Formulation development and optimization of sustained release matrix tablet of Itopride HCl by response surface methodology and its evaluation of release kinetics

Ca2+-mediated chitosan/sodium alginate encapsulated Red Monascus Pigment hydrogel beads: Preparation, characterization and release kinetic

Red Monascus Pigment (RMP), a natural pigment, has attracted significant attention due to its suitability for food use and potential health benefits. However, preserving its stability and exploring value-added development opportunities remain crucial challenges. This study outlined the utilization of RMP, by successfully preparing hydrogel beads encapsulating RMP crude extract (RMPCE) through Ca2+-mediated chitosan (CS)/sodium alginate (SA) encapsulation (CO-RMPHB). A systematic investigation into the fabrication and stability parameters, including preparation conditions, temperature, monochromatic light and storage time, was undertaken. Through optimization (SA: 2.50 wt%; CaCl2: 6.00 wt%; CS: 0.50 wt%), maximum encapsulation efficiency of 73.54 ± 2.16 % was achieved. The maximum swelling degree of blank hydrogel beads (BHB) in simulated gastric solution (pH = 1.2, 1.50 ± 0.97 %) was significantly lower than in simulated intestinal solution (pH = 7.0, 28.05 ± 1.43 %), confirming their sensitivity to pH changes. Additionally, the CO-RMPHB (66.08 %, 1000 μL) exhibited superior DPPH radical scavenging capability compared to individual RMPCE or BHB. Furthermore, analysis of the release kinetics based on zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Ritger-Peppas models revealed that RMPCE release from CO-RMPHB under in vitro digestion models followed non-Fickian diffusion. This discovery effectively addresses the challenges of the stability and controlled release of RMP, expanding its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Prokinetics-safety and efficacy: The European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility/The American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society expert review

BACKGROUND

Prokinetics are a class of pharmacological drugs designed to improve gastrointestinal (GI) motility, either regionally or across the whole gut. Each drug has its merits and drawbacks, and based on current evidence as high-quality studies are limited, we have no clear recommendation on one class or other. However, there remains a large unmet need for both regionally selective and/or globally acting prokinetic drugs that work primarily intraluminally and are safe and without systemic side effects.

PURPOSE

Here, we describe the strengths and weaknesses of six classes of prokinetic drugs, including their pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy, safety and tolerability and potential indications.

Formulation of Folate Receptor-Targeted Silibinin-Loaded Inhalable Chitosan Nanoparticles by the QbD Approach for Lung Cancer Targeted Delivery

Aim: Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics by functionalized nanoparticles exhibits a wonderful prospect for cancer treatment. The main objective of this research was to develop folate receptor-targeted silibinin (SB)-loaded inhalable polymeric nanoparticles (FA-CS-SB-NPs) for the treatment of lung cancer. Method: The qbD approach was implemented to prepare SB-loaded nanoparticles. Folic acid was conjugated by electrostatic conjugation in an optimized batch. The therapeutic potentials of formulations were determined using a lung cancer cell-bearing rat model. Result: Optimized formulation exhibited a spherical surface with a mean particle size of 275 ± 1.20 nm, a PDI of 0.234 ± 0.07, a ζ-potential of 32.50 ± 0.21, an entrapment efficiency of 75.52 ± 0.87%, and a CDR of 63.25 ± 1.21% at 48 h. Aerodynamic behaviors such as the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric size distribution (GSD) were found to be 2.75 ± 1.02 and 3.15 ± 0.88 μm, respectively. After 24 h of incubation with FA-CS-SB-NPs, the IC50 value was found to be 24.5 g/mL. FA-SB-CS-NPs maintained a significantly higher deposition of SB in lung tissues. Conclusions: Thus, the noninvasive nature and target specificity of FA-CS-SB-NPs pave the way for pulmonary delivery for treating lung cancer.

Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Progesterone in Bilosome Formulation: Fabrication, Statistical Optimization, and Pharmacokinetic Study

Progesterone, a female sex steroid hormone, is highly lipophilic, leading to poor oral bioavailability. This study aimed to develop a progesterone bilosome system to enhance its oral bioavailability and retain it longer in the body. Progesterone vesicles were formulated with bile salts by thin film hydration method to prevent enzymatic and bile acid degradation. The Box-Behnken experimental design was used to statistically optimize progesterone bilosomes by checking the effect of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and sodium deoxycholate on vesicle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The optimum batch showed 239.5 nm vesicle size, -28.2 mV zeta potential and 84.08% entrapment efficiency, respectively, which were significantly affected by phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol concentration. The successful incorporation of progesterone in the system was evident from ATR-FTIR analysis that revealed no sharp progesterone peaks in bilosomes. TEM analysis confirmed the spherical structure and uniform bilosome vesicles. Furthermore, the in vitro drug release of progesterone bilosomes revealed a sustained pattern exhibiting 90% drug release in 48 h. The pharmacokinetic study in female ovariectomized Wistar rats confirmed the 4.287- and 9.75-fold enhanced oral bioavailability of the progesterone bilosomes than marketed capsules and progesterone API, respectively. Therefore, progesterone bilosome formulation can be further explored for improved oral administration in chronic treatments.

Optimised neem oil-bilayer tablets: A safe, effective and stable tool for the prevention of vector-borne disease outbreaks by Aedes albopictus

The control of mosquito breeding is an essential step towards the reduction of vector-borne disease outbreaks. Synthetic larvicidal agents produce resistance in vectors and cause safety concerns in humans, animals and aquatic species. The drawback of synthetic larvicides opened a new avenue for natural larvicidal agents, but poor dosage accuracy, need for frequent applications, low stability and sustainability are the major challenges with them. Hence, this investigation aimed to overcome those drawbacks by developing bilayer tablets loaded with neem oil to prevent mosquito breeding in stagnant water. The optimised batch of neem oil-bilayer tablets (ONBT) had 65%w/w hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K100M and 80%w/w ethylcellulose in its composition. After the completion of 4th week, 91.98 ± 0.871% azadirachtin was released from the ONBT, which was followed by a subsequent drop in the in vitro release. ONBT reported long-term larvicidal efficacy (>75%) and a good deterrent effect which was better than neem oil-based marketed products. The acute toxicity study on a non-target fish model (Poecilia reticulata), OECD Test No.203 confirmed the safety of the ONBT on non-target aquatic species. The accelerated stability studies predicted a good stability profile for the ONBT. The neem oil-based bilayer tablets can be used as an effective tool for the control of vector-borne diseases in society. The product may be a safe, effective and eco-friendly replacement for the existing synthetic as well as natural products in the market.

Design and Development of Gastro-retentive Drug Delivery System for Trazodone Hydrochloride: a Promising Alternative to Innovator's Controlled-Release Tablet

Trazodone hydrochloride (TZN) is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor that treats a major depressive disorder. It exhibits a short plasma half-life of 4.1 h and shows pH-dependent solubility. Above its pKa (6.74), solubility of TZN is very low, affecting its dissolution in the lower part of GIT. Hence, the present work aimed to develop gastro-retentive floating tablet of TZN. Central composite design was employed to optimize the formulation. Formulation variables like the concentration of HPMC-K100M, Polyox WSR 303 Leo, and sodium bicarbonate were evaluated for the responses like floating lag time and drug release. X-ray imaging study was performed on rabbits to determine the in vivo gastric retention of the optimized formulation. The accelerated stability study was conducted on optimized tablets as per ICH guidelines. Floating lag time and f₂ value of the optimized formulation were found to be 2.51±0.02 min and 62.79, respectively. X-ray imaging studies in rabbits determined the in vivo gastro retention time. After 12 h of administration, tablet remained in the gastric region, indicating better retentive power. Accelerated stability studies showed sufficient formulation stability even after 3 months of storage. All these studies depict that the floating gastro-retentive system could be used as an alternative to the innovator formulation.

Central Composite Design (CCD) for the Optimisation of Ethosomal Gel Formulation of Punica granatum Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations

This research manuscript’s objective was to develop the Punica granatum extract ethosome gel. The use of nanotechnology can improve transdermal drug delivery permeation of its major bioactive compound β-sitosterol. The optimised and developed formulations were further studied in vitro and in vivo. The assessment of the anti-inflammatory activity of the gel was performed in Albino rats. Methanolic extract was prepared and developed into an ethosome suspension and an ethosome gel. To optimise the formulation’s response in terms of particle size (nm) and entrapment efficiency (%), the central composite design (CCD) was used in 2² levels. The effects of factors such as lecithin (%) and ethanol (mL) in nine formulations were observed. Characterisation of ethosome gel was performed and the results showed the particle size (516.4 nm) and mean zeta potential (−45.4 mV). Evaluations of the gel formulation were performed. The results were good in terms of pH (7.1), viscosity (32,158 cps), spreadability (31.55 g cm/s), and no grittiness. In an in vitro study, the percentages of β-sitosterol release of ethosome gel (91.83%), suspension (82.74%), and extracts (68.15%) at 279 nm were recorded. The effects of the formulated gel on formalin-induced oedema in Albino rats showed good results in terms of anti-inflammatory activity. The comparative anti-inflammatory activity of Punica granatum extract and gel showed that the gel action was good for their topical application.

ZnO Nanoparticles of Rubia cordifolia Extract Formulation Developed and Optimized with QbD Application, Considering Ex Vivo Skin Permeation, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties

The objective of the current research is to develop ZnO-Manjistha extract (ZnO-MJE) nanoparticles (NPs) and to investigate their transdermal delivery as well as antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The optimized formulation was further evaluated based on different parameters. The ZnO-MJE-NPs were prepared by mixing 10 mM ZnSO₄·7H₂O and 0.8% w/v NaOH in distilled water. To the above, a solution of 10 mL MJE (10 mg) in 50 mL of zinc sulfate was added. Box-Behnken design (Design-Expert software 12.0.1.0) was used for the optimization of ZnO-MJE-NP formulations. The ZnO-MJE-NPs were evaluated for their physicochemical characterization, in vitro release activity, ex vivo permeation across rat skin, antimicrobial activity using sterilized agar media, and antioxidant activity by the DPPH free radical method. The optimized ZnO-MJE-NP formulation (F13) showed a particle size of 257.1 ± 0.76 nm, PDI value of 0.289 ± 0.003, and entrapment efficiency of 79 ± 0.33%. Drug release kinetic models showed that the formulation followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with a drug release of 34.50 ± 2.56 at pH 7.4 in 24 h. In ex vivo studies ZnO-MJE-NPs-opt permeation was 63.26%. The antibacterial activity was found to be enhanced in ZnO-MJE-NPs-opt and antioxidant activity was found to be highest (93.14 ± 4.05%) at 100 µg/mL concentrations. The ZnO-MJE-NPs-opt formulation showed prolonged release of the MJE and intensified permeation. Moreover, the formulation was found to show significantly (p < 0.05) better antimicrobial and antioxidant activity as compared to conventional suspension formulations.

Formulation development and in-vitro/ex-vivo evaluation for a polysaccharide-based colon targeted matrix tablet

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to develop and optimize a microflora-triggered colon targeted sustained-release dosage form using gum ghatti (GG) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100).

METHODS

GG and HPMC K100 were used to prepare microflora triggered colon targeted sustained-release dosage form. For evaluation, two different tablets comprising metoprolol succinate and mesalamine as an active ingredient were used with the objective of developing a platform technology for various categories of drugs. The tablets were coated with Eudragit® L100 and Eudragit® S100 to provide enteric coating and evaluated for hardness, thickness, friability, weight variation, disintegration, and drug content. In vitro release studies for the prepared tablets were carried out mimicking the physiological transit time. Further, the effects of microflora were evaluated using rat cecal content.

RESULTS

The in vitro dissolution profile of coated matrix tablets showed that 86.03±0.43% of metoprolol succinate and 80.26±0.67% of mesalamine were released at the end of 12 h. The ex vivo dissolution profile of coated matrix tablets showed that 96.50±0.27% of metoprolol succinate and 92.58±0.39% of mesalamine were released at the end of 12 h in the presence of rat ceacal content. The developed formulation was stable when subjected to the standard ICH stability study conditions.

CONCLUSION

The result of this study showed that gum ghatti together with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose could be successfully used for the preparation of microflora triggered colon targeted matrix tablets.

Effect of alkalizing agent on abuse deterrent potential of multiple-unit ingestion of bilayer abuse-deterrent extended-release tablets using propranolol as model drug for opioids overdose crisis

The objective of present study is to develop bilayer abuse-deterrent extended-release tablets (ADERTs) using propranolol HCl as model drug for opioids overdose crisis. Bilayer ADERTs were fabricated by direct compression and formulated with polymer matrix in extended-release drug layer coupled with alkalizing and aversive agents in fast-disintegrating pH modifying layer. Various alkalizing agents, like magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and calcium hydroxide, were evaluated for their abuse-deterrent potential via in-vitro drug release and extraction studies. Based on the outcomes, magnesium hydroxide was selected as an alkalizing agent, since it raised the pH of dissolving media near to pKa of the drug studied in this investigation. The formulated bilayer ADERTs with magnesium hydroxide provided similar drug release profiles as compared to conventional extended-release tablets for single-unit ingestion. However, upon ingestion of multiple-unit bilayer ADERTs, the fast-disintegrating pH modifying layer increases pH of dissolving media, while extended-release layer increases micro-environmental pH within tablets. Retarding drug release owing to low solubility of basic drug at higher pH was observed. Therefore, the application of alkalizing agent has impact on pH-dependent solubility of drug like opioids and demonstrate its useful potential to be incorporated in bilayer ADERTs for opioids overdose crisis.

Drug dual-release matrix proprieties and the correlations with nanostructure aggregation kinetics for siloxane-polyether/hydrogel nanocomposites

The influence of hydrogels on the nanostructural formation of siloxane-polyether nanocomposites was examined. The nanostructure was studied with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to determine the siloxane nanostructure aggregation mechanisms. The interactions between matrix and drug were examined by infrared spectroscopy to verify the compatibility of the drug with the matrix. For in vitro release tests Piroxicam was used as a model molecule. The variation of the different types of hydrogels, bis-acrylamide (BIS), poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PAM) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) can modify the drug release profiles. The release behaviour was determined to be composed of two concomitant release mechanisms. The first is in the early stages of drug release, governed by erosion, diffusion and swelling and the second, in advanced stages of release, typical of diffusion through pores. These dependencies were found to be correlated to the physical and chemical properties of the nanocomposites, including the interactions disturbing polycondensation formation. The release rate depends on intramolecular matrix-matrix and intermolecular drug-matrix interactions, as well as a crystalline state of the matrix.

Pharmaceutical assessment of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP): As excipient from conventional to controlled delivery systems with a spotlight on COVID-19 inhibition

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a water-soluble polymer obtained by polymerization of monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone. PVP is an inert, non-toxic, temperature-resistant, pH-stable, biocompatible, biodegradable polymer that helps to encapsulate and cater both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. These advantages enable PVP a versatile excipient in the formulation development of broad conventional to novel controlled delivery systems. PVP has tunable properties and can be used as a brace component for gene delivery, orthopedic implants, and tissue engineering applications. Based on different molecular weights and modified forms, PVP can lead to exceptional beneficial features with varying chemical properties. Graft copolymerization and other techniques assist PVP to conjugate with poorly soluble drugs that can inflate bioavailability and even introduces the desired swelling tract for their control or sustained release. The present review provides chemistry, mechanical, physicochemical properties, evaluation parameters, dewy preparation methods of PVP derivatives intended for designing conventional to controlled systems for drug, gene, and cosmetic delivery. The past and growing interest in PVP establishes it as a promising polymer to enhance the trait and performance of current generation pharmaceutical dosage forms. Furthermore, the scrutiny explores existing patents, marketed products, new and futuristic approaches of PVP that have been identified and scope for future development, characterization, and its use. The exploration spotlights the importance and role of PVP in the design of Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) and clinical trials to assess therapeutic efficacy against the COVID-19 in the current pandemic scenario.

Quality by Design (QbD)-Based Numerical and Graphical Optimization Technique for the Development of Osmotic Pump Controlled-Release Metoclopramide HCl Tablets

PURPOSE

To develop the osmotically controlled-release gastroprokinetic metoclopramide HCl tablets, using quality by design (QbD)-numerical and graphical optimization technique for the treatment of gastroparesis and prophylaxis of delayed nausea and vomiting induced by low-high emetogenic chemotherapy.

METHODS

Formulations were designed by central composite design using Design Expert version 11.0.0, with osmogen concentration (X1), orifice size (X2), and tablet weight gain after coating (X3) as input and in-vitro drug release at 1hr. (Y1), 6 hrs. (Y2), and 12 hrs. (Y3), and the regression coefficient of drug release data fitted to zero-order, RSQ zero (Y4) as output variables. Core tablets prepared by direct compression were coated with Opadry® CA. The experimental design was validated by the polynomial equation. A correlation between predicted and observed values was evaluated by random checkpoint analysis. The optimized formulations were characterized for drug release, pH effect, osmolarity, agitation intensity, surface morphology, and stability study, and were subjected to accelerated studies according to ICH guidelines.

RESULTS

The interaction charts and response surface plots deduced a significant simultaneous effect of X variables on in vitro drug release and RSQ zero. The numerical optimization model predicted >90% drug release with X1 (13.30%), X2 (0.6 mm), and X3 (7.96%). Random checkpoint analysis showed a good correlation between predicted and observed values. The optimized formulation followed zero-order kinetics (r2=0.9703) drug release. Shelf life calculated was 2.8 years as per ICH guidelines.

CONCLUSION

The QbD-based approach was found successful in developing controlled release osmotic tablets of metoclopramide HCl, for reducing the dosage frequency, better emetic control, and improve patient compliance.

Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic characterization of isradipine tablets for controlled release

Isradipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB) commonly used as vasodilator with antihypertensive properties. A remote-controlled release formulation for isradipine would substantially improve the clinical outcomes of the patients requiring chronic long-term treatment. In this work, sustained release (SR) tablets of isradipine, composed of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), have been produced by wet granulation and their in vitro and in vivo characterization was compared to a conventional tablet dosage form of immediate release (IR) as preliminary assessment. Tablets composed of 15.0% (wt/wt) HPMC exhibited a SR profile over a period of 24 hours. The release of isradipine followed a Fickian diffusion pattern obeying to the first order kinetics and the extent of absorption was even higher in comparison to the developed conventional tablets, which showed immediate drug release. In vivo studies were carried out in rabbits, showing that the extent of isradipine absorption from the developed tablets was higher in comparison to IR tablets due to the modified release profile obtained for the former (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that SR tablets of isradipine are an efficient solid dosage form to overcome the limitations encountered in conventional IR tablets.

The production of gel beads of soybean hull polysaccharides loaded with soy isoflavone and their pH-dependent release

Core-shell hydrogel beads were successfully produced from soybean hull polysaccharides (SHP). Using electron microscopy, the beads were found to be spherical with smooth surfaces and have tight gel network internal structures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the interaction between soy isoflavone and SHP in the gel beads mesh-like structure. Furthermore, the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of gel beads for soy isoflavone are 66.90% and 4.67%, respectively, and have the ability of pH-responsive release in vitro. Through the mathematical model of kinetics, we found that the release of soy isoflavone from gel beads showed Fickian diffusion in release media (pH 2.0 and 7.4), but showed non-Fickian diffusion at pH 4.0 and 6.8. This polymer can be extended to prepare more versatile delivery and controlled release system, appealing for food, pharmaceutical, biomedicine and cosmetics applications.

A Cost Effective (QbD) Approach in the Development and Optimization of Rosiglitazone Maleate Mucoadhesive Extended Release Tablets -In Vitro and Ex Vivo

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to develop and optimize rosiglitazone maleate mucoadhesive extended-release tablets by quality by design (QbD) approach. Based on QTPP (quality target product profile) CQAs (critical quality attributes) were identified.

Methods: Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) method were adopted for risk assessment. Risk analysis by the evaluation of formulation and process parameters showed that the optimizing the levels of polymers could reduce high risk to achieve target profile. Drug-excipient compatibility studies by Fourier transforms infra-red and DSC studies showed that the drug was compatible with the polymers used. Design of experiment (DoE) performed by Sigma tech software, Carbopol 934P and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) were identified as independent variables and hardness, drug release at 12 hours and ex vivo mucoadhesion time were adopted as responses. Contour plots generated from the software were used for identification of design space.

Results: Carbopol 934P and SCMC had positive and negative effects respectively on the selected responses. Higher the concentration of Carbopol 934P and lower the concentration of SCMC mucoadhesive extended release criteria could be achieved. Drug release kinetics followed first order release with Higuchi diffusion and Fickian diffusion. Ex vivo mucoadhesion test on goat stomach mucosa indicated that adhesion time increased at higher concentrations of Carbopol 934P. Optimized formula satisfying all the required parameters was selected and evaluated. The predicted response values were in close agreement with experimental response values, confirmed by calculating standard error.

Conclusion: It has been concluded that the application of QbD in the optimization reduced the number of trials to produce a cost-effective formula.

Physicochemical properties and drug-release mechanisms of dual-release bilayer tablet containing mirabegron and fesoterodine fumarate

Introduction: In this study, a dual release bi-layer tablet containing Fesoterodine fumarate (Fst) 5 mg and Mirabegron (Mrb) 50 mg was prepared to investigate the different release behavior of each drug in bilayer tablet. The bilayer tablet was prepared based on monolayer-tablet formulation of each drug.

Methods: The optimized bi-layer tablet showed an in vitro dissolution profile similar to commercial reference tablets Toviaz and Betmiga, based on a satisfactory similarity factor. Drug-release kinetics of each drug in the bilayer tablet were evaluated based on dissolution profiles. Drug-release behavior was evaluated by observing the surface of each layer by scanning electron microscopy and measuring the changes in weight and volume of the tablet during dissolution. Drug transfer between each layer was also investigated by Fourier -transform infrared spectroscopic imaging by observing the cross-section of the bilayer tablet cut vertically during dissolution.

Results: The release of Fst was well suited for the Higuchi model, and the release of Mrb was well suited for the Hixson-crowell model. Compared with dissolution rate of each monolayer tablet, that of Fst in the bilayer tablet was slightly reduced (5%), but the dissolution rate of Mrb in bilayer tablet was dramatically decreased (20%). Also, a drug-release study confirmed that polymer swelling was dominant in Fst layer compared with polymer erosion, and degradation was dominant in MRB layer. Fourier-transform infrared imaging and 3-D image reconstruction showed that drug transfer in the bilayer tablet correlates with the results of drug-release behavior.

Conclusion: These findings are expected to provide scientific insights in the development of a dual-release bilayer drug-delivery system for Fst and Mrb.

Oncolytic adenoviruses: a game changer approach in the battle between cancer and the immune system

INTRODUCTION

Oncolytic adenoviruses are among the most studied oncolytic viruses because of their tumor selectivity, safety, and transgene-delivery capability. With a growing number of different immunotherapies against cancer, the extraordinary immunogenicity of the adenovirus has emerged as a differentiating strength. Enabling T-cell related therapies with oncolytic adenoviruses appears a promising approach due to its inherent ability to elicit responses from the adaptive immune compartment.

AREAS COVERED

These viruses have successfully enhanced both adoptive T-cell therapies and immune-checkpoint therapies. Oncolytic viruses induce several effects at the tumor and on the systemic level that help to circumvent current limitations of T-cells and related therapies, such as T-cell trafficking, tumor immune suppressivity and antigen spreading

EXPERT OPINION

Taking into account the multitude of possibilities of treating cancer with immunotherapies, learning to optimize the combinations and administration strategies of these drugs, could lead to durable responses in patients with currently incurable cancers.

Development and pharmacokinetic evaluation of alginate-pectin polymeric rafts forming tablets using box behnken design

Raft is an emerging drug delivery system, which is suitable for controlled release drug delivery and targeting. The present study aimed to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of raft, in vitro release of pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate and conduct bioavailability studies. Box behnken design was used with three independent and dependent variables. Independent variables were sodium alginate (X₁), pectin (X₂) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K100M (X₃) while dependent variables were percentage drug release at 2 (Y₂), 4 (Y₄) and 8 h (Y₈). The developed rafts were evaluated by their physical and chemical properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were used to study the chemical interaction and thermal behaviour of drug with polymers. Alginate and pectin contents of R9 formulation were 99.28% and 97.29%, respectively, and acid neutralization capacity was 8.0. R9 formulation showed longer duration of neutralization and nature of raft was absorbent. The raft of R9 formulation showed 98.94% release of PSS at 8 h in simulated gastric fluid. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed no chemical interaction and differential scanning calorimetry indicated endothermic peaks at 250 °C for pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate. t_max for the test and reference formulations were 8 ± 2.345 h and 8 ± 2.305 h, respectively. C_max of test and reference formulations were 46.026 ± 0.567 µg/mL and 43.026 ± 0.567 µg/mL, respectively. AUC_(0-t) of the test and reference formulations were 472.115 ± 3.467 µg × h/mL and 456.105 ± 2.017 µg × h/mL, respectively. Raft forming system successfully delivered the drug in controlled manner and improved the bioavailability of drugs.

Simultaneous Optimization of Multiple Response Variables for the Gelatin-chitosan Microcapsules Containing Angelica Essential Oil

Angelica essential oil (AO), a major pharmacologically active component of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, possesses hemogenesis, analgesic activities, and sedative effect. The application of AO in pharmaceutical systems had been limited because of its low oxidative stability. The AO-loaded gelatin-chitosan microcapsules with prevention from oxidation were developed and optimized using response surface methodology. The effects of formulation variables (pH at complex coacervation, gelatin concentration, and core/wall ratio) on multiple response variables (yield, encapsulation efficiency, antioxidation rate, percent of drug released in 1 h, and time to 85% drug release) were systemically investigated. A desirability function that combined these five response variables was constructed. All response variables investigated were found to be highly dependent on the formulation variables, with strong interactions observed between the formulation variables. It was found that optimum overall desirability of AO microcapsules could be obtained at pH 6.20, gelatin concentration 25.00%, and core/wall ratio 40.40%. The experimental values of the response variables highly agreed with the predicted values. The antioxidation rate of optimum formulation was approximately 8 times higher than that of AO. The in-vitro drug release from microcapsules was followed Higuchi model with super case-II transport mechanism.

Design and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of sustained-release floating tablets of itopride hydrochloride

Purpose

The aim of the present study was to improve the bioavailability of itopride (ITO) and sustain its action by formulating as a floating dosage form.

Materials and methods

Sustained-release floating tablets of ITO hydrochloride (HCl) were prepared by direct compression using different hydrocolloid polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and ethylcellulose and/or methacrylic acid polymers Eudragit RSPM and Carbopol 934P. The floating property was achieved using an effervescent mixture of sodium bicarbonate and anhydrous citric acid (1:1 mol/mol). Hardness, friability, content uniformity, and dissolution rate of the prepared floating tablets were evaluated. The formulation F₁₀ composed of 28.5% Eudragit RSPM, 3% NaHCO₃, and 7% citric acid provided sustained drug release.

Results

In vitro results showed sustained release of F₁₀ where the drug release percentage was 96.51%±1.75% after 24 hours (P=0.031). The pharmacokinetic results indicated that the area under the curve (AUC_0–∞) of the prepared sustained-release floating tablets at infinity achieved 93.69 µg·h/mL compared to 49.89 µg·h/mL for the reference formulation (Ganaton^®) and the relative bioavailability of the sustained-release formulation F₁₀ increased to 187.80% (P=0.022).

Conclusion

The prepared floating tablets of ITO HCl (F₁₀) could be a promising drug delivery system with sustained-release action and enhanced drug bioavailability.

pH responsive alginate polymeric rafts for controlled drug release by using box behnken response surface design

Aim of the present work was to develop alginate raft forming tablets for controlled release pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate (PSS). Box behnken design was used to optimize 15 formulations with three independent and three dependent variables. Physical tests of all formulations were within pharmacopoeial limits. Raft was characterized by their strength, thickness, resilience, acid neutralizing capacity, floating lag time and total floating time. Raft strength, thickness and resilience of optimized formulation AR9 were 7.43 ± 0.019 g, 5.8 ± 0.245 cm and greater than 480 min, respectively. Buffering and neutralizing capacity were 11.2 ± 1.01 and 6.5 ± 0.56 meq, respectively. Dissolution studies were performed by using simulated gastric fluid pH 1.2 and cumulative percentage release of optimized formulation AR9 was found 98%. First order release kinetics were followed and non-fickian diffusion was observed as value of n was greater than 0.45 in korsmeyer-peppas model. PSS, polymers, tablets and rafts were further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR spectra of PSS, polymers and raft of optimized formulation AR9 showed peaks at 3223.09, 1688.17, 1586.67, 1302.64 and 1027.74 cm^-1 due to -OH stretching, ester carbonyl group (C=O) stretching, existence of water and carboxylic group in raft, C-N stretching and -OH bending vibration showed no interaction between them. XRD showed diffraction lines indicates crystalline nature of PSS. DSC thermogram showed endothermic peaks at 250 °C for PSS. The developed raft was suitable for controlled release delivery of PSS.

Preparation and Antitumor Activity of CS5931, A Novel Polypeptide from Sea Squirt Ciona Savignyi

CS5931 is a novel anticancer agent isolated from the sea squirt Ciona savignyi. However, its content in the species is very low, and developing a novel approach for production of the polypeptide is promising. In the present study, we expressed and purified the polypeptide from E. coli, and the fermentation conditions were studied using response surface methodology. The yield of CS5931 was increased from 2.0 to 7.5 mg/L. The denaturing and renaturation conditions were also studied. Using the optimized renaturation condition, the anticancer activity of refolding CS5931 was increased significantly; the value of IC₅₀ was decreased from 23.2 to 11.6 μM. In vivo study using xenograft nude mice bearing HCT116 cancer cells revealed that CS5931 was able to inhibit the growth of tumor significantly. The study provides a useful approach for obtaining enough amount of CS5931 for further study. This study is also important for developing the polypeptide as a novel anticancer agent.

Design, Development and Optimization of S (-) Atenolol Floating Sustained Release Matrix Tablets Using Surface Response Methodology

The objective of this present investigation was to develop and formulate floating sustained release matrix tablets of s (-) atenolol, by using different polymer combinations and filler, to optimize by using surface response methodology for different drug release variables and to evaluate the drug release pattern of the optimized product. Floating sustained release matrix tablets of various combinations were prepared with cellulose-based polymers: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium bicarbonate as a gas generating agent, polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a binder and lactose monohydrate as filler. The 3² full factorial design was employed to investigate the effect of formulation variables on different properties of tablets applicable to floating lag time, buoyancy time, % drug release in 1 and 6 h (D_{1 h,}D_{6 h}) and time required to 90% drug release (t_90%). Significance of result was analyzed using analysis of non variance and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. S (-) atenolol floating sustained release matrix tablets followed the Higuchi drug release kinetics that indicates the release of drug follows anomalous (non-Fickian) diffusion mechanism. The developed floating sustained release matrix tablet of improved efficacy can perform therapeutically better than a conventional tablet.

Application of quality by design approach to optimize process and formulation parameters of rizatriptan loaded chitosan nanoparticles

The purpose of present study was to optimize rizatriptan (RZT) chitosan (CS) nanoparticles using ionic gelation method by application of quality by design (QbD) approach. Based on risk assessment, effect of three variables, that is CS %, tripolyphosphate % and stirring speed were studied on critical quality attributes (CQAs); particle size and entrapment efficiency. Central composite design (CCD) was implemented for design of experimentation with 20 runs. RZT CS nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, in-vitro release study, differential scanning calorimetric, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on QbD approach, design space (DS) was optimized with a combination of selected variables with entrapment efficiency > 50% w/w and a particle size between 400 and 600 nm. Validation of model was performed with 3 representative formulations from DS for which standard error of − 0.70–3.29 was observed between experimental and predicted values. In-vitro drug release followed initial burst release 20.26 ± 2.34% in 3–4 h with sustained drug release of 98.43 ± 2.45% in 60 h. Lower magnitude of standard error for CQAs confirms the validation of selected CCD model for optimization of RZT CS nanoparticles. In-vitro drug release followed dual mechanism via, diffusion and polymer erosion. RZT CS nanoparticles were prepared successfully using QbD approach with the understanding of the high risk process and formulation parameters involved and optimized DS with a multifactorial combination of critical parameters to obtain predetermined RZT loaded CS nanoparticle specifications.

Design and Comparative Evaluation of In-vitro Drug Release, Pharmacokinetics and Gamma Scintigraphic Analysis of Controlled Release Tablets Using Novel pH Sensitive Starch and Modified Starch- acrylate Graft Copolymer Matrices

The present investigation deals with the development of controlled release tablets of salbutamol sulphate using graft copolymers (St-g-PMMA and Ast-g-PMMA) of starch and acetylated starch. Drug excipient compatibility was spectroscopically analyzed via FT-IR, which confirmed no interaction between drug and other excipients. Formulations were evaluated for physical characteristics like hardness, friability, weight variations, drug release and drug content analysis which satisfies all the pharmacopoeial requirement of tablet dosage form. Release rate of a model drug from formulated matrix tablets were studied at two different pH namely 1.2 and 6.8, spectrophotometrically. Drug release from the tablets of graft copolymer matrices is profoundly pH-dependent and showed a reduced release rate under acidic conditions as compared to the alkaline conditions. Study of release mechanism by Korsmeyer's model with n values between 0.61-0.67, proved that release was governed by both diffusion and erosion. In comparison to starch and acetylated starch matrix formulations, pharmacokinetic parameters of graft copolymers matrix formulations showed a significant decrease in Cmax with an increase in tmax, indicating the effect of dosage form would last for longer duration. The gastro intestinal transit behavior of the formulation was determined by gamma scintigraphy, using (99m)Tc as a marker in healthy rabbits. The amount of radioactive tracer released from the labelled tablets was minimal when the tablets were in the stomach, whereas it increased as tablets reached to intestine. Thus, in-vitro and in-vivo drug release studies of starch-acrylate graft copolymers proved their controlled release behavior with preferential delivery into alkaline pH environment.

Use of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers for the development of controlled release tizanidine matrix tablets

The aim of the present study was to develop tizanidine controlled release matrix. Formulations were designed using central composite method with the help of design expert version 7.0 software. Avicel pH 101 in the range of 14-50% was used as a filler, while HPMC K4M and K100M in the range of 25-55%, Ethylcellulose 10 ST and 10FP in the range of 15 - 45% and Kollidon SR in the range of 25-60% were used as controlled release agents in designing different formulations. Various physical parameters including powder flow for blends and weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time and in-vitro release were tested for tablets. Assay of tablets were also performed as specified in USP 35 NF 32. Physical parameters of both powder blend and compressed tablets such as compressibility index, angle of repose, weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time and assay were evaluated and found to be satisfactory for formulations K4M2, K4M3, K4M9, K100M2, K100M3, K100M9, E10FP2, E10FP9, KSR2, KSR3 & KSR9. In vitro dissolution study was conducted in 900 ml of 0.1N HCl, phosphate buffer pH 4.5 and 6.8 medium using USP Apparatus II. In vitro release profiles indicated that formulations prepared with Ethocel 10 standard were unable to control the release of drug while formulations K4M2, K100M9, E10FP2 & KSR2 having polymer content ranging from 40-55% showed a controlled drug release pattern in the above mentioned medium. Zero-order drug release kinetics was observed for formulations K4M2, K100M9, E10FP2 & KSR2. Similarity test (f2) results for K4M2, E10FP2 & KSR2 were found to be comparable with reference formulation K100M9. Response Surface plots were also prepared for evaluating the effect of independent variable on the responses. Stability study was performed as per ICH guidelines and the calculated shelf life was 24-30 months for formulation K4M2, K100M9 and E10FP2.