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Wang L, Li Y, Zhang YJ, Peng LH. Relationship between dietary fiber intake and chronic diarrhea in adults. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:3692-3700. [PMID: 38994290 PMCID: PMC11235452 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i19.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fiber is essential for human health and can help reduce the symptoms of constipation. However, the relationship between dietary fiber and diarrhea is, poorly understood. AIM To evaluate the relationship between dietary fiber and chronic diarrhea. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted using data from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted between 2005 and 2010. Participants over the age of 20 were included. To measure dietary fiber consumption, two 24-hour meal recall interviews were conducted. The independent relationship between the total amount of dietary fiber and chronic diarrhea was evaluated with multiple logistic regression and interaction analysis. RESULTS Data from 12829 participants were analyzed. Participants without chronic diarrhea consumed more dietary fiber than participants with chronic diarrhea (29.7 vs 28.5, P = 0.004). Additionally, in participants with chronic diarrhea, a correlation between sex and dietary fiber intake was present: Women who consume more than 25 g of dietary fiber daily can reduce the occurrence of chronic diarrhea. CONCLUSION Dietary fiber can reduce the occurrence of chronic diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yu-Jing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li-Hua Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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He J, Zheng J, Huang Y, Li S, Hua L, Jiang X, Che L, Fang Z, Feng B, Lin Y, Xu S, Li J, Wu D. Benefits of maternal pectin supplementation in gestation diet on vaginal microbiota of sows and intestinal health of newborn piglets. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1392399. [PMID: 38895713 PMCID: PMC11183816 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1392399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pectin is a proven prebiotic and widely used in human health products. This study aims to assess the impact of dietary pectin supplementation during gestation on sow vaginal microbiota and the offspring's intestinal composition. Thirty sows were randomly allocated to two groups and fed a standard diet (CON) or a standard diet supplemented with 3 g/kg pectin (PEC). Blood, feces, and vaginal swab samples from the sows and blood, intestines issue, and colonic content samples from the offspring were collected and analyzed. The results indicate that the relative abundance of vaginal Lactobacillus was notably enhanced in the PEC group and fecal β-glucuronidase (β-G) activity and plasma 17β-estradiol (E2) concentration were also significantly increased in the PEC group. Newborn piglets were found to host different microbial communities as well. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria dominated in the CON group, and Firmicutes was predominant in the PEC group. Newborn piglets in the PEC group had a lower interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration in their plasma. The expression of intestinal cytokines of offspring was improved as well. Villus height and villus height/crypt depth (V/C) in the PEC group were extremely higher than those in the CON group. In conclusion, dietary pectin supplementation can be of benefit to both sows and newborn piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Ghavi F, Shakeri F, Farahnaz H, Abdolahian S. Comparison of the Effect of Fennel and Evening Primrose Oil on Menopausal Problems and Hormonal Levels: A Randomized Controlled Trial. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY RESEARCH 2023; 28:430-435. [PMID: 37694196 PMCID: PMC10484391 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_149_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Using natural oral supplements is one of the methods of complementary medicine that has been widely welcomed in the last decade Since studies have reported contradictory results for effectiveness of herbal medicines during menopause and no other more effective herbal medicine has been suggested yet, the researchers of this study decided to compare the fennel and Evening Primrose Oil (EPO) and their effect on menopause problems and sex hormones. Materials and Methods The present study was a triple-blinded, controlled clinical trial with 125 participants randomly assigned to. An intervention group received fennel, another intervention group received evening primrose oil, and the placebo group received placebo twice daily for 8 weeks. Pre-intervention and post-intervention results were obtained using hormonal assay and the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Results In this study, the mean follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol levels changed significantly in the fennel and EPO groups compared to placebo (p < 0.001). The difference in the mean FSH score between the fennel group and EPO group was not significant (p = 0.304), but the difference in the mean estradiol level between these groups was significant (p = 0.043). Moreover, there was a significant difference in the mean MRS score between the intervention groups before the intervention (p < 0.05). However, the difference in the mean MRS score between the fennel and EPO groups was not significant after the intervention (p = 0.322). Conclusions Consumption of fennel and EPO can significantly change FSH, estradiol, and psychological menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghavi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shakeri
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Heshmat Farahnaz
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Abdolahian
- Department of Midwifery, Islamic Azad University Tehran, Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Lee SC, Chou YH, Tantoh DM, Hsu SY, Nfor ON, Tyan YS, Liaw YP. Risk of uterine leiomyoma based on BET1L rs2280543 single nucleotide polymorphism and vegetarian diet. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:139. [PMID: 35477381 PMCID: PMC9044639 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bet1 Golgi vesicular membrane trafficking protein-like (BET1L) rs2280543 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and diet have been independently associated with uterine leiomyoma (UL). However, whether the SNP and diet could jointly influence the risk of UL is yet to be assessed. Therefore, we investigated the independent and interactive effects of vegetarian diet and BET1L rs2280543 on uterine fibroids in Taiwanese women.
Methods We linked participants’ electronic data in the Taiwan Biobank (TWB) database to their medical records in the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). The TWB had genotypic, lifestyle, and biochemical data between 2008 and 2015 and the NHIRD had data on disease diagnoses between 1998 and 2015. In this study, we included 1997 premenopausal women with complete data. Results Compared to participants with the BET1L rs2280543 CC genotype (wildtype), those with CT/CC genotype had an odds ratio (OR) of 0.69 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.51–0.93. Vegetarian diet and UL were not significantly associated: OR = 1.09 and 95% CI = 0.77–1.55. However, the test for interaction between rs2280543 and vegetarian diet was significant (p = 0.046). Compared to individuals with the CC genotype, the risk of UL was lower among vegetarians with the CT/TT genotype: OR (95% CI) = 0.15 (0.05–0.47). Conclusion The BET1L rs2280543 CT/TT genotype was associated with a lower risk of UL especially among vegetarians. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12905-022-01721-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chih Lee
- School of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsiang Chou
- School of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Disline Manli Tantoh
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1 Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Hsu
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1 Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Oswald Ndi Nfor
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1 Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yeu Sheng Tyan
- School of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.,School of Medical Informatics, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.,Medical Imaging and Big Data Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Po Liaw
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan. .,Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1 Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan. .,Medical Imaging and Big Data Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.
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Toorang F, Sasanfar B, Esmaillzadeh A, Zendehdel K. Adherence to the DASH Diet and Risk of Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2021; 22:244-251. [PMID: 34588148 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating pattern has been recommended as a healthy dietary plan by several international guidelines. However, data on the association between the DASH diet and breast cancer is limited. This study investigated the association between the DASH dietary pattern and risk of breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a hospital-based case-control study conducted between 2014 and 2016 in the Cancer Institute of Iran. Patients with histopathologically confirmed breast cancer were recruited. Controls were healthy subjects who were frequency matched to cases by residential place and age (±10 years). A validated 168-item Food Frequency Questionnaire was applied to assess the dietary intake of participants. Physical activity was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The DASH dietary pattern scores were calculated using the method introduced by Fung. Unconditional logistic regression, in which potential confounders were taken into account, was applied to determine the association between adherence to the DASH dietary pattern and odds of breast cancer. RESULTS The study participants comprised 477 patients with breast cancer and 507 healthy controls. In the total population, patients with breast cancer were slightly older (45.9 vs. 43.9 years, P = .02), had slightly higher BMI (21.9 vs. 20.2, P = .01) and were less physically active (20 vs. 27 MET h/wk. P < .01) than controls. In Model A, which was adjusted for age and energy intake, adherence to the DASH dietary pattern substantially reduced breast cancer risk in the total population (OR for comparing extreme tertiles: 0.62; 95% CI 0.44-0.78; Ptrend = 0.004). Even after controlling for more cofounders, greatest adherence to DASH diet was associated with a 34% reduction in risk of breast cancer (OR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46, 0.94; Ptrend = 0.03). In premenopausal women, adherence to the DASH dietary pattern was insignificantly associated with a 32% reduction in breast cancer risk. This risk reduction was 38% in postmenopausal women, which was also not found to be significant CONCLUSION: Adherence to the DASH dietary pattern could be associated with an approximately 30% reduction in risk of breast cancer. However, further studies, in particular studies with prospective design, are required to confirm this claim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Toorang
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Sasanfar
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kazem Zendehdel
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran; Breast Diseases Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
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Kudesia R, Alexander M, Gulati M, Kennard A, Tollefson M. Dietary Approaches to Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health. Am J Lifestyle Med 2021; 15:414-424. [PMID: 34366740 PMCID: PMC8299929 DOI: 10.1177/15598276211007113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the course of the reproductive life span, it is common for women to experience one or more of the most common gynecologic conditions, including sexual dysfunction, polycystic ovary syndrome, fibroids, endometriosis, and infertility. Although current management guidelines often turn to the established pharmaceutical approaches for each of these diagnoses, the scientific literature also supports an evidence-based approach rooted in the paradigm of food as medicine. Achieving healthy dietary patterns is a core goal of lifestyle medicine, and a plant-forward approach akin to the Mediterranean diet holds great promise for improving many chronic gynecologic diseases. Furthermore, creating an optimal preconception environment from a nutritional standpoint may facilitate epigenetic signaling, thus improving the health of future generations. This state-of-the-art review explores the literature connecting diet with sexual and reproductive health in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kudesia
- Houston Methodist Hospital and CCRM Fertility Houston, Texas
| | | | - Mahima Gulati
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Middlesex Health, Middletown, Connecticut
| | - Anne Kennard
- Marian Regional Medical Center, San Luis Obispo, California
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7
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Dietary Fiber from Underutilized Plant Resources—A Positive Approach for Valorization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12135401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Agri-food industries generate enormous amounts of fruit and vegetable processing wastes, which opens up an important research area aimed towards minimizing and managing them efficiently to support zero wastes and/or circular economy concept. These wastes remain underutilized owing to a lack of appropriate processing technologies vital for their efficient valorization, especially for recovery of health beneficial bioactives like dietary fibers. Dietary fiber finds wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industries and holds high promise as a potential food additive and/or as a functional food ingredient to meet the techno-functional purposes important for developing health-promoting value-added products. Based on this, the present review has been designed to support ‘zero waste’ and ‘waste to wealth’ concepts. In addition, the focus revolves around providing updated information on various sustainability challenges incurred towards valorization of fruit and vegetable wastes for extraction of health promoting dietary fibers.
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8
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Jiang X, Lu N, Xue Y, Liu S, Lei H, Tu W, Lu Y, Xia D. Crude fiber modulates the fecal microbiome and steroid hormones in pregnant Meishan sows. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 277:141-147. [PMID: 30951727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of dietary fiber on the reproductive performance and welfare of sows have been discussed broadly, but few researches examined the causal changes and the association of gut microbiota and the steroid hormones, the main regulators of reproductive function. To shed light on this, thirty-six Meishan sows were allocated into 2.5% crude fiber (CF) group and 7.5% CF group respectively for an entire farrowing interval. On the 90th day of gestation, the saliva and fresh stool of sows were individually collected in the morning (06:00-07:00) for steroid hormones, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and microbiome analysis. In addition, the parameter of pregnant behavioral and farrowing performance was recorded and evaluated. We observed that, as compared with the 2.5% CF treatment, 7.5% CF significantly increased the litter size (p = 0.01), reduced the stereotypic behaviors including sham chewing, rolling tongue and licking ground (p = 0.02, 0.04, 0.01) at later gestation stage, but increased lying time (p = 0.00). In coincide with this, 7.5% CF diet increased the salivary progesterone (p = 0.00), fecal estradiol and progesterone (p = 0.01, 0.02) level, fecal water and SCFAs content (p = 0.02, 0.03), decreased the salivary and fecal cortisol (p = 0.01, 0.00) level. Further, 7.5% CF diet increased the fecal microbiota richness (ACE, p = 0.04; Chao, p = 0.07) and diversity (Shannon, p = 0.01; Simpson, p = 0.04), the proportion of genus Ruminococcus, Butyrivibrio, Lactobacillus and Fibrobacter (p = 0.02, 0.05, 0.04, 0.00), whereas reduced the proportion of genus Clostridium, Streptococcus, Bacteroides and Escherichia-Shigella (p = 0.00, 0.00, 0.04, 0.04). These results indicate that, fibrous diet can regulate the steroid hormones secretion and modulate the gut with more cellulose-degrading and probiotic bacterium, but less opportunistic pathogens, and this may contribute to the improvement of reproductive performance and welfare in sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Jiang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Naisheng Lu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yun Xue
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Animal Disease Control Center, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Suli Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hulong Lei
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weilong Tu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yang Lu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dong Xia
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
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Sadeghi A, Shab-Bidar S, Parohan M, Djafarian K. Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:939-953. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1595049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sadeghi
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Parohan
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Dietary patterns, which reflect overall diet and possible nutrient and food interactions, have been reported to be related to ovarian cancer (OC) risk. However, studies on the relationship between dietary patterns and OC risk have been inconsistent. Thus, we carried out a systematic meta-analysis to assess the relationship between dietary patterns and the risk of OC. Relevant studies are identified by searching the Medline and Embase electronic databases up to December 2016. The Cochrane Q statistic and the I statistical were used to evaluate heterogeneity. A total of 22 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. There was evidence of a decreased risk for OC in the highest versus the lowest categories of healthy dietary pattern [odds ratio (OR)=0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74-0.99; P=0.04]. An increased risk of OC was shown for the highest versus the lowest category of a western-style dietary pattern (OR=1.19; 95% CI: 1.01-1.41; P=0.04). No significant association with OC risk was observed in the highest versus the lowest category of a heavy drinking pattern (OR=0.89; 95% CI: 0.67-1.19; P=0.42). The results of this meta-analysis suggest that a healthy dietary pattern is associated with reduced risk for OC and a western-style dietary pattern is associated with an increased risk of OC. Further studies are needed to confirm our results.
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Ahmadi S, Eshraghian MR, Hedayati M, Pishva H. Relationship between estrogen and body composition, energy, and endocrine factors in obese women with normal and low REE. Steroids 2018; 130:31-35. [PMID: 29273197 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between estrogen and leptin, thyroid (T3), Uncoupling Protein2 (UCP2), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and resting energy expenditure(REE) in obese subjects with normal and low REE, and to investigate the relationship of estrogen with body composition and energy intake. METHOD A total 49 subjects (25-50 years old) were selected. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, and resting energy expenditure were measured. Fasted circulating leptin, T3, SHBG and UCP2 levels were also measured. Subjects were divided to three groups: BMI > 30 and low resting energy expenditure (group I, n = 16), BMI > 30 and normal resting energy expenditure (group II, n = 17), and non-obese women as the control group (group III, n = 16). RESULT A significant association was observed between estrogen and REE in obese women with normal REE. There was a significant association between estrogen and leptin in groups I (β = 0.98, p < .0001), and II (β = 0.84, P < .0001). However, no significant association was observed between estrogen and T3 and UCP2 protein in the three groups. Regression analyses demonstrated no correlation between fat mass, percent fat mass, and plasma estrogen. Plasma estrogen was not correlated with caloric intake or macronutrients of the diet. CONCLUSION Estrogen has been shown to affect metabolism and hemostasis in obesity and increases resting energy expenditure via leptin. Production of UCP2 in PBMC is not affected by estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Ahmadi
- Department of Cellular-Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Eshraghian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Pishva
- Department of Cellular-Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Mantovani A. Endocrine Disrupters and the Safety of Food Chains. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 86:279-288. [PMID: 26535888 DOI: 10.1159/000441496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupters (ED) are a heterogeneous group of chemicals including persistent contaminants, pesticides, as well as compounds present in consumer products and natural substances. For most ED, the food chain is a current major exposure route for the general population. ED can enter the food chain through the living environment (e.g., feeds, fertilizers) of food-producing organisms, be directly employed in food production (e.g., pesticides) or be released from food contact materials (such as bisphenol A or phthalates); in addition, the endocrine disruption potential of some natural compounds in edible plants, including the so-called phytoestrogens, should not be overlooked. An exposure assessment has to consider the specific liability of food commodities to contamination with specific ED (e.g., polychlorinated and polybrominated chemicals in lipid-rich foods). The paper discusses the main toxicological research issues in order to support the risk assessment of ED in food chains, including: the potential for additive, 'cocktail' effects (as from multiple pesticide residues); the long-term effects on target body systems (e.g., reproductive, nervous) elicited by exposure during prenatal as well as postnatal life stage windows, and toxicant/nutrient interactions (e.g., thyroid-targeting ED and iodine status). Food safety systems should exploit the available knowledge to improve prevention of long-term risks along the whole food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Food and Veterinary Toxicology Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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13
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Chen C, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Sun W, Jiang Y, Song Y, Zhu Q, Mei H, Wang X, Liu S, Jiang F. Association between Dietary Patterns and Precocious Puberty in Children: A Population-Based Study. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:4528704. [PMID: 29593790 PMCID: PMC5822782 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4528704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns and precocious puberty among Shanghai children. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among Shanghai children by multistage stratified cluster random sampling in June 2014. Diet was assessed using a simplified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Height, weight, and Tanner stages of breast development, pubic hair growth, and testicular volume were carefully measured. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns, and logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between dietary patterns and precocious puberty. RESULTS Three distinct dietary patterns, "traditional diet," "unhealthy diet," and "protein diet," were established. Neither the "traditional diet" pattern nor the "protein diet" pattern showed any association with precocious puberty, taking gender, BMI, and adjustment factors into consideration. The "unhealthy diet" pattern was significantly positively associated with precocious puberty in both boys (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.02-1.51) and girls (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.10-1.56). The relationship remained positive only for girls (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.04-1.49) after adjustment for age and BMI but statistically nonsignificant after further adjustment for socioeconomic factors in both boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS Dietary patterns were found to be related to precocious puberty among Shanghai children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chen
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Child Health Advocacy Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqi Sun
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanrui Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanjin Song
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Mei
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijian Liu
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Developmental evidence for obstetric adaptation of the human female pelvis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5227-32. [PMID: 27114515 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517085113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bony pelvis of adult humans exhibits marked sexual dimorphism, which is traditionally interpreted in the framework of the "obstetrical dilemma" hypothesis: Giving birth to large-brained/large-bodied babies requires a wide pelvis, whereas efficient bipedal locomotion requires a narrow pelvis. This hypothesis has been challenged recently on biomechanical, metabolic, and biocultural grounds, so that it remains unclear which factors are responsible for sex-specific differences in adult pelvic morphology. Here we address this issue from a developmental perspective. We use methods of biomedical imaging and geometric morphometrics to analyze changes in pelvic morphology from late fetal stages to adulthood in a known-age/known-sex forensic/clinical sample. Results show that, until puberty, female and male pelves exhibit only moderate sexual dimorphism and follow largely similar developmental trajectories. With the onset of puberty, however, the female trajectory diverges substantially from the common course, resulting in rapid expansion of obstetrically relevant pelvic dimensions up to the age of 25-30 y. From 40 y onward females resume a mode of pelvic development similar to males, resulting in significant reduction of obstetric dimensions. This complex developmental trajectory is likely linked to the pubertal rise and premenopausal fall of estradiol levels and results in the obstetrically most adequate pelvic morphology during the time of maximum female fertility. The evidence that hormones mediate female pelvic development and morphology supports the view that solutions of the obstetrical dilemma depend not only on selection and adaptation but also on developmental plasticity as a response to ecological/nutritional factors during a female's lifetime.
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Mumford SL, Chavarro JE, Zhang C, Perkins NJ, Sjaarda LA, Pollack AZ, Schliep KC, Michels KA, Zarek SM, Plowden TC, Radin RG, Messer LC, Frankel RA, Wactawski-Wende J. Dietary fat intake and reproductive hormone concentrations and ovulation in regularly menstruating women. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:868-77. [PMID: 26843151 PMCID: PMC4763493 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.119321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests potential links between some dietary fatty acids and improved fertility, because specific fatty acids may affect prostaglandin synthesis and steroidogenesis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this exploratory study was to evaluate associations between total and specific types of dietary fat intake and 1) hormone concentrations and 2) the risk of sporadic anovulation in a cohort of 259 regularly menstruating women in the BioCycle Study. DESIGN Endogenous reproductive hormones were measured up to 8 times/cycle for up to 2 cycles, with visits scheduled with the use of fertility monitors. Dietary intake was assessed with up to four 24-h recalls/cycle. Linear mixed models and generalized linear models were used to evaluate the associations between dietary fatty acids and both reproductive hormone concentrations and ovulatory status. All models were adjusted for total energy intake, age, body mass index, and race. RESULTS Relative to the lowest levels of percentage of energy from total fat, the highest tertile was associated with increased total and free testosterone concentrations (total: percentage change of 4.0%; 95% CI: 0.7%, 7.3%; free: percentage change of 4.1%; 95% CI: 0.5%, 7.7%). In particular, the percentage of energy from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the highest tertile was associated with increases in total and free testosterone (total: percentage change of 3.7%; 95% CI: 0.6%, 6.8%; free: percentage change of 4.0%; 95% CI: 0.5%, 7.5%). The PUFA docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3) was not significantly associated with testosterone concentrations (P-trend = 0.86 in energy substitution models) but was associated with increased progesterone and a reduced risk of anovulation (highest tertile compared with the lowest tertile: RR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.95). Fat intakes were not associated with other reproductive hormone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that total fat intake, and PUFA intake in particular, is associated with very small increases in testosterone concentrations in healthy women and that increased docosapentaenoic acid was associated with a lower risk of anovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research and
| | | | | | - Anna Z Pollack
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | | | | | - Shvetha M Zarek
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Torie C Plowden
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research and Program of Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rose G Radin
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research and
| | - Lynne C Messer
- School of Community Health, Portland State University, Portland, OR
| | | | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY; and
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Oh H, Smith-Warner SA, Tamimi RM, Wang M, Xu X, Hankinson SE, Fuhrman BJ, Ziegler RG, Eliassen AH. Dietary Fat and Fiber Intakes Are Not Associated with Patterns of Urinary Estrogen Metabolites in Premenopausal Women. J Nutr 2015; 145:2109-16. [PMID: 26180245 PMCID: PMC4548163 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.212779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interindividual differences in the bioavailability of potentially carcinogenic estrogen and estrogen metabolites (EMs) may play a role in the risk of breast cancer. OBJECTIVE We examined whether dietary intakes of fiber and fat influence premenopausal EM profiles through effects on estrogen synthesis, metabolism, or excretion. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 598 premenopausal women who participated in a reproducibility study (n = 109) or served as controls in a nested case-control study of breast cancer (n = 489) within the Nurses' Health Study II. Dietary intakes of fiber and fat were assessed via semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires in 1995 and 1999. Midluteal urine samples were collected between 1996 and 1999 and EMs were quantified with the use of HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Linear mixed models were used to estimate creatinine-adjusted geometric means for individual EMs and their pathway groups across categories of dietary intake while controlling for total energy intake and potential confounders. RESULTS Higher total dietary fiber intake (>25 g/d vs. ≤15 g/d) was associated with significantly higher concentrations of 4-methoxyestradiol (50% difference, P-difference = 0.01, P-trend = 0.004) and lower concentrations of 17-epiestriol (-27% difference, P-difference = 0.03, P-trend = 0.03), but was not associated with any other EMs. The associations did not vary by fiber intake from different sources. Total fat intake (>35% energy vs. ≤25% energy) was suggestively positively associated with 17-epiestriol (22.6% difference, P-difference = 0.14, P-trend = 0.06); the association was significant for polyunsaturated fatty acid (37% difference, P-difference = 0.01, P-trend = 0.01) and trans fat (36.1% difference, P-difference = 0.01, P-trend = 0.01) intakes. CONCLUSION Fiber and fat intakes were not strongly associated with patterns of estrogen metabolism in premenopausal women. Our data suggest estrogen metabolism is not a major mechanism through which dietary fiber and fat may affect breast or other hormone-related cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Oh
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition, and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
| | | | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Department of Epidemiology, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xia Xu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Department of Epidemiology, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Barbara J Fuhrman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Epidemiology, Fay W Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Regina G Ziegler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; and
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Department of Epidemiology, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Relative validity of a semi-quantitative, web-based FFQ used in the 'Snart Forældre' cohort - a Danish study of diet and fertility. Public Health Nutr 2015; 19:1027-34. [PMID: 26235206 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980015002189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relative validity of a semi-quantitative, web-based FFQ completed by female pregnancy planners in the Danish 'Snart Forældre' study. DESIGN We validated a web-based FFQ based on the FFQ used in the Danish National Birth Cohort against a 4 d food diary (FD) and assessed the relative validity of intakes of foods and nutrients. We compared means and medians of intakes, and calculated Pearson correlation coefficients and de-attenuated coefficients to assess agreement between the two methods. We also calculated the proportion correctly classified based on the same or adjacent quintile of intake and the proportion of grossly misclassified (extreme quintiles). SETTING Participants (n 128) in the 'Snart Forældre' study who had completed the web-based FFQ were invited to participate in the validation study. SUBJECTS Participants in the 'Snart Forældre' study, in total ninety-seven women aged 20-42 years. RESULTS Reported intakes of dairy products, vegetables and potatoes were higher in the FFQ compared with the FD, whereas reported intakes of fruit, meat, sugar and beverages were lower in the FFQ than in the FD. Overall the de-attenuated correlation coefficients were acceptable, ranging from 0·33 for energy to 0·93 for vitamin D. The majority of the women were classified in the same or adjacent quintile and few women were misclassified (extreme quintiles). CONCLUSION The web-based FFQ performs well for ranking women of reproductive age according to high or low intake of foods and nutrients and, thus, provides a solid basis for investigating associations between diet and fertility.
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Melin A, Tornberg ÅB, Skouby S, Møller SS, Faber J, Sundgot-Borgen J, Sjödin A. Low-energy density and high fiber intake are dietary concerns in female endurance athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:1060-71. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Melin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
- Department of Health Sciences; Division of Physiotherapy; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Å. B. Tornberg
- Department of Health Sciences; Division of Physiotherapy; Lund University; Lund Sweden
- Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit; Lund University Diabetes Centre; Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital; Malmö Sweden
| | - S. Skouby
- Endocrinological and Reproductive Unit, Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Herlev Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. S. Møller
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - J. Faber
- Medical and Endocrinological Unit, Herlev Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. Sundgot-Borgen
- Department of Sports Medicine; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - A. Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
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Chhim AS, Fassier P, Latino-Martel P, Druesne-Pecollo N, Zelek L, Duverger L, Hercberg S, Galan P, Deschasaux M, Touvier M. Prospective association between alcohol intake and hormone-dependent cancer risk: modulation by dietary fiber intake. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:182-9. [PMID: 25994566 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.098418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol intake is associated with increased circulating concentrations of sex hormones, which in turn may increase hormone-dependent cancer risk. This association may be modulated by dietary fiber intake, which has been shown to decrease steroid hormone bioavailability (decreased blood concentration and increased sex hormone-binding globulin concentration). However, this potential modulation has not been investigated in any prospective cohort. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to study the relation between alcohol intake and the risk of hormone-dependent cancers (breast, prostate, ovarian, endometrial, and testicular) and to investigate whether dietary fiber intake modulated these associations. DESIGN This prospective observational analysis included 3771 women and 2771 men who participated in the Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants study (1994-2007) and completed at least 6 valid 24-h dietary records during the first 2 y of follow-up. After a median follow-up of 12.1 y, 297 incident hormone-dependent cancer cases, including 158 breast and 123 prostate cancers, were diagnosed. Associations were tested via multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Overall, alcohol intake was directly associated with the risk of hormone-dependent cancers (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: HR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.84; P-trend = 0.02) and breast cancer (HR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.61; P-trend = 0.04) but not prostate cancer (P-trend = 0.3). In stratified analyses (by sex-specific median of dietary fiber intake), alcohol intake was directly associated with hormone-dependent cancer (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: HR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.10, 2.82; P-trend = 0.002), breast cancer (HR: 2.53; 95% CI: 1.30, 4.95; P-trend = 0.02), and prostate cancer (HR: 1.37; 95% CI: 0.65, 2.89; P-trend = 0.02) risk among individuals with low dietary fiber intake but not among their counterparts with higher dietary fiber intake (P-trend = 0.9, 0.8, and 0.6, respectively). The P-interaction between alcohol and dietary fiber intake was statistically significant for prostate cancer (P = 0.01) but not for overall hormone-dependent (P = 0.2) or breast (P = 0.9) cancer. CONCLUSION In line with mechanistic hypotheses and experimental data, this prospective study suggested that dietary fiber intake might modulate the association between alcohol intake and risk of hormone-dependent cancer. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00272428.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Chhim
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13, 7, and 5 Universities, Bobigny, France; and
| | - Philippine Fassier
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13, 7, and 5 Universities, Bobigny, France; and
| | - Paule Latino-Martel
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13, 7, and 5 Universities, Bobigny, France; and
| | - Nathalie Druesne-Pecollo
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13, 7, and 5 Universities, Bobigny, France; and
| | - Laurent Zelek
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13, 7, and 5 Universities, Bobigny, France; and Oncology and
| | | | - Serge Hercberg
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13, 7, and 5 Universities, Bobigny, France; and Public Health Departments, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Pilar Galan
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13, 7, and 5 Universities, Bobigny, France; and
| | - Mélanie Deschasaux
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13, 7, and 5 Universities, Bobigny, France; and
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center (CRESS), Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Paris 13, 7, and 5 Universities, Bobigny, France; and
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Wise LA, Radin RG, Kumanyika SK, Ruiz-Narváez EA, Palmer JR, Rosenberg L. Prospective study of dietary fat and risk of uterine leiomyomata. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:1105-16. [PMID: 24598152 PMCID: PMC3985214 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.073635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine leiomyomata (UL) are the primary indication for hysterectomy and are 2-3 times more common in black than white women. High dietary fat intake has been associated with increased endogenous concentrations of estradiol, a sex steroid hormone that is known to influence UL risk. OBJECTIVE We assessed the relation of dietary fat intake (total, subtypes, and selected food sources) with UL incidence. DESIGN Data were from the Black Women's Health Study, a prospective cohort study. Over an 8-y period (2001-2009), 12,044 premenopausal women were followed for a first diagnosis of UL. Diet was assessed via a food-frequency questionnaire in 2001. Cox regression models were used to compute incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS During 75,687 person-years of follow-up, there were 2695 incident UL cases diagnosed by ultrasound (n = 2191) or surgery (n = 504). Intakes of total fat and fat subtypes were not appreciably associated with UL risk overall, although statistically significant associations were observed for specific saturated (inverse) and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (positive) fatty acids. With respect to polyunsaturated fats, the IRR for the highest compared with lowest quintiles of marine fatty acid intake [the sum of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentanoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid] was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.34; P-trend = 0.005). The IRR for the highest compared with lowest categories of dark-meat fish consumption was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.28). CONCLUSIONS In US black women, the most consistent associations of fat intake with UL were small increases in risk associated with intakes of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Future studies are warranted to confirm these findings and elucidate which components of fatty foods, if any, are related to UL risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Wise
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA (LAW, RGR, EAR-N, JRP, and LR), and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (SKK)
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Loder RT, Shafer C. Seasonal variation in children with developmental dysplasia of the hip. J Child Orthop 2014; 8:11-22. [PMID: 24500336 PMCID: PMC3935022 DOI: 10.1007/s11832-014-0558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been postulated that developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is more frequent in infants born in the winter months. It was the purpose of this study to ascertain if there was any seasonal variation in DDH at the author's institution and compare/contrast our results with those in the literature using rigorous mathematical fitting. METHODS All children with DDH treated at the author's institution from 1993 to 2012 were identified. The month of birth was recorded and temporal variation was analyzed using cosinor analysis. Similar data from the literature was analyzed. RESULTS There were 424 children (363 girls, 61 boys). An additional 22,936 children were added from the literature for a total of 23,360. Pearson's Chi-square test demonstrated a non-uniform distribution in the month of birth for both our 424 children as well as the combined literature series in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Cosinor analysis of the 424 children demonstrated double peaks in mid-March and mid-October. For the entire 23,360 children, no seasonal variation was observed in 2,205 (9.4 %), a single winter peak in 16,425 (70.3 %), a single summer peak in 1,280 (5.5 %), and double peaks in the spring and autumn in 3,450 (14.8 %). CONCLUSIONS This study partly supports the hypothesis of tight clothing/cold temperature as one factor in the etiology of DDH with the tighter clothing/swaddling increasing the risk of DDH. However ~20 % of the DDH births demonstrated a non-winter peak. The single summer and double spring/autumn peaks, as well as in those series where no seasonal variation was noted, refutes the cold winter clothing hypothesis. Perhaps these different patterns in seasonal variation represent the heterogeneity of the genetic factors in DDH interacting with external factors (temperature and clothing) and internal factors (metabolic). Further study will be required to understand these different patterns in DDH seasonal variation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV-case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall T Loder
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana School of Medicine, James Whitcomb Riley Children's Hospital, Indiana University, ROC 4250, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA,
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Deschasaux M, Zelek L, Pouchieu C, His M, Hercberg S, Galan P, Latino-Martel P, Touvier M. Prospective association between dietary fiber intake and breast cancer risk. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79718. [PMID: 24244548 PMCID: PMC3828192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanistic hypotheses suggest a potential effect of dietary fiber on breast carcinogenesis through the modulation of insulin-like growth factor bioactivity, estrogen metabolism and inflammation. An association between dietary fiber intake and breast cancer risk has been suggested in epidemiological studies but remains inconclusive. In particular, data is lacking regarding the different types of dietary fibers. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the prospective relationship between dietary fiber intake and breast cancer risk, taking into account different types of dietary fiber (overall, insoluble, soluble and from different food sources: cereals, vegetables, fruits and legumes). DESIGN 4684 women from the SU.VI.MAX cohort were included in this analysis as they completed at least three 24h-dietary records within the first two years of follow-up. Among them, 167 incident invasive breast cancers were diagnosed during a median follow-up of 12.6 years (between 1994 and 2007). The associations between quartiles of dietary fiber intake and breast cancer risk were characterized using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Total fiber intake was not associated with breast cancer risk (HR(Quartile4vs.Quartile1) = 1.29 (95%CI 0.66-2.50), P-trend = 0.5), nor was fiber intake from cereals (P-trend = 0.1), fruits (P-trend = 0.9) and legumes (P-trend = 0.3). In contrast, vegetable fiber intake was related to a decreased risk of breast cancer (HR(Q4vs.Q1) = 0.50 (0.29-0.88), P-trend = 0.03). Overall vegetable intake (in g/day) was not associated with breast cancer risk (P-trend = 0.2). CONCLUSION This prospective study suggests that vegetable fiber intake may contribute to reduce breast cancer risk, in line with experimental mechanistic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Deschasaux
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Inserm (U557), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Paris 13 University, SMBH Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Laurent Zelek
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Inserm (U557), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Paris 13 University, SMBH Paris 13, Bobigny, France
- Oncology Department, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Camille Pouchieu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Inserm (U557), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Paris 13 University, SMBH Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Mathilde His
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Inserm (U557), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Paris 13 University, SMBH Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Inserm (U557), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Paris 13 University, SMBH Paris 13, Bobigny, France
- Public Health Department, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Pilar Galan
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Inserm (U557), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Paris 13 University, SMBH Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Paule Latino-Martel
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Inserm (U557), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Paris 13 University, SMBH Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team, Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Inserm (U557), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Paris 13 University, SMBH Paris 13, Bobigny, France
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Phytoestrogen and fiber intakes in relation to incident vasomotor symptoms: results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Menopause 2013; 20:305-14. [PMID: 23435028 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31826d2f43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although reduction of vasomotor symptoms (VMS; hot flashes and night sweats) has been reported in postmenopausal women who used isoflavones, a clear dose response has not been shown, has largely not been reported for perimenopausal women, and has largely only been reported for reducing prevalent VMS, not preventing newly developing VMS. We analyzed longitudinal data from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation for the relation of dietary phytoestrogen and fiber intake to incident VMS in this multiracial/ethnic cohort. METHODS The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation included 3,302 premenopausal and early perimenopausal women, 1,651 of whom reported no VMS at baseline and were followed with annual visits for 10 years. Dietary intakes of isoflavones, coumestrol, lignans, and fiber were assessed by a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and in annual visits 5 and 9 and interpolated for intervening years. The number of days experiencing VMS in the past 2 weeks was self-reported annually. Using multinomial logistic regression with generalized estimating equations, we modeled incident VMS in relation to isoflavones, lignans, fiber, coumestrol, or total phytoestrogen intake and covariates. RESULTS No consistent monotonic relations were observed between any dietary phytoestrogen or fiber and incident VMS, although adjusted odds ratios for some individual quartiles were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS For certainty of any effect of dietary phytoestrogens or fiber on the prevention of incident VMS, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial with sufficient numbers of women in different racial/ethnic, menopausal status, and metabolic groups over years of follow-up is required, but our results suggest that a clinically significant or large effect is improbable.
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Green tea intake is associated with urinary estrogen profiles in Japanese-American women. Nutr J 2013; 12:25. [PMID: 23413779 PMCID: PMC3584908 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Scope Intake of green tea may reduce the risk of breast cancer; polyphenols in this drink can influence enzymes that metabolize estrogens, known causal factors in breast cancer etiology. Methods and results We examined the associations of green tea intake (<1 time/week, 1-6 times weekly, or 7+ times weekly) with urinary estrogens and estrogen metabolites (jointly EM) in a cross-sectional sample of healthy Japanese American women, including 119 premenopausal women in luteal phase and 72 postmenopausal women. We fit robust regression models to each log-transformed EM concentration (picomoles per mg creatinine), adjusting for age and study center. In premenopausal women, intake of green tea was associated with lower luteal total EM (P trend = 0.01) and lower urinary 16-pathway EM (P trend = 0.01). In postmenopausal women, urinary estrone and estradiol were approximately 20% and 40% lower (P trend = 0.01 and 0.05, respectively) in women drinking green tea daily compared to those drinking <1 time/week. Adjustment for potential confounders (age at menarche, parity/age at first birth, body mass index, Asian birthplace, soy) did not change these associations. Conclusions Findings suggest that intake of green tea may modify estrogen metabolism or conjugation and in this way may influence breast cancer risk.
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Li Q, Holford TR, Zhang Y, Boyle P, Mayne ST, Dai M, Zheng T. Dietary fiber intake and risk of breast cancer by menopausal and estrogen receptor status. Eur J Nutr 2013; 52:217-23. [PMID: 22350922 PMCID: PMC3709253 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the hypothesis that relation of breast cancer associated with dietary fiber intakes varies by type of fiber, menopausal, and the tumor's hormone receptor status. METHODS A case-control study of female breast cancer was conducted in Connecticut. A total of 557 incident breast cancer cases and 536 age frequency-matched controls were included in the analysis. Information on dietary intakes was collected through in-person interviews with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and was converted into nutrient intakes. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS Among pre-menopausal women, higher intake of soluble fiber (highest versus lowest quartile of intake) was associated with a significantly reduced risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.38, 95% CI, 0.15-0.97, P (trend) = 0.08). When further restricted to pre-menopausal women with ER(-) tumors, the adjusted OR for the highest quartile of intake was 0.15 (95% CI, 0.03-0.69, P (trend) = 0.02) for soluble fiber intake. Among post-menopausal women, no reduced risk of breast cancer was observed for either soluble or insoluble fiber intakes or among ER(+) or ER(-) tumor groups. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study show that dietary soluble fiber intake is associated with a significantly reduced risk of ER(-) breast cancer among pre-menopausal women. Additional studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- National Office of Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 17 Panjiayuannanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | | | - Yawei Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Peter Boyle
- International Prevention Research Institute (IPRI), Lyon, France
| | - Susan T. Mayne
- Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Min Dai
- National Office of Cancer Prevention and Control, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 17 Panjiayuannanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Ferrari P, Rinaldi S, Jenab M, Lukanova A, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fagherazzi G, Touillaud M, Kaaks R, von Rüsten A, Boeing H, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Benetou V, Grioni S, Panico S, Masala G, Tumino R, Polidoro S, Bakker MF, van Gils CH, Ros MM, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Krum-Hansen S, Engeset D, Skeie G, Pilar A, Sánchez MJ, Buckland G, Ardanaz E, Chirlaque D, Rodriguez L, Travis R, Key T, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Sund M, Lenner P, Slimani N, Norat T, Aune D, Riboli E, Romieu I. Dietary fiber intake and risk of hormonal receptor-defined breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:344-53. [PMID: 23269820 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.034025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited scientific evidence has characterized the association between dietary fiber intake and risk of breast cancer (BC) by menopausal status and hormone receptor expression in tumors. OBJECTIVE We investigated the relation between total dietary fiber and its main food sources (vegetables, fruit, cereals, and legumes) and BC risk by using data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). DESIGN A total of 11,576 invasive BC cases in 334,849 EPIC women mostly aged 35-70 y at baseline were identified over a median follow-up of 11.5 y. Dietary fiber was estimated from country-specific dietary questionnaires. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to quantify the association between dietary variables and BC risk with energy adjustment by using the residual method. Subgroup analyses were performed by menopausal status and estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression in tumors. RESULTS BC risk was inversely associated with intakes of total dietary fiber [hazard ratio comparing fifth quintile to first quintile (HR(Q5-Q1)): 0.95; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.01; P-trend = 0.03] and fiber from vegetables (0.90; 0.84, 0.96; P-trend < 0.01) but not with fiber from fruit, cereals, or legumes. Overall, associations were homogeneous by menopausal status and ER and PR expression in tumors. For vegetable fiber, stronger associations were observed for estrogen receptor-negative and progesterone receptor-negative (HR(Q5-Q1):0.74; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.93; P-trend = 0.01) than for estrogen receptor-positive and progesterone receptor-positive tumors (0.92: 0.81, 1.03; P-trend = 0.05), with P-heterogeneity = 0.09. CONCLUSION Diets rich in dietary fiber and, particularly, fiber from vegetables may be associated with a small reduction in risk of BC, independently of menopausal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Ferrari
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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High intakes of protein and processed meat associate with increased incidence of type 2 diabetes. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:1143-53. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512003017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Diets high in protein have shown positive effects on short-term weight reduction and glycaemic control. However, the understanding of how dietary macronutrient composition relates to long-term risk of type 2 diabetes is limited. The aim of the present study was to examine intakes of macronutrients, fibre and protein sources in relation to incident type 2 diabetes. In total, 27 140 individuals, aged 45–74 years, from the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort, were included. Dietary data were collected with a modified diet history method, including registration of cooked meals. During 12 years of follow-up, 1709 incident type 2 diabetes cases were identified. High protein intake was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio (HR) 1·27 for highest compared with lowest quintile; 95 % CI 1·08, 1·49; P for trend = 0·01). When protein consumption increased by 5 % of energy at the expense of carbohydrates (HR 1·20; 95 % CI 1·09, 1·33) or fat (HR 1·21; 95 % CI 1·09, 1·33), increased diabetes risk was observed. Intakes in the highest quintiles of processed meat (HR 1·16; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·36; P for trend = 0·01) and eggs (HR 1·21; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·41; P for trend = 0·02) were associated with increased risk. Intake of fibre-rich bread and cereals was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (HR 0·84; 95 % CI 0·73, 0·98; P for trend = 0·004). In conclusion, results from the present large population-based prospective study indicate that high protein intake is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Replacing protein with carbohydrates may be favourable, especially if fibre-rich breads and cereals are chosen as carbohydrate sources.
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Tsuji M, Tamai Y, Wada K, Nakamura K, Hayashi M, Takeda N, Yasuda K, Nagata C. Associations of intakes of fat, dietary fiber, soy isoflavones, and alcohol with levels of sex hormones and prolactin in premenopausal Japanese women. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 23:683-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-9935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Reding KW, Atkinson C, Westerlind KC, Stanczyk F, Bowles EJA, Yong M, Newton KM, Lampe JW. Fruit intake associated with urinary estrogen metabolites in healthy premenopausal women. OPEN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2. [PMID: 24307982 DOI: 10.4236/ojpm.2012.21001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Urinary concentrations of 2:16-hydroxyestrone (2:16-OHE1) approximate concentrations of 2-OHE1 and 16α -OHE1 in breast tissue. As estrogens are purported to be involved in breast cancer development, the 2:16-OHE1 ratio can provide an indication of estrogen metabolite exposure in the breast. With prior studies observing associations between urinary estrogen metabolites and dietary intake of fruits, vegetables, and fiber ascertained from food questionnaires, we examined associations between dietary factors ascertained through 3-day food records and urinary 2:16-OHE1 in 191 pre-menopausal healthy women. Fruit consumption was positively associated with 2:16-OHE1 after adjustment for total energy, ethnicity, body mass index, parity, smoking history, and serum estradiol (p= 0.003). Fruit consumption was positively associated with 2- OHE1 concentrations (p=0.006), but was not associated with 16α-OHE1 (p=0.92). The Musaceae botanical grouping (comprised primarily of bananas) was positively associated with the 2:16-OHE1 ratio, and Rosaceae (comprised of citrus fruits) and Musaceae botanical groupings were positively associated with 2-OHE1 (but not 16α-OHE1) concentrations, after adjustment for confounders. Our data suggest that dietary fruit intake is associated with urinary 2- OHE1 and the 2:16-OHE1 ratio and that breast tissue exposure to estrogen metabolites may thus be influenced by diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerryn W Reding
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA ; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Cheng G, Buyken AE, Shi L, Karaolis-Danckert N, Kroke A, Wudy SA, Degen GH, Remer T. Beyond overweight: nutrition as an important lifestyle factor influencing timing of puberty. Nutr Rev 2012; 70:133-52. [PMID: 22364156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Early onset of puberty may confer adverse health consequences. Thus, modifiable factors influencing the timing of puberty are of public health interest. Childhood overweight as a factor in the earlier onset of menarche has been supported by prospective evidence; nonetheless, its overall contribution may have been overemphasized, since secular trends toward a younger age at menarche have not been a universal finding during the recent obesity epidemic. Current observational studies suggest notable associations between dietary intakes and pubertal timing beyond contributions to an energy imbalance: children with the highest intakes of vegetable protein or animal protein experience pubertal onset up to 7 months later or 7 months earlier, respectively. Furthermore, girls with high isoflavone intakes may experience the onset of breast development and peak height velocity approximately 7-8 months later. These effect sizes are on the order of those observed for potentially neuroactive steroid hormones. Thus, dietary patterns characterized by higher intakes of vegetable protein and isoflavones and lower intakes of animal protein may contribute to a lower risk of breast cancer or a lower total mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Cheng
- Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Heinstueck 11, Dortmund, Germany.
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Associations of physical activity and diet with the onset of menopause in Japanese women. Menopause 2012; 19:75-81. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182243737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
The authors conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the associations of fat, fiber, and carbohydrate intake with endogenous estrogen, androgen, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) levels among 595 premenopausal women. Overall, no significant associations were found between dietary intake of these macronutrients and plasma sex steroid hormone levels. Dietary fat intake was inversely associated with IGF-I and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) levels. When substituting 5% of energy from total fat for the equivalent amount of energy from carbohydrate or protein intake, the plasma levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were 2.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3, 5.3) and 1.6% (95% CI 0.4, 2.8) lower, respectively. Animal fat, saturated fat, and monounsaturated fat intakes also were inversely associated with IGFBP-3 levels (P<0.05). Carbohydrates were positively associated with plasma IGF-I level. When substituting 5% of energy from carbohydrates for the equivalent amount of energy from fat or protein intake, the plasma IGF-I level was 2.0% (95% CI 0.1, 3.9%) higher. No independent associations between fiber intake and hormone levels were observed. The results suggest that a low-fat/high-fiber or carbohydrate diet is not associated with endogenous levels of sex steroid hormones, but it may modestly increase IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels among premenopausal women.
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Aubertin-Leheudre M, Hämäläinen E, Adlercreutz H. Diets and hormonal levels in postmenopausal women with or without breast cancer. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:514-24. [PMID: 21500098 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.538487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of diet in breast cancer (BC) risk is unclear. Fiber could reduce BC risk, through the enterohepatic circulation of estrogens. We examined the relationship between diet and sex hormones in postmenopausal women with or without BC. Thirty-one postmenopausal women (10 omnivores, 11 vegetarians, and 10 BC omnivores) were recruited. Dietary records (5 days) and hormone levels (3 days) were evaluated on 4 occasions over 1 yr. Vegetarians showed a lower fat/fiber ratio, a higher intake of total and cereal fiber (g/d)/body weight (kg), a significantly lower level of plasma estrone-sulfate, estradiol, free-estradiol, free-testosterone, and ring D oxygenated estrogens, and a significantly higher level of sex-hormone-binding-globulin than BC subjects. Fiber was consumed in slightly larger amounts by omnivores than by BC subjects. Omnivores had significantly lower plasma testosterone and estrone-sulfate but higher sex-hormone-binding-globulin than BC subjects. No difference was found for the urinary 16-oxygenated estrogens. However, the 2-MeO-E1/2-OH-E1 ratio was significantly lower in omnivores than in BC group. This ratio is positively associated with the fat/fiber ratio. In conclusion, testosterone may contribute to causing alterations in the levels of catechol estrogens and 16-oxygenated estrogens. The fat/fiber ratio appears to be useful in evaluating dietary effects on estrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Aubertin-Leheudre
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Institute for Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Cancer, and Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Turner LB. A meta-analysis of fat intake, reproduction, and breast cancer risk: an evolutionary perspective. Am J Hum Biol 2011; 23:601-8. [PMID: 21681848 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study is a systematic review of literature published up to May of 2010 aimed to identify relationships between dietary fat, and fat subtypes, with risk of breast cancer in women. METHODS Descriptive data, estimates of relative risk and associated 95% confidence interval (CI) were extracted from relative studies and analyzed using the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird. RESULTS Cohort study results indicated significant summary relative risks between polyunsaturated fat and breast cancer (1.091, 95% CI: 1.001; 1.184). In case-control studies no association between fat and breast cancer was observed. Post-menopausal women indicated a significant association between total fat (1.042, 95%CI: 1.013; 1.073), PUFA intake (1.22, 95% CI: 1.08; 1.381), and breast cancer. A non-significant inverse relation between intake of all fat types and breast cancer was identified in premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS These results support the idea that possible elevations in serum estrogen levels by an adult exposure to a high-fat diet would increase breast cancer risk. Furthermore, menopausal status was observed to affect women's risk of breast cancer. Higher risks of breast cancer were found in post-menopausal women consuming diets high in total fat and polyunsaturated fats. Conversely, dietary fat appears to have preventative effects in pre-menopausal women. This study takes a transformative approach combining epidemiological, biomedical, and evolutionary theory to evaluate how biocultural variations in risk factors (i.e., diet and reproduction) affect the evolution of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurah B Turner
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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Wallin A, Orsini N, Wolk A. Red and processed meat consumption and risk of ovarian cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1196-201. [PMID: 21343939 PMCID: PMC3068494 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: During the last decade, the epidemiological evidence on consumption of meat and risk of ovarian cancer has accumulated. Methods: We assessed the relationship between red and processed meat consumption and risk of ovarian cancer with a dose-response meta-analysis. Relevant prospective cohort studies were identified by searching the PubMed and EMBASE databases through 21 January 2011, and by reviewing the reference lists of retrieved articles. Study-specific relative risk (RR) estimates were combined using a random-effects model. Results: Eight cohort studies were included in the meta-analysis. The summary RR for an intake increment of 100 g per week was 1.02 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.99–1.04) for red meat and 1.05 (95% CI, 0.98–1.14) for processed meat. For an intake increment of four servings per week, the summary RR of ovarian cancer was 1.07 (95% CI, 0.97–1.19) for red meat (100 g per serving) and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.97–1.17) for processed meat (30 g per serving). Conclusion: Results from this dose-response meta-analysis suggest that red and processed meat consumption is not associated with risk of ovarian cancer. Although a lower consumption of red and processed meat may offer protection against other types of cancer, other interventions are needed to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wallin
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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Mumford SL, Schisterman EF, Siega-Riz AM, Gaskins AJ, Wactawski-Wende J, VanderWeele TJ. Effect of dietary fiber intake on lipoprotein cholesterol levels independent of estradiol in healthy premenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 173:145-56. [PMID: 21148240 PMCID: PMC3290909 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fiber diets are associated with improved lipid profiles. However, pre- and postmenopausal women respond differently to fiber intake, suggesting that endogenous estradiol mediates the effect. The authors' objective was to determine the direct effect of fiber intake on lipoprotein cholesterol levels independent of estradiol among premenopausal women. The BioCycle Study, a prospective cohort study conducted at the State University of New York at Buffalo from 2005 to 2007, followed 259 healthy women for up to 2 complete menstrual cycles. Serum lipoprotein and hormone levels were measured at 16 visits timed using fertility monitors. Fiber intake was assessed by 8 24-hour recalls. Marginal structural models with inverse probability weights for both lipoprotein and estradiol levels were used to estimate controlled direct effects of the highest category of fiber intake (≥22 g/day vs. <22 g/day) while accounting for age, body mass index, total energy, vitamin E intake, physical activity, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and progesterone. Reductions were observed in total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in women with higher fiber intakes. Direct effects were greater than total effects. These analyses suggested that estradiol mediates at least part of the association between fiber and cholesterol among premenopausal women. More research is needed to elucidate the biologic mechanisms driving these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique F. Schisterman
- Correspondence to Dr. Enrique F. Schisterman, Epidemiology Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6100 Executive Blvd., 7B03, Rockville, MD 20852 (e-mail: )
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Aubertin-Leheudre M, Koskela A, Samaletdin A, Adlercreutz H. Plasma and urinary alkylresorcinol metabolites as potential biomarkers of breast cancer risk in Finnish women: a pilot study. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:759-64. [PMID: 20661824 DOI: 10.1080/01635581003693058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols (ARs) are shown to be good biomarkers of consumption of rye and whole-grain wheat products in man. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate AR metabolites as potential biomarkers of breast cancer (BC) risk in Finnish women since intake of cereal fiber and its components has been proposed to reduce this risk through an effect on the enterohepatic circulation of estrogens. This was a cross-sectional and observational pilot study. A total of 20 omnivores, 20 vegetarians, and 16 BC women (6-12 mo after operation) were investigated on 2 occasions 6 mo apart. Dietary intake (5-days record), plasma/urinary AR metabolites [3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid (DHPPA)] and plasma/urinary enterolactone were measured. The groups were compared using nonparametric tests. We observed that plasma DHBA (P = 0.007; P = 0.03), plasma DHPPA (P = 0.02; P = 0.01), urinary DHBA (P = 0.001; P = 0.003), urinary DHPPA (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), and cereal fiber intake (P = 0.007; P = 0.003) were significantly lower in the BC group compared to the vegetarian and omnivore groups, respectively. Based on measurements of AR metabolites in urine and in plasma, whole-grain rye and wheat cereal fiber intake is low in BC subjects. Thus, urinary and plasma AR metabolites may be used as potential biomarkers of BC risk in women. This novel approach will likely also facilitate studies of associations between rye and whole-grain wheat cereal fiber intake and other diseases. Our findings should, however, be confirmed with larger subject populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Aubertin-Leheudre
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, Finland.
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Adlercreutz H. Can rye intake decrease risk of human breast cancer? Food Nutr Res 2010; 54:5231. [PMID: 21311613 PMCID: PMC3037245 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v54i0.5231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rye contains more fibre and bioactive compounds than other cereals used for bread production. The fibre and compounds of the fibre complex could provide protection against breast cancer (BC). OBJECTIVE To review the evidence and theoretical background for a role of rye and some of its components in the prevention of BC. DESIGN A short review based to a great extent on the work by scientists in the Nordic countries. RESULTS Some of the possible mechanisms by which the fibre complex could reduce BC risk are presented. The fibre through its effect on fermentation increases esterification of bile acids reducing toxicity of the free bile acids and is involved in the production of butyrate with potential anticancer effects including BC. The fibre reduces the enterohepatic circulation of the oestrogens leading to lower plasma oestrogen concentrations. The fibre complex contains bioactive compounds such as lignans and alkylresorcinols that are antioxidative and potentially anticarcinogenic. In addition, vitamins, minerals, and phytic acid in rye may provide protection against BC. CONCLUSION Rye products made from wholegrain rye flour are likely to contribute to reduced BC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Adlercreutz
- Institute for Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Cancer, Folkhälsan Research Center and Division of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Gaskins AJ, Mumford SL, Zhang C, Wactawski-Wende J, Hovey KM, Whitcomb BW, Howards PP, Perkins NJ, Yeung E, Schisterman EF. Effect of daily fiber intake on reproductive function: the BioCycle Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:1061-9. [PMID: 19692496 PMCID: PMC2744625 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-fiber diets have been associated with decreased breast cancer risk, likely mediated by the effect of fiber on lowering circulating estrogen concentrations. The influence of fiber on aspects of reproduction, which include ovulation, has not been well studied in premenopausal women. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine if fiber consumption is associated with hormone concentrations and incident anovulation in healthy, regularly menstruating women. DESIGN The BioCycle Study was a prospective cohort study conducted from 2004 to 2006 that followed 250 women aged 18-44 y for 2 cycles. Dietary fiber consumption was assessed < or =4 times/cycle by using 24-h recall. Outcomes included concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which were measured < or =8 times/cycle, and incident anovulation. RESULTS Dietary fiber consumption was inversely associated with hormone concentrations (estradiol, progesterone, LH, and FSH; P < 0.05) and positively associated with the risk of anovulation (P = 0.003) by using random-effects models with adjustment for total calories, age, race, and vitamin E intake. Each 5-g/d increase in total fiber intake was associated with a 1.78-fold increased risk (95% CI: 1.11, 2.84) of an anovulatory cycle. The adjusted odds ratio of 5 g fruit fiber/d was 3.05 (95% CI: 1.07, 8.71). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a diet high in fiber is significantly associated with decreased hormone concentrations and a higher probability of anovulation. Further study of the effect of fiber on reproductive health and of the effect of these intakes in reproductive-aged women is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey J Gaskins
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Quantitative aspects of the metabolism of lignans in pigs fed fibre-enriched rye and wheat bread. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:985-94. [PMID: 19393112 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509344098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A diet rich in lignans has been suggested to be protective against a range of chronic diseases. The distribution and metabolic fate of lignans is, however, very poorly understood. We fed high-fibre wheat breads low in lignans (n 8) or high-fibre rye breads (n 9) rich in plant lignans to pigs for 58-67 d, and analysed the content of plant lignans and their metabolites in the diet, blood, bile, faeces, urine and selected tissues. Apparent faecal digestibility of dietary precursors was higher than of total (plant- and entero-) lignans due to conversion to enterolactone and enterodiol. The digestibility of lariciresinol and matairesinol was lower than that of the sum of plant lignans. This suggests that interconversion of plant lignans during digestion and enterohepatic circulation occur without complete conversion to enterolignans. The majority of lignans present in plasma and urine was in the form of enterolignans, but up to 23 % in the plasma, and 11 % in the urine of the rye-fed pigs were in the form of plant lignans. There was a very high concentration of lignans in bile from the rye-fed pigs with as much as 77 % in the form of plant lignans. Lignans were detected in the tissue of colon, liver, breast and brain at a much higher level with rye than with wheat, but only in the form of enterolactone. The importance and implications of systemic exposure to plant lignans remain to be elucidated.
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Wu AH, Yu MC, Tseng CC, Stanczyk FZ, Pike MC. Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian American women. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:1145-54. [PMID: 19211822 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of diet as a cause of breast cancer in Asian Americans has not been adequately studied. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between dietary patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian Americans. DESIGN This population-based case-control study in Los Angeles County compared dietary patterns between 1248 Asian American women with incident breast cancer and 1148 age-, ethnicity-, and neighborhood-matched controls. The relation between dietary patterns and serum concentrations of estrogens, androgens, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was investigated in 2172 postmenopausal control women. RESULTS We used a scoring method proposed by Trichopoulou et al (1) and found that adherence to a Mediterranean diet was inversely associated with risk; the odds ratio (OR) was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.44, 0.95) in women with the highest scores (> or = 8; most adherent) compared with those with the lowest scores (0-3; P for trend = 0.009), after adjustment for key covariates. We also used factor analysis and identified 3 dietary patterns (Western-meat/starch, ethnic-meat/starch, and vegetables/soy). In a combined index of the 3 patterns, women who were high consumers of Western and ethnic meat/starch and low consumers of the vegetables/soy diets showed the highest risk (OR: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.40, 3.42; P for trend = 0.0005). SHBG concentrations were 23% lower in women with a high intake of the meat/starch pattern and a low intake of the vegetables/soy pattern than in those with a low intake of the meat/starch pattern and a high intake of the vegetables/soy pattern (P for trend = 0.069). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that a diet characterized by a low intake of meat/starches and a high intake of legumes is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer in Asian Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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