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Milita S, Zaquin T, Fermani S, Montroni D, Pinkas I, Barba L, Falini G, Mass T. Assembly of the Intraskeletal Coral Organic Matrix during Calcium Carbonate Formation. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:5801-5811. [PMID: 37547884 PMCID: PMC10401569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Scleractinia coral skeleton formation occurs by a heterogeneous process of nucleation and growth of aragonite in which intraskeletal soluble organic matrix molecules, usually referred to as SOM, play a key role. Several studies have demonstrated that they influence the shape and polymorphic precipitation of calcium carbonate. However, the structural aspects that occur during the growth of aragonite have received less attention. In this research, we study the deposition of calcium carbonate on a model substrate, silicon, in the presence of SOM extracted from the skeleton of two coral species representative of different living habitats and colonization strategies, which we previously characterized. The study is performed mainly by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction with the support of Raman spectroscopy and electron and optical microscopies. The results show that SOM macromolecules once adsorbed on the substrate self-assembled in a layered structure and induced the oriented growth of calcite, inhibiting the formation of vaterite. Differently, when SOM macromolecules were dispersed in solution, they induced the deposition of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), still preserving a layered structure. The entity of these effects was species-dependent, in agreement with previous studies. In conclusion, we observed that in the setup required by the experimental procedure, the SOM from corals appears to present a 2D lamellar structure. This structure is preserved when the SOM interacts with ACC but is lost when the interaction occurs with calcite. This knowledge not only is completely new for coral biomineralization but also has strong relevance in the study of biomineralization on other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Milita
- CNR—Institute
for Microelectronic and Microsystems, via Gobetti 101, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Tal Zaquin
- Department
of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Simona Fermani
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy
- Interdepartmental
Centre for Industrial Research Health Sciences & Technologie, University of Bologna, Bologna 40064, Italy
| | - Devis Montroni
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Luisa Barba
- CNR
-Institute
of Crystallography, Elettra Synchrotron, Trieste I-34100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy
- CNR,
Institute for Nanostructured
Materials, via Gobetti
101, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Tali Mass
- Department
of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
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Different skeletal protein toolkits achieve similar structure and performance in the tropical coral Stylophora pistillata and the temperate Oculina patagonica. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16575. [PMID: 36195656 PMCID: PMC9532382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Stony corals (order: Scleractinia) differ in growth form and structure. While stony corals have gained the ability to form their aragonite skeleton once in their evolution, the suite of proteins involved in skeletogenesis is different for different coral species. This led to the conclusion that the organic portion of their skeleton can undergo rapid evolutionary changes by independently evolving new biomineralization-related proteins. Here, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to sequence skeletogenic proteins extracted from the encrusting temperate coral Oculina patagonica. We compare it to the previously published skeletal proteome of the branching subtropical corals Stylophora pistillata as both are regarded as highly resilient to environmental changes. We further characterized the skeletal organic matrix (OM) composition of both taxa and tested their effects on the mineral formation using a series of overgrowth experiments on calcite seeds. We found that each species utilizes a different set of proteins containing different amino acid compositions and achieve a different morphology modification capacity on calcite overgrowth. Our results further support the hypothesis that the different coral taxa utilize a species-specific protein set comprised of independent gene co-option to construct their own unique organic matrix framework. While the protein set differs between species, the specific predicted roles of the whole set appear to underline similar functional roles. They include assisting in forming the extracellular matrix, nucleation of the mineral and cell signaling. Nevertheless, the different composition might be the reason for the varying organization of the mineral growth in the presence of a particular skeletal OM, ultimately forming their distinct morphologies.
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Cuif JP, Medjoubi K, Somogyi A, Dauphin Y, Bazin D. From visible light to X-ray microscopy: major steps in the evolution of developmental models for calcification of invertebrate skeletons. CR CHIM 2022. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Artificial Intelligence as a Tool to Study the 3D Skeletal Architecture in Newly Settled Coral Recruits: Insights into the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Coral Biomineralization. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the formation of the coral skeleton has been a common subject uniting various marine and materials study fields. Two main regions dominate coral skeleton growth: Rapid Accretion Deposits (RADs) and Thickening Deposits (TDs). These have been extensively characterized at the 2D level, but their 3D characteristics are still poorly described. Here, we present an innovative approach to combine synchrotron phase contrast-enhanced microCT (PCE-CT) with artificial intelligence (AI) to explore the 3D architecture of RADs and TDs within the coral skeleton. As a reference study system, we used recruits of the stony coral Stylophora pistillata from the Red Sea, grown under both natural and simulated ocean acidification conditions. We thus studied the recruit’s skeleton under both regular and morphologically-altered acidic conditions. By imaging the corals with PCE-CT, we revealed the interwoven morphologies of RADs and TDs. Deep-learning neural networks were invoked to explore AI segmentation of these regions, to overcome limitations of common segmentation techniques. This analysis yielded highly-detailed 3D information about the RAD’s and TD’s architecture. Our results demonstrate how AI can be used as a powerful tool to obtain 3D data essential for studying coral biomineralization and for exploring the effects of environmental change on coral growth.
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Mor Khalifa G, Levy S, Mass T. The calcifying interface in a stony coral primary polyp: An interplay between seawater and an extracellular calcifying space. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107803. [PMID: 34695544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stony coral exoskeletons build the foundation for the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems on Earth, coral reefs, which face major threats due to many anthropogenic-related stressors. Therefore, understanding coral biomineralization mechanisms is crucial for coral reef management in the coming decades and for using coral skeletons in geochemical studies. This study combines in-vivo imaging with cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-elemental mapping to gain novel insights into the biological microenvironment and the ion pathways that facilitate biomineralization in primary polyps of the stony coral Stylophora pistillata. We document increased tissue permeability in the primary polyp and a highly dispersed cell packing in the tissue directly responsible for producing the coral skeleton. This tissue arrangement may facilitate the intimate involvement of seawater at the mineralization site, also documented here. We further observe an extensive filopodial network containing carbon-rich vesicles extruding from some of the calicoblastic cells. Single-cell RNA-Sequencing data interrogation supports these morphological observations by showing higher expression of genes involved in filopodia and vesicle structure and function in the calicoblastic cells. These observations provide a new conceptual framework for resolving the ion pathway from the external seawater to the tissue-mineral interface in stony coral biomineralization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Mor Khalifa
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Shani Levy
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Tali Mass
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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6
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Sun CY, Gránásy L, Stifler CA, Zaquin T, Chopdekar RV, Tamura N, Weaver JC, Zhang JAY, Goffredo S, Falini G, Marcus MA, Pusztai T, Schoeppler V, Mass T, Gilbert PUPA. Crystal nucleation and growth of spherulites demonstrated by coral skeletons and phase-field simulations. Acta Biomater 2021; 120:277-292. [PMID: 32590171 PMCID: PMC7116570 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Spherulites are radial distributions of acicular crystals, common in biogenic, geologic, and synthetic systems, yet exactly how spherulitic crystals nucleate and grow is still poorly understood. To investigate these processes in more detail, we chose scleractinian corals as a model system, because they are well known to form their skeletons from aragonite (CaCO3) spherulites, and because a comparative study of crystal structures across coral species has not been performed previously. We observed that all 12 diverse coral species analyzed here exhibit plumose spherulites in their skeletons, with well-defined centers of calcification (CoCs), and crystalline fibers radiating from them. In 7 of the 12 species, we observed a skeletal structural motif not observed previously: randomly oriented, equant crystals, which we termed "sprinkles". In Acropora pharaonis, these sprinkles are localized at the CoCs, while in 6 other species, sprinkles are either layered at the growth front (GF) of the spherulites, or randomly distributed. At the nano- and micro-scale, coral skeletons fill space as much as single crystals of aragonite. Based on these observations, we tentatively propose a spherulite formation mechanism in which growth front nucleation (GFN) of randomly oriented sprinkles, competition for space, and coarsening produce spherulites, rather than the previously assumed slightly misoriented nucleations termed "non-crystallographic branching". Phase-field simulations support this mechanism, and, using a minimal set of thermodynamic parameters, are able to reproduce all of the microstructural variation observed experimentally in all of the investigated coral skeletons. Beyond coral skeletons, other spherulitic systems, from aspirin to semicrystalline polymers and chocolate, may also form according to the mechanism for spherulite formation proposed here. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of spherulite nucleation and growth has broad ranging applications in the fields of metallurgy, polymers, food science, and pharmaceutical production. Using the skeletons of reef-building corals as a model system for investigating these processes, we propose a new spherulite growth mechanism that can not only explain the micro-structural diversity observed in distantly related coral species, but may point to a universal growth mechanism in a wide range of biologically and technologically relevant spherulitic materials systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yu Sun
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - László Gránásy
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, PO Box 49, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cayla A Stifler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tal Zaquin
- University of Haifa, Marine Biology Department, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Rajesh V Chopdekar
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nobumichi Tamura
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James C Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jun A Y Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Stefano Goffredo
- Marine Science Group, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; Fano Marine Center, The Inter-Institute Center for Research on Marine Biodiversity, Resources and Biotechnologies, viale Adriatico 1/N, 61032 Fano, Pesaro Urbino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Fano Marine Center, The Inter-Institute Center for Research on Marine Biodiversity, Resources and Biotechnologies, viale Adriatico 1/N, 61032 Fano, Pesaro Urbino, Italy
| | - Matthew A Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tamás Pusztai
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, PO Box 49, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vanessa Schoeppler
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tali Mass
- University of Haifa, Marine Biology Department, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Pupa U P A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Departments of Chemistry, Geoscience, Materials Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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7
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Long-term imaging of the photosensitive, reef-building coral Acropora muricata using light-sheet illumination. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10369. [PMID: 32587275 PMCID: PMC7316744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67144-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are in alarming decline due to climate emergency, pollution and other man-made disturbances. The numerous ecosystem services derived from coral reefs are underpinned by the growth and physical complexity of reef-forming corals. Our knowledge of their fundamental biology is limited by available technology. We need a better understanding of larval settlement and development, skeletogenesis, interactions with pathogens and symbionts, and how this biology interacts with environmental factors such as light exposure, temperature, and ocean acidification. We here focus on a fast-growing key coloniser, Acropora muricata (Linnaeus, 1758). To enable dynamic imaging of this photosensitive organism at different scales, we developed light-sheet illumination for fluorescence microscopy of small coral colonies. Our approach reveals live polyps in previously unseen detail. An imaging range for Acropora muricata with no measurable photodamage is defined based upon polyp expansion, coral tissue reaction, and photobleaching. We quantify polyp retraction as a photosensitive behavioural response and show coral tissue rupture at higher irradiance with blue light. The simple and flexible technique enables non-invasive continuous dynamic imaging of highly photosensitive organisms with sizes between 1 mm3 and 5 cm3, for eight hours, at high temporal resolution, on a scale from multiple polyps down to cellular resolution. This live imaging tool opens a new window into the dynamics of reef-building corals.
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8
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Comparison of embryonic and adult shells of Sepia officinalis (Cephalopoda, Mollusca). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-020-00477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Drake JL, Mass T, Stolarski J, Von Euw S, van de Schootbrugge B, Falkowski PG. How corals made rocks through the ages. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:31-53. [PMID: 31696576 PMCID: PMC6942544 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hard, or stony, corals make rocks that can, on geological time scales, lead to the formation of massive reefs in shallow tropical and subtropical seas. In both historical and contemporary oceans, reef-building corals retain information about the marine environment in their skeletons, which is an organic-inorganic composite material. The elemental and isotopic composition of their skeletons is frequently used to reconstruct the environmental history of Earth's oceans over time, including temperature, pH, and salinity. Interpretation of this information requires knowledge of how the organisms formed their skeletons. The basic mechanism of formation of calcium carbonate skeleton in stony corals has been studied for decades. While some researchers consider coral skeletons as mainly passive recorders of ocean conditions, it has become increasingly clear that biological processes play key roles in the biomineralization mechanism. Understanding the role of the animal in living stony coral biomineralization and how it evolved has profound implications for interpreting environmental signatures in fossil corals to understand past ocean conditions. Here we review historical hypotheses and discuss the present understanding of how corals evolved and how their skeletons changed over geological time. We specifically explain how biological processes, particularly those occurring at the subcellular level, critically control the formation of calcium carbonate structures. We examine the different models that address the current debate including the tissue-skeleton interface, skeletal organic matrix, and biomineralization pathways. Finally, we consider how understanding the biological control of coral biomineralization is critical to informing future models of coral vulnerability to inevitable global change, particularly increasing ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeana L Drake
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tali Mass
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Stanislas Von Euw
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Paul G Falkowski
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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10
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Coronado I, Fine M, Bosellini FR, Stolarski J. Impact of ocean acidification on crystallographic vital effect of the coral skeleton. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2896. [PMID: 31263108 PMCID: PMC6603003 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinguishing between environmental and species-specific physiological signals, recorded in coral skeletons, is one of the fundamental challenges in their reliable use as (paleo)climate proxies. To date, characteristic biological bias in skeleton-recorded environmental signatures (vital effect) was shown in shifts in geochemical signatures. Herein, for the first time, we have assessed crystallographic parameters of bio-aragonite to study the response of the reef-building coral Stylophora pistillata to experimental seawater acidification (pH 8.2, 7.6 and 7.3). Skeletons formed under high pCO2 conditions show systematic crystallographic changes such as better constrained crystal orientation and anisotropic distortions of bio-aragonite lattice parameters due to increased amount of intracrystalline organic matrix and water content. These variations in crystallographic features that seem to reflect physiological adjustments of biomineralizing organisms to environmental change, are herein called crystallographic vital effect (CVE). CVE may register those changes in the biomineralization process that may not yet be perceived at the macromorphological skeletal level. Coral fossils can record climatic history, but teasing apart environmental signals remains a challenge. Here the authors show that crystallographic changes in coral skeletons grown under high CO2 conditions could be used as a sensitive pH proxy, enabling measurement of ocean acidification back in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Coronado
- Institute of Paleobiology, Twarda 51/55, PL-00-818, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maoz Fine
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences, P.O. Box 469, 88103, Eilat, Israel
| | - Francesca R Bosellini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
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11
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Ramesh K, Yarra T, Clark MS, John U, Melzner F. Expression of calcification-related ion transporters during blue mussel larval development. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7157-7172. [PMID: 31380040 PMCID: PMC6662379 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological processes driving the rapid rates of calcification in larval bivalves are poorly understood. Here, we use a calcification substrate-limited approach (low dissolved inorganic carbon, C T) and mRNA sequencing to identify proteins involved in bicarbonate acquisition during shell formation. As a secondary approach, we examined expression of ion transport and shell matrix proteins (SMPs) over the course of larval development and shell formation. We reared four families of Mytilus edulis under ambient (ca. 1865 µmol/kg) and low C T (ca. 941 µmol/kg) conditions and compared expression patterns at six developmental time points. Larvae reared under low C T exhibited a developmental delay, and a small subset of contigs was differentially regulated between ambient and low C T conditions. Of particular note was the identification of one contig encoding an anion transporter (SLC26) which was strongly upregulated (2.3-2.9 fold) under low C T conditions. By analyzing gene expression profiles over the course of larval development, we are able to isolate sequences encoding ion transport and SMPs to enhance our understanding of cellular pathways underlying larval calcification processes. In particular, we observe the differential expression of contigs encoding SLC4 family members (sodium bicarbonate cotransporters, anion exchangers), calcium-transporting ATPases, sodium/calcium exchangers, and SMPs such as nacrein, tyrosinase, and transcripts related to chitin production. With a range of candidate genes, this work identifies ion transport pathways in bivalve larvae and by applying comparative genomics to investigate temporal expression patterns, provides a foundation for further studies to functionally characterize the proteins involved in larval calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Ramesh
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchKielGermany
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure‐KristinebergUniversity of GothenburgFiskebäckskilSweden
| | - Tejaswi Yarra
- British Antarctic SurveyNatural Environment Research CouncilCambridgeUK
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Melody S. Clark
- British Antarctic SurveyNatural Environment Research CouncilCambridgeUK
| | - Uwe John
- Ecological ChemistryAlfred‐Wegener‐Institut Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Polar‐und MeeresforschungBremerhavenGermany
- Helmholtz‐Institute for Functional Marine BiodiversityOldenburgGermany
| | - Frank Melzner
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchKielGermany
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12
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Njegić Džakula B, Fermani S, Dubinsky Z, Goffredo S, Falini G, Kralj D. In Vitro Coral Biomineralization under Relevant Aragonite Supersaturation Conditions. Chemistry 2019; 25:10616-10624. [PMID: 30840343 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The biomineralization of corals occurs under conditions of high and low supersaturation with respect to aragonite, which corresponds to day- or night-time periods of their growth, respectively. Here, in vitro precipitation of aragonite in artificial seawater was investigated at a high supersaturation, allowing spontaneous nucleation and growth, as well as at low supersaturation conditions, which allowed only the crystal growth on the deliberately introduced aragonite seeds. In either chemical systems, soluble organic matrix (SOM) extracted from Balanophyllia europaea (light sensitive) or Leptopsammia pruvoti (light insensitive) was added. The analyses of the kinetic and thermodynamic data of aragonite precipitation and microscopic observations showed that, at high supersaturation, the SOMs increased the induction time, did not affect the growth rate and were incorporated within aggregates of nanoparticles. At low supersaturation, the SOMs affected the aggregation of overgrowing crystalline units and did not substantially change the growth rate. On the basis of the obtained results we can infer that at high supersaturation conditions the formation of nanoparticles, which is typically observed in the skeleton's early mineralization zone may occur, whereas at low supersaturation the overgrowth on prismatic seeds observed in the skeleton fiber zone is a predominant process. In conclusion, this research brings insight on coral skeletogenesis bridging physicochemical (supersaturation) and biological (role of SOM) models of coral biomineralization and provides a source of inspiration for the precipitation of composite materials under different conditions of supersaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Njegić Džakula
- Laboratory for Precipitation Processes, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, 10002, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Simona Fermani
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-Universitá di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Zvy Dubinsky
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Stefano Goffredo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum-Universitá di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Damir Kralj
- Laboratory for Precipitation Processes, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, 10002, Zagreb, Croatia
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13
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Biomineralization Forming Process and Bio-inspired Nanomaterials for Biomedical Application: A Review. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization is a process in which organic matter and inorganic matter combine with each other under the regulation of living organisms. Because of the biomineralization-induced super survivability and retentivity, biomineralization has attracted special attention from biologists, archaeologists, chemists, and materials scientists for its tracer and transformation effect in rock evolution study and nanomaterials synthesis. However, controlling the biomineralization process in vitro as precisely as intricate biology systems still remains a challenge. In this review, the regulating roles of temperature, pH, and organics in biominerals forming process were reviewed. The artificially introducing and utilization of biomineralization, the bio-inspired synthesis of nanomaterials, in biomedical fields was further discussed, mainly in five potential fields: drug and cell-therapy engineering, cancer/tumor target engineering, bone tissue engineering, and other advanced biomedical engineering. This review might help other interdisciplinary researchers to bionic-manufacture biominerals in molecular-level for developing more applications of biomineralization.
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14
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Takeuchi T, Plasseraud L, Ziegler-Devin I, Brosse N, Shinzato C, Satoh N, Marin F. Biochemical characterization of the skeletal matrix of the massive coral, Porites australiensis - The saccharide moieties and their localization. J Struct Biol 2018; 203:219-229. [PMID: 29859330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To construct calcium carbonate skeletons of sophisticated architecture, scleractinian corals secrete an extracellular skeletal organic matrix (SOM) from aboral ectodermal cells. The SOM, which is composed of proteins, saccharides, and lipids, performs functions critical for skeleton formation. Even though polysaccharides constitute the major component of the SOM, its contribution to coral skeleton formation is poorly understood. To this end, we analyzed the SOM of the massive colonial coral, Porites australiensis, the skeleton of which has drawn great research interest because it records environmental conditions throughout the life of the colony. The coral skeleton was extensively cleaned, decalcified with acetic acid, and organic fractions were separated based on solubility. These fractions were analyzed using various techniques, including SDS-PAGE, FT-IR, in vitro crystallization, CHNS analysis, chromatography analysis of monosaccharide and enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA). We confirmed the acidic nature of SOM and the presence of sulphate, which is thought to initiate CaCO3 crystallization. In order to analyze glycan structures, we performed ELLA on the soluble SOM for the first time and found that it exhibits strong specificity to Datura stramonium lectin (DSL). Furthermore, using biotinylated DSL with anti-biotin antibody conjugated to nanogold, in situ localization of DSL-binding polysaccharides in the P. australiensis skeleton was performed. Signals were distributed on the surfaces of fiber-like crystals of the skeleton, suggesting that polysaccharides may modulate crystal shape. Our study emphasizes the importance of sugar moieties in biomineralization of scleractinian corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takeuchi
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Laurent Plasseraud
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Faculté des Sciences Mirande, Université de Bourgogne - Franche-Comté (UBFC), Dijon, France
| | - Isabelle Ziegler-Devin
- LERMAB, Faculté des Sciences & Technologies -Campus Aiguillettes, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- LERMAB, Faculté des Sciences & Technologies -Campus Aiguillettes, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Chuya Shinzato
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; Department of Marine Bioscience Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Frédéric Marin
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Bâtiment des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne - Franche-Comté (UBFC), Dijon, France
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15
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Formation and morphogenesis of a cuttlebone's aragonite biomineral structures for the common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) on the nanoscale: Revisited. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 508:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Sun CY, Marcus MA, Frazier MJ, Giuffre AJ, Mass T, Gilbert PUPA. Spherulitic Growth of Coral Skeletons and Synthetic Aragonite: Nature's Three-Dimensional Printing. ACS NANO 2017; 11:6612-6622. [PMID: 28564539 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Coral skeletons were long assumed to have a spherulitic structure, that is, a radial distribution of acicular aragonite (CaCO3) crystals with their c-axes radiating from series of points, termed centers of calcification (CoCs). This assumption was based on morphology alone, not on crystallography. Here we measure the orientation of crystals and nanocrystals and confirm that corals grow their skeletons in bundles of aragonite crystals, with their c-axes and long axes oriented radially and at an angle from the CoCs, thus precisely as expected for feather-like or "plumose" spherulites. Furthermore, we find that in both synthetic and coral aragonite spherulites at the nanoscale adjacent crystals have similar but not identical orientations, thus demonstrating by direct observation that even at nanoscale the mechanism of spherulite formation is non-crystallographic branching (NCB), as predicted by theory. Finally, synthetic aragonite spherulites and coral skeletons have similar angle spreads, and angular distances of adjacent crystals, further confirming that coral skeletons are spherulites. This is important because aragonite grows anisotropically, 10 times faster along the c-axis than along the a-axis direction, and spherulites fill space with crystals growing almost exclusively along the c-axis, thus they can fill space faster than any other aragonite growth geometry, and create isotropic materials from anisotropic crystals. Greater space filling rate and isotropic mechanical behavior are key to the skeleton's supporting function and therefore to its evolutionary success. In this sense, spherulitic growth is Nature's 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | - Tali Mass
- Marine Biology Department, University of Haifa , Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
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17
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Von Euw S, Zhang Q, Manichev V, Murali N, Gross J, Feldman LC, Gustafsson T, Flach C, Mendelsohn R, Falkowski PG. Biological control of aragonite formation in stony corals. Science 2017; 356:933-938. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam6371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Wolf SE, Böhm CF, Harris J, Demmert B, Jacob DE, Mondeshki M, Ruiz-Agudo E, Rodríguez-Navarro C. Nonclassical crystallization in vivo et in vitro (I): Process-structure-property relationships of nanogranular biominerals. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:244-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Saha N, Webb GE, Zhao JX. Coral skeletal geochemistry as a monitor of inshore water quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:652-684. [PMID: 27239711 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs maintain extraordinary biodiversity and provide protection from tsunamis and storm surge, but inshore coral reef health is degrading in many regions due to deteriorating water quality. Deconvolving natural and anthropogenic changes to water quality is hampered by the lack of long term, dated water quality data but such records are required for forward modelling of reef health to aid their management. Reef corals provide an excellent archive of high resolution geochemical (trace element) proxies that can span hundreds of years and potentially provide records used through the Holocene. Hence, geochemical proxies in corals hold great promise for understanding changes in ancient water quality that can inform broader oceanographic and climatic changes in a given region. This article reviews and highlights the use of coral-based trace metal archives, including metal transported from rivers to the ocean, incorporation of trace metals into coral skeletons and the current 'state of the art' in utilizing coral trace metal proxies as tools for monitoring various types of local and regional source-specific pollution (river discharge, land use changes, dredging and dumping, mining, oil spills, antifouling paints, atmospheric sources, sewage). The three most commonly used coral trace element proxies (i.e., Ba/Ca, Mn/Ca, and Y/Ca) are closely associated with river runoff in the Great Barrier Reef, but considerable uncertainty remains regarding their complex biogeochemical cycling and controlling mechanisms. However, coral-based water quality reconstructions have suffered from a lack of understanding of so-called vital effects and early marine diagenesis. The main challenge is to identify and eliminate the influence of extraneous local factors in order to allow accurate water quality reconstructions and to develop alternate proxies to monitor water pollution. Rare earth elements have great potential as they are self-referencing and reflect basic terrestrial input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narottam Saha
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Gregory E Webb
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jian-Xin Zhao
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
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20
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Abstract
Sulfur-containing compounds are important components of all organisms, but few studies have explored sulfate utilization in corals. Our previous study found that the expression of a sulfur transporter (SLC26A11) was upregulated in the presence of Symbiodinium cells in juveniles of the reef-building coral Acropora tenuis. In this study, we performed autoradiography using 35S-labeled sulfate ions (35SO4 2−) to examine the localization and amount of incorporated radioactive sulfate in the coral tissues and symbiotic algae. Incorporated 35SO4 2− was detected in symbiotic algal cells, nematocysts, ectodermal cells and calicoblast cells. The combined results of 35S autoradiography and Alcian Blue staining showed that incorporated 35S accumulated as sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the ectodermal cell layer. We also compared the relative incorporation of 35SO4 2− into coral tissues and endosymbiotic algae, and their chemical fractions in dark versus light (photosynthetic) conditions. The amount of sulfur compounds, such as GAGs and lipids, generated from 35SO4 2− was higher under photosynthetic conditions. Together with the upregulation of sulfate transporters by symbiosis, our results suggest that photosynthesis of algal endosymbionts contributes to the synthesis and utilization of sulfur compounds in corals. Summary:35S-labeled sulfate incorporated into various cells of coral demonstrates that photosynthesis of endosymbiotic algae contributes to the synthesis and utilization of sulfur compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Yuyama
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tomihiko Higuchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takei
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
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21
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High-resolution structural and elemental analyses of calcium storage structures synthesized by the noble crayfish Astacus astacus. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:206-222. [PMID: 27612582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During premolt, crayfish develop deposits of calcium ions, called gastroliths, in their stomach wall. The stored calcium is used for the calcification of parts of the skeleton regularly renewed for allowing growth. Structural and molecular analyses of gastroliths have been primarily performed on three crayfish species, Orconectes virilis, Procambarus clarkii, and more recently, Cherax quadricarinatus. We have performed high-resolution analyses of gastroliths from the native noble crayfish, Astacus astacus, focusing on the microstructure, the mineralogical and elemental composition and distribution in a comparative perspective. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations showed a classical layered microstructure composed of 200-nm diameter granules aligned along fibers. These granules are themselves composed of agglomerated nanogranules of 50nm-mean diameters. Denser regions of bigger fused granules are also present. Micro-Raman spectroscopy show that if A. astacus gastroliths, similarly to the other analyzed gastroliths, are mainly composed of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), they are also rich in amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). The presence of a carotenoid pigment is also observed in A. astacus gastrolith contrary to C. quadricarinatus. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses demonstrate the presence of minor elements such as Mg, Sr, Si and P. The distribution of this last element is particularly heterogeneous. X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) reveals an alternation of layers more or less rich in phosphorus evidenced in the mineral phase as well as in the organic matrix in different molecular forms. Putative functions of the different P-comprising molecules are discussed.
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22
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Coronado I, Pérez-Huerta A, Rodríguez S. Analogous biomineralization processes between the fossil coral Calceola sandalina (Rugosa, Devonian) and other Recent and fossil cnidarians. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:173-186. [PMID: 27327265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current work represents a distinctive study about the biomineral properties of exceptionally good preserved skeletons of Calceola sandalina from the Middle Devonian of Couvin (Belgium), Smara (Morocco) and (Algeria) and their relation in the evolution of biomineralization of cnidarians. Structural and crystallographic analyses of the skeletons have been done by petrographic microscopy, electron scanning microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), computer-integrated polarization microscopy (CIP) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). Calceola skeletons have many similarities with other cnidarians, mainly with other Palaeozoic corals as Syringoporicae: The microcrystals are composed of co-oriented nanocrystals that remind to mesocrystals, suggesting a biocrystallization process by particle attachment (CPA). The relationship between the nanocrystals and microcrystals suggest a growth mode similar to mineral bridges. A similar model was described for Syringoporicae corals (Tabulata) and it is similar to the coordinated-growth mode described in scleractinians and molluscs. Calceola skeletons show also a convergent structure with scleractinian forming Rapid Accretion Deposits (RAD), which share some structural and chemical properties. These evidences suggest analogous processes of biomineralization derived from a stem group of cnidarians. The results of this paper highlight the value of biomineralization studies in fossil organisms to understand the evolution of biomineralization mechanism through Phanerozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Coronado
- Departamento de Paleontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Nováis 2, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Pérez-Huerta
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Sergio Rodríguez
- Departamento de Paleontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Nováis 2, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Geociencias (IGEO. CSIC-UCM), C/ José Antonio Nováis 2, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Luquet G, Dauphin Y, Percot A, Salomé M, Ziegler A, Fernández MS, Arias JL. Calcium Deposits in the Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus: Microstructure Versus Elemental Distribution. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:22-38. [PMID: 26818557 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615015767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus stores calcium ions, easily mobilizable after molting, for calcifying parts of the new exoskeleton. They are chiefly stored as amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) during each premolt in a pair of gastroliths synthesized in the stomach wall. How calcium carbonate is stabilized in the amorphous state in such a biocomposite remains speculative. The knowledge of the microstructure at the nanometer level obtained by field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy combined with scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, micro-Raman and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy gave relevant information on the elaboration of such an ACC-stabilized biomineral. We observed nanogranules distributed along chitin-protein fibers and the aggregation of granules in thin layers. AFM confirmed the nanolevel structure, showing granules probably surrounded by an organic layer and also revealing a second level of aggregation as described for other crystalline biominerals. Raman analyses showed the presence of ACC, amorphous calcium phosphate, and calcite. Elemental analyses confirmed the presence of elements like Fe, Na, Mg, P, and S. P and S are heterogeneously distributed. P is present in both the mineral and organic phases of gastroliths. S seems present as sulfate (probably as sulfated sugars), sulfonate, sulfite, and sulfoxide groups and, in a lesser extent, as sulfur-containing amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Luquet
- 1Sorbonne Universités,Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA),UMR MNHN/CNRS-7208/UPMC/UCN/UA/IRD-207,Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle,75005 Paris,France
| | - Yannicke Dauphin
- 2Sorbonne Universités,Département Systèmatique et Evolution,Mammifères et Oiseaux,Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle,75005 Paris,France
| | - Aline Percot
- 3Sorbonne Universités,MONARIS, UMR 8233 CNRS/UPMC,Université Paris 06,75005 Paris,France
| | - Murielle Salomé
- 4ID21, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility,38000 Grenoble,France
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- 5Central Facility for Electron Microscopy,University of Ulm,89069 Ulm,Germany
| | - Maria S Fernández
- 6Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,University of Chile,Santiago de Chile,Chile
| | - José L Arias
- 6Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,University of Chile,Santiago de Chile,Chile
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Reggi M, Fermani S, Samorì C, Gizzi F, Prada F, Dubinsky Z, Goffredo S, Falini G. Influence of intra-skeletal coral lipids on calcium carbonate precipitation. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce01939k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Falini G, Fermani S, Goffredo S. Coral biomineralization: A focus on intra-skeletal organic matrix and calcification. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 46:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Nouet J, Chevallard C, Farre B, Nehrke G, Campmas E, Stoetzel E, El Hajraoui MA, Nespoulet R. Limpet Shells from the Aterian Level 8 of El Harhoura 2 Cave (Témara, Morocco): Preservation State of Crossed-Foliated Layers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137162. [PMID: 26376294 PMCID: PMC4574309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of mollusks by the first anatomically modern humans is a central question for archaeologists. This paper focuses on level 8 (dated around ∼ 100 ka BP) of El Harhoura 2 Cave, located along the coastline in the Rabat-Témara region (Morocco). The large quantity of Patella sp. shells found in this level highlights questions regarding their origin and preservation. This study presents an estimation of the preservation status of these shells. We focus here on the diagenetic evolution of both the microstructural patterns and organic components of crossed-foliated shell layers, in order to assess the viability of further investigations based on shell layer minor elements, isotopic or biochemical compositions. The results show that the shells seem to be well conserved, with microstructural patterns preserved down to sub-micrometric scales, and that some organic components are still present in situ. But faint taphonomic degradations affecting both mineral and organic components are nonetheless evidenced, such as the disappearance of organic envelopes surrounding crossed-foliated lamellae, combined with a partial recrystallization of the lamellae. Our results provide a solid case-study of the early stages of the diagenetic evolution of crossed-foliated shell layers. Moreover, they highlight the fact that extreme caution must be taken before using fossil shells for palaeoenvironmental or geochronological reconstructions. Without thorough investigation, the alteration patterns illustrated here would easily have gone unnoticed. However, these degradations are liable to bias any proxy based on the elemental, isotopic or biochemical composition of the shells. This study also provides significant data concerning human subsistence behavior: the presence of notches and the good preservation state of limpet shells (no dissolution/recrystallization, no bioerosion and no abrasion/fragmentation aspects) would attest that limpets were gathered alive with tools by Middle Palaeolithic (Aterian) populations in North Africa for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Nouet
- Université Paris Sud, CNRS UMR GEOPS 8148, bâtiment 504, campus universitaire, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Corinne Chevallard
- CEA, CNRS IRAMIS, UMR SIS2M 3299, LIONS, CEA-Saclay, F- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bastien Farre
- ISTO, CNRS UMR 7327, 1A rue de la Férolerie 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Gernot Nehrke
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Emilie Campmas
- Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, CNRS UMR TRACES 5608, Maison de la Recherche, 5 allée Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuelle Stoetzel
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département de Préhistoire, CNRS UMR 7194, Musée de l’Homme, bureau 345, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Abdeljalil El Hajraoui
- Institut National des Sciences de l’Archéologie et du Patrimoine, angle rues 5 et 7 Rabat Instituts, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat Hay Riyad, Morocco
| | - Roland Nespoulet
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département de Préhistoire, CNRS UMR 7194, Musée de l’Homme, bureau 345, Paris, France
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27
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Gilis M, Meibom A, Alexander D, Grauby O, Stolarski J, Baronnet A. Morphology, microstructure, crystallography, and chemistry of distinct CaCO3 deposits formed by early recruits of the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis. J Morphol 2015; 276:1146-56. [PMID: 26193820 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Scleractinian corals begin their biomineralization process shortly after larval settlement with the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) structures at the interface between the larval tissues and the substrate. The newly settled larvae exert variable degrees of control over this skeleton formation, providing an opportunity to study a range of biocarbonate structures, some of which are transient and not observed in adult coral skeletons. Here we present a morphological, structural, crystallographic, and chemical comparison between two types of aragonite deposits observed during the skeletal development of 2-days old recruits of Pocillopora damicornis: (1) Primary septum and (2) Abundant, dumbbell-like structures, quasi-randomly distributed between initial deposits of the basal plate and not present in adult corals-At the mesoscale level, initial septa structures are formed by superimposed fan-shaped fasciculi consisting of bundles of fibers, as also observed in adult corals. This organization is not observed in the dumbbell-like structures. However, at the ultrastructural level there is great similarity between septa and dumbbell components. Both are composed of <100 nm granular units arranged into larger single-crystal domains.Chemically, a small difference is observed between the septae with an average Mg/Ca ratio around 11 mmol/mol and the dumbbell-like structures with ca. 7 mmol/mol; Sr/Ca ratios are similar in the two structures at around 8 mmol/mol-Overall, the observed differences in distribution, morphology, and chemistry between septa, which are highly conserved structures fundamental to the architecture of the skeleton, and the transient, dumbbell-like structures, suggest that the latter might be formed through less controlled biomineralization processes. Our observations emphasize the inherent difficulties involved in distinguishing different biomineralization pathways based on ultrastructural and crystallographical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melany Gilis
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1009, Switzerland.,Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1009, Switzerland
| | - Anders Meibom
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1009, Switzerland.,Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1009, Switzerland
| | - Duncan Alexander
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Grauby
- Aix-Marseille Université and Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanosciences De Marseille (CINaM), Campus de Luminy, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Jarosław Stolarski
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, Warsaw, PL-00-818, Poland
| | - Alain Baronnet
- Aix-Marseille Université and Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanosciences De Marseille (CINaM), Campus de Luminy, Marseille, 13288, France
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Coronado I, Fernández-Martínez E, Rodríguez S, Tourneur F. Reconstructing a Carboniferous inferred coral-alcyonarian association using a biomineralogical approach. GEOBIOLOGY 2015; 13:340-356. [PMID: 25857932 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The taxonomic assignation and ecological implications of the genus Syringoalcyon Termier & Termier, 1945 have been a palaeontological problem for a long time. Carboniferous material from Morocco and Spain has been studied using a biomineralogical approach by means of petrographic microscopy, SEM, AFM, EMPA and CIP microscopy analysis. Detailed morphological, structural, chemical composition and crystallographic data enable a deeper understanding of the nature of Syringoalcyon. The coral walls and the so-called epithecal scales exhibit conspicuous differences in microstructure (lamellae and holacanthine fibres in the coral vs. single crystal in scales), nanostructure (pill-shaped vs. granule-shaped nanocrystals), composition (LMC vs. HMC) and crystallographic orientation. The results of these analyses imply that Syringoalcyon is an association between the tabulate coral Syringopora and an epibiont. They also suggest that the epibiont was an alcyonarian (a rare occurrence in the fossil record) that was attached to the syringoporoid. This work highlights the utility of the biomineralizational approaches for solving palaeontological problems, such as systematic affinities, and for advancing knowledge of the evolution of biocrystallization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Coronado
- Departamento de Paleontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Fernández-Martínez
- Departamento de Geografía y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - S Rodríguez
- Departamento de Paleontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Geociencias (IGEO. CSIC-UCM), Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Tourneur
- Pierres et Marbres de Wallonie, Naninne, Belgium
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Kababya S, Gal A, Kahil K, Weiner S, Addadi L, Schmidt A. Phosphate-water interplay tunes amorphous calcium carbonate metastability: spontaneous phase separation and crystallization vs stabilization viewed by solid state NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:990-8. [PMID: 25523637 DOI: 10.1021/ja511869g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Organisms tune the metastability of amorphous calcium carbonates (ACC), often by incorporation of additives such as phosphate ions and water molecules, to serve diverse functions, such as modulating the availability of calcium reserves or constructing complex skeletal scaffolds. Although the effect of additive distribution on ACC was noted for several biogenic and synthetic systems, the molecular mechanisms by which additives govern ACC stability are not well understood. By precipitating ACC in the presence of different PO4(3-) concentrations and regulating the initial water content, we identify conditions yielding either kinetically locked or spontaneously transforming coprecipitates. Solid state NMR, supported by FTIR, XRD, and electron microscopy, define the interactions of phosphate and water within the initial amorphous matrix, showing that initially the coprecipitates are homogeneous molecular dispersions of structural water and phosphate in ACC, and a small fraction of P-rich phases. Monitoring the transformations of the homogeneous phase shows that PO4(3-) and waters are extracted first, and they phase separate, leading to solid-solid transformation of ACC to calcite; small part of ACC forms vaterite that subsequently converts to calcite. The simultaneous water-PO4(3-) extraction is the key for the subsequent water-mediated accumulation and crystallization of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and carbonated hydroxyapatite. The thermodynamic driving force for the transformations is calcite crystallization, yet it is gated by specific combinations of water-phosphate levels in the initial amorphous coprecipitates. The molecular details of the spontaneously transforming ACC and of the stabilized ACC modulated by phosphate and water at ambient conditions, provide insight into biogenic and biomimetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifi Kababya
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000, Israel
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Gilis M, Meibom A, Domart-Coulon I, Grauby O, Stolarski J, Baronnet A. Biomineralization in newly settled recruits of the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis. J Morphol 2014; 275:1349-65. [PMID: 24966116 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Calcium carbonate biomineralization of scleractinian coral recruits is fundamental to the construction of reefs and their survival under stress from global and local environmental change. Establishing a baseline for how normal, healthy coral recruits initiate skeletal formation is, therefore, warranted. Here, we present a thorough, multiscale, microscopic and spectroscopic investigation of skeletal elements deposited by Pocillopora damicornis recruits, from 12 h to 22 days after settlement in aquarium on a flat substrate. Six growth stages are defined, primarily based on appearance and morphology of successively deposited skeletal structures, with the following average formation time-scales: A (<24 h), B (24-36 h), C (36-48 h), D (48-72 h), E (72-96 h), and F (>10 days). Raman and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicate the presence of calcite among the earliest components of the basal plate, which consist of micrometer-sized, rod-shaped crystals with rhomboidal habit. All later CaCO3 skeletal structures are composed exclusively of aragonite. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy reveals that, externally, all CaCO3 deposits consist of <100 nm granular units. Fusiform, dumbbell-like, and semispherulitic structures, 25-35 µm in longest dimension, occur only during the earliest stages (Stages A-C), with morphologies similar to structures formed abiotically or induced by organics in in vitro carbonate crystallization experiments. All other skeletal structures of the basal plate are composed of vertically extending lamellar bundles of granules. From Stage D, straight fibrils, 40-45 nm in width and presumably of organic composition, form bridges between these aragonitic bundles emerging from the growing front of fusing skeletal structures. Our results show a clear evolution in the coral polyp biomineralization process as the carbonate structures develop toward those characterizing the adult skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melany Gilis
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1009, Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1009, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ramos-Silva P, Kaandorp J, Herbst F, Plasseraud L, Alcaraz G, Stern C, Corneillat M, Guichard N, Durlet C, Luquet G, Marin F. The skeleton of the staghorn coral Acropora millepora: molecular and structural characterization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97454. [PMID: 24893046 PMCID: PMC4043741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The scleractinian coral Acropora millepora is one of the most studied species from the Great Barrier Reef. This species has been used to understand evolutionary, immune and developmental processes in cnidarians. It has also been subject of several ecological studies in order to elucidate reef responses to environmental changes such as temperature rise and ocean acidification (OA). In these contexts, several nucleic acid resources were made available. When combined to a recent proteomic analysis of the coral skeletal organic matrix (SOM), they enabled the identification of several skeletal matrix proteins, making A. millepora into an emerging model for biomineralization studies. Here we describe the skeletal microstructure of A. millepora skeleton, together with a functional and biochemical characterization of its occluded SOM that focuses on the protein and saccharidic moieties. The skeletal matrix proteins show a large range of isoelectric points, compositional patterns and signatures. Besides secreted proteins, there are a significant number of proteins with membrane attachment sites such as transmembrane domains and GPI anchors as well as proteins with integrin binding sites. These features show that the skeletal proteins must have strong adhesion properties in order to function in the calcifying space. Moreover this data suggest a molecular connection between the calcifying epithelium and the skeletal tissue during biocalcification. In terms of sugar moieties, the enrichment of the SOM in arabinose is striking, and the monosaccharide composition exhibits the same signature as that of mucus of acroporid corals. Finally, we observe that the interaction of the acetic acid soluble SOM on the morphology of in vitro grown CaCO3 crystals is very pronounced when compared with the calcifying matrices of some mollusks. In light of these results, we wish to commend Acropora millepora as a model for biocalcification studies in scleractinians, from molecular and structural viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ramos-Silva
- UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Section Computational Science, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kaandorp
- Section Computational Science, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (JK); (FM)
| | | | - Laurent Plasseraud
- UMR 6302, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Alcaraz
- UMR 1347, Agroécologie INRA, Université de Bourgogne, AgroSup Dijon, Pôle Mécanisme & Gestion Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, ERL 6300, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Stern
- UMR 6302, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Marion Corneillat
- UMR 1347, Agroécologie INRA, Université de Bourgogne, AgroSup Dijon, Pôle Mécanisme & Gestion Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, ERL 6300, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Gilles Luquet
- UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- UMR 7245, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Marin
- UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- * E-mail: (JK); (FM)
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Molecular evolution of calcification genes in morphologically similar but phylogenetically unrelated scleractinian corals. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 77:281-95. [PMID: 24780747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular phylogenies of scleractinian corals often fail to agree with traditional phylogenies derived from morphological characters. These discrepancies are generally attributed to non-homologous or morphologically plastic characters used in taxonomic descriptions. Consequently, morphological convergence of coral skeletons among phylogenetically unrelated groups is considered to be the major evolutionary process confounding molecular and morphological hypotheses. A strategy that may help identify cases of convergence and/or diversification in coral morphology is to compare phylogenies of existing "neutral" genetic markers used to estimate genealogic phylogenetic history with phylogenies generated from non-neutral genes involved in calcification (biomineralization). We tested the hypothesis that differences among calcification gene phylogenies with respect to the "neutral" trees may represent convergent or divergent functional strategies among calcification gene proteins that may correlate to aspects of coral skeletal morphology. Partial sequences of two nuclear genes previously determined to be involved in the calcification process in corals, "Cnidaria-III" membrane-bound/secreted α-carbonic anhydrase (CIII-MBSα-CA) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) 2/4, were PCR-amplified, cloned and sequenced from 31 scleractinian coral species in 26 genera and 9 families. For comparison, "neutral" gene phylogenies were generated from sequences from two protein-coding "non-calcification" genes, one nuclear (β-tubulin) and one mitochondrial (cytochrome b), from the same individuals. Cloned CIII-MBSα-CA sequences were found to be non-neutral, and phylogenetic analyses revealed CIII-MBSα-CAs to exhibit a complex evolutionary history with clones distributed between at least 2 putative gene copies. However, for several coral taxa only one gene copy was recovered. With CIII-MBSα-CA, several recovered clades grouped taxa that differed from the "non-calcification" loci. In some cases, these taxa shared aspects of their skeletal morphology (i.e., convergence or diversification relative to the "non-calcification" loci), but in other cases they did not. For example, the "non-calcification" loci recovered Atlantic and Pacific mussids as separate evolutionary lineages, whereas with CIII-MBSα-CA, clones of two species of Atlantic mussids (Isophyllia sinuosa and Mycetophyllia sp.) and two species of Pacific mussids (Acanthastrea echinata and Lobophyllia hemprichii) were united in a distinct clade (except for one individual of Mycetophyllia). However, this clade also contained other taxa which were not unambiguously correlated with morphological features. BMP2/4 also contained clones that likely represent different gene copies. However, many of the sequences showed no significant deviation from neutrality, and reconstructed phylogenies were similar to the "non-calcification" tree topologies with a few exceptions. Although individual calcification genes are unlikely to precisely explain the diverse morphological features exhibited by scleractinian corals, this study demonstrates an approach for identifying cases where morphological taxonomy may have been misled by convergent and/or divergent molecular evolutionary processes in corals. Studies such as this may help illuminate our understanding of the likely complex evolution of genes involved in the calcification process, and enhance our knowledge of the natural history and biodiversity within this central ecological group.
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Sancho-Tomás M, Fermani S, Goffredo S, Dubinsky Z, García-Ruiz JM, Gómez-Morales J, Falini G. Exploring coral biomineralization in gelling environments by means of a counter diffusion system. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce41894d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coral biomineralization is explored through calcium carbonate precipitation experiments, by counter-diffusion, using highly viscous agarose sol or gel entrapping soluble organic matrices extracted from Balanophyllia europaea and Leptopsammia pruvoti species, as well as diffusing Mg2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sancho-Tomás
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos
- IACT (CSIC-UGR)
- , Spain
| | - S. Fermani
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
- I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - S. Goffredo
- Marine Science Group
- Department of Biological
- Geological and Environmental Sciences
- Section of Biology
- Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna
| | - Z. Dubinsky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences
- Bar Ilan University
- Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | | | - G. Falini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
- I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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Liu W, Wang T, Shen Y, Pan H, Peng S, Lu WW. Strontium Incorporated Coralline Hydroxyapatite for Engineering Bone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5402/2013/649163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Goniopora was hydrothermally converted to coralline hydroxyapatite (CHA) and incorporated with Sr (Sr-CHA). The pore size of Goniopora was in the range of 40–300 μm with a porosity of about 68%. Surface morphologies of the coral were modified to flake-like hydroxyapatite structures on CHA and the addition of Sr detected on Sr-CHA as confirmed by SEM and EDX. As the first report of incorporating Sr into coral, about 6%–14% Sr was detected on Sr-CHA. The compressive strengths of CHA and Sr-CHA were not compromised due to the hydrothermal treatments. Sr-CHA was studied in vitro using MC3T3-E1 cells and in vivo with an ovariectomized rat model. The proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells was significantly promoted by Sr-CHA as compared to CHA. Moreover, higher scaffold volume retention (+40%) was reported on the micro-CT analysis of the Sr-CHA scaffold. The results suggest that the incorporation of Sr in CHA can further enhance the osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity of corals. Strontium has been suggested to stimulate bone growth and inhibit bone resorption. In this study, we have successfully incorporated Sr into CHA with the natural porous structure remained and explored the idea of Sr-CHA as a potential scaffolding material for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waiching Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yuhui Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Institute of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 20025, China
| | - Haobo Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Songlin Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University Second College of Medicine, 1017 Dong Min Bei Lu, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - William W. Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Gilis M, Grauby O, Willenz P, Dubois P, Heresanu V, Baronnet A. Biomineralization in living hypercalcified demosponges: Toward a shared mechanism? J Struct Biol 2013; 183:441-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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van de Locht R, Verch A, Saunders M, Dissard D, Rixen T, Moya A, Kröger R. Microstructural evolution and nanoscale crystallography in scleractinian coral spherulites. J Struct Biol 2013; 183:57-65. [PMID: 23685125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important aspects in the research on reef-building corals is the process by which corals accrete biogenic calcium carbonate. This process leads to the formation of a mineral/organic composite and it is believed that the development of the nano- and microstructure of the mineral phase is highly sensitive to the growth conditions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of large-scale (10×30μm) focused ion beam (FIB) prepared lamellae was performed on adult and juvenile scleractinian coral skeleton specimens. This allowed for the investigation of the nano and microstructure and the crystallographic orientation of the aragonite mineral. We found the following microstructural evolution in the adult Porites lobata specimens: randomly oriented nanocrystals with high porosity, partly aligned nanocrystals with high porosity and areas of dense acicular crystals of several micrometers extension, the latter two areas are aligned close to the [001] direction (Pmcn space group). To the best of our knowledge, for the first time the observed microstructure could be directly correlated with the dark/bright bands characteristic of the diurnal growth cycle. We hypothesize that this mineral structure sequence and alignment in the adult specimen is linked to the photosynthetic diurnal cycle of the zooxanthellea regulating the oxygen levels and organic molecule transport to the calcifying medium. These observations reveal a strong control of crystal morphology by the organism and the correlation of the accretion process. No indication for a self-assembly of nanocrystalline units, i.e., a mesocrystal structure, on the micrometer scale could be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée van de Locht
- Department of Physics, The University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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Falini G, Reggi M, Fermani S, Sparla F, Goffredo S, Dubinsky Z, Levi O, Dauphin Y, Cuif JP. Control of aragonite deposition in colonial corals by intra-skeletal macromolecules. J Struct Biol 2013; 183:226-38. [PMID: 23669627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Scleractinian coral skeletons are composed mainly of aragonite in which a small percentage of organic matrix (OM) molecules is entrapped. It is well known that in corals the mineral deposition occurs in a biological confined nucleation site, but it is still unclear to what extent the calcification is controlled by OM molecules. Hence, the shape, size and organization of skeletal crystals from the fiber level through the colony architecture, were also attributed to factors as diverse as nucleation site mineral supersaturation and environmental factors in the habitat. In this work the OMs were extracted from the skeleton of three colonial corals, Acropora digitifera, Lophelia pertusa and Montipora caliculata. A. digitifera has a higher calcification rate than the other two species. OM molecules were characterized and their CaCO3 mineralization activity was evaluated by experiments of overgrowth on coral skeletons and of precipitation from solutions containing OM soluble and insoluble fractions and magnesium ions. The precipitates were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The results showed that the OM molecules of the three coral share similar features, but differ from those associated with mollusk shells. However, A. digitifera OM shows peculiarities from those from L. pertusa and M. caliculata. The CaCO3 overgrowth and precipitation experiments confirm the singularity of A. digitifera OM molecules as mineralizers. Moreover, their comparison indicates that only specific molecules are involved in the polymorphism control and suggests that when the whole extracted materials are used the OM's main effect is on the control of particles' shape and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Falini
- Dipartimento di Chimica 'G. Ciamician', via Selmi 2, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, 340126 Bologna, Italy.
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Motai S, Nagai T, Sowa K, Watanabe T, Sakamoto N, Yurimoto H, Kawano J. Needle-like grains across growth lines in the coral skeleton of Porites lobata. J Struct Biol 2012; 180:389-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Suzuki M, Kim H, Mukai H, Nagasawa H, Kogure T. Quantitative XRD analysis of {110} twin density in biotic aragonites. J Struct Biol 2012; 180:458-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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BUDD ANNF, FUKAMI HIRONOBU, SMITH NATHAND, KNOWLTON NANCY. Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Mussidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Zool J Linn Soc 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shirai K, Sowa K, Watanabe T, Sano Y, Nakamura T, Clode P. Visualization of sub-daily skeletal growth patterns in massive Porites corals grown in Sr-enriched seawater. J Struct Biol 2012; 180:47-56. [PMID: 22683766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We performed high resolution marking experiments using seawater with elevated Sr concentration to investigate the timing and ultrastructure of skeletal deposition by massive Porites australiensis corals. Corals were cultured in seawater enriched with Sr during day-time only, night-time only or for one full-day. Cross sections of skeletal material were prepared and the Sr incorporated into the newly deposited skeleton analyzed by electron probe microanalysis. These regions of Sr incorporation were then correlated with skeletal ultrastructure. Massive Porites coral skeletons are composed of two types of microstructural elements - the "centers of calcification" and the surrounding fibrous structural region. Within the fibrous structural region, alternative patterns of etch-sensitive growth lines and an etch-resistant fibrous layer were observed. In the full-day samples, high-Sr bands extended across both growth lines and fibrous layers. In day-time samples, high-Sr regions corresponded to the fibrous layer, while in the night-time samples high-Sr regions were associated with an outermost growth line. These distinct growth patterns suggest a daily growth pattern associated with the fibrous region of massive P. australiensis corals, where a pair of narrow growth lines and a larger fibrous layer is seen as a daily growth region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Shirai
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Gilis M, Baronnet A, Dubois P, Legras L, Grauby O, Willenz P. Biologically controlled mineralization in the hypercalcified sponge Petrobiona massiliana (Calcarea, Calcaronea). J Struct Biol 2012; 178:279-89. [PMID: 22507830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypercalcified sponges, endowed with a calcium carbonate basal skeleton in addition to their spicules, form one of the most basal metazoan group engaged in extensive biomineralization. The Mediterranean species Petrobiona massiliana was used to investigate biological controls exerted on the biomineralization of its basal skeleton. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) confirmed that basopinacocytes form a discontinuous layer of flattened cells covering the skeleton and display ultrastructural features attesting intense secretory activity. The production of a highly structured fibrillar organic matrix framework by basopinacocytes toward the growing skeleton was highlighted both by potassium pyroantimonate and ruthenium red protocols, the latter further suggesting the presence of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the matrix. Furthermore organic material incorporated into the basal skeleton was shown by SEM and TEM at different structural levels while its response to alcian blue and acridine orange staining might suggest a similar acidic and sulfated chemical composition in light microscopy. Potassium pyroantimonate revealed in TEM and energy electron loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis, heavy linear precipitates 100-300 nm wide containing Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) ions, either along the basal cell membrane of basopinacocytes located toward the decalcified basal skeleton or around decalcified spicules in the mesohyl. Based on the results of the previous mineralogical characterization and the present work, an hypothetical model of biomineralization is proposed for P. massiliana: basopinacocytes would produce an extracellular organic framework that might guide the assemblage of submicronic amorphous Ca- and Mg-bearing grains into higher structural units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melany Gilis
- Department of Invertebrates, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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Nouet J, Baronnet A, Howard L. Crystallization in organo-mineral micro-domains in the crossed-lamellar layer of Nerita undata (Gastropoda, Neritopsina). Micron 2012; 43:456-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gilis M, Grauby O, Willenz P, Dubois P, Legras L, Heresanu V, Baronnet A. Multi-scale mineralogical characterization of the hypercalcified sponge Petrobiona massiliana (Calcarea, Calcaronea). J Struct Biol 2011; 176:315-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang F, Cai W, Zhu J, Sun Z, Zhang J. In Situ Raman Spectral Mapping Study on the Microscale Fibers in Blue Coral (Heliopora coerulea) Skeletons. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7870-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2017663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, 200062 Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Weiying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, 200062 Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jichun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, 200062 Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhenrong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, 200062 Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, 200062 Shanghai, P.R. China
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Goffredo S, Vergni P, Reggi M, Caroselli E, Sparla F, Levy O, Dubinsky Z, Falini G. The skeletal organic matrix from Mediterranean coral Balanophyllia europaea influences calcium carbonate precipitation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22338. [PMID: 21799830 PMCID: PMC3142144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleractinian coral skeletons are made mainly of calcium carbonate in the form of aragonite. The mineral deposition occurs in a biological confined environment, but it is still a theme of discussion to what extent the calcification occurs under biological or environmental control. Hence, the shape, size and organization of skeletal crystals from the cellular level through the colony architecture, were attributed to factors as diverse as mineral supersaturation levels and organic mediation of crystal growth. The skeleton contains an intra-skeletal organic matrix (OM) of which only the water soluble component was chemically and physically characterized. In this work that OM from the skeleton of the Balanophyllia europaea, a solitary scleractinian coral endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, is studied in vitro with the aim of understanding its role in the mineralization of calcium carbonate. Mineralization of calcium carbonate was conducted by overgrowth experiments on coral skeleton and in calcium chloride solutions containing different ratios of water soluble and/or insoluble OM and of magnesium ions. The precipitates were characterized by diffractometric, spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The results showed that both soluble and insoluble OM components influence calcium carbonate precipitation and that the effect is enhanced by their co-presence. The role of magnesium ions is also affected by the presence of the OM components. Thus, in vitro, OM influences calcium carbonate crystal morphology, aggregation and polymorphism as a function of its composition and of the content of magnesium ions in the precipitation media. This research, although does not resolve the controversy between environmental or biological control on the deposition of calcium carbonate in corals, sheds a light on the role of OM, which appears mediated by the presence of magnesium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Goffredo
- Marine Science Group, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vergni
- Dipartimento di Chimica ‘G. Ciamician’, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Reggi
- Marine Science Group, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erik Caroselli
- Marine Science Group, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Oren Levy
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Zvy Dubinsky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Dipartimento di Chimica ‘G. Ciamician’, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Benzerara K, Menguy N, Obst M, Stolarski J, Mazur M, Tylisczak T, Brown GE, Meibom A. Study of the crystallographic architecture of corals at the nanoscale by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:1268-75. [PMID: 21864767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the nanotexture and crystallographic orientation of aragonite in a coral skeleton using synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Polarization-dependent STXM imaging at 40-nm spatial resolution was used to obtain an orientation map of the c-axis of aragonite on a focused ion beam milled ultrathin section of a Porites coral. This imaging showed that one of the basic units of coral skeletons, referred to as the center of calcification (COC), consists of a cluster of 100-nm aragonite globules crystallographically aligned over several micrometers with a fan-like distribution and with the properties of single crystals at the mesoscale. The remainder of the skeleton consists of aragonite single-crystal fibers in crystallographic continuity with the nanoglobules comprising the COC. Our observation provides information on the nm-scale processes that led to biomineral formation in this sample. Importantly, the present study illustrates how the methodology described here, which combines HRTEM and polarization-dependent synchrotron-based STXM imaging, offers an interesting new approach for investigating biomineralizing systems at the nm-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Benzerara
- Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, UMR 7590, CNRS, Universités Paris 6 & IPGP. 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
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Falini G, Sartor G, Fabbri D, Vergni P, Fermani S, Belcher AM, Stucky GD, Morse DE. The interstitial crystal-nucleating sheet in molluscan Haliotis rufescens shell: A bio-polymeric composite. J Struct Biol 2011; 173:128-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Janiszewska K, Stolarski J, Benzerara K, Meibom A, Mazur M, Kitahara MV, Cairns SD. A unique skeletal microstructure of the deep-sea micrabaciid scleractinian corals. J Morphol 2010; 272:191-203. [PMID: 21210490 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Micrabaciids are solitary, exclusively azooxanthellate deep-sea corals belonging to one of the deepest-living (up to 5,000 m) scleractinian representatives. All modern micrabaciid taxa (genera: Letepsammia, Rhombopsammia, Stephanophyllia, Leptopenus) have a porous and often very fragile skeleton consisting of two main microstructural components known also from other scleractinians: rapid accretion deposits and thickening deposits. However, at the microstructural level, the skeletal organization of the micrabaciids is distinctly different from that of other scleractinians. Rapid accretion deposits consist of alternations of superimposed "microcrystalline" (micrometer-sized aggregates of nodular nanodomains) and fibrous zones. In contrast to all shallow-water and sympatric deep-water corals so far described, the thickening deposits of micrabaciids are composed of irregular meshwork of short (1-2 μm) and extremely thin (ca. 100-300 nm) fibers organized into small, chip-like bundles (ca. 1-2 μm thick). Longer axes of fiber bundles are usually subparallel to the skeletal surfaces and oriented variably in this plane. The unique microstructural organization of the micrabaciid skeleton is consistent with their monophyletic status based on macromorphological and molecular data, and points to a diversity of organic matrix-mediated biomineralization strategies in Scleractinia.
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Sondi I, Salopek-Sondi B, Skapin SD, Segota S, Jurina I, Vukelić B. Colloid-chemical processes in the growth and design of the bio-inorganic aragonite structure in the scleractinian coral Cladocora caespitosa. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 354:181-9. [PMID: 21130464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the morphological properties and discusses the colloid-chemical mechanisms of the formation of hierarchically structured aragonite fibers in the exoskeleton structure of the Mediterranean zooxanthellate scleractinian coral Cladocora caespitosa. The study is based on a detailed structural and morphological examination of the coral exoskeleton and on a preliminary biochemical and molecular identification of the isolated soluble proteinaceus organic matrix. The biomineral structure was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic-force microscopy (AFM), while the isolated protein organic constituents were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The SDS-PAGE analysis of the soluble protein matrix showed three major protein bands at 15, 41, and 80kDa. Based on the MALDI-TOF-MS analyses, the identified peptides tend to exhibit an acidic character. The results obtained confirm and complement the existing hypotheses relating to the significant role of the soluble acidic protein matrix and the biologically induced colloid-chemical processes in the phase formation and growth of scleractinian submicrometer fibrous aragonite units. It was also shown that the general strategy for the morphogenesis of fibrous structured aragonite lies in the nanoscale aggregation and subsequent coalescence processes that occur simultaneously. The subsequent morphological conversion of the initially formed submicrometer fibrous aragonite units into well-defined, micrometer-sized, prismatic facets in the skeletal structures of the corals is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sondi
- Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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