient evaluated the similarity of the pattern of the signals between the two systems. Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between the STR measurement and angular excursion of the forefoot or hindfoot. RESULTS The ICCs of the SL method were 0.95 and 0.96, and those of the ND method were 0.93 and 0.71 during walking and running, respectively. In the SL method, the pattern of the signals between the STR and forefoot frontal motion was strongly correlated. The STR measurement was significantly correlated with forefoot eversion excursion (walking: r=-0.67, running: r=-0.64, p < 0.01 each). In the ND method, the STR signal was not associated with forefoot and hindfoot kinematics. SIGNIFICANCE Our results showed that the STR has acceptable reproducibility and validity of foot motion analysis. This system may enable measurement of foot motion while subjects are wearing shoes and outside the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Health Science, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, 1-26-16 Nankokita Suminoe Ward Osaka City Osaka Prefecture, 559-8611, Japan
| | - Chie Tsujioka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, 1-26-16 Nankokita Suminoe Ward Osaka City Osaka Prefecture, 559-8611, Japan
| | - Megumi Sasaki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, 1-26-16 Nankokita Suminoe Ward Osaka City Osaka Prefecture, 559-8611, Japan
| | - Toshinori Miyashita
- Graduate School of Health Science, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, 1-26-16 Nankokita Suminoe Ward Osaka City Osaka Prefecture, 559-8611, Japan; Inclusive Medical Science Research Institute, Morinomiya University of Medical Science, Osaka, 1-26-16 Nankokita Suminoe Ward Osaka City Osaka Prefecture, 559-8611, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitano
- Graduate School of Health Science, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, 1-26-16 Nankokita Suminoe Ward Osaka City Osaka Prefecture, 559-8611, Japan; Yamamuro Orthopedic Clinic Postal Address, 44-1 Yamamuro, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 939-8006, Japan.
| | - Shintarou Kudo
- Graduate School of Health Science, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, 1-26-16 Nankokita Suminoe Ward Osaka City Osaka Prefecture, 559-8611, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, 1-26-16 Nankokita Suminoe Ward Osaka City Osaka Prefecture, 559-8611, Japan; Inclusive Medical Science Research Institute, Morinomiya University of Medical Science, Osaka, 1-26-16 Nankokita Suminoe Ward Osaka City Osaka Prefecture, 559-8611, Japan.
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Sinclair J, Brooks D, Taylor PJ, Liles NB. Effects of running in minimal, maximal and traditional running shoes: a musculoskeletal simulation exploration using statistical parametric mapping and Bayesian analyses. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1892834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sinclair
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Darrell Brooks
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Paul John Taylor
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Naomi Bernadette Liles
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Comparing walking biomechanics of older females in maximal, minimal, and traditional shoes. Gait Posture 2021; 83:245-249. [PMID: 33197860 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that affects millions of individuals each year. Several biomechanical variables during walking have been identified as risk factors for developing knee OA, including the peak external knee adduction moment (KAM) and the knee flexion angle at initial contact. Many interventions have been studied to help mitigate these risk factors, including footwear. However, it is largely unknown how varying shoe cushioning may affect walking biomechanics related to knee OA risk. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the effect of maximally and minimally cushioned shoes on walking biomechanics compared to a traditionally cushioned shoe in older females? METHODS Walking biomechanics in three shoes (maximal, traditional, minimal) were collected on 16 healthy females ages 50-70 using an 8-camera 3D motion capture system and two embedded force plates. Key biomechanical variables related to knee OA disease risk were compared between shoes using repeated measures ANOVAs. RESULTS The KAM was significantly larger in the maximal shoe (p = 0.005), while the knee flexion angle at initial contact was significantly larger in both the maximal and minimal shoe compared to the traditional shoe (p = .000). Additionally, the peak knee flexion angle (p = .000) and the loading rates of the vertical ground reaction force were (instantaneous: p = 0.001; average: p = .010) were significantly higher in the minimal shoe. SIGNIFICANCE While these results are specific to the shoes used in this study, clinicians should exercise caution in prescribing maximal or minimal shoes to females in this age group who may be at risk of knee OA given these results. Research is needed on the effect of these shoes in patients with knee OA.
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Johnson CD, Tenforde AS, Outerleys J, Reilly J, Davis IS. Impact-Related Ground Reaction Forces Are More Strongly Associated With Some Running Injuries Than Others. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:3072-3080. [PMID: 32915664 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520950731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inconsistent associations have been reported for impact-related ground reaction force variables and running injuries when grouping all injuries together. However, previous work has shown more consistent associations when focusing on specific injuries. PURPOSE To compare ground reaction force variables between healthy and injured runners as a group and within specific common injuries. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A total of 125 runners presenting with patellofemoral pain, tibial bone stress injury, plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendinopathy, or iliotibial band syndrome and 65 healthy controls completed an instrumented treadmill assessment at a self-selected speed. Impact-related ground reaction force variables included vertical average (VALR) and instantaneous (VILR) load rates, posterior and medial/lateral instantaneous load rates, and vertical stiffness at initial loading (VSIL). Mean comparisons were made between the general and specific injury and control groups (α = .05). Cutoff thresholds were established and evaluated using several criteria. RESULTS VALR (+17.5%; P < .01), VILR (+15.8%; P < .01), and VSIL (+19.7%; P < .01) were significantly higher in the overall injured versus control groups. For individual injuries, VALR, VILR, and VSIL were significantly higher for patellofemoral pain (+23.4%-26.4%; P < .01) and plantar fasciitis (+17.5%-29.0%; P < .01), as well as VSIL for Achilles tendinopathy (+29.4%; P < .01). Cutoff thresholds showed better diagnostic criteria for individual versus grouped injuries. CONCLUSION Impact variables (VALR, VILR, and VSIL) were significantly higher when assessing the injured group as a whole. However, these findings were driven by specific injury groups, highlighting the importance of taking an injury-specific approach to biomechanical risk factors for running injury. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results suggest that practitioners may want to address impact loading in their treatment of injured runners, especially in those with patellofemoral pain and plantar fasciitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb D Johnson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam S Tenforde
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jereme Outerleys
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julia Reilly
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Irene S Davis
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Zhang X, Deng L, Yang Y, Li L, Fu W. Acute shoe effects on Achilles tendon loading in runners with habitual rearfoot strike pattern. Gait Posture 2020; 82:322-328. [PMID: 33022565 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although the overuse injury rate of the Achilles tendon (AT) for running is high, the effect of shoe conditions on AT loading remains unclear. Hence, this study aims to determine the mechanical properties of AT during running under different shoe conditions (minimalist vs. conventional shoes). DESIGN This work is a controlled laboratory study. METHODS Sixteen healthy male rearfoot strike runners were recruited to complete over ground running trials at 3.33 m/s (±5%) under two shoe conditions (minimalist shoes: INOV-8 Bare-XF 210; conventional shoes: NIKE AIR ZOOM PEGASUS 34). Sagittal plane ankle kinematics and ground reaction forces were simultaneously recorded. Ankle joint mechanics (ankle joint angle and moment) and the mechanical properties (peak force, impulse, stress, strain, and their corresponding peak rate) of the AT were calculated. RESULTS In comparison with conventional shoes, wearing minimalist shoes showed significant changes (p < 0.05): (1) decreased strike angle (48.92 ± 9.01 vs. 41.04 ± 8.69°); (2) increased ankle moment (2.34 ± 0.44 vs. 2.55 ± 0.46 Nm/kg); (3) increased peak AT force (5.85 ± 1.22 vs. 6.24 ± 1.13 BW), AT force impulse (0.65 ± 0.13 vs. 0.70 ± 0.13 BW·s), peak AT loading rate (109.94 ± 9.33 vs. 118.84 ± 26.62 BW/s), and average loading rate (48.42 ± 15.64 vs. 54.90 ± 17.47 BW/s); (4) decreased time to peak AT force (126.31 ± 20.68 vs. 117.77 ± 17.62 ms); (5) increased AT stress (66.96 ± 14.59 vs. 71.89 ± 14.74 MPa), strain (8.19 ± 1.77 vs. 8.78 ± 1.80 %), peak AT stress rate (66.96 ± 14.59 vs. 71.89 ± 14.74 MPa/s), and strain rate (148.71 ± 48.52 vs. 167.28 ± 42.82 %/s). CONCLUSION Increased AT force, loading rate, and stress were observed in runners who habitually wear conventional shoes with rearfoot strike patterns when they wore minimalist shoes. Hence, we recommend a gradual transition to minimalist shoes for runners who habitually wear conventional shoes with rearfoot strike patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xini Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Liqin Deng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lu Li
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstraße 175, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Papagiannaki M, Samoladas E, Maropoulos S, Arabatzi F. Running-Related Injury From an Engineering, Medical and Sport Science Perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:533391. [PMID: 33117776 PMCID: PMC7561420 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.533391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Etiologic factors associated to running injuries are reviewed, with an emphasis on the transient shock waves experienced during foot strike. In these terms, impact mechanics are analyzed from both, a biomechanical and medical standpoint and evaluated with respect injury etiology, precursors and morbidity. The complex interaction of runner specific characteristics on the employed footwear system are examined, providing insight into footwear selection that could act as a preventive measure against non-acute trauma incidence. In conclusion, and despite the vast literature on running-related injury-risks, only few records could be identified to consider the effect of shoe cushioning and anthropometric data on injury prevalence. Based on this literature, we would stress the importance of such considerations in future studies aspiring to provide insight into running related injury etiology and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papagiannaki
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessalonik, Greece
| | - Efthimios Samoladas
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stergios Maropoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
| | - Fotini Arabatzi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessalonik, Greece
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Yu P, Liang M, Fekete G, Baker JS, Gu Y. Effect of running-induced fatigue on lower limb mechanics in novice runners. Technol Health Care 2020; 29:231-242. [PMID: 32568135 DOI: 10.3233/thc-202195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running-induced fatigue has received much attention in recent years. However, very few studies have investigated the effect of fatigue on lower limb biomechanics in three planes. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate biomechanical changes in the lower limb in three planes following running-induced fatigue. METHODS Fifteen male novice runners were included in the study and performed three running trails pre- and post-fatigue. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests or paired-sample t tests were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Lower limb biomechanics significantly changed, especially kinetic parameters, when fatigue occurred. The peak ankle dorsiflexion angle and range of motion of the knee joint in the frontal plane increased. As for kinetic parameters, in the ankle joint, the peak external rotation moment, peak abduction power and peak internal rotation power increased. In the knee joint, the peak abduction and external rotation moment, peak flexion power, peak adduction and abduction power also increased. In the hip joint, the peak flexion moment was decreased, peak adduction and abduction moment, peak external rotation power, peak adduction and abduction power moment were increased. CONCLUSION The findings of this study may contribute to our understanding of the impact of fatigue and provide some helpful information to prevent related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peimin Yu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minjun Liang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Gusztáv Fekete
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julien S Baker
- Department of Sport, and Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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The Acute Influence of Running-Induced Fatigue on the Performance and Biomechanics of a Countermovement Jump. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lower limb kinematics and kinetics during the landing phase of jumping might change because of localized muscle fatigue. This study aimed to investigate the acute influence of running-induced fatigue on the performance and lower limb kinematics and kinetics of a countermovement jump. A running-induced fatigue protocol was applied to fifteen male subjects. Participants were asked to perform three successful countermovement jumps before and after fatigue. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected to compare any fatigue influences. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and paired-sample t-tests were used to analyze the data. Running-induced fatigue did not significantly change vertical jump height and peak vertical ground reaction forces (GRF) during the push-off and landing phases. Lower limb biomechanics significantly changed, especially kinematic parameters. During the push-off phase, fatigue resulted in an increased ankle peak inversion angle, knee minimal flexion angle, knee peak abduction angle, and hip peak flexion moment. In addition, the range of motion (ROM) of the ankle and knee joints in the frontal plane was also increased. Certain parameters decreased as a result of fatigue, such as the ankle peak internal rotation angle, hip peak abduction angle, the ROM of the ankle joint in the sagittal plane, and ROM of the hip joint in the frontal plane. During the landing phase, the peak inversion angle and peak external rotation angle of the ankle joint, peak abduction angle of the knee and hip joint, ROM of the ankle joint in the horizontal plane, ROM of the ankle and knee joint in the frontal plane were all increased as a result of fatigue. The knee peak flexion moment and hip peak extension moment, however, were decreased. Under fatigue conditions, lower limb kinetics and kinematics were changed during both the push-off and landing phases. More attention should be focused on the landing phase and the last period of the push-off phase due to potentially higher risks of injury. The findings of the current study may be beneficial to athletes and coaches in preventing jumping related injuries.
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The Effect of Prolonged Running on the Symmetry of Biomechanical Variables of the Lower Limb Joints. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12050720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether there are kinematic and kinetic differences in the lower limb and whether the symmetry of the lower extremities is different after prolonged-running. Fifteen healthy male amateur runners (age: 22 ± 1 years, height: 173 ± 8 cm, mass: 65 ± 7 kg, BMI: 21.62 ± 2 kg/m2) were recruited as participants for this study. A Vicon eight-camera motion capture system and Kistler force plate were used to collect kinematic and kinetic parameters. A motorized treadmill, 15-point Borg scale and heart rate bands were used to monitor fatigue during a running-induced fatigue protocol. Paired sample T tests were used to check statistical difference (p = 0.05) between the lower limbs and the symmetry changes in pre-fatigue and post-fatigue running sessions. The symmetry angle (SA) of the knee flexion angle, hip flexion angle and hip extension angle in post-fatigue was significantly greater than in pre-fatigue, increasing by 4.32%, 10.71%, and 23.12%, respectively. Moreover, the SA of hip flexion moment increased by 2.61%. However, the knee extension velocity and hip flexion velocity became more symmetrical than in pre-fatigue (p < 0.05), the SA decreased by 5.91% and 5.45%, respectively. Differences in limb function during post-fatigue may lead to changes of symmetry in the lower limbs. The variables of asymmetry may be used as a compensation mechanism to maintain gait stability. Physical therapy assessment of fatigue injuries and long-distance running training programs may want to consider the changes in symmetry due to limb dominance.
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Mousavi SH, Hijmans JM, Moeini F, Rajabi R, Ferber R, van der Worp H, Zwerver J. Validity and reliability of a smartphone motion analysis app for lower limb kinematics during treadmill running. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 43:27-35. [PMID: 32062587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the validity and reliability of a smartphone application for selected lower-limb kinematics during treadmill running. DESIGN Validity and reliability study. SETTING Biomechanics laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Twenty healthy female runners. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Sagittal-plane hip, knee, and ankle angle and rearfoot eversion were assessed using the Coach's Eye Smartphone application and a 3D motion capture system. Paired t-test and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) established criterion validity of Coach's Eye; ICC determined test-retest and intrarater/interrater reliability. Standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC) were also reported. RESULTS Significant differences were found between Coach's Eye and 3D measurements for ankle angle at touchdown and knee angle at toe-off (p < 0.05). ICCs for validity of Coach's Eye were excellent for rearfoot eversion at touchdown (ICC = 0.79) and fair-to-good for the other kinematics (range 0.51-0.74), except for hip at touchdown, which was poor (ICC = 0.36). Test-retest (range 0.80-0.92), intrarater (range 0.95-0.99) and interrater (range 0.87-0.94) ICC results were excellent for all selected kinematics. CONCLUSION Coach's Eye can be used as a surrogate for 3D measures of knee and rearfoot in/eversion at touchdown, and hip, ankle, and rearfoot in/eversion at toe-off, but not for hip and ankle at touchdown or knee at toe-off. Reliable running kinematics were obtained using Coach's Eye, making it suitable for repeated measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamed Mousavi
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Tehran, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Juha M Hijmans
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Forough Moeini
- University of Tehran, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rajabi
- University of Tehran, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reed Ferber
- University of Calgary, Faculty of Kinesiology, Calgary, Canada; Running Injury Clinic, Calgary, Canada; University of Calgary, Faculty of Nursing, Calgary, Canada
| | - Henk van der Worp
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Science, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Zwerver
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Science, the Netherlands; Department of Sports Medicine, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, the Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Hoogkamer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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