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Wu T, Doyle C, Ito J, Ramesh N, Ernest DK, Crespo NC, Hsu FC, Oren E. Cold Exposures in Relation to Dysmenorrhea among Asian and White Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 21:56. [PMID: 38248521 PMCID: PMC10815354 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Dysmenorrhea is highly prevalent, ranging from 16% to 91% among women, and it can lead to multiple reproductive disorders. However, risk factors associated with dysmenorrhea remain unexamined. Cold exposures can significantly disturb blood circulation and prostaglandin production in the uterus, leading to dysmenorrhea. This study investigated the relationship between cold exposures and dysmenorrhea, as well as potential disparities between Asians and Whites and the potential cultural influences on these associations. This was a cross-sectional survey among 197 Asian and 222 non-Asian women recruited from the U.S., with more than 40% from California. We assessed cold exposures, such as the frequency of consumption of cold water/drinks and ice cream, as well as room temperatures at home and public places, for both summer and winter over the past 12 months. The type of cold exposure associated with dysmenorrhea differs between Asian and White women. We found that among Asian women, a higher frequency of ice cream consumption in winter (beta = 1.19, p = 0.0002 when comparing high to low categories) was associated with dysmenorrhea; however, among White women, increased consumption of cold water/drinks in winter (beta = 0.49, p = 0.04 when comparing high to low categories) was also associated with dysmenorrhea. Higher home room temperatures in winter were associated with reduced severity of dysmenorrhea among White women but not among Asian women. All these associations supported our hypothesis and were stronger among women who lived in states with colder winters. However, there are a few exceptions. For instance, women who drank cold water/drinks less frequently during their menstrual period were more likely to experience more severe dysmenorrhea. In conclusion, this study provides crucial evidence to support the link between cold exposures and dysmenorrhea among Asians and Whites. The associations contradictory to our hypothesis are likely due to reserved causation influenced by Asian cultural practice. This paper sheds light on an understudied area that profoundly affects women's quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianying Wu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (C.D.); (J.I.); (N.R.); (E.O.)
- Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cassie Doyle
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (C.D.); (J.I.); (N.R.); (E.O.)
| | - Joy Ito
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (C.D.); (J.I.); (N.R.); (E.O.)
| | - Neeraja Ramesh
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (C.D.); (J.I.); (N.R.); (E.O.)
| | - Deepali Karina Ernest
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Noe C. Crespo
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA;
| | - Eyal Oren
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (C.D.); (J.I.); (N.R.); (E.O.)
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Choo HC, Choo DHW, Tan I, Chang J, Chow KM, Lee JKW, Burns SF, Ihsan M. Effect of ice slurry ingestion on thermoregulatory responses during fixed-intensity cycling in humid and dry heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2225-2237. [PMID: 37256293 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the thermoregulatory response and ergogenic effects of ice slurry (ICE) ingestion in hot environments with high and low relative humidity (RH). METHODS Eight males completed four trials in a crossover manner in dry (DRY: 34.7 ± 0.2 °C, 38 ± 2%RH) and humid heat (HUM: 34.8 °C ± 0.2 °C, 80 ± 1%RH). They ingested 8.0 g·kg-1 of ICE (0.0 °C) or 37.5 °C water (CON) during 30 min before exercise, and three aliquots (3.2 g·kg-1) of ICE or CON during 45-min cycling at 50%[Formula: see text]O2peak, followed by cycling to exhaustion at 80%[Formula: see text]O2peak (TTE). Body core temperature (Tcore), mean skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), thermal comfort, thermal sensation and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. RESULTS Relative to CON, ICE improved TTE by 76.5 ± 96.5% in HUM and 21.3 ± 44.9% in DRY (p = 0.044). End-exercise Tcore was lower in ICE versus CON in DRY (37.8 ± 0.4 °C versus 38.1 ± 0.3 °C, p = 0.005) and HUM (38.8 ± 0.4 °C versus 39.3 ± 0.6 °C, p = 0.004). ICE decreased HR, heat storage and heat strain index only in DRY (p < 0.001-0.018). ICE improved thermal sensation and comfort in DRY and HUM (p < 0.001-0.011), attenuated RPE in HUM (p = 0.012) but not in DRY (p = 0.065). CONCLUSION ICE tended to benefit performance in humid heat more than in dry heat. This is likely due to the reduced extent of hyperthermia in dry heat and the relative importance of sensory inputs in mediating exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cheng Choo
- Sport Physiology Department, Sport Science and Medicine Centre, Singapore Sport Institute, 3 Stadium Drive, Singapore, 397630, Singapore.
| | - Darine Hui Wen Choo
- Sport Physiology Department, Sport Science and Medicine Centre, Singapore Sport Institute, 3 Stadium Drive, Singapore, 397630, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Tan
- Nanyang Technological University, National Institute of Education, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore
| | - Jared Chang
- Faculty of Health and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kin Ming Chow
- Sport Physiology Department, Sport Science and Medicine Centre, Singapore Sport Institute, 3 Stadium Drive, Singapore, 397630, Singapore
| | - Jason Kai Wei Lee
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Stephen Francis Burns
- Nanyang Technological University, National Institute of Education, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
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Pariyavuth P, Lee JKW, Tan PMS, Vichaiwong K, Mawhinney C, Pinthong M. Practical internal and external cooling methods do not influence rapid recovery from simulated taekwondo performance. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:286-294. [PMID: 37332293 PMCID: PMC10272492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives The influence of post-exercise cooling on recovery has gained much attention in the empirical literature, however, data is limited in regards to optimizing recovery from taekwondo performance when combat is repeated in quick succession within the same day. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the effects of external and internal cooling after simulated taekwondo combat upon intestinal temperature (Tint), psychomotor skills (reaction time, response time, movement time), and neuromuscular function (peak torque, average power, time to reach peak torque). Methods Using a randomized counterbalanced crossover design, 10 well-trained male taekwondo athletes completed four recovery methods on separate occasions: passive recovery (CON), a 5-minute thermoneutral water immersion (35°C) (TWI), a 5-min cold water immersion (15°C) (CWI), and ice slurry ingestion (-1°C) (ICE; consumed every 5 min for 30 min). Heart rate (HR), blood lactate (Blac) concentrations, and Tint were determined at rest, immediately after combat, and at selected intervals during a 90-min recovery period. Neuromuscular functional (measured with isokinetic dynamometer) and psychomotor indices were assessed at baseline and after the recovery period. Results ICE led to a significantly lower Tint at 30 min (P<0.01) and 45 min (P<0.01) after simulated combat; 15-30 min after cessation of ingesting ice slurry, compared with the CON and TWI conditions, respectively. However, there were no differences in Tint across time points between the other conditions (P>0.05). Psychomotor skills and neuromuscular function indices returned to baseline values after the 90 min recovery period (P>0.05) with no differences observed between conditions (P>0.05). Conclusion The present findings suggest that internal (ICE) and external (CWI) recovery methods appear to have little impact on physiological and functional indices over the time course required to influence repeated taekwondo combat performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariya Pariyavuth
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Faculty of Physical Education, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Jason Kai Wei Lee
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Heat Resilience and Performance Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pearl Min Sze Tan
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kanokwan Vichaiwong
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand
| | - Christopher Mawhinney
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Metta Pinthong
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Jolicoeur Desroches A, Naulleau C, Deshayes TA, Pancrate T, Goulet EDB. CORE™ wearable sensor: Comparison against gastrointestinal temperature during cold water ingestion and a 5 km running time-trial. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103622. [PMID: 37352596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Five km running time-trials (TT) are associated with rapid and significant increases in core body temperature (TC). For such races, real-time feedback from pre-exercise and exercise TC may be helpful in the design of an optimal pacing strategy aimed at limiting the possibility of developing heat-related illnesses. This study compared measurements of TC obtained with a wearable device, the CORE™, to those of a gastrointestinal pill (GI pill), during cold water ingestion and a 5 km running TT. Twelve participants (25 ± 4 yrs) ingested 7.5 mL/kg fat-free mass of 4 °C water over the first 5 min of a 120 min sitting period, after which they completed a 5 km running TT at 30 °C, 50% relative humidity. A TC difference > ± 0.25 °C between sensors was deemed clinically unacceptable. Prior to water ingestion, the CORE-derived TC was 0.49 ± 0.25 °C lower than the GI pill. The CORE was irresponsive to the 0.26 ± 0.22 °C peak decline in TC captured with the GI pill 40 min following water ingestion. Prior to the TT, TC was 0.30 ± 0.25 °C lower with the CORE than the GI pill. During the TT, the CORE underestimated the rate of increase in TC by 0.0125 ± 0.019 °C/min compared with the GI pill, and mean absolute difference in TC between sensors was of 0.47 ± 0.34 °C. In conclusion, the CORE does not capture the cooling effect of cold water ingestion and provides a clinically relevant underestimation of TC during a 5 km running TT in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Naulleau
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas A Deshayes
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Timothée Pancrate
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric D B Goulet
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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Alhadad SB, Chua MCY, Lee JKW, Low ICC. The effects of low and normal dose ice slurry ingestion on endurance capacity and intestinal epithelial injury in the heat. J Sci Med Sport 2023:S1440-2440(23)00078-6. [PMID: 37179242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Compare the effects of ice slurry ingestion at low and normal doses on endurance capacity and exertional heat stress-induced gastrointestinal perturbations. DESIGN Randomised, cross-over design. METHODS Twelve physically active males completed four treadmill running trials, ingesting ice slurry (ICE) or ambient drink (AMB) at 2 g·kg-1 (Normal; N) or 1 g·kg-1 (Low; L) doses every 15-min during exercise and 8 g·kg-1 (N) or 4 g·kg-1 (L) pre- and post-exercise. Pre-, during and post-exercise serum intestinal fatty-acid binding protein ([I-FABP]) and lipopolysaccharide ([LPS]) concentrations were determined. RESULTS Pre-exercise gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi) was lower in L + ICE than L + AMB (p < 0.05), N + ICE than N + AMB (p < 0.001) and N + ICE than L + ICE (p < 0.001). Higher rate of Tgi rise (p < 0.05) and lower estimated sweat rate (p < 0.001) were observed in N + ICE than N + AMB. Rate of Tgi rise was similar at low dose (p = 0.113) despite a lower estimated sweat rate in L + ICE than L+AMB (p < 0.01). Time-to-exhaustion was longer in L + ICE than L + AMB (p < 0.05), but similar between N + ICE and N + AMB (p = 0.142) and L + ICE and N + ICE (p = 0.766). [I-FABP] and [LPS] were similar (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS L + ICE elicited a lower heat dissipation compensatory effect with similar endurance capacity as N + ICE. Ice slurry conferred no protection against exertional heat stress-induced gastrointestinal perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah B Alhadad
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melissa C Y Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason K W Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Heat Resilience and Performance Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ivan C C Low
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Naito T, Saito T, Muraishi K, Takahashi H. Comparison of the effects of high and low levels of solar radiations on exercise capacity in hot outdoor environments. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:42-52. [PMID: 35415996 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High solar radiation from the sun in the heat outdoor may be impaired exercise capacity. This study aimed to compare the effects of different levels of solar radiation on exercise capacity and evaluate skin temperature responses in the heat. METHODS Seven male participants performed cycling exercise at 60% of their maximal oxygen uptake until volitional exhaustion in hot outdoor environments (approximately 33-35°C, 40-50% relative humidity) under both clear sky (high solar radiation trial: 1062±50 W/m2) and under thick clouds (low solar radiation trial: 438±52 W/m2). RESULTS The time to exhaustion of the participants was shorter in the high solar radiation trial (32.0±12.4 min) than in the low solar radiation trial (39.2±18.0 min: P=0.045). Mean skin temperature was significantly higher in the high solar radiation trial than that in the low solar radiation trial (P<0.05); however, the rectal temperature did not differ significantly between the two trials. The high solar radiation trial had narrower core-to-skin temperature gradient, greater the body heat gain from the sun, and higher rating of perceived exertion than the low solar radiation trial. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that high solar radiation during outdoor exercise in the heat causes a greater increase in skin temperature and body heat gain from the sun than low solar radiation and consequently impairs exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Naito
- Faculty of Law, Hokkai-Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan - .,Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan -
| | - Tatsuya Saito
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Koji Muraishi
- Japan Sport Council, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Community and Human Services, Rikkyo University, Saitama, Japan.,Faculty of Economics, Kanto Gakuen University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Roriz M, Brito P, Teixeira FJ, Brito J, Teixeira VH. Performance effects of internal pre- and per-cooling across different exercise and environmental conditions: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:959516. [PMID: 36337635 PMCID: PMC9632747 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.959516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise in a hot and humid environment may endanger athlete's health and affect physical performance. This systematic review aimed to examine whether internal administration of ice, cold beverages or menthol solutions may be beneficial for physical performance when exercising in different environmental conditions and sports backgrounds. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases, from inception to April 2022, to identify studies meeting the following inclusion criteria: healthy male and female physically active individuals or athletes (aged ≥18 years); an intervention consisting in the internal administration (i.e., ingestion or mouth rinse) of ice slush, ice slurry or crushed ice and/or cold beverages and/or menthol solutions before and/or during exercise; a randomized crossover design with a control or placebo condition; the report of at least one physical performance outcome; and to be written in English. Our search retrieved 2,714 articles in total; after selection, 43 studies were considered, including 472 participants, 408 men and 64 women, aged 18-42 years, with a VO2max ranging from 46.2 to 67.2 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1. Average ambient temperature and relative humidity during the exercise tasks were 32.4 ± 3.5°C (ranging from 22°C to 38°C) and 50.8 ± 13.4% (varying from 20.0% to 80.0%), respectively. Across the 43 studies, 7 exclusively included a menthol solution mouth rinse, 30 exclusively involved ice slurry/ice slush/crushed ice/cold beverages intake, and 6 examined both the effect of thermal and non-thermal internal techniques in the same protocol. Rinsing a menthol solution (0.01%) improved physical performance during continuous endurance exercise in the heat. Conversely, the ingestion of ice or cold beverages did not seem to consistently increase performance, being more likely to improve performance in continuous endurance trials, especially when consumed during exercises. Co-administration of menthol with or within ice beverages seems to exert a synergistic effect by improving physical performance. Even in environmental conditions that are not extreme, internal cooling strategies may have an ergogenic effect. Further studies exploring both intermittent and outdoor exercise protocols, involving elite male and female athletes and performed under not extreme environmental conditions are warranted. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021268197], identifier [CRD42021268197].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roriz
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brito
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, Barcarena, Portugal
- Bettery Lifelab, Bettery S.A., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Bayne F, Racinais S, Mileva KN, Hunter S, Gaoua N. The Type of Per-Cooling Strategies Currently Employed by Competitive and Professional Cyclists-Triathletes During Training and Competition Are Condition (Dry vs. Humid) Dependant. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:845427. [PMID: 35694320 PMCID: PMC9174669 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.845427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate cooling strategies employed by athletes (cyclists-triathletes) during training and competition in hot and dry (HD) and hot and humid (HH) conditions. Methods Thirty-five athletes completed an online questionnaire on the type, timing, and justification of cooling strategies employed during past training and/or competitions in HD and HH conditions. In addition, 3 athletes also completed a one-to-one follow-up interview. Results Comparisons between strategies employed in all conditions were based on N = 14 (40%). Cold-water pouring was the most employed (N = 4; 21%) strategy during training and/or competing in hot conditions. The timing of the strategies employed was based on pitstops only (N = 7; 50%). The justification for strategies employed was based on trial and error (N = 9, 42.85%: N = 10, 47.61%). All athletes rated strategies employed as 1 (“not effective for minimising performance impairments and heat-related illnesses”). Comparisons between HD and HH were based on N = 21 (60%), who employed different strategies based on condition. Cold-water ingestion was the most employed (N = 9, 43%) strategy in HD, whereas a combination of cold-water ingestion and pouring was the most employed (N = 9, 43%) strategy in HH. The timing of strategies employed in the HD split was pre-planned by distance but was modified based on how athletes felt during (N = 8, 38%), and pre-planned by distance and pit stops (N = 8, 38%). The timing of strategies employed in HH was pre-planned based on distance and how athletes felt during (N = 9, 42%). About 57% (N = 12) of the 60% (N = 21) perceived effectiveness in HD and HH as 3 (“Sometimes effective and sometimes not effective”), whereas 43% (N = 9) of the 60% (N = 21) perceived effectiveness in HD and HH as 4 (“Effective for minimising performance impairments”). Conclusion Cold-water ingestion is the preferred strategy by athletes in HD compared to a combination of cold-water ingestion and pouring in HH conditions. All strategies were pre-planned and trialled based on distance and how athletes felt during training and/or competition. These strategies were perceived as effective for minimising performance impairments, but not heat-related illnesses. Future studies should evaluate the effectiveness of these cooling strategies on performance and thermoregulatory responses in HD and HH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Bayne
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Freya Bayne
| | | | - Katya N. Mileva
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Hunter
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Gaoua
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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Naito T, Haramura M, Muraishi K, Yamazaki M, Takahashi H. Cooling during short-term heat acclimation enhances aerobic capacity but not sweat capacity. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:579-588. [PMID: 33522891 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1884751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the adaptive responses to short-term heat acclimation (HA) training with repeated-sprint exercises and to determine the effects of ice slurry ingestion during HA on aerobic capacity and adaptations. Seven physically active males completed two 5 consecutive day interventions in a randomized cross-over design. Participants performed approximately 80-min intermittent repeated-sprints using a cycling ergometer including break-time and half time in 36.5°C and 50%RH. Participants ingested either 1.25 g·kg body mass-1 of ice slurry (ICE: -1°C) or room temperature beverage (NOC: 36.5°C) throughout each break and 7.5 g·kg body mass-1 of the same drink during half time. Maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) test in hot conditions was completed before and after HA training. Ice slurry ingestion during short-term HA training induced significantly higher both V˙O2max and watt at V˙O2max following HA training. Total work done was significantly higher in HA with ICE than for the NOC trial on both day 1 and day 5. Sweating Na+ concentration in NOC trial at day 5 were significantly lower than those in the NOC trial day 1, but was not observed in ICE trial. Cooling during HA training may be an effective strategy for enhancement of aerobic capacity via the adaptations gained from a higher quantity of exercise caused by cooling, but does not improve heat loss capacity. HighlightsThere is the potential dilemma whether cooling during short-term training in the heat might negatively impacts the process of helping athletes adapt to hot environments.Cooling during short-term heat training may be an effective strategy to enhancement of aerobic capacity via the adaptations gained from a higher quantity of exercise caused by cooling, but does not improve heat loss capacity.The study suggests the importance to selecting cooling during the heat acclimation phase of consecutive field training according to the individual's training plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Naito
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Haramura
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Muraishi
- Japan Sport Council, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Community and Human Services, Rikkyo University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Misa Yamazaki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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10
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Onitsuka S, Zheng X, Hasegawa H. Ice slurry ingestion before and during exercise inhibit the increase in core and deep-forehead temperatures in the second half of the exercise in a hot environment. J Therm Biol 2020; 94:102760. [PMID: 33293001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have reported that pre-exercise ice slurry ingestion improves exercise performance; however, it may increase the risk of developing heat stroke. Some studies have suggested that pre-exercise ice slurry ingestion accelerates the core temperature increase that occurs during exercise. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether the ingestion of ice slurry before and during exercise can inhibit this acceleration. Moreover, we measured the deep-forehead temperature (Tdeep head) to determine whether ice slurry ingestion before and during exercise can maintain this reduction in brain temperature. Eleven male participants at room temperature (24 °C, 50% relative humidity [RH]) ingested 7.5 g/kg of ice slurry or a thermoneutral sports drink within 30 min. They then exercised for approximately 60 min at 50% of the maximal oxygen uptake in a hot environment (34 °C, 50% RH) while ingesting 1.25 g/kg of ice slurry or a thermoneutral sports drink every 10 min. Rectal temperature (Tre), Tdeep head, forehead skin temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, nude body mass, and urine specific gravity were measured as physiological indices. The rating of perceived exertion, thermal sensation, and thermal comfort were measured at 5-min intervals throughout the experiment. The Tre and Tdeep head during the second half of the exercise session were significantly reduced after ingestion of the ice slurry before and during exercise (p < 0.05). In addition, the rate of increase in Tre and Tdeephead slowed during the second half of the exercise session after the ingestion of the ice slurry before and during exercise (p < 0.05). These results indicate that the increases in Tre and Tdeep head, reflecting brain temperature in the second half of the exercise session, were significantly inhibited by ice slurry ingestion before and during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Onitsuka
- Faculty of Human Health Science, Hiroshima Bunka Gakuen University, Japan.
| | - Xinyan Zheng
- Department of Sport Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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Alhadad SB, Low ICC, Lee JKW. Thermoregulatory responses to ice slurry ingestion during low and moderate intensity exercises with restrictive heat loss. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:105-109. [PMID: 32711957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the thermoregulatory responses to ice slurry ingestion during low- and moderate-intensity exercises with restrictive heat loss. DESIGN Randomised, counterbalanced, cross-over design. METHODS Following a familiarisation trial, ten physically active males exercised on a motorised treadmill at low-intensity (L; 40% VO2max) or moderate-intensity (M; 70% VO2max) for 75-min, in four randomised, counterbalanced trials. Throughout the exercise bout, participants donned a raincoat to restrict heat loss. Participants ingested 2gkg-1 body mass of ambient water (L+AMB and M+AMB trials) or ice slurry (L+ICE and M+ICE trials) at 15-min intervals during exercise in environmental conditions of Tdb, 25.1±0.6°C and RH, 63±5%. Heart rate (HR), gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), mean weighted skin temperature (Tsk), estimated sweat loss, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation (RTS) were recorded. RESULTS Compared to L+AMB, participants completed L+ICE trials with lower ΔTgi (0.8±0.3°C vs 0.6±0.2°C; p=0.03), mean RPE (10±1 vs 9±1; p=0.03) and estimated sweat loss (0.91±0.2L vs 0.78±0.27L; p=0.04). Contrastingly, Tgi (p=0.22), Tsk (p=0.37), HR (p=0.31), RPE (p=0.38) and sweat loss (p=0.17) were similar between M+AMB and M+ICE trials. RTS was similar during both low-intensity (4.9±0.5 vs 4.7±0.3; p=0.10) and moderate-intensity exercise (5.3±0.47 vs 5.0±0.4; p=0.09). CONCLUSIONS Per-cooling using ice slurry ingestion marginally reduced thermal strain during low-intensity but not during moderate-intensity exercise. Ice slurry may be an effective and practical heat mitigation strategy during low-intensity exercise such as in occupational and military settings, but a greater volume should be considered to ensure its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah B Alhadad
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ivan C C Low
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason K W Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Global Asia Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Naito T, Haramura M, Muraishi K, Yamazaki M, Takahashi H. Impact of Ice Slurry Ingestion During Break-Times on Repeated-Sprint Exercise in the Heat. Sports Med Int Open 2020; 4:E45-E52. [PMID: 32395608 PMCID: PMC7205515 DOI: 10.1055/a-1139-1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effects of ice slurry ingestion during break times and half-time (HT) on repeated-sprint performance and core temperature in the heat. Seven males performed two different trials as follows: ice slurry (-1°C) or room temperature water ingestion at each break and HT break at 36.5°C, 50% relative humidity. Participants performed 30 sets of 1-min periods of repeated- sprint exercises protocol using a cycling ergometer. Each period consisted of 5 sec of maximal pedaling, 25 sec of pedaling with no workload, and 30 sec of rest; two sets of exercise periods were separated by 10 min of rest. Each break was implemented for 1 min after every 5 sets. The rectal temperature in ice slurry ingestion was significantly lower than that of the room temperature water at 45 set (p=0.04). Total and mean work done was greater in ice slurry ingestion compared to room temperature water ingestion (p < 0.05). These results suggested that ice slurry ingestion during break times and HT break may be an effective cooling strategy to attenuate the rise of core temperature in the second half of exercise and improve the repeated-sprint exercise capacity in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Naito
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Miki Haramura
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku,Japan.,Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Koji Muraishi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Japan.,Graduate School of Community and Health Services, Rikkyo University, Niiza-city, Japan
| | - Misa Yamazaki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Japan
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the articular cartilage with subchondral bone lesions. Osteoarthritis etiologies are mainly related to age, obesity, strain, trauma, joint congenital anomalies, joint deformities, and other factors. Osteoarthritis seriously affects the quality of life; however, there is no effective way to cure osteoarthritis. Aerobic exercise refers to a dynamic rhythmic exercise involving the large muscle groups of the body with aerobic metabolism. More and more evidence shows that exercise has become a useful tool for the treatment of osteoarthritis. This chapter will discuss the role of exercise in the prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Saldaris JM, Landers GJ, Lay BS. The effect of crushed ice ingestion on endurance performance and decision-making in hot and humid conditions. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1613588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta M. Saldaris
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Grant J. Landers
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Brendan S. Lay
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Abstract
Cold water or ice slurry ingestion during exercise seems to be an effective and practical means to improve endurance exercise performance in the heat. However, transient reductions in sweating appear to decrease the potential for evaporative heat loss from the skin by a magnitude that at least negates the additional internal heat loss as a cold ingested fluid warms up to equilibrate with body temperature; thus explaining equivalent core temperatures during exercise at a fixed heat production irrespective of the ingested fluid temperature. Internal heat transfer with cold fluid/ice is always 100% efficient; therefore, when a decrement occurs in the efficiency that sweat evaporates from the skin surface (i.e. sweating efficiency), a net cooling effect should begin to develop. Using established relationships between activity, climate and sweating efficiency, the boundary conditions beyond which cold ingested fluids are beneficial in terms of increasing net heat loss can be calculated. These conditions are warmer and more humid for cycling relative to running by virtue of the greater skin surface airflow, which promotes evaporation, for a given metabolic heat production and thus sweat rate. Within these boundary conditions, athletes should ingest fluids at the temperature they find most palatable, which likely varies from athlete to athlete, and therefore best maintain hydration status. The cooling benefits of cold fluid/ice ingestion during exercise are likely disproportionately greater for athletes with physiological disruptions to sweating, such as those with a spinal cord injury or burn injuries, as their capacity for skin surface evaporative heat loss is much lower; however, more research examining these groups is needed.
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Naito T, Iribe Y, Ogaki T. Ice ingestion with a long rest interval increases the endurance exercise capacity and reduces the core temperature in the heat. J Physiol Anthropol 2017; 36:9. [PMID: 28057077 PMCID: PMC5217563 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-016-0122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The timing in which ice before exercise should be ingested plays an important role in optimizing its success. However, the effects of differences in the timing of ice ingestion before exercise on cycling capacity, and thermoregulation has not been studied. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of length of time after ice ingestion on endurance exercise capacity in the heat. Methods Seven males ingested 1.25 g kg body mass−1 of ice (0.5 °C) or cold water (4 °C) every 5 min, six times. Under three separate conditions after ice or water ingestion ([1] taking 20 min rest after ice ingestion, [2] taking 5 min rest after ice ingestion, and [3] taking 5 min rest after cold water ingestion), seven physically active male cyclists exercised at 65% of their maximal oxygen uptake to exhaustion in the heat (35 °C, 30% relative humidity). Results Participants cycled significantly longer following both ice ingestion with a long rest interval (46.0 ± 7.7 min) and that with a short rest interval (38.7 ± 5.7 min) than cold water ingestion (32.3 ± 3.2 min; both p < 0.05), and the time to exhaustion was 16% (p < 0.05) longer for ice ingestion with a long rest interval than that with a short rest interval. Ice ingestion with a long rest interval (−0.55 ± 0.07 °C; both p < 0.05) allowed for a greater drop in the core temperature than both ice ingestion with a short rest interval (−0.36 ± 0.16 °C) and cold water ingestion (−0.11 ± 0.14 °C). Heat storage under condition of ice ingestion with a long rest interval during the pre-exercise period was significantly lower than that observed with a short rest interval (−4.98 ± 2.50 W m−2; p < 0.05) and cold water ingestion (2.86 ± 4.44 W m−2). Conclusions Therefore, internal pre-cooling by ice ingestion with a long rest interval had the greatest benefit on exercise capacity in the heat, which is suggested to be driven by a reduced rectal temperature and heat storage before the start of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Naito
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga-City, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan.
| | - Yuka Iribe
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga-City, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ogaki
- Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga-City, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
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