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Pandi-Perumal SR, Saravanan KM, Paul S, Namasivayam GP, Chidambaram SB. Waking Up the Sleep Field: An Overview on the Implications of Genetics and Bioinformatics of Sleep. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:919-931. [PMID: 38198051 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-01009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Sleep genetics is an intriguing, as yet less understood, understudied, emerging area of biological and medical discipline. A generalist may not be aware of the current status of the field given the variety of journals that have published studies on the genetics of sleep and the circadian clock over the years. For researchers venturing into this fascinating area, this review thus includes fundamental features of circadian rhythm and genetic variables impacting sleep-wake cycles. Sleep/wake pathway medication exposure and susceptibility are influenced by genetic variations, and the responsiveness of sleep-related medicines is influenced by several functional polymorphisms. This review highlights the features of the circadian timing system and then a genetic perspective on wakefulness and sleep, as well as the relationship between sleep genetics and sleep disorders. Neurotransmission genes, as well as circadian and sleep/wake receptors, exhibit functional variability. Experiments on animals and humans have shown that these genetic variants impact clock systems, signaling pathways, nature, amount, duration, type, intensity, quality, and quantity of sleep. In this regard, the overview covers research on sleep genetics, the genomic properties of several popular model species used in sleep studies, homologs of mammalian genes, sleep disorders, and related genes. In addition, the study includes a brief discussion of sleep, narcolepsy, and restless legs syndrome from the viewpoint of a model organism. It is suggested that the understanding of genetic clues on sleep function and sleep disorders may, in future, result in an evidence-based, personalized treatment of sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570015, India
- Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Konda Mani Saravanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600073, India
| | - Sayan Paul
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ganesh Pandian Namasivayam
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), A210, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570015, India.
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570015, India.
- Special Interest Group - Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Neurosciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570015, India.
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Zhang W, Chen X, Du Z, Mao X, Gao R, Chen Z, Wang H, Zhang G, Zhang N, Li H, Song Y, Chang L, Wu Y. Knockdown of astrocytic Grin2a exacerbated sleep deprivation-induced cognitive impairments and elevation of amyloid-beta. Sleep Med 2022; 100:280-290. [PMID: 36148760 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are associated with cognitive impairments, greater amyloid-β (Aβ) burden and increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, while the underlying mechanism is unclear. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), as vital modulators of cognition, are sensitive to sleep disturbance. Sleep deprivation (SD) could induce the alterations of neuronal NMDAR subunits expression, however the alterations of astrocytic NMDARs in SD have not been reported. Our previous study has demonstrated knockdown of astrocytic Grin2a (gene encoding NMDAR subunit GluN2A) could aggravate Aβ-induced cognitive impairments, but what role astrocytic GluN2A may play in SD is unknown. Here we focused on the changes and roles of hippocampal astrocytic GluN2A in SD. Our results showed SD increased the expression of astrocytic GluN2A. Specific knockdown of hippocampal astrocytic Grin2a aggravated SD-induced cognitive decline, elevated Aβ, and attenuated the SD-induced increase in autophagy flux. Our finding, for the first time, revealed a novel neuroprotective role for astrocytic GluN2A in SD, which may be helpful for developing new preventive and therapeutic targets to sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanning Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zunshu Du
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Mao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqi Gao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyan Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqi Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guitao Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology and Clinical Psychology, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhi Song
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lirong Chang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Keloglan SM, Sahin L, Cevik OS. Chronic caffeine consumption improves the acute REM sleep deprivation-induced spatial memory impairment while altering NMDA receptor subunit expression in male rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2022; 82:596-605. [PMID: 35830151 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a psychostimulant substance that is mostly used to prevent fatigue, increase alertness, and ameliorate sleep loss situations. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of chronic caffeine consumption on learning and memory functions and related genes in REM (rapid-eye-movement) sleep-deprived rats. During the neonatal period [postnatal day (PND) 28] Wistar albino male rats (n=32) were randomly assigned into four groups: control (C), caffeine application (Cf), acute REM sleep-deprivation (RD), and caffeine application+acute RD (Cf+RD). The 48 hours of RD was executed when caffeine administration was completed. The learning and memory performance was evaluated by the Morris Water Maze Test (MWMT). Following this, the rats were decapitated to isolate hippocampus tissues. In MWMT, time spent in the targeted quadrant decreased significantly in the RD group compared to the C and Cf+RD group. NR2A expression level increased in the RD group compared to C, Cf, and Cf+RD groups (p<0.05). NR2B expression level increased in RD and Cf +RD groups compared to C and Cf groups (p<0.05). BDNF and c-Fos expression levels did not differ significantly between the groups. RD impaired hippocampal spatial memory performance in the MWMT test. Our results indicated that chronic caffeine consumption has a therapeutic effect on spatial memory deterioration impairment caused by RD. Furthermore, it seems that the effect of caffeine RD on the hippocampus may be mediated by NR2A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leyla Sahin
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ozge Selin Cevik
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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Tripathi S, Jha SK. REM Sleep Deprivation Alters Learning-Induced Cell Proliferation and Generation of Newborn Young Neurons in the Dentate Gyrus of the Dorsal Hippocampus. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:194-206. [PMID: 34990120 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus-dependent "trace-appetitive conditioning task" increases cell proliferation and the generation of newborn young neurons. Evidence suggests that adult hippocampal neurogenesis and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep play an essential role in memory consolidation. On the other hand, REM sleep deprivation (REM-SD) induces detrimental effects on training-induced cell proliferation in the hippocampus's dentate gyrus (DG). Nonetheless, the role of REM sleep in the trace-appetitive memory and fate determination of the newly proliferated cells is not known. Here, we have studied the following: (I) the effects of 24 h of REM-SD (soon after training) on trace- and delay-appetitive memory and cell proliferation in the adult DG and (II) the effects of chronic (96 h) REM-SD (3 days after the training, the period in which newly generated cells progressed toward the neuronal lineage) on trace-appetitive memory and the generation of newborn young neurons. We used a modified multiple platform method for the selective REM-SD without altering non-REM (NREM) sleep. We found that 24 h of REM-SD, soon after trace-conditioning, impaired the trace-appetitive memory and the training-induced cell proliferation. Nevertheless, 96 h of REM-SD (3 days after the training) did not impair trace memory. Interestingly, 96 h of REM-SD altered the generation of newborn young neurons. These results suggest that REM sleep plays an essential role in training-induced cell proliferation and the fate determination of the newly generated cells toward the neuronal lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tripathi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sushil K. Jha
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Malik H, Javaid S, Fawad Rasool M, Samad N, Rizwan Ahamad S, Alqahtani F, Imran I. Amelioration of Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic, Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effects of Ficus Benghalensis in Behavioral Experimental Models. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E144. [PMID: 32210162 PMCID: PMC7143763 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Ficus benghalensis (FB) is a commonly found tree in Pakistan and its various parts have folkloric importance in managing neurological ailments. In the present study, methanolic extract of its bark has been tested on an experimental animal model to evaluate memory-enhancing, anxiolytic and antidepressant activities to validate the claimed therapeutic potential. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extract of freshly isolated bark was prepared and subjected to preliminary phytochemical studies and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for the presence of phytocomponents. To evaluate its effect on spatial learning, passive-avoidance test-step through (PAT-ST), Y-maze and Morris water maze (MWM) tests were carried out. Open-field (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests were employed to explore the anti-anxiety potential of FB while a forced swimming test (FST) was utilized to assess its anti-depressant prospective. FB doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg with positive and negative controls given to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Results: phytochemical studies showed the presence of various phytoconstituents including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, phenolics and anthraquinones. The presence of synephrine, aspargine, glucose, fructose and fatty acids was revealed by GC-MS analysis. FB administration led to significant improved memory retention when evaluated through passive avoidance (p < 0.05), Y-maze (p < 0.05) and Morris water maze (p < 0.05) tests in a scopolamine model of amnesic rats. When tested by open field and elevated plus maze tests, FB demonstrated anxiety-resolving characteristics (p < 0.05) as animals dared to stay in open areas more than a control group. Mobility time was increased and immobility time was reduced (p < 0.05-0.01) in rats treated with FB, unveiling the anti-depressant importance of F. benghalensis. Conclusion: methanolic extract of F. benghalensis bark furnished scientific proof behind folkloric claims of the memory improving, anxiety-reducing and depression-resolving characteristics of the plant. These activities might be possible due to interaction of its phytoconstituents with serotonergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic and GABAergic systems in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humna Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (H.M.); (S.J.)
| | - Sana Javaid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (H.M.); (S.J.)
- Department of Pharmacy, The Women University, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fawad Rasool
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Noreen Samad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Syed Rizwan Ahamad
- Central laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (H.M.); (S.J.)
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Javad-Moosavi BZ, Nasehi M, Vaseghi S, Jamaldini SH, Zarrindast MR. Activation and Inactivation of Nicotinic Receptnors in the Dorsal Hippocampal Region Restored Negative Effects of Total (TSD) and REM Sleep Deprivation (RSD) on Memory Acquisition, Locomotor Activity and Pain Perception. Neuroscience 2020; 433:200-211. [PMID: 32200080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) is a common issue in today's society. Sleep is essential for proper cognitive functions, including learning and memory. Furthermore, sleep disorders can alter pain information processing. Meanwhile, hippocampal nicotinic receptors have a role in modulating pain and memory. The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of dorsal hippocampal (CA1) nicotinic receptors on behavioral changes induced by Total (TSD) and REM Sleep Deprivation (RSD). A modified water box and multi-platform apparatus were used to induce TSD and RSD, respectively. To investigate the interaction between nicotinic receptors and hippocampus-dependent memory, nicotinic receptor agonist (nicotine) or antagonist (mecamylamine) was injected into the CA1 region. The results showed, nicotine at the doses of 0.001 and 0.1 µg/rat and mecamylamine at the doses of 0.01 and 0.1 µg/rat decreased memory acquisition, while both at the doses of 0.01 and 0.1 µg/rat enhanced locomotor activity. Additionally, all doses used for both drugs did not alter pain perception. Also, 24 h TSD or RSD attenuated memory acquisition with no effect on locomotor activity and only TSD induced an analgesic effect. Intra-CA1 administration of subthreshold dose of nicotine (0.0001 µg/rat) and mecamylamine (0.001 µg/rat) did not alter memory acquisition, pain perception and locomotor activity in sham of TSD/RSD rats. Both drugs reversed all behavioral changes induced by TSD. Furthermore, both drugs reversed the effect of RSD on memory acquisition, while only mecamylamine reversed the effect of RSD on locomotor activity. In conclusion, CA1 nicotinic receptors play a significant role in TSD/RSD-induced behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamid Jamaldini
- Department of Genetic, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroendocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
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Lee J, Lee HR, Kim JI, Baek J, Jang EH, Lee J, Kim M, Lee RU, Kim S, Park P, Kaang BK. Transient cAMP elevation during systems consolidation enhances remote contextual fear memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 169:107171. [PMID: 31978552 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Memory is stored in our brains over a temporally graded transition. With time, recently formed memories are transformed into remote memories for permanent storage; multiple brain regions, such as the hippocampus and neocortex, participate in this process. In this study, we aimed to understand the molecular mechanism of systems consolidation of memory and to investigate the brain regions that contribute to this regulation. We first carried out a contextual fear memory test using a transgenic mouse line, which expressed exogenously-derived Aplysia octopamine receptors in the forebrain region, such that, in response to octopamine treatment, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels could be transiently elevated. From this experiment, we revealed that transient elevation of cAMP levels in the forebrain during systems consolidation led to an enhancement in remote fear memory and increased miniature excitatory synaptic currents in layer II/III of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Furthermore, using an adeno-associated-virus-driven DREADD system, we investigated the specific regions in the forebrain that contribute to the regulation of memory transfer into long-term associations. Our results implied that transient elevation of cAMP levels was induced chemogenetically in the ACC, but not in the hippocampus, and showed a significant enhancement of remote memory. This finding suggests that neuronal activation during systems consolidation through the elevation of cAMP levels in the ACC contributes to remote memory enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryeon Lee
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ick Kim
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Baek
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hae Jang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongwon Kim
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ro Un Lee
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Somi Kim
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Pojeong Park
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanangno 599, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Bae HJ, Sowndhararajan K, Park HB, Kim SY, Kim S, Kim DH, Choi JW, Jang DS, Ryu JH, Park SJ. Danshensu attenuates scopolamine and amyloid-β-induced cognitive impairments through the activation of PKA-CREB signaling in mice. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104537. [PMID: 31425745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an important chronic neurodegenerative disorder and is mainly associated with cognitive dysfunction. At present, bioactive compounds from traditional medicinal plants have received much attention for the enhancement of cognitive function. Danshensu, a phenolic acid isolated from herbal medicines, has various pharmacological activities in the central nervous system, including anxiolytic-like and neuroprotective properties. The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorating effects of danshensu on scopolamine- and amyloid-β (Aβ) protein-induced cognitive impairments in mice. Danshensu (3 and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) effectively ameliorated scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice, as measured in passive avoidance and Y-maze tasks. In a mechanistic study, danshensu inhibited monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) activity but not MAO-B. Additionally, danshensu treatment increased the dopamine level and the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), in the cortex of the brain. Furthermore, the ameliorating effect of danshensu against scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment was fully blocked by H89, a PKA inhibitor. Finally, danshensu also ameliorated Aβ-induced cognitive impairments in an animal model of AD. The results revealed that danshensu treatment significantly improved scopolamine and Aβ-induced cognitive impairments in mice by facilitation of dopamine signaling cascade such as PKA and CREB due to MAO-A inhibition. Thus, danshensu could be used as a promising therapeutic agent for preventing and treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jung Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Botany, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Hyeon-Bae Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Songmun Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences and Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
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The up and down of sleep: From molecules to electrophysiology. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 160:3-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Histone deacetylase 3 inhibitors in learning and memory processes with special emphasis on benzamides. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:369-380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Effects of post-learning REM sleep deprivation on hippocampal plasticity-related genes and microRNA in mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 361:7-13. [PMID: 30594545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is essential for memory consolidation that stabilizes a memory trace. Memory consolidation includes waves of new gene expression and protein synthesis. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of memory processes. Previous studies demonstrated that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation (REM SD) during specific time windows after training in the Morris water maze (MWM) task impairs memory consolidation. Here, we showed that the post-learning REM sleep, extending from 3 to 6 h after last training, is critical for spatial learning in the MWM task. Further, we found that the REM SD after training significantly changes the hippocampal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA; however, it causes minimal difference in the hippocampal expressions of calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII) and cAMP response-element-binding (CREB). In addition, it considerably affected the hippocampal expressions of miR-132, miR-182, and miR-124. In conclusion, after the MWM task, the post-learning REM sleep during specific time windows can modulate spatial memory consolidation, and its deprivation can impact the hippocampal transcriptional processes including memory-related miRNAs and mRNAs.
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Cho J, Sypniewski KA, Arai S, Yamada K, Ogawa S, Pavlides C. Fear memory consolidation in sleep requires protein kinase A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:241-246. [PMID: 29661836 PMCID: PMC5903399 DOI: 10.1101/lm.046458.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that protein kinase A (PKA) is involved in hippocampal dependent memory consolidation. Sleep is also known to play an important role in this process. However, whether sleep-dependent memory consolidation involves PKA activation has not been clearly determined. Using behavioral observation, animals were categorized into sleep and awake groups. We show that intrahippocampal injections of the PKA inhibitor Rp-cAMPs in post-contextual fear conditioning sleep produced a suppression of long-term fear memory, while injections of Rp-cAMPs during an awake state, at a similar time point, had no effect. In contrast, injections of the PKA activator Sp-cAMPs in awake state, rescued sleep deprivation-induced memory impairments. These results suggest that following learning, PKA activation specifically in sleep is required for the consolidation of long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Cho
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | | | - Shoko Arai
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Sonoko Ogawa
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Constantine Pavlides
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan .,The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Kreutzmann JC, Tudor JC, Angelakos CC, Abel T. The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Molecular Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation in Rodents. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45066-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Kreutzmann JC, Havekes R, Abel T, Meerlo P. Sleep deprivation and hippocampal vulnerability: changes in neuronal plasticity, neurogenesis and cognitive function. Neuroscience 2015; 309:173-90. [PMID: 25937398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ongoing fundamental controversy about the physiological function of sleep, there is general consensus that sleep benefits neuronal plasticity, which ultimately supports brain function and cognition. In agreement with this are numerous studies showing that sleep deprivation (SD) results in learning and memory impairments. Interestingly, such impairments appear to occur particularly when these learning and memory processes require the hippocampus, suggesting that this brain region may be particularly sensitive to the consequences of sleep loss. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep and memory formation remain to be investigated, available evidence suggests that SD may impair hippocampal neuronal plasticity and memory processes by attenuating intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling which may lead to alterations in cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-mediated gene transcription, neurotrophic signaling, and glutamate receptor expression. When restricted sleep becomes a chronic condition, it causes a reduction of hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis, which may eventually lead to a reduction in hippocampal volume. Ultimately, by impairing hippocampal plasticity and function, chronically restricted and disrupted sleep contributes to cognitive disorders and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Kreutzmann
- Center for Behavior and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - R Havekes
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - T Abel
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - P Meerlo
- Center for Behavior and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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França ASC, Lobão-Soares B, Muratori L, Nascimento G, Winne J, Pereira CM, Jeronimo SMB, Ribeiro S. D2 dopamine receptor regulation of learning, sleep and plasticity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:493-504. [PMID: 25778861 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine and sleep have been independently linked with hippocampus-dependent learning. Since D2 dopaminergic transmission is required for the occurrence of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, it is possible that dopamine affects learning by way of changes in post-acquisition REM sleep. To investigate this hypothesis, we first assessed whether D2 dopaminergic modulation in mice affects novel object preference, a hippocampus-dependent task. Animals trained in the dark period, when sleep is reduced, did not improve significantly in performance when tested 24h after training. In contrast, animals trained in the sleep-rich light period showed significant learning after 24h. When injected with the D2 inverse agonist haloperidol immediately after the exploration of novel objects, animals trained in the light period showed reduced novelty preference upon retesting 24h later. Next we investigated whether haloperidol affected the protein levels of plasticity factors shown to be up-regulated in an experience-dependent manner during REM sleep. Haloperidol decreased post-exploration hippocampal protein levels at 3h, 6h and 12h for phosphorylated Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, at 6h for Zif-268; and at 12h for the brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Electrophysiological and kinematic recordings showed a significant decrease in the amount of REM sleep following haloperidol injection, while slow-wave sleep remained unaltered. Importantly, REM sleep decrease across animals was strongly correlated with deficits in novelty preference (Rho=0.56, p=0.012). Altogether, the results suggest that the dopaminergic regulation of REM sleep affects learning by modulating post-training levels of calcium-dependent plasticity factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S C França
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), 59056-450 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - B Lobão-Soares
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Brazil.
| | - L Muratori
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), 59056-450 Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Brazil
| | - G Nascimento
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Brazil; Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience of Natal (ELS-IINN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - J Winne
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience of Natal (ELS-IINN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - C M Pereira
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience of Natal (ELS-IINN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - S M B Jeronimo
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Brazil
| | - S Ribeiro
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), 59056-450 Natal, RN, Brazil.
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16
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Gerstner JR, Vanderheyden WM, Shaw PJ, Landry CF, Yin JC. Cytoplasmic to nuclear localization of fatty-acid binding protein correlates with specific forms of long-term memory inDrosophila. Commun Integr Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/cib.16927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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17
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Abstract
Hippocampal cellular and molecular processes critical for memory consolidation are affected by the amount and quality of sleep attained. Questions remain with regard to how sleep enhances memory, what parameters of sleep after learning are optimal for memory consolidation, and what underlying hippocampal molecular players are targeted by sleep deprivation to impair memory consolidation and plasticity. In this review, we address these topics with a focus on the detrimental effects of post-learning sleep deprivation on memory consolidation. Obtaining adequate sleep is challenging in a society that values "work around the clock." Therefore, the development of interventions to combat the negative cognitive effects of sleep deprivation is key. However, there are a limited number of therapeutics that are able to enhance cognition in the face of insufficient sleep. The identification of molecular pathways implicated in the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation on memory could potentially yield new targets for the development of more effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni-Moi Prince
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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18
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Increases in cAMP, MAPK activity, and CREB phosphorylation during REM sleep: implications for REM sleep and memory consolidation. J Neurosci 2013; 33:6460-8. [PMID: 23575844 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5018-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) transcriptional pathway is required for consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memory. In mice, this pathway undergoes a circadian oscillation required for memory persistence that reaches a peak during the daytime. Because mice exhibit polyphasic sleep patterns during the day, this suggested the interesting possibility that cAMP, MAPK activity, and CREB phosphorylation may be elevated during sleep. Here, we report that cAMP, phospho-p44/42 MAPK, and phospho-CREB are higher in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep compared with awake mice but are not elevated in non-REM sleep. This peak of activity during REM sleep does not occur in mice lacking calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclases, a mouse strain that learns but cannot consolidate hippocampus-dependent memory. We conclude that a preferential increase in cAMP, MAPK activity, and CREB phosphorylation during REM sleep may contribute to hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation.
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Vyazovskiy VV, Harris KD. Sleep and the single neuron: the role of global slow oscillations in individual cell rest. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:443-51. [PMID: 23635871 PMCID: PMC3972489 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is universal in animals, but its specific functions remain elusive. We propose that sleep's primary function is to allow individual neurons to perform prophylactic cellular maintenance. Just as muscle cells must rest after strenuous exercise to prevent long-term damage, brain cells must rest after intense synaptic activity. We suggest that periods of reduced synaptic input ('off periods' or 'down states') are necessary for such maintenance. This in turn requires a state of globally synchronized neuronal activity, reduced sensory input and behavioural immobility - the well-known manifestations of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy
- University of Surrey, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kenneth D. Harris
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, UCL Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, London, WC1E 6DE, UK
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20
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Abstract
Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the retention of memory. In this review we aim to comprehensively cover the field of "sleep and memory" research by providing a historical perspective on concepts and a discussion of more recent key findings. Whereas initial theories posed a passive role for sleep enhancing memories by protecting them from interfering stimuli, current theories highlight an active role for sleep in which memories undergo a process of system consolidation during sleep. Whereas older research concentrated on the role of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, recent work has revealed the importance of slow-wave sleep (SWS) for memory consolidation and also enlightened some of the underlying electrophysiological, neurochemical, and genetic mechanisms, as well as developmental aspects in these processes. Specifically, newer findings characterize sleep as a brain state optimizing memory consolidation, in opposition to the waking brain being optimized for encoding of memories. Consolidation originates from reactivation of recently encoded neuronal memory representations, which occur during SWS and transform respective representations for integration into long-term memory. Ensuing REM sleep may stabilize transformed memories. While elaborated with respect to hippocampus-dependent memories, the concept of an active redistribution of memory representations from networks serving as temporary store into long-term stores might hold also for non-hippocampus-dependent memory, and even for nonneuronal, i.e., immunological memories, giving rise to the idea that the offline consolidation of memory during sleep represents a principle of long-term memory formation established in quite different physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Rasch
- Division of Biopsychology, Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Vecsey CG, Peixoto L, Choi JHK, Wimmer M, Jaganath D, Hernandez PJ, Blackwell J, Meda K, Park AJ, Hannenhalli S, Abel T. Genomic analysis of sleep deprivation reveals translational regulation in the hippocampus. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:981-91. [PMID: 22930738 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00084.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is a common problem of considerable health and economic impact in today's society. Sleep loss is associated with deleterious effects on cognitive functions such as memory and has a high comorbidity with many neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the molecular basis of the effect of sleep deprivation in the brain. In this study, we combined genome-wide and traditional molecular biological approaches to determine the cellular and molecular impacts of sleep deprivation in the mouse hippocampus, a brain area crucial for many forms of memory. Microarray analysis examining the effects of 5 h of sleep deprivation on gene expression in the mouse hippocampus found 533 genes with altered expression. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that a prominent effect of sleep deprivation was to downregulate translation, potentially mediated through components of the insulin signaling pathway such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a key regulator of protein synthesis. Consistent with this analysis, sleep deprivation reduced levels of total and phosphorylated mTOR, and levels returned to baseline after 2.5 h of recovery sleep. Our findings represent the first genome-wide analysis of the effects of sleep deprivation on the mouse hippocampus, and they suggest that the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation may be mediated by reductions in protein synthesis via downregulation of mTOR. Because protein synthesis and mTOR activation are required for long-term memory formation, our study improves our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the memory impairments induced by sleep deprivation.
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Abstract
This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness. Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Multiple interacting neurotransmitter systems in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain converge onto common effector systems in the thalamus and cortex. Sleep results from the inhibition of wake-promoting systems by homeostatic sleep factors such as adenosine and nitric oxide and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, resulting in large-amplitude, slow EEG oscillations. Local, activity-dependent factors modulate the amplitude and frequency of cortical slow oscillations. Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep results in conservation of brain energy and facilitates memory consolidation through the modulation of synaptic weights. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep results from the interaction of brain stem cholinergic, aminergic, and GABAergic neurons which control the activity of glutamatergic reticular formation neurons leading to REM sleep phenomena such as muscle atonia, REMs, dreaming, and cortical activation. Strong activation of limbic regions during REM sleep suggests a role in regulation of emotion. Genetic studies suggest that brain mechanisms controlling waking and NREM sleep are strongly conserved throughout evolution, underscoring their enormous importance for brain function. Sleep disruption interferes with the normal restorative functions of NREM and REM sleep, resulting in disruptions of breathing and cardiovascular function, changes in emotional reactivity, and cognitive impairments in attention, memory, and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritchie E Brown
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, Massachusetts 02301, USA
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23
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Gerstner JR, Vanderheyden WM, Shaw PJ, Landry CF, Yin JC. Cytoplasmic to nuclear localization of fatty-acid binding protein correlates with specific forms of long-term memory in Drosophila. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:623-6. [PMID: 22046481 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.5.16927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported evidence implicating fatty-acid binding protein (Fabp) in the control of sleep and memory formation. We used Drosophila melanogaster to examine the relationship between sleep and memory through transgenic overexpression of mouse brain-Fabp, Fabp7, or the Drosophila Fabp homolog, (dFabp). The key findings are that 1) a genetically induced increase in daytime consolidated sleep (naps) correlates with an increase in cognitive performance, and 2) a late "window" of memory consolidation occurs days after the traditionally understood "synaptic" consolidation. Exactly how Fabp-signaling may be involved in converting normal to enhanced long-term memory (LTM) is not known. Here we describe additional data which support relative subcellular compartmental localization of Fabp in regulating stage associations of different forms of memory in Drosophila. Anesthesia resistant memory (ARM) is a longer lasting memory that is produced by massed training, but unlike LTM produced by spaced training, it is insensitive to protein synthesis inhibitors and does not persist as long. We observed that the ratio of ARM to LTM performance index of Fabp7-transgenic flies is proportional to the relative cytoplasmic to nuclear Fabp7 expression level. These data suggest a common lipid-signaling cascade exists between phases of memory formation previously thought to be molecularly distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Gerstner
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
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