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Enzyme Inhibitors from Gorgonians and Soft Corals. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020104. [PMID: 36827145 PMCID: PMC9963996 DOI: 10.3390/md21020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, gorgonians and soft corals have been considered promising sources of bioactive compounds, attracting the interest of scientists from different fields. As the most abundant bioactive compounds within these organisms, terpenoids, steroids, and alkaloids have received the highest coverage in the scientific literature. However, enzyme inhibitors, a functional class of bioactive compounds with high potential for industry and biomedicine, have received much less notoriety. Thus, we revised scientific literature (1974-2022) on the field of marine natural products searching for enzyme inhibitors isolated from these taxonomic groups. In this review, we present representative enzyme inhibitors from an enzymological perspective, highlighting, when available, data on specific targets, structures, potencies, mechanisms of inhibition, and physiological roles for these molecules. As most of the characterization studies for the new inhibitors remain incomplete, we also included a methodological section presenting a general strategy to face this goal by accomplishing STRENDA (Standards for Reporting Enzymology Data) project guidelines.
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Lin ACK, Netcharoensirisuk P, Sanachai K, Sukma W, Chansriniyom C, Chaotham C, De-Eknamkul W, Rungrotmongkol T, Chamni S. Caffeic acid N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] amide as a non-steroidal inhibitor for steroid 5α-reductase type 1 using a human keratinocyte cell-based assay and molecular dynamics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20858. [PMID: 36460729 PMCID: PMC9718795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid derivatives containing amide moieties similar to those of finasteride and dutasteride were synthesized. An in vitro inhibitory activity evaluation of caffeic acid (1) and its amide derivatives (2 - 4) against the steroid 5α-reductase type 1 (SRD5A1) produced by human keratinocyte cells coupled with the non-radioactive high-performance thin-layer chromatography detection revealed that caffeic acid N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] amide (4) was a promising non-steroidal suppressor, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.44 ± 0.13 µM and relatively low cytotoxicity with an IC50 of 29.99 ± 8.69 µM. The regulatory role of compound 4 against SRD5A1 involved both suppression of SRD5A1 expression and mixed mode SRD5A1 inhibition. The Ki value of compound 4 was 2.382 µM based on the whole-cell kinetic studies under specific conditions. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations with AlphaFold generated the human SRD5A1 structure and confirmed the stability of compound 4 at the SRD5A1 catalytic site with greater interactions, including hydrogen bonding of the key M119 amino-acid residue than those of finasteride and dutasteride. Thus, compound 4 shows the potential for further development as an SRD5A1 suppressor for androgenic alopecia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Chan Khine Lin
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Ponsawan Netcharoensirisuk
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Natural Product Biotechnology Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Kamonpan Sanachai
- grid.9786.00000 0004 0470 0856Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Warongrit Sukma
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Chaisak Chansriniyom
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Chatchai Chaotham
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Wanchai De-Eknamkul
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Natural Product Biotechnology Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Structural and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Supakarn Chamni
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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Overexpression of SRD5A3 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Molecular Mechanism: A Study of Bioinformatics Exploration Analysis with Experimental Verification. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7853168. [PMID: 36159555 PMCID: PMC9507747 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7853168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and more prevalent among males than females. However, the biological role of enzyme 5α-reductase (SRD5A3), which plays a critical role in the androgen receptor signaling pathway during HCC development, remains poorly understood. Methods. ONCOMINE, GEPIA, UALCAN, and Kaplan–Meier Plotter were used to analyze the expression and prognostic value of SRD5A3 in HCC. STRING and Metascape were applied to analyze potential target and molecular pathways underlying SRD5A3 in HCC. A real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to validate the downstream target expression of SRD5A3. Results. The expression of SRD5A3 was significantly overexpressed in HCC tissues compared with normal tissues, while the expression of SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 were downregulated in multiple public datasets. It may be that the low methylation of the SRD5A3 promoter leads to its overexpression. The level of SRD5A3 tended to be higher expressed in clinical samples with advanced stage and positive node metastasis. Furthermore, the patients with higher SRD5A3 were remarkably associated with poorer overall survival and disease-free survival in the TCGA data. In addition, the increased mRNA expression of SRD5A3 could predict poorer overall survival in Kaplan–Meier Plotter database including different patient cohorts. Moreover, HCC patients with higher level of SRD5A3 had significantly shorter recurrence-free survival, progression-free survival, and disease-specific survival. Furthermore, enrichment analysis demonstrated that multiple processes, such as steroid hormone biosynthesis, lipid biosynthetic process, and androgen metabolic process, were affected by SRD5A1-3 alterations. In vitro experiments showed that the expression of SRD5A3 was increased in HCC tissues than that in adjacent tissues. SRD5A3 silencing promoted the expression of DOLK in two HCC cell lines. Conclusions. This study identified SRD5A3/DOLK as a novel axis to regulate HCC development.
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Isolation and HPLC Quantitative Determination of 5α-Reductase Inhibitors from Tectona grandis L.f. Leaf Extract. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092893. [PMID: 35566245 PMCID: PMC9101728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid 5α-reductase plays a crucial role in catalyzing the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which is involved in many androgen-dependent disorders. Leaf-hexane extract from Tectona grandis L.f. has shown promise as a 5α-reductase inhibitor. The objectives of this current study were to isolate and identify 5α-reductase inhibitors from T. grandis leaves and to use them as the bioactive markers for standardization of the extract. Three terpenoid compounds, (+)-eperua-8,13-dien-15-oic acid (1), (+)-eperua-7,13-dien-15-oic acid (2), and lupeol (3), were isolated and evaluated for 5α-reductase inhibitory activity. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potent 5α-reductase inhibitory activity, while 3 showed weak inhibitory activity. An HPLC method for the quantitative determination of the two potent inhibitors (1 and 2), applicable for quality control of T. grandis leaf extracts, was also developed. The ethanolic extract showed a significantly higher content of 1 and 2 than found in the hexane extract, suggesting that ethanol is a preferable extraction solvent. This study is the first reported isolation of 5α-reductase inhibitors (1 and 2) from T. grandis leaves. The extraction and quality control methods that are safe and useful for further development of T. grandis leaf extract as an active ingredient for hair loss treatment products are also reported.
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Nikolaou N, Hodson L, Tomlinson JW. The role of 5-reduction in physiology and metabolic disease: evidence from cellular, pre-clinical and human studies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 207:105808. [PMID: 33418075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The 5-reductases (5α-reductase types 1, 2 and 3 [5αR1-3], 5β-reductase [5βR]) are steroid hormone metabolising enzymes that hold fundamental roles in human physiology and pathology. They possess broad substrate specificity converting many steroid hormones to their 5α- and 5β-reduced metabolites, as well as catalysing crucial steps in bile acid synthesis. 5αRs are fundamentally important in urogenital development by converting testosterone to the more potent androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5αDHT); inactivating mutations in 5αR2 lead to disorders of sexual development. Due to the ability of the 5αRs to generate 5αDHT, they are an established drug target, and 5αR inhibitors are widely used for the treatment of androgen-dependent benign or malignant prostatic diseases. There is an emerging body of evidence to suggest that the 5-reductases can impact upon aspects of health and disease (other than urogenital development); alterations in their expression and activity have been associated with metabolic disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, inflammation and bone metabolism. This review will outline the evidence base for the extra-urogenital role of 5-reductases from in vitro cell systems, pre-clinical models and human studies, and highlight the potential adverse effects of 5αR inhibition in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Nikolaou
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK.
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Crystal structure of steroid reductase SRD5A reveals conserved steroid reduction mechanism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:449. [PMID: 33469028 PMCID: PMC7815742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are essential in stress response, immune system regulation, and reproduction in mammals. Steroids with 3-oxo-Δ4 structure, such as testosterone or progesterone, are catalyzed by steroid 5α-reductases (SRD5As) to generate their corresponding 3-oxo-5α steroids, which are essential for multiple physiological and pathological processes. SRD5A2 is already a target of clinically relevant drugs. However, the detailed mechanism of SRD5A-mediated reduction remains elusive. Here we report the crystal structure of PbSRD5A from Proteobacteria bacterium, a homolog of both SRD5A1 and SRD5A2, in complex with the cofactor NADPH at 2.0 Å resolution. PbSRD5A exists as a monomer comprised of seven transmembrane segments (TMs). The TM1-4 enclose a hydrophobic substrate binding cavity, whereas TM5-7 coordinate cofactor NADPH through extensive hydrogen bonds network. Homology-based structural models of HsSRD5A1 and -2, together with biochemical characterization, define the substrate binding pocket of SRD5As, explain the properties of disease-related mutants and provide an important framework for further understanding of the mechanism of NADPH mediated steroids 3-oxo-Δ4 reduction. Based on these analyses, the design of therapeutic molecules targeting SRD5As with improved specificity and therapeutic efficacy would be possible.
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In Vitro and Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Nine Antiacne Medicinal Plants. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3231413. [PMID: 32695206 PMCID: PMC7368212 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3231413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The present in vitro and randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial aims to determine the efficacy and safety of nine Mediterranean antiacne medicinal plants. The antimicrobial, antisebum, and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant extracts were evaluated in cells from the immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human monocytic cell line (THP-1) as well as in a double-blind, randomized, and placebo‐controlled trial. Most of the extracts showed no significant cytotoxic effects on HaCaT cells up to 250 μg/ml. Inula helenium (IH) and Saponaria officinalis (SO) inhibited sebum production at 90 μg/ml and 30 μg/ml, respectively. The inhibition effect of SO on the growth of Cutibacterium acnes was 1.2 times higher than that of chloramphenicol. IH and SO extracts significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced IL-6 and TNF-α production in THP-1 cells reaching the control levels of untreated cells at a concentration of 250 μg/ml. SO, IH, and Solanum nigrum (SN) extracts inhibited the nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, an antiacne herbal cream (AHC) was prepared from different portions of extracts from SO, IH, and SN, and its efficacy was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized, and controlled efficacy study with 41 acne patients, ages 18–24, who were asked to apply AHC (n = 27) or a placebo (n = 14) two to three times daily for six weeks. Results obtained indicate that the AHC has unique synergistic effects that halt sebum production, combined with highly antiseptic and anti-inflammatory activity, in which 54.95% (t = 19.37 P < 0.001) of acne inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions disappeared after two weeks, 85.3%, after five weeks (t = 14.19 P < 0.001), and 91.4%, at the end of the sixth week of application (t = 5.7 P < 0.001). In conclusion, SO, IH, and SN as single extracts and in combination as AHC showed significant antimicrobial, antisebum, and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in a double-blind, randomized, and controlled antiacne efficacy. Therefore, AHC represents an interesting alternative treatment for acne.
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Tchernof A, Brochu D, Maltais‐Payette I, Mansour MF, Marchand GB, Carreau A, Kapeluto J. Androgens and the Regulation of Adiposity and Body Fat Distribution in Humans. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1253-1290. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Srivilai J, Rabgay K, Khorana N, Waranuch N, Nuengchamnong N, Ingkaninan K. A new label-free screen for steroid 5α-reductase inhibitors using LC-MS. Steroids 2016; 116:67-75. [PMID: 27789379 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Steroid 5α-reductase (S5αR) plays an important role in metabolizing testosterone into active androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which is involved in many androgen dependent disorders, such as androgenic alopecia, benign prostatic hyperplasia and acne. The method for screening for S5αR inhibition is key in finding new antagonists. In this study, the label-free S5αR inhibitory assay using LC-MS was developed. S5αR type 1 enzyme was obtained from LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The enzymatic assay was optimised for enzyme-substrate (testosterone) concentration, NADPH-cofactor concentration, solvent tolerance, enzyme activity stability and incubation time. The developed assay was validated by measuring the signal to background ratio (S/B), the signal to noise ratio (S/N), the signal window (SW) and the zeta factor Z' in accordance with published bioassay guidelines. The enzymatic reaction was performed in 96-well plates and DHT formation was determined by LC-MS. S/B, S/N, SW and Z' factor were well above acceptable criteria and the reproducibility was good using Z' factor other 3days and further validated by dutasteride and finasteride inhibition. The method was successfully applied to quantify S5αR inhibitory activity of some Thai herbal extracts. Two plant extracts, Impatiens balsamina L. and Curcuma longa L. showed IC50 at 5.4±0.2 and 9.0±1.2μgmL-1 and are therefore promising sources of new S5αR inhibitors. The assay has high selectability and reproducibility and suited to medium throughput screening required by phytochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukkarin Srivilai
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Karma Rabgay
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nantaka Khorana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Neti Waranuch
- Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nitra Nuengchamnong
- Science Laboratory Centre, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kornkanok Ingkaninan
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
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Srivilai J, Khorana N, Waranuch N, Wisuitiprot W, Suphrom N, Suksamrarn A, Ingkaninan K. Germacrene Analogs are Anti-androgenic on Androgen-dependent Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-androgenic drugs are treatments for androgen-related disorders such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, acne, hirsutism, and androgenic alopecia. Germacrone (1), a sesquiterpene isolated from hexane extracts of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. rhizome, is an androgen inhibitor of steroid 5-alpha reductase in-vitro. Here, we used the similarity of germacrone's α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl to testosterone's α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl to find germacrene analogs obtained from this plant and by semi-synthesis that might be more potent steroid 5-alpha reductase inhibitors. 8-Hydroxy germacrene B (4) was ~13-fold more potent than its parent, 1 and the most potent (IC50, 0.15±0.022 mM) among 9 compounds tested. The conformation of its cyclodecadiene ring and the α,ß-unsaturated ketone/hydroxy in the germacrene molecule might be crucial role for its anti-androgen activity. Moreover, 1 and 4 showed mild cytotoxic effect on prostate cancer cells. Neither compound was cytotoxic towards human dermal papilla cells at 100 μg/mL. We show that this SAR strategy created promising anti-androgenics for androgen dependent disorders and may create further analogues with further improvements in selectivity and clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukkarin Srivilai
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Nantaka Khorana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Neti Waranuch
- Cosmetic and Natural Product Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Wudtichai Wisuitiprot
- Department of Thai Traditional Medicines, Sirindhorn College of Public Health, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nungruthai Suphrom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Kornkanok Ingkaninan
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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Fouad Mansour M, Pelletier M, Tchernof A. Characterization of 5α-reductase activity and isoenzymes in human abdominal adipose tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 161:45-53. [PMID: 26855069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The substrate for the generation of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is either androstenedione (4-dione) which is first converted to androstanedione and then to DHT through 17-oxoreductase activity, or testosterone, which is directly converted to DHT. Three 5α-reductase isoenzymes have been characterized and designated as types 1, 2 and 3 (SRD5A1, 2 and 3). OBJECTIVE To define the predominant source of local DHT production in human adipose tissues, identify 5α-reductase isoenzymes and test their impact on preadipocyte differentiation. METHODS Cultures of omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SC) preadipocytes were treated for 0, 6 or 24h with 30nM (14)C-4-dione or (14)C-testosterone, with and without 500nM 5α-reductase inhibitors 17-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5-androstan-3-one (4-MA) or finasteride. Protein level and mRNA abundance of 5α-reductase isoenzymes/transcripts were examined in whole SC and OM adipose tissue. HEK-293 cells stably transfected with 5α-reductase type 1, 2 or 3 were used to test 5α-reductase inhibitors. We also assessed the impact of 5α-reductase inhibitors on preadipocyte differentiation. RESULTS Over 24h, DHT formation from 4-dione increased gradually (p<0.05) and was significantly higher compared to that generated from testosterone (p<0.001). DHT formation from both 4-dione and testosterone was blocked by both 5α-reductase inhibitors. In whole adipose tissue from both fat compartments, SRD5A3 was the most highly expressed isoenzyme followed by SRD5A1 (p<0.001). SRD5A2 was not expressed. In HEK-293 cells, 4-MA and finasteride inhibited activity of 5α-reductases types 2 and 3 but not type 1. In preadipocyte cultures where differentiation was inhibited by 4-dione (p<0.05, n=7) or testosterone (p<0.05, n=5), the inhibitors 4-MA and finasteride abolished these effects. CONCLUSION Although 4-dione is the main source of DHT in human preadipocytes, production of this steroid by 5α-reductase isoenzymes mediates the inhibitory effect of both 4-dione and testosterone on preadipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fouad Mansour
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec Medical Center, Québec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mélissa Pelletier
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec Medical Center, Québec, Canada; Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU de Québec Medical Center, Québec, Canada; Québec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada; School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
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Jain R, De-Eknamkul W. Potential targets in the discovery of new hair growth promoters for androgenic alopecia. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:787-806. [PMID: 24873677 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.922956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the major type of scalp hair loss affecting 60 - 70% of the population worldwide. It is caused by two potent androgens, namely testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT). Till date, only two FDA-approved synthetic drugs, minoxidil and finasteride, are used to cure AGA with only 35 and 48% success, respectively; therefore, a search for new drug based on the mechanism of androgens action is still needed. AREAS COVERED Relevant literature was reviewed to identify current therapeutic targets and treatments for AGA. The potential targets are classified into three categories: i) 5α-reductase; ii) androgen receptor and iii) growth-factor-producing genes related to hair growth. EXPERT OPINION Relevant assay systems using the right targets are required in order to obtain specific and effective drugs for AGA treatment. It is unlikely that single targeted agents will be sufficient for treating AGA, and therefore, it would be a challenge to obtain compounds with multiple activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchy Jain
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology , Bangkok, 10330 , Thailand
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Amaral C, Varela C, Correia-da-Silva G, Tavares da Silva E, Carvalho RA, Costa SC, Cunha SC, Fernandes JO, Teixeira N, Roleira FM. New steroidal 17β-carboxy derivatives present anti-5α-reductase activity and anti-proliferative effects in a human androgen-responsive prostate cancer cell line. Biochimie 2013; 95:2097-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Kumar R, Malla P, Kumar M. Advances in the design and discovery of drugs for the treatment of prostatic hyperplasia. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1013-27. [PMID: 23662859 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.797960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common medical problem in nearly 80% of geriatric male population severely affecting the quality of life. Several strategies has been suggested in the past for the management of BPH, but only α-blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors are in clinical use. This review aims to give deep insight into advances in the design and discovery of newer chemical entities as 'druggable' molecule for the management of BPH. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors cover various classes of drugs that have shown their potential for management of BPH. These drugs include α-adrenergic antagonists, 5α-reductase inhibitors, phytochemical agents, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone antagonists and muscarinic receptor antagonists. Literature searches were carried out using Google Scholar, SciFinder and PubMed. EXPERT OPINION The exact etiology of BPH is unknown; however, several mechanisms may be involved in the progression of the disease. Beside surgery and watchful waiting, medical therapies to treat BPH include α-adrenergic antagonist and 5α-reductase inhibitors. Phytotherapeutic agents are also used in some countries. Various other chemical classes of drugs are proposed for the treatment of the disease, but none of them have reached the clinic. Many classes of drugs are currently undergoing clinical trials such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone antagonists and muscarinic receptor antagonists. The current need is to develop a potent, efficacious and highly selective drug for the treatment of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Kumar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India
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16
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Innala E, Bäckström T, Poromaa IS, Andersson C, Bixo M. Women with acute intermittent porphyria have a defect in 5α-steroid production during the menstrual cycle. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012; 91:1445-1452. [PMID: 22924787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure serum concentrations of progesterone, estradiol and 5α- and 5β-reduced progesterone metabolites in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in women with latent acute intermittent porphyria and manifest acute intermittent porphyria in comparison with healthy control women. DESIGN A descriptive study with repeated measurements during a complete, ovulatory menstrual cycle. SETTING University hospital out-patient clinic. POPULATION Thirty-two women with DNA-diagnosed acute intermittent porphyria and 20 healthy control women. METHODS Blood samples for serum progesterone, estradiol, allopregnanolone and pregnanolone were drawn on predefined menstrual cycle days, twice in the follicular phase and three times in the luteal phase. Serum levels of estradiol and progesterone were analysed with commercial kits. Allopregnanolone and pregnanolone levels were analysed with radioimmunoassay following diethylether extraction and celite column chromatography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in serum levels of progesterone, estradiol, allopregnanolone and pregnanolone throughout the menstrual cycle. RESULTS Women with acute intermittent porphyria displayed lower serum concentrations of allopregnanolone in comparison with healthy control women, the difference being most prominent in the luteal phase (p < 0.001). Levels of pregnanolone did not differ significantly between groups. No significant difference was found between women with latent acute intermittent porphyria and manifest acute intermittent porphyria. CONCLUSIONS Decreased levels of the 5α-reduced progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone were found in the menstrual cycle of women with acute intermittent porphyria. This has not been reported previously and could indicate a reduced 5α-reductase type 1 capacity in the ovary and liver among these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Innala
- Department of Clinical Science, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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17
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Abstract
In men, the level of testosterone decreases with age. At the skin level, the result is observed as a decrease in density and in a lower elasticity. Identifying compounds that are able to increase the level of testosterone appears to be an attractive strategy to develop new antiaging bioactive ingredients for men. Reverse pharmacognosy was successfully applied to identify new natural compounds able to modulate testosterone levels. Among several in silico hits, honokiol was retained as a candidate as it has the greatest potential to become an active ingredient. This result was then validated in vitro on aromatase and 5-alpha-reductase type 1 and 2, which are two types of enzymes implicated in the degradation of free testosterone. Indeed, honokiol was identified as an inhibitor of aromatase, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of about 50 μM. In addition, honokiol was shown to be an inhibitor of 5-alpha-reductase type 1, with an IC(50) of about 75 μM. Taken together, these data indicate that honokiol modulates testosterone levels, and its structure has the potential to serve as a lead for future designs of highly selective inhibitors of 5-alpha-reductase type 1.
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18
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The 5 alpha-reductase isozyme family: a review of basic biology and their role in human diseases. Adv Urol 2011; 2012:530121. [PMID: 22235201 PMCID: PMC3253436 DOI: 10.1155/2012/530121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the discovery of 5 alpha-reduction as an enzymatic step in steroid metabolism in 1951, and the discovery that dihydrotestosterone is more potent than testosterone in 1968, the significance of 5 alpha-reduced steroids in human diseases was not appreciated until the discovery of 5 alpha-reductase type 2 deficiency in 1974. Affected males are born with ambiguous external genitalia, despite normal internal genitalia. The prostate is hypoplastic, nonpalpable on rectal examination and approximately 1/10th the size of age-matched normal glands. Benign prostate hyperplasia or prostate cancer does not develop in these patients. At puberty, the external genitalia virilize partially, however, secondary sexual hair remains sparse and male pattern baldness and acne develop rarely. Several compounds have been developed to inhibit the 5 alpha-reductase isozymes and they play an important role in the prevention and treatment of many common diseases. This review describes the basic biochemical properties, functions, tissue distribution, chromosomal location, and clinical significance of the 5 alpha-reductase isozyme family.
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Dhingra N, Bhardwaj TR, Mehta N, Mukhopadhyay T, Kumar A, Kumar M. Synthesis, antiproliferative activity, acute toxicity and assessment of the antiandrogenic activities of new androstane derivatives. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1055-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Increase in formalin-induced tonic pain by 5alpha-reductase and aromatase inhibition in female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 98:62-6. [PMID: 21184774 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of steroidogenic enzymes in pain modulation. This study examined the effects of 5α-reductase and aromatase inhibition on formalin-induced tonic pain (FITP) in adult female rats. The animals received subcutaneous injection (5 mg/kg) of finasteride (an inhibitor of 5α-reductase) and letrozole (an inhibitor of aromatase), either separately or in combination, 15 min before formalin injection at a low (0.25%) and high (2.5%) concentration. Pretreatment with inhibitors increased FITP evoked by injection of 0.25% formalin, but they were not effective on 2.5% formalin pain. The enhancing effects of finasteride and letrozole on FITP induced by 2.5% formalin was demonstrated by inhibitory actions of these drugs on morphine (7 and 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) induced antinociception. The nervous system could be considered as the main target of the enzymes inhibition, since the pronociceptive effect was also observed after administration of inhibitors to ovariectomized rats. Altogether, these findings suggest that the biological activity of the enzymes 5α-reductase and aromatase modulates FITP and may help to develop effective therapeutic strategies to counteract pain.
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21
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Szécsi M, Ondré D, Tóth I, Magony S, Wölfling J, Schneider G, Julesz J. Determination of rat 5alpha-reductase type 1 isozyme activity and its inhibition by novel steroidal oxazolines. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2010; 61:274-81. [PMID: 20724274 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.61.2010.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 5alpha-reductase type 1 isozyme is a key enzyme in the metabolism of the androgen steroid hormones and inhibitors of this enzyme represent a new pharmacological treatment for several androgen dependent diseases. We developed a radiosubstrate in vitro incubation method for the determination of 5alpha-reductase type 1 activity using rat liver microsomes as an enzyme source. With this method we have studied the inhibiting activity of novel (5' S)-17beta-(4,5-dihydrooxazol-5-yl)androst-5-en-3-one compounds containing various derivatized phenyl substituents coupled to the exo -heterocyclic moiety. Tests revealed moderate inhibitory actions compared to finasteride, nevertheless, results provide interesting structure-activity relationship data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Szécsi
- 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, 8-10 H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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22
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17-Oximino-5-androsten-3β-yl esters: synthesis, antiproliferative activity, acute toxicity, and effect on serum androgen level. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Dhingra N, Bhardwaj T, Mehta N, Mukhopadhyay T, Kumar A, Kumar M. Synthesis, antiproliferative, acute toxicity and assessment of antiandrogenic activities of some newly synthesized steroidal lactams. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Yarrow JF, McCoy SC, Borst SE. Tissue selectivity and potential clinical applications of trenbolone (17beta-hydroxyestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one): A potent anabolic steroid with reduced androgenic and estrogenic activity. Steroids 2010; 75:377-89. [PMID: 20138077 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the development of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) has been suggested as a means of combating the deleterious catabolic effects of hypogonadism, especially in skeletal muscle and bone, without inducing the undesirable androgenic effects (e.g., prostate enlargement and polycythemia) associated with testosterone administration. 17beta-Hydroxyestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one (trenbolone; 17beta-TBOH), a synthetic analog of testosterone, may be capable of inducing SARM-like effects as it binds to androgen receptors (ARs) with approximately three times the affinity of testosterone and has been shown to augment skeletal muscle mass and bone growth and reduce adiposity in a variety of mammalian species. In addition to its direct actions through ARs, 17beta-TBOH may also exert anabolic effects by altering the action of endogenous growth factors or inhibiting the action of glucocorticoids. Compared to testosterone, 17beta-TBOH appears to induce less growth in androgen-sensitive organs which highly express the 5alpha reductase enzyme (e.g., prostate tissue and accessory sex organs). The reduced androgenic effects result from the fact that 17beta-TBOH is metabolized to less potent androgens in vivo; while testosterone undergoes tissue-specific biotransformation to more potent steroids, dihydrotestosterone and 17beta-estradiol, via the 5alpha-reductase and aromatase enzymes, respectively. Thus the metabolism of 17beta-TBOH provides a basis for future research evaluating its safety and efficacy as a means of combating muscle and bone wasting conditions, obesity, and/or androgen insensitivity syndromes in humans, similar to that of other SARMs which are currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Yarrow
- Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States.
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25
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Aggarwal S, Thareja S, Bhardwaj T, Kumar M. 3D-QSAR studies on unsaturated 4-azasteroids as human 5α-reductase inhibitors: A self organizing molecular field analysis approach. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:476-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Roh SS, Park MK, Kim YU. Abietic Acid from Resina Pini of Pinus Species as a Testosterone 5.ALPHA.-Reductase Inhibitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.56.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Soo Roh
- Department of Preparatory Oriental Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University
| | - Moon-Ki Park
- Department of Herbal Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Herbal Bio-industry, Daegu Haany University
| | - Yong-ung Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Herbal Bio-industry, Daegu Haany University
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27
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Wei Q, Galbenus R, Raza A, Cerny RL, Simpson MA. Androgen-stimulated UDP-glucose dehydrogenase expression limits prostate androgen availability without impacting hyaluronan levels. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2332-9. [PMID: 19244115 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) oxidizes UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronate, an essential precursor for production of hyaluronan (HA), proteoglycans, and xenobiotic glucuronides. High levels of HA turnover in prostate cancer are correlated with aggressive progression. UGDH expression is high in the normal prostate, although HA accumulation is virtually undetectable. Thus, its normal role in the prostate may be to provide precursors for glucuronosyltransferase enzymes, which inactivate and solubilize androgens by glucuronidation. In this report, we quantified androgen dependence of UGDH, glucuronosyltransferase, and HA synthase expression. Androgen-dependent and androgen-independent human prostate cancer cell lines were used to test the effects of UGDH manipulation on tumor cell growth, HA production, and androgen glucuronidation. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased UGDH expression approximately 2.5-fold in androgen-dependent cells. However, up-regulation of UGDH did not affect HA synthase expression or enhance HA production. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that DHT was converted to a glucuronide, DHT-G, at a 6-fold higher level in androgen-dependent cells relative to androgen-independent cells. The increased solubilization and elimination of DHT corresponded to slower cellular growth kinetics, which could be reversed in androgen-dependent cells by treatment with a UDP-glucuronate scavenger. Collectively, these results suggest that dysregulated expression of UGDH could promote the development of androgen-independent tumor cell growth by increasing available levels of intracellular androgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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28
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Mareck U, Geyer H, Opfermann G, Thevis M, Schänzer W. Factors influencing the steroid profile in doping control analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:877-91. [PMID: 18570179 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Steroid profiling is one of the most versatile and informative screening tools for the detection of steroid abuse in sports drug testing. Concentrations and ratios of various endogenously produced steroidal hormones, their precursors and metabolites including testosterone (T), epitestosterone (E), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androsterone (And), etiocholanolone (Etio), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (Adiol), and 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (Bdiol) as well as androstenedione, 6alpha-OH-androstenedione, 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17alpha-diol (17-epi-Bdiol), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17alpha-diol (17-epi-Adiol), 3alpha,5-cyclo-5alpha-androstan-6beta-ol-17-one (3alpha,5-cyclo), 5alpha-androstanedione (Adion), and 5beta-androstanedione (Bdion) add up to a steroid profile that is highly sensitive to applications of endogenous as well as synthetic anabolic steroids, masking agents, and bacterial activity. Hence, the knowledge of factors that do influence the steroid profile pattern is a central aspect, and pharmaceutical (application of endogenous steroids and various pharmaceutical preparations), technical (hydrolysis, derivatization, matrix), and biological (bacterial activities, enzyme side activities) issues are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Mareck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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29
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Lota RK, Olusanjo MS, Dhanani S, Owen CP, Ahmed S. Synthesis, biochemical evaluation and rationalisation of the inhibitory activity of a range of 4-hydroxyphenyl ketones as potent and specific inhibitors of the type 3 of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD3). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 111:128-37. [PMID: 18620056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of a number of 4-hydroxyphenyl ketones as potential inhibitors of the enzyme 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD). In particular, we evaluated compounds against the catalysis of the conversion of androstenedione (AD) to testosterone (T) [17beta-HSD type 3 (17beta-HSD3)], furthermore, in an effort to determine the specificity of our compounds, we evaluated the ability of the compounds to inhibit the catalysis of the conversion of estrone (E1) to estradiol (E2) [17beta-HSD type 1 (17beta-HSD1)] as well as the conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to AD [by 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD)]. The results of our study suggest that the synthesised compounds are, in general, able to inhibit 17beta-HSD3 whilst being weak inhibitors of 17beta-HSD1. Against 3beta-HSD, we discovered that all of the synthesised compounds were weak inhibitors (all were found to possess less than 50% inhibition at [I]=500 microM). More specifically, we discovered that 1-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-nonan-1-one (15) was the most potent against 17beta-HSD3 (IC(50)=2.9 microM) whilst possessing poor inhibitory activity against 17beta-HSD1 ( approximately 36% inhibitory activity against this reaction at [I]=100 microM) and less than 10% inhibition for the conversion of DHEA to AD. We have therefore provided good lead compounds in the design and synthesis of novel non-steroidal inhibitors of 17beta-HSD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder K Lota
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, United Kingdom
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30
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Soskić V, Klemm M, Proikas-Cezanne T, Schwall GP, Poznanović S, Stegmann W, Groebe K, Zengerling H, Schoepf R, Burnet M, Schrattenholz A. A connection between the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, autophagy, and cerebral amyloidogenesis. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:2262-9. [PMID: 18465891 DOI: 10.1021/pr700686x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In a drug reprofiling attempt, we explored novel neuroprotective properties of 4-azasteroids by synthesizing chemical affinity tags capturing adenine nucleotide translocator-1, as a potential target. Dutasteride inhibits the mitochondrial transition pore and induces an increase of autophagosomal structures in human cell lines. In vivo, a surprising reduction of the beta-amyloid plaque load in a model for cerebral amyloidosis appears to connect release of neurotoxic peptides, mitochondrial apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vukić Soskić
- ProteoSys AG, Carl Zeiss Strasse 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany
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Evaluation of 4′-substituted bicyclic pyridones as non-steroidal inhibitors of steroid 5α-reductase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3603-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Hoffmann J, Sommer A. Anti-hormone Therapy: Principles of Endocrine Therapy of Cancer. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2006_002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Webber MM, Waalkes MP. Acquisition of androgen independence by human prostate epithelial cells during arsenic-induced malignant transformation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:1134-9. [PMID: 16140617 PMCID: PMC1280391 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lethal phenotypes of human prostate cancer are characterized by progression to androgen independence, although the mechanisms behind this progression remain unclear. Arsenic is a potential human prostate carcinogen that may affect tumor progression. In this study, we used a prostate cancer cell model in which an immortalized, nontumorigenic human prostate epithelial cell line (RWPE-1) had been malignantly transformed by chronic low-level arsenic to help determine whether arsenic affects prostate tumor progression. Control and CAsE-PE (chronic-arsenic-exposed human prostate epithelial) cells were continuously maintained in a complete medium [keratinocyte serum-free medium (K-SFM) with bovine pituitary extract and epidermal growth factor] or in a steroid-depleted medium (K-SFM alone). The arsenic-transformed cells showed a more rapid proliferation rate in complete medium than did control cells and also showed sustained proliferation in steroid-reduced medium. Although both control and CAsE-PE cells showed similar levels of androgen receptor (AR), androgens were less effective in stimulating cell proliferation and AR-related gene expression in CAsE-PE cells. For instance, dihydrotestosterone caused a 4.5-fold increase in prostate-specific antigen transcript in control cells but only a 1.5-fold increase in CAsE-PE cells. CAsE-PE cells also showed relatively low levels of growth stimulation by nonandrogen steroids, such as estradiol. Thus, arsenic-induced malignant transformation is associated with acquired androgen independence in human prostate cells. This acquired androgen independence was apparently not due to AR up-regulation, increased activity, or altered ligand specificity. The precise manner in which arsenic altered CAsE-PE growth and progression is undefined but may involve a bypass of AR involving direct stimulation of downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Benbrahim-Tallaa
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Ebert T, Jockenhövel F, Morales A, Shabsigh R. The current status of therapy for symptomatic late-onset hypogonadism with transdermal testosterone gel. Eur Urol 2005; 47:137-46. [PMID: 15661407 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
For over 50 years, testosterone therapy has been used for the treatment of hypogonadism. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of testosterone therapy for men with late-onset hypogonadism, as more convenient and effective modes of application are developed. Testosterone therapy in these men can significantly improve their sense of well-being, and lead to increases in muscle and bone mass, upper body strength, virility and libido [Gruenewald, Matsumoto. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:101; Morales. Aging Male 2004; in press]. However, ensuring that optimal testosterone therapy is achieved in men with hypogonadism remains challenging. Oral delivery of unmodified testosterone is not possible, due to rapid first-pass metabolism and its short half-life. Therefore, different derivatives and formulations of testosterone have been developed to enhance potency, prolong duration of action or improve bioavailability. In addition, several different routes of administration have now been evaluated, including intramuscular injections, oral formulations, transdermal patches, transbuccal systems and transdermal testosterone gel. Despite the broad range of testosterone therapy on offer, each form has its benefits and limitations, and some will suit one patient more than another. An important concern among clinicians is that testosterone therapy may cause or promote prostate cancer. While current evidence supports the safety of testosterone therapy, androgens are growth factors for pre-existing prostate cancer. Therefore, before therapy is initiated, careful digital rectal examination and determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in serum should be performed, in order to exclude evident or suspected prostate cancer. The first 3-6 months after initiating testosterone therapy is the most critical time for monitoring effects on the prostate. Therefore, it is important to monitor PSA levels every 3 months for the first year of treatment; thereafter, regular monitoring (mostly for prostate safety but also for cardiovascular and haematological safety) during therapy is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ebert
- Department of Urology, Euromed Clinic, Europa-Allee 1, D-90763 Fürth, Germany.
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Ferrali A, Menchi G, Occhiato EG, Danza G, Mancina R, Serio M, Guarna A. Synthesis and activity of 8-substituted benzo[c]quinolizin-3-ones as dual inhibitors of human 5alpha-reductases 1 and 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:145-8. [PMID: 15582428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Some potent dual inhibitors of 5alpha-reductases 1 and 2, based on the benzo[c]quinolizin-3-one structure and with IC(50) values ranging between 93 and 166nM for both isozymes, were found. The presence of the F atom on the ester moiety at the position 8 was crucial. This result can help in the design of other potent, dual inhibitors to be developed as drugs in the treatment of 5alpha-reductase related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ferrali
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica Ugo Schiff, Polo Scientifico Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Raz P, Nasatzky E, Boyan BD, Ornoy A, Schwartz Z. Sexual dimorphism of growth plate prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes in response to testosterone requires metabolism to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by steroid 5-alpha reductase type 1. J Cell Biochem 2005; 95:108-19. [PMID: 15723286 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rat costochondral growth plate chondrocytes exhibit sex-specific and cell maturation dependent responses to testosterone. Only male cells respond to testosterone, although testosterone receptors are present in both male and female cells, suggesting other mechanisms are involved. We examined the hypothesis that the sex-specific response of rat costochondral cartilage cells to testosterone requires further metabolism of the hormone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Resting zone (RC) and growth zone (GC, prehypertrophic and upper hypertrophic zones) chondrocytes from male and female Sabra strain rats exhibited sex-specific responses to testosterone and DHT: only male cells were responsive. Testosterone and DHT treatment for 24 h caused a comparable dose-dependent increase in [3H]-thymidine incorporation in quiescent preconfluent cultures of male GC cells, and a comparable increase in alkaline phosphatase specific activity in confluent cultures. RC cells responded in a differential manner to testosterone and DHT. Testosterone decreased DNA synthesis in male RC cells but DHT had no effect and alkaline phosphatase specific activity of male RC cells was unaffected by either hormone. Inhibition of steroid 5alpha-reductase activity with finasteride (1, 5, or 10 microg/ml), reduced the response of male GC cells to testosterone in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that metabolism to DHT was required. RT-PCR showed that both male and female cells expressed mRNAs for steroid 5alpha-reductase type 1 but lacked mRNAs for the type 2 form of the enzyme. Male cells also exhibited 5alpha-reductase activity but activity of this enzyme was undetectable in female cells. These observations show that sex-specific responses of rat growth zone chondrocytes to testosterone requires the further metabolism of the hormone to DHT and that the effect of DHT in the male growth plate is maturation-state dependent. Failure of female chondrocytes to respond to testosterone may reflect differences in testosterone metabolism, since these cells possess greater ability to aromatize the hormone to estradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Raz
- Hebrew University Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Due to a decrease in Leydig cell function, a considerable proportion of men over 50 years of age will develop hypogonadism. Consequently, loss of libido and several other testosterone-dependent symptoms may become evident. When decreased levels of biologically available testosterone are found, and corresponding symptoms are present, these men could be eligible for testosterone substitution therapy. Testosterone treatment in testosterone-deprived men has been shown to improve general well-being, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, libido and--if present--anemia. Despite these positive effects, testosterone treatment has to be performed with caution. Although it has not been proven that elevation of the serum testosterone level to the normal range results in a greater risk of developing prostate cancer, the effects of testosterone on a prostate cancer already present are well established. Several studies have demonstrated that testosterone treatment does not result in a significant increase in serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or prostate volume. The long-term effects, however, are currently unknown. For these reasons, testosterone treatment should be performed only when the presence of prostate cancer is unlikely; i.e. when PSA levels are within normal limits and digital rectal examination does not reveal any suspicious findings. These examinations may still miss some small prostate cancers that could be promoted by testosterone treatment. The determination of PSA levels under testosterone treatment is necessary every 3 months, at least for the first year. Steadily rising PSA levels require immediate cessation of testosterone administration and the initiation of further diagnostic procedures (prostate biopsy), to rule out prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ebert
- EuromedClinic, Fürth, Germany
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