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Wohlgemuth RP, Kulkarni VA, Villalba M, Davids JR, Smith LR. Collagen architecture and biomechanics of gracilis and adductor longus muscles from children with cerebral palsy. J Physiol 2024; 602:3489-3504. [PMID: 39008710 DOI: 10.1113/jp285988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) describes some upper motoneuron disorders due to non-progressive disturbances occurring in the developing brain that cause progressive changes to muscle. While longer sarcomeres increase muscle stiffness in patients with CP compared to typically developing (TD) patients, changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture can increase stiffness. Our goal was to investigate how changes in muscle and ECM architecture impact muscle stiffness, gait and joint function in CP. Gracilis and adductor longus biopsies were collected from children with CP undergoing tendon lengthening surgery for hamstring and hip adduction contractures, respectively. Gracilis biopsies were collected from TD patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery with hamstring autograft. Muscle mechanical testing, two-photon imaging and hydroxyproline assay were performed on biopsies. Corresponding data were compared to radiographic hip displacement in CP adductors (CPA), gait kinematics in CP hamstrings (CPH), and joint range of motion in CPA and CPH. We found at matched sarcomere lengths muscle stiffness and collagen architecture were similar between TD and CP hamstrings. However, CPH stiffness (R2 = 0.1973), collagen content (R2 = 0.5099) and cross-linking (R2 = 0.3233) were correlated to decreased knee range of motion. Additionally, we observed collagen fibres within the muscle ECM increase alignment during muscular stretching. These data demonstrate that while ECM architecture is similar between TD and CP hamstrings, collagen fibres biomechanics are sensitive to muscle strain and may be altered at longer in vivo sarcomere lengths in CP muscle. Future studies could evaluate the impact of ECM architecture on TD and CP muscle stiffness across in vivo operating ranges. KEY POINTS: At matched sarcomere lengths, gracilis muscle mechanics and collagen architecture are similar in TD patients and patients with CP. In both TD and CP muscles, collagen fibres dynamically increase their alignment during muscle stretching. Aspects of muscle mechanics and collagen architecture are predictive of in vivo knee joint motion and radiographic hip displacement in patients with CP. Longer sarcomere lengths in CP muscle in vivo may alter collagen architecture and biomechanics to drive deficits in joint mobility and gait function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross P Wohlgemuth
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, & Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Vedant A Kulkarni
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Children's Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Marie Villalba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Children's Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jon R Davids
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Children's Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lucas R Smith
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, & Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Wohlgemuth RP, Brashear SE, Smith LR. Alignment, cross linking, and beyond: a collagen architect's guide to the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1017-C1030. [PMID: 37661921 PMCID: PMC10635663 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00287.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) forms a complex network of collagens, proteoglycans, and other proteins that produce a favorable environment for muscle regeneration, protect the sarcolemma from contraction-induced damage, and provide a pathway for the lateral transmission of contractile force. In each of these functions, the structure and organization of the muscle ECM play an important role. Many aspects of collagen architecture, including collagen alignment, cross linking, and packing density affect the regenerative capacity, passive mechanical properties, and contractile force transmission pathways of skeletal muscle. The balance between fortifying the muscle ECM and maintaining ECM turnover and compliance is highly dependent on the integrated organization, or architecture, of the muscle matrix, especially related to collagen. While muscle ECM remodeling patterns in response to exercise and disease are similar, in that collagen synthesis can increase in both cases, one outcome leads to a stronger muscle and the other leads to fibrosis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the architectural features of each layer of muscle ECM: epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. Further, we detail the importance of muscle ECM architecture to biomechanical function in the context of exercise or fibrosis, including disease, injury, and aging. We describe how collagen architecture is linked to active and passive muscle biomechanics and which architectural features are acutely dynamic and adapt over time. Future studies should investigate the significance of collagen architecture in muscle stiffness, ECM turnover, and lateral force transmission in the context of health and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross P Wohlgemuth
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Sarah E Brashear
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Lucas R Smith
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, California, United States
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3
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Zhang Y, Huang M, Shao X, Zhang F, Li Z, Bai Y, Xu X, Wang P, Zhao T. Insights into Intramuscular Connective Tissue Associated with Wooden Breast Myopathy in Fast-Growing Broiler Chickens. Foods 2023; 12:2375. [PMID: 37372588 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wooden breast myopathy (WBM) is a meat abnormality affecting pectoralis majors (PMs) of fast-growing broiler chickens. WBM-affected PMs exhibited varied meat qualities with increasing WBM severity. Normal PMs (NOR), mild WBM-affected PMs (MIL), moderate WBM-affected PMs (MOD), and severe WBM-affected PMs (SEV) were selected as raw materials. The structure and organization of connective tissue and fibrillar collagen were investigated through immersing with sodium hydroxide solution, Masson trichrome staining, and using an electron microscope. The mechanical strength of intramuscular connective tissue was analyzed via the shear force of samples treated with sodium hydroxide solution. The thermal property and secondary structure of connective tissue were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The obtained connective tissue was dissolved in a sodium hydroxide solution for the evaluation of the physicochemical properties of proteins, including particle size, molecular weight, surface hydrophobicity, and intrinsic fluorescence. In particular, the particle size was measured using a zeta potential instrument. The molecular weight was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The surface hydrophobicity and intrinsic fluorescence were measured by spectroscopy technology. Histologically, macrophage infiltration, myodegeneration and necrosis, regeneration, fibrous connective tissue, and thickened perimysial connective tissue were observed in WBM-affected PMs, especially SEV with fibrosis, including blood vessels. Compared with NOR, WBM led to increased average diameter of the collagen fibrils in perimysial (36.61 nm of NOR to 69.73 nm of SEV) and endomysial (34.19 nm of NOR to 56.93 nm of SEV) layers. A significant increase (p < 0.05) was observed in the mechanical strength (2.05 N to 5.55 N) of fresh PMs and the thermal transition temperature (onset temperature (TO), 61.53 °C to 67.50 °C; maximum transition temperature (TM), 66.46 °C to 70.18 °C; termination temperature (TE), 77.20 °C to 80.88 °C) of connective tissue from NOR to SEV. Cooking decreased the mechanical strength, and MOD samples showed the highest mechanical strength (1.24 N, p < 0.05), followed by SEV (0.96 N), MIL (0.93 N), and NOR (0.72 N). For proteins in connective tissue, random coil (19.64% to 29.61%, p < 0.0001), particle size (p < 0.05), and surface hydrophobicity (p < 0.05) increased with the decrease in the α-helix (14.61% to 11.54%, p < 0.0001), β-sheet (45.71% to 32.80%, p < 0.0001), and intrinsic fluorescence of proteins from NOR to SEV. The molecular weights of intramuscular connective tissue proteins were in the ranges of >270 kDa, 180-270 kDa, 110-180 kDa, 95-100 kDa, and <15 kDa. Taken together, WBM resulted in thickened organization, tightly packed collagen fibrils, increased mechanical strength and thermal temperature, and increased particle size, surface hydrophobicity, and intrinsic fluorescence of proteins in connective tissue, as the WBM severity increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingyuan Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuefei Shao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feiyu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yun Bai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tinghui Zhao
- Ninglang Animal Husbandry Work Instructing Station, Lijiang 674301, China
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Mavropalias G, Boppart M, Usher KM, Grounds MD, Nosaka K, Blazevich AJ. Exercise builds the scaffold of life: muscle extracellular matrix biomarker responses to physical activity, inactivity, and aging. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:481-519. [PMID: 36412213 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for muscle force production and the regulation of important physiological processes during growth, regeneration, and remodelling. ECM remodelling is a tightly orchestrated process, sensitive to multi-directional tensile and compressive stresses and damaging stimuli, and its assessment can convey important information on rehabilitation effectiveness, injury, and disease. Despite its profound importance, ECM biomarkers are underused in studies examining the effects of exercise, disuse, or aging on muscle function, growth, and structure. This review examines patterns of short- and long-term changes in the synthesis and concentrations of ECM markers in biofluids and tissues, which may be useful for describing the time course of ECM remodelling following physical activity and disuse. Forces imposed on the ECM during physical activity critically affect cell signalling while disuse causes non-optimal adaptations, including connective tissue proliferation. The goal of this review is to inform researchers, and rehabilitation, medical, and exercise practitioners better about the role of ECM biomarkers in research and clinical environments to accelerate the development of targeted physical activity treatments, improve ECM status assessment, and enhance function in aging, injury, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Mavropalias
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, and Centre for Healthy Aging, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Marni Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 South Fourth St, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kayley M Usher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia (M504), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Miranda D Grounds
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
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5
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Shrinkage Properties and Their Relationship with Degradation of Proteins Linking the Endomysium and Myofibril in Lamb Meat Submitted to Heating or Air Drying. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152242. [PMID: 35954013 PMCID: PMC9368109 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The shrinkage of the connective tissue and myofiber of lamb meat submitted to heat treatment or air drying at different storage stages (1, 5 and 7 days) was evaluated herein. The longitudinal and transverse shrinkage of heated lamb meat was significantly influenced by storage time and water bath heating temperature (50 °C, 70 °C and 90 °C) (p < 0.001). In contrast, the shrinkage of air-dried lamb meat was not influenced by storage time (p > 0.05). The microstructure of heated lamb meat, namely, the distance between muscle fascicles, the distance between myofibril networks, the area of myofibril networks, and the endomysium circumference, was significantly influenced by storage time (p < 0.05). During storage, the proportion of muscle fibers completely detached from endomysium increased, which could be due to the progressive degradation of proteins linking the endomysium and myofibril, including β-dystroglycan, α-dystroglycan, integrin-β1, and dystrophin. However, degradation of such proteins did not influence the shrinkage of lamb meat stored for five days or longer, since the decreased distance between myofibril networks indicated a higher shrinkage ratio of the endomysium compared to myofibers in samples air-dried at 35 °C or heated at 90 °C. The effect of these proteins on the shrinkage of heated lamb meat (raw meat stored for 1 day or less time) requires further elucidation.
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6
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Leichsenring K, Viswanathan A, Kutschke S, Siebert T, Böl M. Age-dependent mechanical and microstructural properties of the rabbit soleus muscle. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:453-465. [PMID: 34343717 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During growth there are serious changes in the skeletal muscles to compensate for the changed requirements in terms of body weight and size. In this study, the age-dependent (between 21 and 100 days) mechanical and microstructural properties of rabbit soleus muscle tissue were investigated. For this purpose, morphological properties (animal mass, soleus muscle mass, tibial length) were measured at 5 different times during aging. On the other hand, fibre orientation-dependent axial and semi-confined compression experiments were realised. In addition, the essential components (muscle fibres, extracellular matrix, remaining components), dominating the microstructure of muscle tissue, were analysed. While the mechanical results show hardly any age-dependent differences, the morphological and microstructural results show clear age-dependent differences. All morphological parameters increase significantly (animal mass by 839.2%, muscle mass 1050.6%, tibial length 233.6%). In contrast, microstructural parameters change differently. The percentage of fibres (divided into slow-twitch (ST) and fast-twitch (FT) fibres) increases significantly (137.6%), while the proportions of the extracellular matrix and the remaining components (48.2% and 46.1%) decrease. At the same time, the cross-sectional area of the fibres increases significantly (697.9%). The totality of this age-dependent information provides a deeper understanding of age-related changes in muscle structure and function and may contribute to successful development and validation of growth models in the future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article reports the first comprehensive data set on age-dependent morphological (animal mass, soleus muscle mass, tibial length), mechanical (axial and semi-confined compression), and microstructural (muscle fibres, extracellular matrix, remaining components) properties of the rabbit soleus muscle. On the one hand, the results of this study contribute to the understanding of muscle mechanics and thus to understanding of load transfer mechanisms inside the muscle tissue during growth. On the other hand, these results are relevant to the fields of constitutive formulation of age-dependent muscle tissue.
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Lieber RL, Binder-Markey B. Biochemical and structural basis of the passive mechanical properties of whole skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2021; 599:3809-3823. [PMID: 34101193 PMCID: PMC8364503 DOI: 10.1113/jp280867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive mechanical properties of whole skeletal muscle are not as well understood as active mechanical properties. Both the structural basis for passive mechanical properties and the properties themselves are challenging to determine because it is not clear which structures within skeletal muscle actually bear passive loads and there are not established standards by which to make mechanical measurements. Evidence suggests that titin bears the majority of the passive load within the single muscle cell. However, at larger scales, such as fascicles and muscles, there is emerging evidence that the extracellular matrix bears the major part of the load. Complicating the ability to quantify and compare across size scales, muscles and species, definitions of muscle passive properties such as stress, strain, modulus and stiffness can be made relative to many reference parameters. These uncertainties make a full understanding of whole muscle passive mechanical properties and modelling these properties very difficult. Future studies defining the specific load bearing structures and their composition and organization are required to fully understand passive mechanics of the whole muscle and develop therapies to treat disorders in which passive muscle properties are altered such as muscular dystrophy, traumatic laceration, and contracture due to upper motor neuron lesion as seen in spinal cord injury, stroke and cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Lieber
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and
Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Edward Hines V.A. Medical Center, Hines, IL USA
| | - Ben Binder-Markey
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences
and School of Biomedical Engineering, Sciences and Health Systems, Drexel
University, Philadelphia, PA USA
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Lai YC, Tsai SH, Chiou HJ. Ultrasound-guided dextrose solution perimysium dissection for posterior shoulder myofascial pain. J Chin Med Assoc 2021; 84:650-654. [PMID: 33883463 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the efficacy and safety of perimysium dissection for posterior shoulder myofascial pain. METHODS This retrospective single-arm study was performed at a medical center between April 2016 and August 2017. Fifty-seven participants with refractory chronic posterior shoulder pain of myofascial origin underwent ultrasound (US)-guided perimysium dissection with hypertonic dextrose solution. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores and complication rate were evaluated before treatment and 4 weeks after treatment. RESULTS US-guided perimysium dissection with dextrose solution resulted in excellent treatment efficacy and safety. Nineteen participants (33.3%) were free of pain after treatment, and 32 (56.1%) had >50% improvement in pain score. Forty-nine participants had complete VAS records. Overall mean pre- and posttreatment VAS scores were 7.18 ± 1.60 and 1.91 ± 2.04 (mean difference -5.27, 95% CI -5.99 to -4.55, p < 0.0001), respectively, including 7.26 ± 1.44 and 1.84 ± 1.98 (mean difference -5.43, 95% CI -6.33 to -4.52, p < 0.0001) for those with infraspinatus myofascial pain, and 7.00 ± 1.96 and 2.07 ± 2.26 (mean difference -4.93, 95% CI -6.23 to -3.62, p < 0.0001) for those in the teres minor subgroup. No complications were reported in any of the participants. One participant received retreatment for teres minor myofascial pain. CONCLUSION US-guided perimysium dissection is an easy, safe, and effective injection method to manage posterior myofascial shoulder pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Lai
- Division of Breast Imaging & Ultrasound, Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Han Tsai
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Urology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hong-Jen Chiou
- Division of Breast Imaging & Ultrasound, Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Gremminger VL, Phillips CL. Impact of Intrinsic Muscle Weakness on Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4963. [PMID: 34066978 PMCID: PMC8125032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone and muscle are highly synergistic tissues that communicate extensively via mechanotransduction and biochemical signaling. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable connective tissue disorder of severe bone fragility and recently recognized skeletal muscle weakness. The presence of impaired bone and muscle in OI leads to a continuous cycle of altered muscle-bone crosstalk with weak muscles further compromising bone and vice versa. Currently, there is no cure for OI and understanding the pathogenesis of the skeletal muscle weakness in relation to the bone pathogenesis of OI in light of the critical role of muscle-bone crosstalk is essential to developing and identifying novel therapeutic targets and strategies for OI. This review will highlight how impaired skeletal muscle function contributes to the pathophysiology of OI and how this phenomenon further perpetuates bone fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte L. Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Wang D, Zhang X, Huang S, Liu Y, Fu BSC, Mak KKL, Blocki AM, Yung PSH, Tuan RS, Ker DFE. Engineering multi-tissue units for regenerative Medicine: Bone-tendon-muscle units of the rotator cuff. Biomaterials 2021; 272:120789. [PMID: 33845368 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our body systems are comprised of numerous multi-tissue units. For the musculoskeletal system, one of the predominant functional units is comprised of bone, tendon/ligament, and muscle tissues working in tandem to facilitate locomotion. To successfully treat musculoskeletal injuries and diseases, critical consideration and thoughtful integration of clinical, biological, and engineering aspects are necessary to achieve translational bench-to-bedside research. In particular, identifying ideal biomaterial design specifications, understanding prior and recent tissue engineering advances, and judicious application of biomaterial and fabrication technologies will be crucial for addressing current clinical challenges in engineering multi-tissue units. Using rotator cuff tears as an example, insights relevant for engineering a bone-tendon-muscle multi-tissue unit are presented. This review highlights the tissue engineering strategies for musculoskeletal repair and regeneration with implications for other bone-tendon-muscle units, their derivatives, and analogous non-musculoskeletal tissue structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Shuting Huang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Bruma Sai-Chuen Fu
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Anna Maria Blocki
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Patrick Shu-Hang Yung
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Dai Fei Elmer Ker
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
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11
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Jakobsen JR, Krogsgaard MR. The Myotendinous Junction-A Vulnerable Companion in Sports. A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:635561. [PMID: 33841171 PMCID: PMC8032995 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.635561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of strain injuries continues to be high in many popular sports, especially hamstring strain injuries in football, despite a documented important effect of eccentric exercise to prevent strains. Studies investigating the anatomical properties of these injuries in humans are sparse. The majority of strains are seen at the interface between muscle fibers and tendon: the myotendinous junction (MTJ). It has a unique morphology with a highly folded muscle membrane filled with invaginations of collagen fibrils from the tendon, establishing an increased area of force transmission between muscle and tendon. There is a very high rate of remodeling of the muscle cells approaching the MTJ, but little is known about how the tissue adapts to exercise and which structural changes heavy eccentric exercise may introduce. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the anatomy, composition and adaptability of the MTJ, and discusses reasons why strain injuries can be prevented by eccentric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rithamer Jakobsen
- Section of Sports Traumatology, M51, A Part of IOC Research Center, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Kohn S, Leichsenring K, Kuravi R, Ehret AE, Böl M. Direct measurement of the direction-dependent mechanical behaviour of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Acta Biomater 2021; 122:249-262. [PMID: 33444799 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the first comprehensive data set on the anisotropic mechanical properties of isolated endo- and perimysial extracellular matrix of skeletal muscle, and presents the corresponding protocols for preparing and testing the samples. In particular, decellularisation of porcine skeletal muscle is achieved with caustic soda solution, and mechanical parameters are defined based on compressive and tensile testing in order to identify the optimal treatment time such that muscle fibres are dissolved whereas the extracellular matrix remains largely intact and mechanically functional. At around 18 h, a time window was found and confirmed by histology, in which axial tensile experiments were performed to characterise the direction-dependent mechanical response of the extracellular matrix samples, and the effect of lateral pre-compression was studied. The typical, large variability in the experimental stress response could be largely reduced by varying a single scalar factor, which was attributed to the variation of the fraction of extracellular matrix within the tissue. While experimental results on the mechanical properties of intact muscle tissue and single muscle fibres are increasingly available in literature, there is a lack of information on the properties of the collagenous components of skeletal muscle. The present work aims at closing this gap and thus contributes to an improved understanding of the mechanics of skeletal muscle tissue and provides a missing piece of information for the development of corresponding constitutive and computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kohn
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Kay Leichsenring
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Ramachandra Kuravi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Alexander E Ehret
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, Zürich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Markus Böl
- Institute of Mechanics and Adaptronics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany.
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13
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Predicting muscle tissue response from calibrated component models and histology-based finite element models. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 117:104375. [PMID: 33578299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an anisotropic soft biological tissue composed of muscle fibres embedded in a structurally complex, hierarchically organised extracellular matrix. In a recent work (Kuravi et al., 2021) we have developed 3D finite element models from series of histological sections. Moreover, based on decellularisation of fresh tissue samples, a novel set of experimental data on the direction dependent mechanical properties of collagenous ECM was established (Kohn et al., 2021). Together with existing information on the material properties of single muscle fibres, the combination of these techniques allows computing predictions of the composite tissue response. To this end, an inverse finite element procedure is proposed in the present work to calibrate a constitutive model of the extracellular matrix, and supplementary biaxial tensile tests on fresh and decellularised tissues are performed for model validation. The results of this rigorously predictive and thus unforgiving strategy suggest that the prediction of the tissue response from the individual characteristics of muscle cells and decellularised tissue is only possible within clear limits. While orders of magnitude are well matched, and the qualitative behaviour in a wide range of load cases is largely captured, the existing deviations point at potentially missing components of the model and highlight the incomplete experimental information in bottom-up multiscale approaches to model skeletal muscle tissue.
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14
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Kim M, Franke V, Brandt B, Lowenstein ED, Schöwel V, Spuler S, Akalin A, Birchmeier C. Single-nucleus transcriptomics reveals functional compartmentalization in syncytial skeletal muscle cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6375. [PMID: 33311457 PMCID: PMC7732842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Syncytial skeletal muscle cells contain hundreds of nuclei in a shared cytoplasm. We investigated nuclear heterogeneity and transcriptional dynamics in the uninjured and regenerating muscle using single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNAseq) of isolated nuclei from muscle fibers. This revealed distinct nuclear subtypes unrelated to fiber type diversity, previously unknown subtypes as well as the expected ones at the neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions. In fibers of the Mdx dystrophy mouse model, distinct subtypes emerged, among them nuclei expressing a repair signature that were also abundant in the muscle of dystrophy patients, and a nuclear population associated with necrotic fibers. Finally, modifications of our approach revealed the compartmentalization in the rare and specialized muscle spindle. Our data identifies nuclear compartments of the myofiber and defines a molecular roadmap for their functional analyses; the data can be freely explored on the MyoExplorer server ( https://shiny.mdc-berlin.de/MyoExplorer/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Kim
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vedran Franke
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Brandt
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elijah D Lowenstein
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Schöwel
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Spuler
- Muscle Research Unit, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Altuna Akalin
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Böl M, Iyer R, Garcés-Schröder M, Kohn S, Dietzel A. Mechano-geometrical skeletal muscle fibre characterisation under cyclic and relaxation loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:104001. [PMID: 32957260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, mechano-geometrical characterisations of skeletal muscle fibres in two different deformation states, namely, axial tension and axial compression, were realised. In both cases, cyclic and relaxation tests were performed. Additionally, the changes in the volume of the fibres during deformation were recorded to obtain more detailed information about the muscle fibre load transfer mechanisms. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the present experimental investigation of the mechanical and geometrical characteristics of muscle fibres provides a novel comprehensive data set that can be used to obtain a better understanding of muscle fibre load transfer mechanisms and to construct meaningful models. In the present study, it is shown that muscle fibres exhibit incompressibility (5% volume decrease at maximum deformation) under tension and that this feature is more pronounced under compression loading (37% volume decrease at maximum deformation). These findings are particularly interesting and lead to a further understanding of load transfer mechanisms and to the development of new modelling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böl
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany.
| | - Rahul Iyer
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Mayra Garcés-Schröder
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Stephan Kohn
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Institute of Micro Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38124, Germany
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16
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Purslow PP. The Structure and Role of Intramuscular Connective Tissue in Muscle Function. Front Physiol 2020; 11:495. [PMID: 32508678 PMCID: PMC7248366 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) structures within skeletal muscle play an important, but under-appreciated, role in muscle development, function and adaptation. Each individual muscle is surrounded by epimysial connective tissue and within the muscle there are two distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) structures, the perimysium and endomysium. Together, these three ECM structures make up the intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT). There are large variations in the amount and composition of IMCT between functionally different muscles. Although IMCT acts as a scaffold for muscle fiber development and growth and acts as a carrier for blood vessels and nerves to the muscle cells, the variability in IMCT between different muscles points to a role in the variations in active and passive mechanical properties of muscles. Some traditional measures of the contribution of endomysial IMCT to passive muscle elasticity relied upon tensile measurements on single fiber preparations. These types of measurements may now be thought to be missing the important point that endomysial IMCT networks within a muscle fascicle coordinate forces and displacements between adjacent muscle cells by shear and that active contractile forces can be transmitted by this route (myofascial force transmission). The amount and geometry of the perimysial ECM network separating muscle fascicles varies more between different muscle than does the amount of endomysium. While there is some evidence for myofascial force transmission between fascicles via the perimysium, the variations in this ECM network appears to be linked to the amount of shear displacements between fascicles that must necessarily occur when the whole muscle contracts and changes shape. Fast growth of muscle by fiber hypertrophy is not always associated with a high turnover of ECM components, but slower rates of growth and muscle wasting may be associated with IMCT remodeling. A hypothesis arising from this observation is that the level of cell signaling via shear between integrin and dystroglycan linkages on the surface of the muscle cells and the overlying endomysium may be the controlling factor for IMCT turnover, although this idea is yet to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Purslow
- Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
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17
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Velázquez DE, Latorre ME. Physicochemical, thermal and mechanical characterization study of perimysial collagen of two bovine muscles. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:404-409. [PMID: 31202843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical, thermal and mechanical collagen characteristics of intramuscular perimysial connective tissue (IMCT) from bovine Semitendinosus (ST) and Pectoralis profundus (PP) muscles were studied. Furthermore, these collagen characteristics in presence/absence of other extracellular matrix components were analyzed for both muscles. Differences between muscles were observed for collagen content; all IMCT-PP perimysial samples were higher than ST samples. In addition, for both muscles, IMCT-alkali resistant samples allowed the highest trypsin soluble collagen. The main differences between muscles were recorder for thermal and mechanical properties. The denaturation of collagen in the perimysium evidenced differences in total denaturation energy (ΔH) and peak temperatures (Tp). The ΔH resulted higher for IMCT-PP than for IMCT-ST tissues in all samples. By the tensile test it was observed that the maximum loads were constant and higher in all PP samples. In the FTIR assay, the peaks for the main amides were registered in both tissues. However, slight differences between ST and PP-IMCT were detected on hydrogen bond interactions and in secondary structure of the protein. The results reinforce the hypothesis of the presence of different IMCT-perimysial-collagen pools. In this study, chemical, thermal and mechanical characteristics were considered and quantified. However, the mechanical function and development of muscle in-vivo could be the main influence on the extracellular collagen characteristics as well as its interactions with non-collagen compounds. Its formation is essential for muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E Velázquez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina; Instituto de Física de Materiales Tandil (IFIMAT), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - María E Latorre
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina; Departamento de Tecnología y Calidad de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
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18
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Gremminger VL, Jeong Y, Cunningham RP, Meers GM, Rector RS, Phillips CL. Compromised Exercise Capacity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Osteogenesis Imperfecta Murine (oim) Mouse Model. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1646-1659. [PMID: 30908713 PMCID: PMC6744299 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable connective tissue disorder that most often arises from type I collagen-COL1A1 and COL1A2-gene defects leading to skeletal fragility, short stature, blue-gray sclera, and muscle weakness. Relative to the skeletal fragility, muscle weakness is much less understood. Recent investigations into OI muscle weakness in both patients and mouse models have revealed the presence of an inherent muscle pathology. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for OI muscle weakness is critical, particularly in light of the extensive cross-talk between muscle and bone via mechanotransduction and biochemical signaling. In the following study we initially subjected WT and oim/oim mice, modeling severe human OI type III, to either weight-bearing (voluntary wheel-running) or non-weight-bearing (swimming) exercise regimens as a modality to improve muscle strength and ultimately bone strength. The oim/oim mice ran only 35% to 42% of the distance run by age- and sex-matched WT mice and exhibited little improvement with either exercise regimen. Upon further investigation, we determined that oim/oim gastrocnemius muscle exhibited severe mitochondrial dysfunction as characterized by a 52% to 65% decrease in mitochondrial respiration rates, alterations in markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and the electron transport chain components, as well as decreased mitochondrial citrate synthase activity, relative to age- and sex-matched WT gastrocnemius muscle. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction in the oim/oim mouse likely contributes to compromised muscle function and reduced physical activity levels. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youngjae Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211
| | - Rory P. Cunningham
- Departments of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology and Medicine-GI, University of Missouri; Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201
| | - Grace M. Meers
- Departments of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology and Medicine-GI, University of Missouri; Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201
| | - R. Scott Rector
- Departments of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology and Medicine-GI, University of Missouri; Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201
| | - Charlotte L. Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211
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19
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Böl M, Iyer R, Dittmann J, Garcés-Schröder M, Dietzel A. Investigating the passive mechanical behaviour of skeletal muscle fibres: Micromechanical experiments and Bayesian hierarchical modelling. Acta Biomater 2019; 92:277-289. [PMID: 31077887 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Characterisation of the skeletal muscle's passive properties is a challenging task since its structure is dominated by a highly complex and hierarchical arrangement of fibrous components at different scales. The present work focuses on the micromechanical characterisation of skeletal muscle fibres, which consist of myofibrils, by realising three different deformation states, namely, axial tension, axial compression, and transversal compression. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the present study provides a novel comprehensive data set representing of different deformation states. These data allow for a better understanding of muscle fibre load transfer mechanisms and can be used for meaningful modelling approaches. As the present study shows, axial tension and compression experiments reveal a strong tension-compression asymmetry at fibre level. In comparison to the tissue level, this asymmetric behaviour is more pronounced at the fibre scale, elucidating the load transfer mechanism in muscle tissue and aiding in the development of future modelling strategies. Further, a Bayesian hierarchical modelling approach was used to consider the experimental fluctuations in a parameter identification scheme, leading to more comprehensive parameter distributions that reflect the entire observed experimental uncertainty. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article examines for the first time the mechanical properties of skeletal muscle fibres under axial tension, axial compression, and transversal compression, leading to a highly comprehensive data set. Moreover, a Bayesian hierarchical modelling concept is presented to identify model parameters in a broad way. The results of the deformation states allow a new and comprehensive understanding of muscle fibres' load transfer mechanisms; one example is the effect of tension-compression asymmetry. On the one hand, the results of this study contribute to the understanding of muscle mechanics and thus to the muscle's functional understanding during daily activity. On the other hand, they are relevant in the fields of skeletal muscle multiscale, constitutive modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böl
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany.
| | - Rahul Iyer
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Johannes Dittmann
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
| | - Mayra Garcés-Schröder
- Institute of Micro Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38124, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Institute of Micro Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38124, Germany
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20
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Velleman SG, Clark DL, Tonniges JR. Fibrillar Collagen Organization Associated with Broiler Wooden Breast Fibrotic Myopathy. Avian Dis 2019; 61:481-490. [PMID: 29337623 DOI: 10.1637/11738-080217-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Wooden breast (WB) is a fibrotic myopathy affecting the pectoralis major (p. major) muscle in fast-growing commercial broiler lines. Birds with WB are phenotypically detected by the palpation of a hard p. major muscle. A primary feature of WB is the fibrosis of muscle with the replacement of muscle fibers with extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagen. The ability of a tissue to be pliable and stretch is associated with the organization of collagen fibrils in the connective tissue areas surrounding muscle fiber bundles (perimysium) and around individual muscle fibers (endomysium). The objective of this study was to compare the structure and organization of fibrillar collagen by using transmission electron microscopy in two fast-growing broiler lines (Lines A and B) with incidence of WB to a slower growing broiler Line C with no phenotypically detectable WB. In Line A, the collagen fibrils were tightly packed in a parallel organization, whereas in Line B, the collagen fibrils were randomly aligned. Tightly packed collagen fibrils arranged in parallel are associated with nonpliable collagen that is highly cross-linked. This will lead to a phenotypically hard p. major muscle. In Line C, the fibrillar collagen was sparse in its distribution. Furthermore, the average collagen fibril diameter and banding D-period length were altered in Line A p. major muscles affected with WB. Taken together, these data are suggestive of different fibrotic myopathies beyond just what is classified as WB in fast-growing broiler lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Velleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Daniel L Clark
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Jeffrey R Tonniges
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
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21
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Ben-Arye T, Levenberg S. Tissue Engineering for Clean Meat Production. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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22
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Pratt RL. Educational avenues for promoting dialog on fascia. Clin Anat 2019; 32:871-876. [PMID: 30951216 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
If your healthcare professional students have not heard about the importance of fascia they definitely should, and if your residents have not heard about the manifestations of fascia health they definitely will from their patients. While fascia may not be the sexiest of organ systems, it is one of the most influential. Fascia is gaining interest from researchers, physicians, and many subdivisions of manual medicine including massage therapists. The fascial system is now being recognized with roles in pathology, fluid movement, and proprioception. It is also important in skeletal muscle movement, perception of pain, protein regulation and expression, cell signaling, neoplastic growth, and hormone distribution in our body. It can be the reason why we feel chronic pain or why we feel tightness after physical activity. The primary responsibility of fascia is to connect systems so that the body works as a whole, which is what permits this topic to be easily embedded anywhere in our health curricula. Whether you teach students in schools of medical, veterinary, dental, physical therapy, physician assistant studies, or occupational therapy, fascia matters. Whether you teach in an integrated curriculum or a curriculum that is designed for problem-based learning or a classical discipline-based curriculum, connective tissue has a place in academia. So, in our cramped curriculum how do we make sure that our current undergraduate and graduate students understand the complexity of fascia without adding additional time to coursework? To answer this question, this article demonstrates how fascia can fit anywhere in the curriculum because it is found everywhere. Clin. Anat. 32:871-876, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Pratt
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan
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23
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Collagen fibril organization in chicken and porcine skeletal muscle perimysium under applied tension and compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 77:734-744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Gillies AR, Chapman MA, Bushong EA, Deerinck TJ, Ellisman MH, Lieber RL. High resolution three-dimensional reconstruction of fibrotic skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. J Physiol 2016; 595:1159-1171. [PMID: 27859324 DOI: 10.1113/jp273376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Fibrosis occurs secondary to many skeletal muscle diseases and injuries, and can alter muscle function. It is unknown how collagen, the most abundant extracellular structural protein, alters its organization during fibrosis. Quantitative and qualitative high-magnification electron microscopy shows that collagen is organized into perimysial cables which increase in number in a model of fibrosis, and cables have unique interactions with collagen-producing cells. Fibrotic muscles are stiffer and have a higher concentration of collagen-producing cells. These results improve our understanding of the organization of fibrotic skeletal muscle extracellular matrix and identify novel structures that might be targeted by antifibrotic therapy. ABSTRACT Skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and organization are not well understood, yet the ECM plays an important role in normal tissue homeostasis and disease processes. Fibrosis is common to many muscle diseases and is typically quantified based on an increase in ECM collagen. Through the use of multiple imaging modalities and quantitative stereology, we describe the structure and composition of wild-type and fibrotic ECM, we show that collagen in the ECM is organized into large bundles of fibrils, or collagen cables, and the number of these cables (but not their size) increases in desmin knockout muscle (a fibrosis model). The increase in cable number is accompanied by increased muscle stiffness and an increase in the number of collagen producing cells. Unique interactions between ECM cells and collagen cables were also observed and reconstructed by serial block face scanning electron microscopy. These results demonstrate that the muscle ECM is more highly organized than previously reported. Therapeutic strategies for skeletal muscle fibrosis should consider the organization of the ECM to target the structures and cells contributing to fibrotic muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Gillies
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric A Bushong
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Thomas J Deerinck
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Richard L Lieber
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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25
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Jakobsen JR, Mackey AL, Knudsen AB, Koch M, Kjaer M, Krogsgaard MR. Composition and adaptation of human myotendinous junction and neighboring muscle fibers to heavy resistance training. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1547-1559. [PMID: 27781307 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The myotendinous junction (MTJ) is a common site of strain injury and yet understanding of its composition and ability to adapt to loading is poor. The main aims of this study were to determine the profile of selected collagens and macrophage density in human MTJ and adjoining muscle fibers, and to investigate whether heavy exercise loading would alter this profile. Fifteen individuals scheduled for anterior cruciate ligament repair surgery were randomized into three groups: control, acute or 4 weeks heavy resistance training. MTJ samples were collected from the semitendinosus and gracilis muscles and were sectioned and stained immunohistochemically for collagen types I, III, VI, XII, XIV, XXII, Tenascin-C and CD68. Macrophage density and distribution was evaluated and the amount of each collagen type in muscle and MTJ was graded. Collagen XXII was observed solely at the MTJ, while all other collagens were abundant at the MTJ and in muscle perimysium or endomysium. The endomysial content of collagen XIV, macrophages and Tenascin-C increased following 4 weeks of training. These findings illustrate the heterogeneity of collagen type composition of human MTJ. The increase in collagen XIV following 4 weeks of training may reflect a training-induced protection against strain injuries in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Jakobsen
- Section for Sports Traumatology M51, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A B Knudsen
- Section for Sports Traumatology M51, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, and Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M R Krogsgaard
- Section for Sports Traumatology M51, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Scarr G. Fascial hierarchies and the relevance of crossed-helical arrangements of collagen to changes in shape; part II: The proposed effect of blood pressure (Traube-Hering-Mayer) waves on the fascia. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2016; 20:629-38. [PMID: 27634089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Periodic changes in arterial pressure and volume have long been related to respiratory and sympathetic nerve activity (Traube-Hering-Mayer waves) but their origins and nomenclature have caused considerable confusion since they were first discovered in the eighteenth century. However, although they remain poorly understood and the underlying details of their control are complicated, these waves do provide valuable clinical information on the state of blood pressure regulation in both normal and pathological conditions; and a correlation with oscillatory motions observed by certain practitioners suggests that they may also have some physiological value that relates to changes in the volume of fascial 'tubes'. Part I of this paper (Scarr, 2016) described a complex fascial network of collagen-reinforced tubular sheaths that are an integral part of muscle structure and function, and continuous with 'higher-level' fascial tubes surrounding groups of muscles, the limbs and entire body. The anisotropic arrangements of collagen fibres within the walls of these tubes reflect the most efficient distribution of mechanical stresses and have been considered to coordinate changes in shape, and a proposed link between cyclic variations in arterial pressure and volume, and the behaviour of these fascial compartments is now described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Scarr
- 60 Edward Street Stapleford, Nottingham NG9 8FJ, UK.
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27
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Scarr G. Fascial hierarchies and the relevance of crossed-helical arrangements of collagen to changes in the shape of muscles. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2015; 20:377-87. [PMID: 27210857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Muscles are composite structures consisting of contractile myofibres surrounded by complex hierarchies of collagen-reinforced fascial sheaths. They are essentially flexible cylinders that change in shape, with the particular alignment of collagen fibres within their myofascial walls reflecting the most efficient distribution of mechanical stresses and coordinating these changes. However, while the functional significance of this crossed-helical fibre arrangement is well established in other species and in different parts of the body, relatively little attention has been given to this within the fascia of humans; and the relevance of this geometric configuration to muscles and surrounding fascial tissues is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Scarr
- 60 Edward Street, Stapleford, Nottingham, NG9 8FJ, UK.
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28
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Nishimura T. Role of extracellular matrix in development of skeletal muscle and postmortem aging of meat. Meat Sci 2015; 109:48-55. [PMID: 26141816 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of skeletal muscle is maintained by the intramuscular connective tissues (IMCTs) that are composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules such as collagens, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. The ECM plays an important role not only in providing biomechanical strength of the IMCT, but also in regulating muscle cell behavior. Some ECM molecules, such as decorin and laminin, modulate the activity of myostatin that regulates skeletal muscle mass. Furthermore, it has been shown that decorin activates Akt downstream of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) and enhances the differentiation of myogenic cells, suggesting that decorin acts as a signaling molecule to myogenic cells. With animal growth, the structural integrity of IMCT increases; collagen fibrils within the endomysium associate more closely with each other, and the collagen fibers in the perimysium become increasingly thick and their wavy pattern grows more regular. These changes increase the mechanical strength of IMCT, contributing to the toughening of meat. However, in highly marbled beef cattle like Wagyu, intramuscular fat deposits mainly in the perimysium between muscle fiber bundles during the fattening period. The development of adipose tissues appears to disorganize the structure of IMCT and contributes to the tenderness of Wagyu beef. The IMCT was considered to be rather immutable compared to myofibrils during postmortem aging of meat. However, several studies have shown that collagen networks in the IMCT are disintegrated and proteoglycan components are degraded during postmortem aging. These changes in ECM appear to reduce the mechanical strength of IMCT and contribute to the tenderness of uncooked meat or cooked meat at low temperature. Thus, the ECM plays a multifunctional role in skeletal muscle development and postmortem aging of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Nishimura
- Muscle Biology and Meat Science Laboratory, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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29
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Gillies AR, Bushong EA, Deerinck TJ, Ellisman MH, Lieber RL. Three-dimensional reconstruction of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix ultrastructure. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:1835-40. [PMID: 25275291 PMCID: PMC4267978 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614013300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) supports muscle's passive mechanical function and provides a unique environment for extracellular tissues such as nerves, blood vessels, and a cadre of mononuclear cells. Within muscle ECM, collagen is thought to be the primary load-bearing protein, yet its structure and organization with respect to muscle fibers, tendon, and mononuclear cells is unknown. Detailed examination of extracellular collagen morphology requires high-resolution electron microscopy performed over relatively long distances because multinucleated muscle cells are very long and extend from several millimeters to several centimeters. Unfortunately, there is no tool currently available for high resolution ECM analysis that extends over such distances relevant to muscle fibers. Serial block face scanning electron microscopy is reported here to examine skeletal muscle ECM ultrastructure over hundreds of microns. Ruthenium red staining was implemented to enhance contrast and utilization of variable pressure imaging reduced electron charging artifacts, allowing continuous imaging over a large ECM volume. This approach revealed previously unappreciated perimysial collagen structures that were reconstructed via both manual and semi-automated segmentation methods. Perimysial collagen structures in the ECM may provide a target for clinical therapies aimed at reducing skeletal muscle fibrosis and stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Gillies
- 1Department of Bioengineering,University of California San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive,La Jolla,CA,92093-0863,USA
| | - Eric A Bushong
- 2National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research,University of California San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive,La Jolla,CA,92093-0608,USA
| | - Thomas J Deerinck
- 2National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research,University of California San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive,La Jolla,CA,92093-0608,USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- 2National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research,University of California San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive,La Jolla,CA,92093-0608,USA
| | - Richard L Lieber
- 1Department of Bioengineering,University of California San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive,La Jolla,CA,92093-0863,USA
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30
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Siegman MJ. The Pathway for Force Transmission in the Rat Anococcygeus Muscle: A Tale of Two Tendons. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1714-33. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion J. Siegman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics; Thomas Jefferson University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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31
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Böl M, Ehret AE, Leichsenring K, Weichert C, Kruse R. On the anisotropy of skeletal muscle tissue under compression. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3225-34. [PMID: 24636829 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with the role of the muscle fibres and extracellular matrix (ECM) components when muscle tissue is subjected to compressive loads. To this end, dissected tissue samples were tested in compression modes which induced states of fibres in compression (I), in tension (II) or at constant length (III), respectively. A comparison of the stress responses indicated that the tissue behaviour is significantly different for these modes, including differences between the modes (I) and (III). This contradicts the paradigm of many constitutive models that the stress response can be decomposed into an isotropic part relating to the ECM and an anisotropic fibre part the contribution of which can be neglected under compression. Conversely, the results provide experimental evidence that there is an anisotropic contribution of the fibre direction to the compressive stress. Interpreting these results in terms of recent microscopical studies, potential connections between the observed behaviour and the structure of muscle ECM are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böl
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Alexander E Ehret
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute of Mechanical Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kay Leichsenring
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Weichert
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roland Kruse
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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32
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Purslow PP. New Developments on the Role of Intramuscular Connective Tissue in Meat Toughness. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2014; 5:133-53. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030212-182628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Purslow
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada;
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33
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Abstract
Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is described as the muscle, sensory, motor, and autonomic nervous system symptoms caused by stimulation of myofascial trigger points (MTP). The participation of fascia in this syndrome has often been neglected. Several manual and physical approaches have been proposed to improve myofascial function after traumatic injuries, but the processes that induce pathological modifications of myofascial tissue after trauma remain unclear. Alterations in collagen fiber composition, in fibroblasts or in extracellular matrix composition have been postulated. We summarize here recent developments in the biology of fascia, and in particular, its associated hyaluronan (HA)-rich matrix that address the issue of MPS.
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34
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Fascia Research Congress evidence from the 100 year perspective of Andrew Taylor Still. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2013; 17:356-64. [PMID: 23768282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
More than 100 years ago A.T. Still MD founded osteopathic medicine, and specifically described fascia as a covering, with common origins of layers of the fascial system despite diverse names for individual parts. Fascia assists gliding and fluid flow and is highly innervated. Fascia is intimately involved with respiration and with nourishment of all cells of the body, including those of disease and cancer. This paper reviews information presented at the first three International Fascia Research Congresses in 2007, 2009 and 2012 from the perspective of Dr Still, that fascia is vital for organism's growth and support, and it is where disease is sown.
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35
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Mechanistic basis of manual therapy in myofascial injuries. Sonoelastographic evolution control. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2013; 17:221-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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36
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The muscular force transmission system: Role of the intramuscular connective tissue. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2013; 17:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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37
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Delage JP. [Muscles and connective tissue: histology]. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2012; 57:484-90. [PMID: 22818243 DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we give some comments about the DVD movies "Muscle Attitudes" from Endovivo productions, the movies up lighting some loss in the attention given to studies on the connective tissue, and especially them into muscles. The main characteristics of the different components in the intra-muscular connective tissue (perimysium, endomysium, epimysium) are shown here with special references to their ordered architecture and special references to their spatial distributions. This connective tissue is abundant into the muscles and is in continuity with the muscles in vicinity, with their tendons and their sheath, sticking the whole on skin. This connective tissue has also very abundant connections on the muscles fibres. It is then assumed that the connective tissue sticks every organs or cells of the locomotion system. Considering the elastic properties of the collagen fibres which are the most abundant component of connective tissue, it is possible to up light a panel of connective tissue associated functions such as the transmission of muscle contractions or the regulation of protein and energetic muscles metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Delage
- Inserm U1034, université Bordeaux Segalen, Adaptation cardiovasculaire à l'ischémie, 125, avenue du Haut-Lévêque, 33600 Pessac, France.
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38
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Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve 2012; 44:318-31. [PMID: 21949456 DOI: 10.1002/mus.22094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in muscle fiber force transmission, maintenance, and repair. In both injured and diseased states, ECM adapts dramatically, a property that has clinical manifestations and alters muscle function. Here we review the structure, composition, and mechanical properties of skeletal muscle ECM; describe the cells that contribute to the maintenance of the ECM; and, finally, overview changes that occur with pathology. New scanning electron micrographs of ECM structure are also presented with hypotheses about ECM structure–function relationships. Detailed structure–function relationships of the ECM have yet to be defined and, as a result, we propose areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Gillies
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0863, USA
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39
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Bernardo BC, Belluoccio D, Rowley L, Little CB, Hansen U, Bateman JF. Cartilage intermediate layer protein 2 (CILP-2) is expressed in articular and meniscal cartilage and down-regulated in experimental osteoarthritis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37758-67. [PMID: 21880736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.248039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Using transcriptome profiling to determine differential gene expression between the permanent mouse articular cartilage and the transient growth plate cartilage, we identified a highly expressed gene, Cilp2, which is expressed differentially by articular chondrocytes. CILP-2 is highly homologous to CILP-1 (cartilage intermediate layer protein 1), which is expressed in the intermediate zone of articular cartilage and has been linked to cartilage degenerative diseases. We demonstrated that Cilp2 has a restricted mRNA distribution at the surface of the mouse articular cartilage during development, becoming localized to the intermediate zone of articular cartilage and meniscal cartilage with maturity. Although the extracellular CILP-2 protein localization is broadly similar to CILP-1, CILP-2 appears to be more localized in the deeper intermediate zone of the articular cartilage extracellular matrix at maturity. CILP-2 was shown to be proteolytically processed, N-glycosylated, and present in human articular cartilage. In surgically induced osteoarthritis in mice, Cilp1 and Cilp2 gene expression was dysregulated. However, whereas Cilp1 expression was increased, Cilp2 gene expression was down-regulated demonstrating a differential response to mechanically induced joint destabilization. CILP-2 protein was reduced in the mouse osteoarthritic cartilage. Ultrastructural analysis also suggested that CILP-2 may be associated with collagen VI microfibrils and thus may mediate interactions between matrix components in the territorial and inter-territorial articular cartilage matrix. mRNA expression analysis indicated that whereas Cilp1 and Cilp2 are expressed most abundantly in cartilaginous tissues, expression can be detected in muscle and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C Bernardo
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
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40
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Loss of interstitial collagen causes structural and functional alterations of cardiomyocyte subsarcolemmal mitochondria in acute volume overload. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 50:147-56. [PMID: 21059354 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Volume overload (VO) caused by aortocaval fistula (ACF) is associated with oxidative/inflammatory stress. The resulting inflammation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation, and collagen degradation is thought to play a pivotal role in left ventricular (LV) dilatation and failure. Since mitochondria are also targets for inflammation and oxidative stress, we hypothesized that there would be bioenergetic dysfunction with acute VO. In Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to 24 hrs of ACF, there was a two-fold increase in LV pressure-volume area in vivo, consistent with increased LV myocardial oxygen usage and increased bioenergetic demand in cardiomyocytes. Isolated cardiomyocytes from ACF LVs demonstrated increased hydrogen peroxide and superoxide formation and increased MMP activity. Subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) showed a 40% decrease in state 3 respiration and proteomic analysis of SSM demonstrated decreased levels of complexes I-V in ACF. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed disruption of the subsarcolemmal location of the SSM network in ACF. To test for a potential link between SSM dysfunction and loss of interstitial collagen, rats were treated with the MMP-inhibitor PD166793 prior to ACF. MMP-inhibitor preserved interstitial collagen, integrin-α5 and the SSM structural arrangement. In addition, the decrease in state 3 mitochondrial respiration with ACF was prevented by PD166793. These studies established an important interaction between degradation of interstitial collagen in acute VO and the disruption of SSM structure and function which could contribute to progression to heart failure.
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41
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Guimberteau JC, Delage JP, McGrouther DA, Wong JKF. The microvacuolar system: how connective tissue sliding works. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2010; 35:614-22. [PMID: 20571142 DOI: 10.1177/1753193410374412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The term 'fascia' has been applied to a large number of very different tissues within the hand. These range from aligned ligamentous formations such as the longitudinal bands of the palmar fascia or Grayson's and Cleland's ligaments, to the loose packing tissues that surround all of the moving structures within the hand. In other parts of the body the terms 'superficial' and 'deep fascia' are often used but these have little application in the hand and fingers. Fascia can be divided into tissues that restrain motion, act as anchors for the skin, or provide lubrication and gliding. Whereas the deep fascia is preserved and easily characterized in anatomical dissection, the remaining fascial tissue is poorly described. Understanding its structure and dynamic anatomy may help improve outcomes after hand injury and disease. This review describes the sliding tissue of the hand or the 'microvacuolar system' and demonstrates how movement of tissues can occur with minimal distortion of the overlying skin while maintaining tissue continuity.
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42
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Guimberteau JC, Delage JP, Wong J. Faire peau neuve. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2010; 55:255-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Myers T. Extensor coxae brevis: treatment strategies for the deep lateral rotators in pelvic tilt. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2010; 14:262-71. [PMID: 20538224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The group of myofascial units known as the deep lateral rotators are considered in light of their role as postural hip extensors, resulting functional and palpatory assessments of pelvic neutral are presented, and treatment strategies for anterior and posterior pelvic tilt are discussed.
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44
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Yucesoy CA, Baan G, Huijing PA. Epimuscular myofascial force transmission occurs in the rat between the deep flexor muscles and their antagonistic muscles. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010; 20:118-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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45
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Karampinos DC, King KF, Sutton BP, Georgiadis JG. Myofiber ellipticity as an explanation for transverse asymmetry of skeletal muscle diffusion MRI in vivo signal. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 37:2532-46. [PMID: 19763830 PMCID: PMC6617521 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to its unique non-invasive microstructure probing capabilities, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) constitutes a valuable tool in the study of fiber orientation in skeletal muscles. By implementing a DTI sequence with judiciously chosen directional encoding to quantify in vivo the microarchitectural properties in the calf muscles of three healthy volunteers at rest, we report that the secondary eigenvalue is significantly higher than the tertiary eigenvalue, a phenomenon corroborated by prior DTI findings. Toward a physics-based explanation of this phenomenon, we propose a composite medium model that accounts for water diffusion in the space within the muscle fiber and the extracellular space. The muscle fibers are abstracted as cylinders of infinite length with an elliptical cross section, the latter closely approximating microstructural features well documented in prior histological studies of excised muscle. The range of values of fiber ellipticity predicted by our model agrees with these studies, and the spatial orientation of the cross-sectional ellipses is consistent with local muscle strain fields and the putative direction of lateral transmission of stress between fibers in certain regions in three antigravity muscles (Tibialis Anterior, Soleus, and Gastrocnemius), as well as independent measurements of deformation in active calf muscles. As a metric, fiber cross-sectional ellipticity may be useful for quantifying morphological changes in skeletal muscle fibers with aging, hypertrophy, or sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C. Karampinos
- Department of Mechanical Science & Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kevin F. King
- Applied Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA
| | - Bradley P. Sutton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John G. Georgiadis
- Department of Mechanical Science & Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- 2144 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, 1206 West Green Street, MC-244, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Delivery site of perivascular endothelial cell matrices determines control of stenosis in a porcine femoral stent model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 20:1617-24. [PMID: 19854069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Endothelial cells, grown within gelatin matrices and implanted onto the adventitia of injured vessels, inhibit stenosis in experimental models. To determine if this technology could be adapted for minimally invasive procedures, the authors compared the effects of cells in an implantable sponge to that of an injectable formulation and investigated the importance of delivery site in a stent model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stents were implanted in the femoral arteries of 30 pigs. This was followed by perivascular implantation of sponges or injection of particles containing allogeneic endothelial cells. Controls received acellular matrices or nothing. The effects of delivery site were assessed by injecting cellular matrices into or adjacent to the perivascular tissue or into the neighboring muscle. Animals were sacrificed after 28 days. Pre-sacrifice angiograms and tissue sections were evaluated for stenosis. RESULTS Arteries treated with cellular matrices had a 55%-63% decrease in angiographic stenosis (P < .05) and a 38%-43% reduction in histologic stenoses (P < .05) compared to controls. Intimal area was greatest when cellular matrices were delivered into the muscle (6.35 mm(2) +/- 0.95) rather than into or adjacent to the perivascular tissue (4.05 mm(2) +/- 0.56 and 4.73 mm(2) +/- 0.53, respectively; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Perivascular endothelial cell matrices reduced stenosis after stent-induced injury. The effects were not dependent on the formulation but appeared to be dependent on delivery site. Minimally invasive injections of endothelial cell matrices to the adventitia of arteries following peripheral interventions may decrease restenosis rates.
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47
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Collagen types analysis and differentiation by FTIR spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:829-37. [PMID: 19685340 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal formation and organization of collagen network is commonly observed in many organ pathologies, but analytical techniques able to reveal the collagen biodistribution are still lacking. In this study, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been used to analyze type I, III, IV, V, and VI collagens, the most important compounds of connective tissues. A robust classification of 30 FTIR spectra per collagen type could be obtained by using a combination of four spectral intervals [nu(C=O) absorption of amide I (1,700-1,600 cm(-1)), delta(CH(2)), and delta(CH(3)) absorptions (1,480-1,350 cm(-1)), nu(C-N), and delta(N-H) absorptions of amide III (1,300-1,180 cm(-1)), and nu(C-O) and nu(C-O-C) absorptions of carbohydrate moieties (1,100-1,005 cm(-1))]. Then, a submolecular justification of this classification model was sought using a curve fitting analysis of the four spectral intervals. Results demonstrated that every spectral interval used for the classification contained highly discriminant absorption bands between all collagen types (multivariate analysis of variance, p < 0.01; Dunnett's T3 post hoc test, p < 0.05). All conditions seem thus joined to make FTIR spectroscopy and imaging major tools for implementing innovative methods in the field of molecular histology, which would be very helpful for the diagnosis of a wide range of pathologies.
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Abstract
The purpose of the current review is to highlight the structure-function relationship of tendons and related structures to provide an overview for readers whose interest in tendons needs to be underpinned by anatomy. Because of the availability of several recent reviews on tendon development and entheses, the focus of the current work is primarily directed towards what can best be described as the 'tendon proper' or the 'mid-substance' of tendons. The review covers all levels of tendon structure from the molecular to the gross and deals both with the extracellular matrix and with tendon cells. The latter are often called 'tenocytes' and are increasingly recognized as a defined cell population that is functionally and phenotypically distinct from other fibroblast-like cells. This is illustrated by their response to different types of mechanical stress. However, it is not only tendon cells, but tendons as a whole that exhibit distinct structure-function relationships geared to the changing mechanical stresses to which they are subject. This aspect of tendon biology is considered in some detail. Attention is briefly directed to the blood and nerve supply of tendons, for this is an important issue that relates to the intrinsic healing capacity of tendons. Structures closely related to tendons (joint capsules, tendon sheaths, pulleys, retinacula, fat pads and bursae) are also covered and the concept of a 'supertendon' is introduced to describe a collection of tendons in which the function of the whole complex exceeds that of its individual members. Finally, attention is drawn to the important relationship between tendons and fascia, highlighted by Wood Jones in his concept of an 'ectoskeleton' over half a century ago - work that is often forgotten today.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Benjamin
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Huijing PA. Epimuscular myofascial force transmission between antagonistic and synergistic muscles can explain movement limitation in spastic paresis. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2007; 17:708-24. [PMID: 17383897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Details and concepts of intramuscular, extramuscular and intermuscular myofascial force transmission are reviewed. Some new experimental data are added regarding myofascial force transmission between antagonistic muscles across the interosseal membrane of the lower hind limb of the rat. Combined with other result presented in this issue, it can be concluded that myofascial force transmission occurs between all muscles within a limb segment. This means that force generated within sarcomeres of an antagonistic muscle may be exerted at the tendon of target muscle or its synergists. Some, in vivo, but initial indications for intersegmental myofascial force transmission are discussed. The concept of myofascial force transmission as an additional load on the muscle proved to be fruitful in the analysis of its muscular effects. In spastic paresis and for healthy muscles distal myofascial loads are often encountered, but cannot fully explain the movement limitations in spastic paresis. Therefore, the concept of simultaneous and opposing myofascial loads is analyzed and used to formulate a hypothesis for explaining the movement limitation: Myofascially transmitted antagonistic force is borne by the spastic muscle, but subsequently transmitted again to distal tendons of synergistic muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Huijing
- Instituut voor Fundamentele en Klinische Bewegingswetenschappen, Faculteit Bewegingswetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit, van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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50
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Ralston E, Lu Z, Biscocho N, Soumaka E, Mavroidis M, Prats C, Lømo T, Capetanaki Y, Ploug T. Blood vessels and desmin control the positioning of nuclei in skeletal muscle fibers. J Cell Physiol 2007; 209:874-82. [PMID: 16972267 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers contain hundreds to thousands of nuclei which lie immediately under the plasmalemma and are spaced out along the fiber, except for a small cluster of specialized nuclei at the neuromuscular junction. How the nuclei attain their positions along the fiber is not understood. Here we show that the nuclei are preferentially localized near blood vessels (BV), particularly in slow-twitch, oxidative fibers. Thus, in rat soleus muscle fibers, 81% of the nuclei appear next to BV. Lack of desmin markedly perturbs the distribution of nuclei along the fibers but does not prevent their close association with BV. Consistent with a role for desmin in the spacing of nuclei, we show that denervation affects the organization of desmin filaments as well as the distribution of nuclei. During chronic stimulation of denervated muscles, new BV form, along which muscle nuclei align themselves. We conclude that the positioning of nuclei along muscle fibers is plastic and that BV and desmin intermediate filaments each play a distinct role in the control of this positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ralston
- Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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