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Duboisset J, Ferrand P, Baroni A, Grünewald TA, Dicko H, Grauby O, Vidal-Dupiol J, Saulnier D, Gilles LM, Rosenthal M, Burghammer M, Nouet J, Chevallard C, Baronnet A, Chamard V. Amorphous-to-crystal transition in the layer-by-layer growth of bivalve shell prisms. Acta Biomater 2022; 142:194-207. [PMID: 35041900 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization integrates complex physical and chemical processes bio-controlled by the living organisms through ionic concentration regulation and organic molecules production. It allows tuning the structural, optical and mechanical properties of hard tissues during ambient-condition crystallisation, motivating a deeper understanding of the underlying processes. By combining state-of-the-art optical and X-ray microscopy methods, we investigated early-mineralized calcareous units from two bivalve species, Pinctada margaritifera and Pinna nobilis, revealing chemical and crystallographic structural insights. In these calcite units, we observed ring-like structural features correlated with a lack of calcite and an increase of amorphous calcium carbonate and proteins contents. The rings also correspond to a larger crystalline disorder and a larger strain level. Based on these observations, we propose a temporal biomineralization cycle, initiated by the production of an amorphous precursor layer, which further crystallizes with a transition front progressing radially from the unit centre, while the organics are expelled towards the prism edge. Simultaneously, along the shell thickness, the growth occurs following a layer-by-layer mode. These findings open biomimetic perspectives for the design of refined crystalline materials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Calcareous biominerals are amongst the most present forms of biominerals. They exhibit astonishing structural, optical and mechanical properties while being formed at ambient synthesis conditions from ubiquitous ions, motivating the deep understanding of biomineralization. Here, we unveil the first formation steps involved in the biomineralization cycle of prismatic units of two bivalve species by applying a new multi-modal non-destructive characterization approach, sensitive to chemical and crystalline properties. The observations of structural features in mineralized units of different ages allowed the derivation of a temporal sequence for prism biomineralization, involving an amorphous precursor, a radial crystallisation front and a layer-by-layer sequence. Beyond these chemical and physical findings, the herein introduced multi-modal approach is highly relevant to other biominerals and bio-inspired studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Duboisset
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Ferrand
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Arthur Baroni
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Tilman A Grünewald
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Hamadou Dicko
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Grauby
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, Campus Luminy, Case 913, 13288-Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Montpellier France
| | - Denis Saulnier
- Ifremer, UMR 241 Environnement Insulaire Océanien (EIO), Labex Corail, Centre du Pacifique, BP 49, Vairao 98719, French Polynesia
| | - Le Moullac Gilles
- Ifremer, UMR 241 Environnement Insulaire Océanien (EIO), Labex Corail, Centre du Pacifique, BP 49, Vairao 98719, French Polynesia
| | - Martin Rosenthal
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | | | - Julius Nouet
- GEOPS, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Corinne Chevallard
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Alain Baronnet
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, Campus Luminy, Case 913, 13288-Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Virginie Chamard
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France.
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2
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Klang K, Nickel KG. The Plant-Like Structure of Lance Sea Urchin Spines as Biomimetic Concept Generator for Freeze-Casted Structural Graded Ceramics. Biomimetics (Basel) 2021; 6:biomimetics6020036. [PMID: 34072652 PMCID: PMC8261639 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics6020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The spine of the lance sea urchin (Phyllacanthus imperialis) is an unusual plant-akin hierarchical lightweight construction with several gradation features: a basic core-shell structure is modified in terms of porosities, pore orientation and pore size, forming superstructures. Differing local strength and energy consumption features create a biomimetic potential for the construction of porous ceramics with predetermined breaking points and adaptable behavior in compression overload. We present a new detailed structural and failure analysis of those spines and demonstrate that it is possible to include at least a limited number of those features in an abstracted way in ceramics, manufactured by freeze-casting. This possibility is shown to come from a modified mold design and optimized suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Klang
- Institute of Glass and Ceramics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Geosciences, Applied Mineralogy, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (K.G.N.)
| | - Klaus G. Nickel
- Department of Geosciences, Applied Mineralogy, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (K.G.N.)
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Uchiyama H, Mizuguchi S, Hirano S. Biomimetic synthesis of nanostructured WO 3 · H 2O particles and subsequent thermal conversion to WO 3. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:182137. [PMID: 31312479 PMCID: PMC6599771 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.182137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured tungsten oxide (WO3) particles were prepared in aqueous solution by mimicking biomineralization. Precursor WO3 · H2O particles were generated by ageing a 60°C (NH4)10W12O41 · 5H2O solution containing gelatin. This was followed by heating to 600°C in air for thermal conversion to WO3. The addition of gelatin led to the formation of layered structures consisting of WO3 · H2O platy particles, which contained segmented, block-like nanoscale units. The macroscopic layered structure was preserved after thermal conversion to WO3, while the morphology of the block-like units changed to orthogonally crossed nanorods.
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4
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Pendola M, Jain G, Huang YC, Gebauer D, Evans JS. Secrets of the Sea Urchin Spicule Revealed: Protein Cooperativity Is Responsible for ACC Transformation, Intracrystalline Incorporation, and Guided Mineral Particle Assembly in Biocomposite Material Formation. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11823-11830. [PMID: 30320276 PMCID: PMC6173553 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the sea urchin spicule involves the stabilization and transformation of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and assembly of ACC nanoparticle precursors into a mesoscale single crystal of fracture-resistant calcite. This process of particle assembly or attachment is under the control of a family of proteins known as the spicule matrix [Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (SpSM)] proteome. Recently, two members of this proteome, SpSM50 and the glycoprotein SpSM30B/C-G (in recombinant forms), were found to interact together via SpSM30B/C-G oligosaccharide-SpSM50 protein interactions to form hybrid protein hydrogels with unique physical properties. In this study, we investigate the mineralization properties of this hybrid hydrogel alongside the hydrogels formed by SpSM50 and SpSM30B/C-G individually. We find that the SpSM50 + SpSM30B/C-G hybrid hydrogel is synergistic with regard to surface modifications and intracrystalline inclusions of existing calcite crystals, the inhibition of ACC formation, and the kinetic destabilization of ACC to form a crystalline phase. Most importantly, the hybrid hydrogel phase assembles and organizes mineral particles into discrete clusters or domains within in vitro mineralization environments. Thus, the interactions of SpSM50 and SpSM30B/C-G, mediated by carbohydrate-protein binding, reflect the need for protein cooperativity for the ACC-to-crystalline transformation, intracrystalline void formation, and guided mineral particle assembly processes that are instrumental in spicule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pendola
- Laboratory
for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, 345 E. 24th Street, New
York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Gaurav Jain
- Laboratory
for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, 345 E. 24th Street, New
York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Yu-Chieh Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Universität
Konstanz, Universitätstrasse 10, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - Denis Gebauer
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Universität
Konstanz, Universitätstrasse 10, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - John Spencer Evans
- Laboratory
for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, 345 E. 24th Street, New
York, New York 10010, United States
- E-mail: (J.S.E.)
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Jain G, Pendola M, Koutsoumpeli E, Johnson S, Evans JS. Glycosylation Fosters Interactions between Model Sea Urchin Spicule Matrix Proteins. Implications for Embryonic Spiculogenesis and Biomineralization. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3032-3035. [PMID: 29757633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation of embryonic mineralized skeletal elements (spicules) in the sea urchin requires the participation of proteins, many of which may interact with one another and assist in the creation of an extracellular matrix wherein mineral formation takes place. To probe this, we created a sea urchin spicule recombinant model protein pair system wherein we tested the interactions between two major spicule proteins, SpSM50 and the glycoprotein, SpSM30B/C. Both proteins are strong hydrogelators that manipulate early and later events in mineral formation. We discovered that the anionic glycan moieties of SpSM30B/C are required for interaction with the SpSM50 protein and that these interactions are Ca(II)-independent. In addition, when these proteins form a complex, they create hybrid hydrogel particles that are physically distinct from their individual counterparts. Thus, glycan-mediated interactions play an important role in in vitro spicule protein assembly and most likely within the spicule itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Jain
- Laboratory for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology , New York University , 345 East 24th Street , New York , New York 10010 , United States
| | - Martin Pendola
- Laboratory for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology , New York University , 345 East 24th Street , New York , New York 10010 , United States
| | - Eleni Koutsoumpeli
- Department of Electronic Engineering , University of York , Heslington, York YO105DD , United Kingdom
| | - Steven Johnson
- Department of Electronic Engineering , University of York , Heslington, York YO105DD , United Kingdom
| | - John Spencer Evans
- Laboratory for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology , New York University , 345 East 24th Street , New York , New York 10010 , United States
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Jain G, Pendola M, Huang YC, Gebauer D, Evans JS. A Model Sea Urchin Spicule Matrix Protein, rSpSM50, Is a Hydrogelator That Modifies and Organizes the Mineralization Process. Biochemistry 2017; 56:2663-2675. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Jain
- Laboratory
for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Martin Pendola
- Laboratory
for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Yu-Chieh Huang
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universität Konstanz, Universitätstrasse
10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Denis Gebauer
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Universität Konstanz, Universitätstrasse
10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - John Spencer Evans
- Laboratory
for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, United States
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7
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Jain G, Pendola M, Rao A, Cölfen H, Evans JS. A Model Sea Urchin Spicule Matrix Protein Self-Associates To Form Mineral-Modifying Protein Hydrogels. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4410-21. [PMID: 27426695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, the formation and mineralization of fracture-resistant skeletal elements such as the embryonic spicule require the combinatorial participation of numerous spicule matrix proteins such as the SpSM30A-F isoforms. However, because of limited abundance, it has been difficult to pursue extensive biochemical studies of the SpSM30 proteins and deduce their role in spicule formation and mineralization. To circumvent these problems, we expressed a model recombinant spicule matrix protein, rSpSM30B/C, which possesses the key sequence attributes of isoforms "B" and "C". Our findings indicate that rSpSM30B/C is expressed in insect cells as a single polypeptide containing variations in glycosylation that create microheterogeneity in rSpSM30B/C molecular masses. These post-translational modifications incorporate O- and N-glycans and anionic mono- and bisialylated and mono- and bisulfated monosaccharides on the protein molecules and enhance its aggregation propensity. Bioinformatics and biophysical experiments confirm that rSpSM30B/C is an intrinsically disordered, aggregation-prone protein that forms porous protein hydrogels that control the in vitro mineralization process in three ways: (1) increase the time interval for prenucleation cluster formation and transiently stabilize an ACC polymorph, (2) promote and organize single-crystal calcite nanoparticles, and (3) promote faceted growth and create surface texturing of calcite crystals. These features are also common to mollusk shell nacre proteins, and we conclude that rSpSM30B/C is a spiculogenesis protein that exhibits traits found in other calcium carbonate mineral modification proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Jain
- Laboratory for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University , 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Martin Pendola
- Laboratory for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University , 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Ashit Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Universität Konstanz , Universitätstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Universität Konstanz , Universitätstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - John Spencer Evans
- Laboratory for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University , 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, United States
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8
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In-depth proteomic analysis of shell matrix proteins of Pinctada fucata. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17269. [PMID: 26608573 PMCID: PMC4660305 DOI: 10.1038/srep17269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The shells of pearl oysters, Pinctada fucata, are composed of calcite and aragonite and possess remarkable mechanical properties. These shells are formed under the regulation of macromolecules, especially shell matrix proteins (SMPs). Identification of diverse SMPs will lay a foundation for understanding biomineralization process. Here, we identified 72 unique SMPs using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of proteins extracted from the shells of P. fucata combined with a draft genome. Of 72 SMPs, 17 SMPs are related to both the prismatic and nacreous layers. Moreover, according to the diverse domains found in the SMPs, we hypothesize that in addition to controlling CaCO3 crystallization and crystal organization, these proteins may potentially regulate the extracellular microenvironment and communicate between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Immunohistological localization techniques identify the SMPs in the mantle, shells and synthetic calcite. Together, these proteomic data increase the repertoires of the shell matrix proteins in P. fucata and suggest that shell formation in P. fucata may involve tight regulation of cellular activities and the extracellular microenvironment.
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9
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Mao Y, Satchell PG, Luan X, Diekwisch TGH. SM50 repeat-polypeptides self-assemble into discrete matrix subunits and promote appositional calcium carbonate crystal growth during sea urchin tooth biomineralization. Ann Anat 2015; 203:38-46. [PMID: 26194158 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The two major proteins involved in vertebrate enamel formation and echinoderm sea urchin tooth biomineralization, amelogenin and SM50, are both characterized by elongated polyproline repeat domains in the center of the macromolecule. To determine the role of polyproline repeat polypeptides in basal deuterostome biomineralization, we have mapped the localization of SM50 as it relates to crystal growth, conducted self-assembly studies of SM50 repeat polypeptides, and examined their effect on calcium carbonate and apatite crystal growth. Electron micrographs of the growth zone of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchin teeth documented a series of successive events from intravesicular mineral nucleation to mineral deposition at the interface between tooth surface and odontoblast syncytium. Using immunohistochemistry, SM50 was detected within the cytoplasm of cells associated with the developing tooth mineral, at the mineral secreting front, and adjacent to initial mineral deposits, but not in muscles and ligaments. Polypeptides derived from the SM50 polyproline alternating hexa- and hepta-peptide repeat region (SM50P6P7) formed highly discrete, donut-shaped self-assembly patterns. In calcium carbonate crystal growth studies, SM50P6P7 repeat peptides triggered the growth of expansive networks of fused calcium carbonate crystals while in apatite growth studies, SM50P6P7 peptides facilitated the growth of needle-shaped and parallel arranged crystals resembling those found in developing vertebrate enamel. In comparison, SM50P6P7 surpassed the PXX24 polypeptide repeat region derived from the vertebrate enamel protein amelogenin in its ability to promote crystal nucleation and appositional crystal growth. Together, these studies establish the SM50P6P7 polyproline repeat region as a potent regulator in the protein-guided appositional crystal growth that occurs during continuous tooth mineralization and eruption. In addition, our studies highlight the role of species-specific polyproline repeat motifs in the formation of discrete self-assembled matrices and the resulting control of mineral growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelin Mao
- UIC College of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, USA
| | | | - Xianghong Luan
- UIC College of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, USA; UIC College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, USA
| | - Thomas G H Diekwisch
- UIC College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, USA; Baylor College of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics, USA.
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10
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Hendley CT, Tao J, Kunitake JAMR, De Yoreo JJ, Estroff LA. Microscopy techniques for investigating the control of organic constituents on biomineralization. MRS BULLETIN 2015; 40:480-489. [PMID: 27358507 PMCID: PMC4922639 DOI: 10.1557/mrs.2015.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This article addresses recent advances in the application of microscopy techniques to characterize crystallization processes as they relate to biomineralization and bio-inspired materials synthesis. In particular, we focus on studies aimed at revealing the role organic macromolecules and functionalized surfaces play in modulating the mechanisms of nucleation and growth. In nucleation studies, we explore the use of methods such as in situ transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and cryogenic electron microscopy to delineate formation pathways, phase stabilization, and the competing effects of free energy and kinetic barriers. In growth studies, emphasis is placed on understanding the interactions of macromolecular constituents with growing crystals and characterization of the internal structures of the resulting composite crystals using techniques such as electron tomography, atom probe tomography, and vibrational spectromicroscopy. Examples are drawn from both biological and bio-inspired synthetic systems.
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11
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Kanold JM, Guichard N, Immel F, Plasseraud L, Corneillat M, Alcaraz G, Brümmer F, Marin F. Spine and test skeletal matrices of the Mediterranean sea urchin Arbacia lixula--a comparative characterization of their sugar signature. FEBS J 2015; 282:1891-905. [PMID: 25702947 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Calcified structures of sea urchins are biocomposite materials that comprise a minor fraction of organic macromolecules, such as proteins, glycoproteins and polysaccharides. These macromolecules are thought to collectively regulate mineral deposition during the process of calcification. When occluded, they modify the properties of the mineral. In the present study, the organic matrices (both soluble and insoluble in acetic acid) of spines and tests from the Mediterranean black sea urchin Arbacia lixula were extracted and characterized, in order to determine whether they exhibit similar biochemical signatures. Bulk characterizations were performed by mono-dimensional SDS/PAGE, FT-IR spectroscopy, and an in vitro crystallization assay. We concentrated our efforts on characterization of the sugar moieties. To this end, we determined the monosaccharide content of the soluble and insoluble organic matrices of A. lixula spines and tests by HPAE-PAD, together with their respective lectin-binding profiles via enzyme-linked lectin assay. Finally, we performed in situ localization of N-acetyl glucosamine-containing saccharides on spines and tests using gold-conjugated wheatgerm agglutinin. Our data show that the test and spine matrices exhibit different biochemical signatures with regard to their saccharidic fraction, suggesting that future studies should analyse the regulation of mineral deposition by the matrix in these two mineralized structures in detail. This study re-emphasizes the importance of non-protein moieties, i.e. sugars, in calcium carbonate systems, and highlights the need to clearly identify their function in the biomineralization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Kanold
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nathalie Guichard
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Bâtiment des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Françoise Immel
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Bâtiment des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Plasseraud
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Faculté des Sciences Mirande, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Marion Corneillat
- Unité Propre Soutien de Programme PROXISS, Département Agronomie Environnement AgroSupDijon, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Gérard Alcaraz
- Unité Propre Soutien de Programme PROXISS, Département Agronomie Environnement AgroSupDijon, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Franz Brümmer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frédéric Marin
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Bâtiment des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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12
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Uchiyama H, Nakanishi S, Kozuka H. Biomimetic synthesis of nanostructured SnO particles from Sn6O4(OH)4in aqueous solution of gelatin. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce01829j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Uchiyama H, Nakanishi S, Kozuka H. Hydrothermal synthesis of nanostructured SnO particles through crystal growth in the presence of gelatin. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Ultrascale and microscale growth dynamics of the cidaroid spine ofPhyllacanthus imperialisrevealed by26Mg labeling and NanoSIMS isotopic imaging. J Morphol 2014; 275:788-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Wilt F, Killian CE, Croker L, Hamilton P. SM30 protein function during sea urchin larval spicule formation. J Struct Biol 2013; 183:199-204. [PMID: 23583702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A central issue in better understanding the process of biomineralization is to elucidate the function of occluded matrix proteins present in mineralized tissues. A potent approach to addressing this issue utilizes specific inhibitors of expression of known genes. Application of antisense oligonucleotides that specifically suppress translation of a given mRNA are capable of causing aberrant biomineralization, thereby revealing, at least in part, a likely function of the protein and gene under investigation. We have applied this approach to study the possible function(s) of the SM30 family of proteins, which are found in spicules, teeth, spines, and tests of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus as well as other euechinoid sea urchins. It is possible using the anti-SM30 morpholino-oligonucleotides (MO's) to reduce the level of these proteins to very low levels, yet the development of skeletal spicules in the embryo shows little or no aberration. This surprising result requires re-thinking about the role of these, and possibly other occluded matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Wilt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, United States.
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Kunitake ME, Mangano LM, Peloquin JM, Baker SP, Estroff LA. Evaluation of strengthening mechanisms in calcite single crystals from mollusk shells. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5353-9. [PMID: 23036948 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic single-crystal calcite is often reported to be harder and tougher than geologic calcite in the form of Iceland spar. However, the mechanistic origins of the superior mechanical properties of the biogenic materials are still debated. We investigate the hardness and modulus of biogenic calcite from the prismatic layer of the mollusk Atrina rigida compared with a pure geologic calcite, Iceland spar. On the {001} face, biogenic calcite is found to be 50-70% harder than geologic calcite. This range is due to the fact that changes in azimuthal angle of the indenter tip lead to a hardness variation of ∼20% in A. rigida but only ∼7% in Iceland spar. The higher hardness and increased anisotropy of biogenic calcite could be accounted for by hardening mechanisms based on hindered dislocation motion rather than crack deflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki E Kunitake
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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17
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Evans JS. “Liquid-like” biomineralization protein assemblies: a key to the regulation of non-classical nucleation. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce40803e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Uchiyama H, Sakaue R, Kozuka H. Preparation of nanostructured CeCO3OH particles from aqueous solutions and gels containing biological polymers and their thermal conversion to CeO2. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43580f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Gorzelak P, Stolarski J, Mazur M, Meibom A. Micro- to nanostructure and geochemistry of extant crinoidal echinoderm skeletons. GEOBIOLOGY 2013; 11:29-43. [PMID: 23121244 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the results of micro- to nanostructural and geochemical analyses of calcitic skeletons from extant deep-sea stalked crinoids. Fine-scale (SEM, FESEM, AFM) observations show that the crinoid skeleton is composed of carbonate nanograins, about 20-100 nm in diameter, which are partly separated by what appears to be a few nm thick organic layers. Sub-micrometre-scale geochemical mapping of crinoid ossicles using a NanoSIMS ion microprobe, combined with synchrotron high-spatial-resolution X-ray micro-fluorescence (μ-XRF) maps and X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) show that high Mg concentration in the central region of the stereom bars correlates with the distribution of S-sulphate, which is often associated with sulphated polysaccharides in biocarbonates. These data are consistent with biomineralization models suggesting a close association between organic components (including sulphated polysaccharides) and Mg ions. Additionally, geochemical analyses (NanoSIMS, energy dispersive spectroscopy) reveal that significant variations in Mg occur at many levels: within a single stereom trabecula, within a single ossicle and within a skeleton of a single animal. Together, these data suggest that physiological factors play an important role in controlling Mg content in crinoid skeletons and that great care should be taken when using their skeletons to reconstruct, for example, palaeotemperatures and Mg/Ca palaeo-variations of the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gorzelak
- Department of Biogeology, Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Shiomi K, Yamazaki A, Kagawa M, Kiyomoto M, Yamaguchi M. Par6 regulates skeletogenesis and gut differentiation in sea urchin larvae. Dev Genes Evol 2012; 222:269-78. [PMID: 22903233 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-012-0409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Partitioning-defective (par) genes were originally identified as genes that are essential for the asymmetric division of the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote. Studies have since revealed that the gene products are part of an evolutionarily conserved PAR-atypical protein kinase C system involved in cell polarity in various biological contexts. In this study, we analyzed the function of par6 during sea urchin morphogenesis by morpholino-mediated knockdown and by manipulation swapping of the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs). Loss of Par6 resulted in defects in skeletogenesis and gut differentiation in larvae. Phenotypic analyses of chimeras constructed by PMC swapping showed that Par6 in non-PMCs is required for differentiation of archenteron into functional gut. In contrast, Par6 in both PMCs and ectodermal cells cooperatively regulates skeletogenesis. We suggest that Par6 in PMCs plays an immediate role in the deposition of biomineral in the syncytial cable, whereas Par6 in ectoderm may stabilize skeletal rods via an unknown signal(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Shiomi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Abstract
Crystalline biominerals do not resemble faceted crystals. Current explanations for this property involve formation via amorphous phases. Using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM), here we examine forming spicules in embryos of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchins, and observe a sequence of three mineral phases: hydrated amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC · H(2)O) → dehydrated amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) → calcite. Unexpectedly, we find ACC · H(2)O-rich nanoparticles that persist after the surrounding mineral has dehydrated and crystallized. Protein matrix components occluded within the mineral must inhibit ACC · H(2)O dehydration. We devised an in vitro, also using XANES-PEEM, assay to identify spicule proteins that may play a role in stabilizing various mineral phases, and found that the most abundant occluded matrix protein in the sea urchin spicules, SM50, stabilizes ACC · H(2)O in vitro.
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Kipryushina YO, Odintsova NA. Effect of exogenous factors on the induction of spicule formation in sea urchin embryonic cell cultures. Russ J Dev Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360411050080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gilbert PUPA, Wilt FH. Molecular aspects of biomineralization of the echinoderm endoskeleton. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 52:199-223. [PMID: 21877267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21230-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Echinoderms possess a rigid endoskeleton composed of calcite and small amounts of occluded organic matrix proteins. The test (i.e., the shell-like structure of adults), spines, pedicellariae, tube feet, and teeth of adults, as well as delicate endoskeletal spicules found in larvae of some classes, are the main skeletal structures. They have been intensively studied for insight into the mechanisms of biomineralization. Recent work on characterization of the mineral phase and occluded proteins in embryonic skeletal spicules shows that these simple-looking structures contain scores of different proteins, and that the mineral phase is composed of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), which then transforms to an anhydrous ACC and eventually to calcite. Likewise, the adult tooth shows a similar transition from hydrated ACC to anhydrous ACC to calcite during its formation, and a similar transition is likely occurring during adult spine regeneration. We speculate that: (1) the ACC precursor is a general strategy employed in biomineralization in echinoderms, (2) the numerous occluded proteins play a role in post-secretion formation of the mature biomineralized structure, and (3) proteins with "multi-valent" intrinsically disordered domains are important for formation of occluded matrix structures, and regulation of crucial matrix-mineral interactions, such as ACC to calcite transitions and polymorph selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P U P A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA,
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Mann K, Wilt FH, Poustka AJ. Proteomic analysis of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) spicule matrix. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:33. [PMID: 20565753 PMCID: PMC2909932 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sea urchin embryo has been an important model organism in developmental biology for more than a century. This is due to its relatively simple construction, translucent appearance, and the possibility to follow the fate of individual cells as development to the pluteus larva proceeds. Because the larvae contain tiny calcitic skeletal elements, the spicules, they are also important model organisms for biomineralization research. Similar to other biominerals the spicule contains an organic matrix, which is thought to play an important role in its formation. However, only few spicule matrix proteins were identified previously. RESULTS Using mass spectrometry-based methods we have identified 231 proteins in the matrix of the S. purpuratus spicule matrix. Approximately two thirds of the identified proteins are either known or predicted to be extracellular proteins or transmembrane proteins with large ectodomains. The ectodomains may have been solubilized by partial proteolysis and subsequently integrated into the growing spicule. The most abundant protein of the spicule matrix is SM50. SM50-related proteins, SM30-related proteins, MSP130 and related proteins, matrix metalloproteases and carbonic anhydrase are among the most abundant components. CONCLUSIONS The spicule matrix is a relatively complex mixture of proteins not only containing matrix-specific proteins with a function in matrix assembly or mineralization, but also: 1) proteins possibly important for the formation of the continuous membrane delineating the mineralization space; 2) proteins for secretory processes delivering proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous precursors; 3) or proteins reflecting signaling events at the cell/matrix interface. Comparison of the proteomes of different skeletal matrices allows prediction of proteins of general importance for mineralization in sea urchins, such as SM50, SM30-E, SM29 or MSP130. The comparisons also help point out putative tissue-specific proteins, such as tooth phosphodontin or specific spicule matrix metalloproteases of the MMP18/19 group. Furthermore, the direct sequence analysis of peptides by MS/MS validates many predicted genes and confirms the existence of the corresponding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlheinz Mann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Abteilung Proteomics und Signaltransduktion, D-82152 Martinsried, Am Klopferspitz 18, Germany
| | - Fred H Wilt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720-3200, USA
| | - Albert J Poustka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Genetik, Evolution and Development Group, D-14195 Berlin, Ihnestrasse 73, Germany
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ADDISON JASONA, POGSON GRANTH. Multiple gene genealogies reveal asymmetrical hybridization and introgression among strongylocentrotid sea urchins. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:1239-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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26
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Bonucci E. Calcification and silicification: a comparative survey of the early stages of biomineralization. J Bone Miner Metab 2009; 27:255-64. [PMID: 19301088 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-009-0061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Most of the studies on biomineralization have focused on calcification and silicification, the two systems that predominate in nature in the construction of skeletal or integumental hard tissues. They have, however, been studied separately, as if they were completely distinct processes, in spite of their several points of contact, especially as far as the organic-inorganic relationships during the early mineralization stages are concerned. A very tight association of the inorganic substance with organic macromolecules, in fact, initially characterizes both systems. Although the mechanism of biomineralization remains elusive, a number of old and new findings, which have been taken into account in this review, support the view that, both in calcification and in silicification, genetically controlled organic macromolecules induce the formation of composite, organic-inorganic nanoparticles, behave as templates for the subsequent assemblage of the nanoparticles into micro- to macroarchitectures of complex pattern, and, eventually, are mostly reabsorbed. There are still many gaps left in our knowledge of this process. Comparative studies of the two biomineralization systems may help to fill them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Bonucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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27
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Uchiyama H, Hosono E, Zhou H, Imai H. Three-dimensional architectures of spinel-type LiMn2O4 prepared from biomimetic porous carbonates and their application to a cathode for lithium-ion batteries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b900397e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Ehrlich H, Koutsoukos PG, Demadis KD, Pokrovsky OS. Principles of demineralization: Modern strategies for the isolation of organic frameworks. Micron 2008; 39:1062-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Killian CE, Wilt FH. Molecular Aspects of Biomineralization of the Echinoderm Endoskeleton. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4463-74. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0782630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Killian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 142 Life Sciences Addition, Berkeley, California 94720-3200
| | - Fred H. Wilt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 142 Life Sciences Addition, Berkeley, California 94720-3200
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30
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Uchiyama H, Imai H. Matrix-mediated formation of hierarchically structured SnO crystals as intermediates between single crystals and polycrystalline aggregates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9038-9042. [PMID: 18605706 DOI: 10.1021/la800955r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline SnO grown in a Sn 6O 4(OH) 4 matrix exhibited hierarchical architectures, such as stepped bipyramids, stacked meshes, and rosettes, which were not categorized into the classical assortment of crystal morphologies. The complex architectures consisting of small building units were found to be produced through stacking and/or branching growth accompanied with a decrease in the unit size and degradation of the crystallographic symmetry in their assembly. This particular morphological evolution is presumed to be achieved by increasing the driving force of crystallization in the presence of abundant precursor species supplied from the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Uchiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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31
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Ultrastructural matrix–mineral relationships in avian eggshell, and effects of osteopontin on calcite growth in vitro. J Struct Biol 2008; 163:84-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Hincke MT, Chien YC, Gerstenfeld LC, McKee MD. Colloidal-gold immunocytochemical localization of osteopontin in avian eggshell gland and eggshell. J Histochem Cytochem 2008; 56:467-76. [PMID: 18256019 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2008.950576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During mineralization of the avian eggshell, there is a sequential and orderly deposition of both matrix and mineral phases. Therefore, the eggshell is an excellent model for studying matrix-mineral relationships and the regulation of mineralization. Osteopontin, as an inhibitor of crystal growth, potently influences the formation of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate biominerals. The purpose of this study was to characterize matrix-mineral relationships, specifically for osteopontin, in the avian eggshell using high-resolution transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy to gain insight into how calcite crystal growth is structured and compartmentalized during eggshell mineralization. Osteopontin was localized at the ultrastructural level by colloidal-gold immunocytochemistry. In EDTA-decalcified eggshell, an extensive matrix network was observed by TEM and SEM throughout all regions and included interconnected fibrous sheets, irregularly shaped aggregates, vesicular structures, protein films, and isolated protein fibers. Osteopontin was associated with protein sheets in the highly mineralized palisades region; some of these features defined boundaries that compartmentalized different eggshell structural units. In fractured and undecalcified eggshell, osteopontin was immunolocalized on the {104} crystallographic faces of calcite-its natural cleavage plane. The specific occlusion of osteopontin into calcite during mineralization may influence eggshell structure to modify its fracture resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell T Hincke
- Faculty of Dentistry, 3640 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2
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33
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Li H, Estroff LA. Hydrogels Coupled with Self-Assembled Monolayers: An in Vitro Matrix To Study Calcite Biomineralization. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:5480-3. [PMID: 17411038 DOI: 10.1021/ja067901d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the control of the nucleation and growth of calcite crystals by a matrix composed of an agarose hydrogel on top of a carboxylate-terminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The design of this matrix is based upon examples from biomineralization in which hydrogels are coupled with functionalized, organic surfaces to control, simultaneously, crystal morphology and orientation. In the synthetic system, calcite crystals nucleate from the (012) plane (the same plane that is observed in solution growth). The aspect ratio (length/width) of the crystals decreases from 2.1 +/- 0.22 in solution to 1.2 +/- 0.04 in a 3 w/v % agarose gel. One possible explanation for the change in morphology is the incorporation of gel fibers inside of the crystals during the growth process. Etching of the gel-grown crystals with deionized water reveals an interpenetrating network of gel fibers and crystalline material. This work begins to provide insight into why organisms use hydrogels to control the growth of crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanying Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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34
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Broomell CC, Khan RK, Moses DN, Miserez A, Pontin MG, Stucky GD, Zok FW, Waite JH. Mineral minimization in nature's alternative teeth. J R Soc Interface 2007; 4:19-31. [PMID: 17015290 PMCID: PMC2358958 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2006.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrary to conventional wisdom, mineralization is not the only strategy evolved for the formation of hard, stiff materials. Indeed, the sclerotized mouthparts of marine invertebrates exhibit Young's modulus and hardness approaching 10 and 1 GPa, respectively, with little to no help from mineralization. Based on biochemical analyses, three of these mouthparts, the jaws of glycerid and nereid polychaetes and a squid beak, reveal a largely organic composition dominated by glycine- and histidine-rich proteins. Despite the well-known metal ion binding by the imidazole side-chain of histidine and the suggestion that this interaction provides mechanical support in nereid jaws, there is at present no universal molecular explanation for the relationship of histidine to mechanical properties in these sclerotized structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Broomell
- Department of Molecular Cell & Developmental Biology, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Rashda K Khan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Dana N Moses
- Biomolecular Science & Engineering Program, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Ali Miserez
- Materials Department, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Michael G Pontin
- Materials Department, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Galen D Stucky
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Biomolecular Science & Engineering Program, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Materials Department, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Frank W Zok
- Materials Department, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - J. Herbert Waite
- Department of Molecular Cell & Developmental Biology, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Biomolecular Science & Engineering Program, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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35
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Borzęcka-Prokop B, Wesełucha-Birczyńska A, Koszowska E. MicroRaman, PXRD, EDS and microscopic investigation of magnesium calcite biomineral phases. The case of sea urchin biominerals. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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37
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Imai H, Oaki Y, Kotachi A. A Biomimetic Approach for Hierarchically Structured Inorganic Crystals through Self-Organization. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2006. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.79.1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Livingston BT, Killian CE, Wilt F, Cameron A, Landrum MJ, Ermolaeva O, Sapojnikov V, Maglott DR, Buchanan AM, Ettensohn CA. A genome-wide analysis of biomineralization-related proteins in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Dev Biol 2006; 300:335-48. [PMID: 16987510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization, the biologically controlled formation of mineral deposits, is of widespread importance in biology, medicine, and engineering. Mineralized structures are found in most metazoan phyla and often have supportive, protective, or feeding functions. Among deuterostomes, only echinoderms and vertebrates produce extensive biomineralized structures. Although skeletons appeared independently in these two groups, ancestors of the vertebrates and echinoderms may have utilized similar components of a shared genetic "toolkit" to carry out biomineralization. The present study had two goals. First, we sought to expand our understanding of the proteins involved in biomineralization in the sea urchin, a powerful model system for analyzing the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie this process. Second, we sought to shed light on the possible evolutionary relationships between biomineralization in echinoderms and vertebrates. We used several computational methods to survey the genome of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus for gene products involved in biomineralization. Our analysis has greatly expanded the collection of biomineralization-related proteins. We have found that these proteins are often members of small families encoded by genes that are clustered in the genome. Most of the proteins are sea urchin-specific; that is, they have no apparent homologues in other invertebrate deuterostomes or vertebrates. Similarly, many of the vertebrate proteins that mediate mineral deposition do not have counterparts in the S. purpuratus genome. Our findings therefore reveal substantial differences in the primary sequences of proteins that mediate biomineral formation in echinoderms and vertebrates, possibly reflecting loose constraints on the primary structures of the proteins involved. On the other hand, certain cellular and molecular processes associated with earlier events in skeletogenesis appear similar in echinoderms and vertebrates, leaving open the possibility of deeper evolutionary relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Livingston
- Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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39
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Robach JS, Stock SR, Veis A. Mapping of magnesium and of different protein fragments in sea urchin teeth via secondary ion mass spectroscopy. J Struct Biol 2006; 155:87-95. [PMID: 16675267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mature portions of sea urchin are comprised of a complex array of reinforcing elements yet are single crystals of high and very high Mg calcite. How a relatively poor structural material (calcite) can produce mechanically competent structures is of great interest. In teeth of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus, we recorded high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) maps of Mg, Ca ,and specific amino acid fragments of mineral-related proteins including aspartic acid (Asp). SIMS revealed strong colocalization of Asp residues with very high Mg. Demineralized specimens showed serine localization on membranes between crystal elements and reduced Mg and aspartic acid signals, further emphasizing colocalization of very high Mg with ready soluble Asp-rich protein(s). The association of Asp with nonequilibrium, very high magnesium calcite provides insight to the makeup of the macromolecules involved in the growth of two different composition calcites and the fundamental process of biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Robach
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
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40
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Oaki Y, Imai H. Nanoengineering in echinoderms: the emergence of morphology from nanobricks. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2006; 2:66-70. [PMID: 17193556 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200500246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Oaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
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Robach JS, Stock SR, Veis A. Transmission electron microscopy characterization of macromolecular domain cavities and microstructure of single-crystal calcite tooth plates of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. J Struct Biol 2005; 151:18-29. [PMID: 15890529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The calcite plates and prisms in Lytechinus variegatus teeth form a complex biocomposite and employ a myriad of strengthening and toughening strategies. These crystal elements have macromolecule-containing internal cavities that may act to prevent cleavage. Transmission electron microscopy employing a small objective aperture was used to quantify several characteristics of these cavities. Cavity diameters ranged from 10 to 225 nm, the mean cavity diameter was between 50 and 60 nm, and cavities comprised approximately 20% of the volume of the crystal. Some cavities exhibited faceting and trace analysis identified these planes as being predominately of {1014} type. Through focus series of micrographs show the cavities were homogeneously distributed throughout the foil. The electron beam decomposed a substance within cavities and this suggests that these cavities are filled with a hydrated organic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Robach
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.
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