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Kumar U. Somatostatin and Somatostatin Receptors in Tumour Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:436. [PMID: 38203605 PMCID: PMC10779198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST), a growth hormone inhibitory peptide, is expressed in endocrine and non-endocrine tissues, immune cells and the central nervous system (CNS). Post-release from secretory or immune cells, the first most appreciated role that SST exhibits is the antiproliferative effect in target tissue that served as a potential therapeutic intervention in various tumours of different origins. The SST-mediated in vivo and/or in vitro antiproliferative effect in the tumour is considered direct via activation of five different somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTR1-5), which are well expressed in most tumours and often more than one receptor in a single cell. Second, the indirect effect is associated with the regulation of growth factors. SSTR subtypes are crucial in tumour diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, with the recent development of new SST analogues and receptor-specific agonists with emerging functional consequences of signaling pathways are promising therapeutic avenues in tumours of different origins that are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujendra Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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2
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Sileo F, Cangiano B, Cacciatore C, Amarù J, Gatto F, Albertelli M, Falconi M, Vitale G, Persani L. Off-label pasireotide treatment in one insulinoma patient with an atypical presentation and intolerant to diazoxide. Endocrine 2020; 70:435-438. [PMID: 32621049 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sileo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Biagio Cangiano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cacciatore
- Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Amarù
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Gatto
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Specialist Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuela Albertelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Falconi
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreas Translational & Clinical Research Center, Università Vita Salute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche di Neuroendocrinologia Geriatrica ed Oncologica, Cusano Milanino, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Patsenker
- Department of Natural SciencesAriel University Ariel 40700 Israel
| | - Gary Gellerman
- Department of Natural SciencesAriel University Ariel 40700 Israel
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4
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Jing X, Jin K. A gold mine for drug discovery: Strategies to develop cyclic peptides into therapies. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:753-810. [PMID: 31599007 DOI: 10.1002/med.21639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a versatile therapeutic modality, peptides attract much attention because of their great binding affinity, low toxicity, and the capability of targeting traditionally "undruggable" protein surfaces. However, the deficiency of cell permeability and metabolic stability always limits the success of in vitro bioactive peptides as drug candidates. Peptide macrocyclization is one of the most established strategies to overcome these limitations. Over the past decades, more than 40 cyclic peptide drugs have been clinically approved, the vast majority of which are derived from natural products. The de novo discovered cyclic peptides on the basis of rational design and in vitro evolution, have also enabled the binding with targets for which nature provides no solutions. The current review summarizes different classes of cyclic peptides with diverse biological activities, and presents an overview of various approaches to develop cyclic peptide-based drug candidates, drawing upon series of examples to illustrate each strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Jing
- Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kang Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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5
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Ebaston TM, Rozovsky A, Zaporozhets A, Bazylevich A, Tuchinsky H, Marks V, Gellerman G, Patsenker LD. Peptide‐Driven Targeted Drug‐Delivery System Comprising Turn‐On Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Xanthene–Cyanine Reporter for Real‐Time Monitoring of Drug Release. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1727-1734. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Ebaston
- Department of Chemical SciencesAriel University Ariel 40700 Israel
| | - Alex Rozovsky
- Department of Chemical SciencesAriel University Ariel 40700 Israel
| | | | | | - Helena Tuchinsky
- Department of Molecular BiologyAriel University Ariel 40700 Israel
| | - Vered Marks
- Department of Chemical SciencesAriel University Ariel 40700 Israel
| | - Gary Gellerman
- Department of Chemical SciencesAriel University Ariel 40700 Israel
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Braga TL, Pinto SR, Dos Reis SRR, Portilho FL, da Silva de Barros AO, Bernardes ES, Dos Santos SN, Alencar LMR, Ricci-Junior E, Santos-Oliveira R. Octreotide Nanoparticles Showed Affinity for In Vivo MIA Paca-2 Inducted Pancreas Ductal Adenocarcinoma Mimicking Pancreatic Polypeptide-Secreting Tumor of the Distal Pancreas (PPoma). Pharm Res 2019; 36:143. [PMID: 31385111 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic Polypeptide-secreting tumor of the distal pancreas (PPoma) is a rare, difficult and indolent type of cancer with a survival rate of 5-year in only 10% of all cases. The PPoma is classified as a neuroendocrine tumor (NET) not functioning that overexpresses SSTR 2 (somatostatin receptor subtype 2). Thus, in order to improve the diagnosis of this type of tumor, we developed nanoparticulate drug carriers based on poly-lactic acid (PLA) polymer loaded with octreotide and radiolabeled with Technetium-99 m (99mTc). METHODS PLA/PVA octreotide nanoparticles were developed by double-emulsion technique. These nanoparticles were characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and radiolabeled with 99mTc by the direct via forming 99mTc-PLA/PVA octreotide nanoparticles. The safety of these nanosystems was evaluated by the MTT cell toxicity assay and their in vivo biodistribution was evaluated in xenografted inducted animals. RESULTS The results showed that a 189 nm sized nanoparticle were formed with a PDI of 0,097, corroborating the monodispersive behavior. These nanoparticles were successfully radiolabeled with 99mTc showing uptake by the inducted tumor. The MTT assay corroborated the safety of the nanosystem for the cells. CONCLUSION The results support the use of this nanosystem (99mTc-PLA/PVA octreotide nanoparticles) as imaging agent for PPoma. Graphical Abstract Polypeptide-Secreting Tumor of the Distal Pancreas (PPoma) Radiolabeled Nanoparticles for Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Ligiéro Braga
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suyene Rocha Pinto
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe Leal Portilho
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nano-radiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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7
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Rozovsky A, Ebaston TM, Zaporozhets A, Bazylevich A, Tuchinsky H, Patsenker L, Gellerman G. Theranostic system for ratiometric fluorescence monitoring of peptide-guided targeted drug delivery. RSC Adv 2019; 9:32656-32664. [PMID: 35529716 PMCID: PMC9073098 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06334j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel theranostic system that first combines a cancer-targeting peptide with a long-wavelength dual fluorescent dye IRD in order to provide ratiometric monitoring of anticancer drug delivery is developed and evaluated in pancreatic cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rozovsky
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Ariel University
- Ariel 40700
- Israel
| | - T. M. Ebaston
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Ariel University
- Ariel 40700
- Israel
| | | | | | - Helena Tuchinsky
- Department of Molecular Biology
- Ariel University
- Ariel 40700
- Israel
| | - Leonid Patsenker
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Ariel University
- Ariel 40700
- Israel
| | - Gary Gellerman
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Ariel University
- Ariel 40700
- Israel
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8
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Zhao Y, Peng L, Li X, Zhang Y. Expression of somatostatin and its receptor 1-5 in endometriotic tissues and cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3777-3784. [PMID: 30405748 PMCID: PMC6201141 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to detect the expression of somatostatin (SS) and SS receptor (SSTR)1-5 in tissues from patients with endometriosis (EMS). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was applied to examine the expression of somatostatin gene in ectopic endometrial cells (EECs). The expression of somatostatin receptor 1–5 in the ectopic endometrium (EE), eutopic endometrium and normal endometrium and their association with EMS staging were determined by immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that the expression of SS in EECs was significantly higher compared with that in the control group. SSTR1-5 were expressed in the EE tissues from 30 patients with EMS, and the positive rates were 43.3, 70.0, 53.3, 50.0 and 96.7%, respectively, which were closely associated with EMS staging of the patients. The positive rates of SSTR1-5 expression in the eutopic endometrium from 12 patients with EMS were 33.3, 41.7, 58.3, 58.3 and 83.3%, respectively, while the positive rates of SSTR1-5 expression in the normal endometrium from 14 women without EMS were 7.1, 7.1, 21.4, 28.6 and 64.3%, which were lower than the positive rates of SSTR1-5 in the EE (43.3, 70, 53.3, 50 and 96.7%) and eutopic endometrial cells (33.3, 41.7, 58.3, 58.3 and 83.3%). In conclusion, SS was highly expressed in EECs. SSTR1-5 were expressed in the ectopic as well as eutopic endometrium, and low or moderate expression of SSTR1-4 and high expression of SSTR5 were detected in the ectopic and eutopic endometrial tissues, while low expression of SSTR1-4 and partial expression of SSTR5 were detected in normal endometrium. The positive rates of expression of SSTR1-5 in the EE cells and eutopic endometrium were higher than those in the normal endometrium. The expression of all the subtypes of SSTR in the EE tissues was closely associated with EMS staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Lin Peng
- Reproductive and Stem Cell Research Institute, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors, including carcinoids, are rare and insidiously growing tumors. Related to their site of origin, tumors can be functional, causing various forms of the carcinoid syndrome, owing to the overproduction of serotonin, histamine, or other bioactive substances. They often invade adjacent structures or metastasize to the liver and elsewhere. Treatment includes multimodal approaches, including cytoreductive surgery, locoregional embolization, cytotoxic therapy, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, and various targeted therapies with goals of symptom relief and control of tumor growth. This article summarizes current and emerging approaches to management and reviews several promising future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Benjamin Loughrey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Trust, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BA, UK; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Trust, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Dongyun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 700 Tiverton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anthony P Heaney
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 700 Tiverton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 700 Tiverton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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10
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Ragozin E, Hesin A, Bazylevich A, Tuchinsky H, Bovina A, Shekhter Zahavi T, Oron-Herman M, Kostenich G, Firer M, Rubinek T, Wolf I, Luboshits G, Sherman M, Gellerman G. New somatostatin-drug conjugates for effective targeting pancreatic cancer. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3825-3836. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gailhouste L, Liew LC, Hatada I, Nakagama H, Ochiya T. Epigenetic reprogramming using 5-azacytidine promotes an anti-cancer response in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:468. [PMID: 29700299 PMCID: PMC5920091 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Curative management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is limited because this malignancy remains resistant to most chemotherapeutic drugs. Strategies that reverse epigenetic alterations offer a unique opportunity for cancer cell reprogramming, which is valuable for development of new treatments. The aim of this work was to reprogram pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells toward a less aggressive and drug-responsive phenotype. The process applied is called "epigenetic reprogramming". To evaluate the efficiency of PDAC epigenetic reprogramming, we assessed tumor growth and drug response in PANC-1 cells after exposure to non-cytotoxic doses of the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine (5-AZA). Here, we showed that an epigenetic regimen using 5-AZA promoted an anti-cancer response by inhibiting PDAC tumor growth in vivo after the engraftment of treated cells. Remarkably, the subsequent addition of gemcitabine (GEM) to the 5-AZA-mediated reprogramming resulted in a marked growth inhibition effect in GEM-resistant pancreatic cancer cells. We observed that various characteristic peptides expressed in the pancreas, which included the antiproliferative hormone somatostatin (SST) and the SST receptor 2 (SSTR2), were significantly upregulated in the epigenetically reprogrammed PDAC cells. The inhibitory effect of octreotide (OCT), an SST analog, was tested on PDAC cells and found to be improved after cell reprogramming. Furthermore, we found that SST gene expression restoration following 5-AZA treatment or following knockdown of the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 enzyme was associated with the reversion of SST epigenetic silencing through regional CpG demethylation. Lastly, we confirmed the efficacy of 5-AZA-based epigenetic reprogramming in vivo using a PDAC tumor growth model. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that epigenetic reprogramming using the demethylating compound 5-AZA shows anti-cancer effects in PANC-1 cells and is potentially attractive for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Gailhouste
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Lee Chuen Liew
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izuho Hatada
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakagama
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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Herrera-Martínez AD, Gahete MD, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Ortega-Salas R, Serrano-Blanch R, Luque RM, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Castaño JP. Clinical and functional implication of the components of somatostatin system in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrine 2018; 59:426-437. [PMID: 29196939 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) comprise a heterogeneous group of malignancies often presenting with metastasis at diagnosis and whose clinical outcome is difficult to predict. Somatostatin (SST) analogs (SSAs) provide a valuable pharmacological tool to palliate hormonal symptoms, and control progression in some NETs. However, many patients do not respond to SSAs or develop resistance, and there are many uncertainties regarding pathophysiology of SST and its receptors (sst1-sst5) in GEP-NETs. METHODS The expression of SST system components in GEP-NETs was determined, compared with that of non-tumor adjacent and normal tissues and correlated with clinical and histological characteristics. Specifically, 58 patients with GEP-NETs and 14 normal samples were included. Cell viability in NET cell lines was determined in response to specific SSAs. RESULTS Normal samples and non-tumor adjacent tissues presented a similar expression profile, with appreciable expression of sst2 and sst3, and a lower expression of the other receptors. In contrast, cortistatin, sst1, sst4, and sst5 were overexpressed in tumors, while sst3 and sst4 seemed overexpressed in less differentiated tumors. Some SST system components were related to vascular/nerve invasion and metastasis. In vitro, sst1 and sst3 agonists reduced viability in BON-1 cells, while they, similar to octreotide and pasireotide, increased viability in QGP-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results provide novel information on SST system pathophysiology in GEP-NETs, including relevant associations with clinical-histological parameters, which might help to better understand the intrinsic heterogeneity of NETs and to identify novel biomarkers and/or targets with potential prognostic and/or therapeutic value for GEP-NETs patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Sánchez-Sánchez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rosa Ortega-Salas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Serrano-Blanch
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Medical Oncology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain.
| | - María A Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain.
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13
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Jackson AW. Octreotide end-functionalized diblock copolymers facilitated by RAFT polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Jackson AW, Chandrasekharan P, Ramasamy B, Goggi J, Chuang KH, He T, Robins EG. Octreotide Functionalized Nano-Contrast Agent for Targeted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3902-3910. [PMID: 27936729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization has been employed to synthesize branched block copolymer nanoparticles possessing 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N,'N,″N,‴-tetraacetic acid (DO3A) macrocycles within their cores and octreotide (somatostatin mimic) cyclic peptides at their periphery. These polymeric nanoparticles have been chelated with Gd3+ and applied as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) nanocontrast agents. This nanoparticle system has an r1 relaxivity of 8.3 mM-1 s-1, which is 3 times the r1 of commercial gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). The in vitro targeted binding efficiency of these nanoparticles shows 5 times greater affinity to somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) with Ki = 77 pM (compared to somatostatin with Ki = 0.385 nM). We have also evaluated the tumor targeting molecular imaging ability of these branched copolymer nanoparticle in vivo using nude/NCr mice bearing AR42J rat pancreatic tumor (SSTR2 positive) and A549 human lung carcinoma tumor (SSTR2 negative) xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Jackson
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* Star), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore , 627833
| | - Prashant Chandrasekharan
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* Star), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios, Singapore , 138667
| | - Boominathan Ramasamy
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* Star), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios, Singapore , 138667
| | - Julian Goggi
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* Star), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios, Singapore , 138667.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore , 117456
| | - Kai-Hsiang Chuang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* Star), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios, Singapore , 138667.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore , 117456.,Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore , 117599
| | - Tao He
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* Star), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore , 627833
| | - Edward G Robins
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* Star), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios, Singapore , 138667.,Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore , 117599
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15
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Jorand R, Biswas S, Wakefield DL, Tobin SJ, Golfetto O, Hilton K, Ko M, Ramos JW, Small AR, Chu P, Singh G, Jovanovic-Talisman T. Molecular signatures of mu opioid receptor and somatostatin receptor 2 in pancreatic cancer. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3659-3672. [PMID: 27682590 PMCID: PMC5221597 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a particularly aggressive malignancy, has been linked to atypical levels, certain mutations, and aberrant signaling of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs have been challenging to target in cancer because they organize into complex networks in tumor cells. To dissect such networks with nanometer-scale precision, here we combine traditional biochemical approaches with superresolution microscopy methods. A novel interaction specific to PDAC is identified between mu opioid receptor (MOR) and somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2). Although MOR and SSTR2 did not colocalize in healthy pancreatic cells or matching healthy patient tissues, the pair did significantly colocalize in pancreatic cancer cells, multicellular tumor spheroids, and cancerous patient tissues. Moreover, this association in pancreatic cancer cells correlated with functional cross-talk and increased metastatic potential of cells. Coactivation of MOR and SSTR2 in PDAC cells led to increased expression of mesenchymal markers and decreased expression of an epithelial marker. Together these results suggest that the MOR-SSTR2 heteromer may constitute a novel therapeutic target for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Jorand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Sunetra Biswas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Devin L Wakefield
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Steven J Tobin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Ottavia Golfetto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Kelsey Hilton
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Michelle Ko
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Joe W Ramos
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Alexander R Small
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768
| | - Peiguo Chu
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Tijana Jovanovic-Talisman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
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Molina-Cerrillo J, Alonso-Gordoa T, Martínez-Sáez O, Grande E. Inhibition of Peripheral Synthesis of Serotonin as a New Target in Neuroendocrine Tumors. Oncologist 2016; 21:701-7. [PMID: 27107003 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : The carcinoid syndrome represents a set of signs and symptoms associated with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) that occur primarily when metastases are developed in the liver, resulting in the worsening of quality of life. Serotonin plays a central role in the physiology of carcinoid syndrome by promoting intestinal motility. Somatostatin analogs (SSAs) have widely demonstrated their efficacy as symptomatic relievers of carcinoid syndrome, but this control is ephemeral, being reduced by approximately 50% within the first year. The exact mechanisms of resistance to SSAs are not fully understood, but it is believed that serotonin might be involved. Patients with carcinoid syndrome present with a significant increase in serotonin plasma levels and, consequently, in the soluble urinary metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. Telotristat etiprate is a potent inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin, that has demonstrated in the phase III TELESTAR clinical trial a significant improvement in the control of bowel movements in patients with NETs who have carcinoid syndrome and who have progressed to an SSA. Based on these results, telotristat etiprate has emerged as a potential new option in the treatment algorithm of symptomatic control of functioning NETs. However, some issues need to be clarified, such as the safety profile of the drug outside clinical trials, the benefit in quality of life, and the possible impact on tumor growth, as well as its role within sequencing or combination treatment strategies with pre-existing drugs effective in NET treatment. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This article reviews the literature about carcinoid syndrome, which affects patients diagnosed with neuroendocrine tumors. Few articles have been published about this syndrome and its pathophysiology. Somatostatin analogs provide symptomatic relief; however, patients may become refractory to this strategy, usually within the first year of treatment. In this context, as an agent with an innovative mechanism of action, telotristat etiprate has demonstrated activity in a phase III trial, and findings may offer a path to an improve quality of life and prolonged survival for certain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Alonso-Gordoa
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Martínez-Sáez
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Grande
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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Shahbaz M, Ruliang F, Xu Z, Benjia L, Cong W, Zhaobin H, Jun N. mRNA expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes SSTR-2, SSTR-3, and SSTR-5 and its significance in pancreatic cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13:46. [PMID: 25890201 PMCID: PMC4328977 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-015-0467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to investigate the expressions of somatostatin receptor (SSTR), SSTR-2, SSTR-3, and SSTR-5, in pancreatic tissue and non-cancerous tissue and elucidate their clinical significance. Methods The expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes SSTR-2, SSTR-3, and SSTR-5 messenger RNA (mRNA) in 108 cases of cancer tissue and adjacent tissue in patients with pancreatic cancer was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Expression of SSTR-2, SSTR-3, and SSTR-5 mRNA was evaluated after specimens were taken from selected patients who underwent surgical resection by Whipple’s operation. We speculated the clinical significance of the expression of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtype genes SSTR-2, SSTR-3, and SSTR-5 in pancreatic tissue and non-cancerous tissue and further elucidated their clinical significance. Results The expression rates of SSTR-2 mRNA in cancer and adjacent tissue of 108 patients with pancreatic cancer were 81.5% (88/108) and 97.2% (105/108), respectively; SSTR-3 mRNA expression rates were 69.4% (75/108) and 55.6% (60/108). SSTR-5 mRNA expression rates were 13.0% (14/108) and 18.5% (20/108). Conclusion We propose that SSTR-2 plays an important role in clinical implications for patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing somatostatin or its analog therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12957-015-0467-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahbaz
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua west Road #44, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Public Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fang Ruliang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua west Road #44, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Public Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhang Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua west Road #44, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Liang Benjia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua west Road #44, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Public Health, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wang Cong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - He Zhaobin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua west Road #44, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Niu Jun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhua west Road #44, Jinan, 250012, China.
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The clinical significance of somatostatin in pancreatic diseases. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2014; 75:232-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Liu Y, Jiang L, Mu Y. Somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5 are associated with better survival in operable hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma following octreotide long-acting release treatment. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:821-828. [PMID: 24137418 PMCID: PMC3789087 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver resections for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhotic livers are associated with early recurrence and poor survival. Somatostatin analogues (SSAs) have been reported to inhibit cell proliferation by interacting with specific somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) 2 and 5. The present study investigated whether SSTR expression in HCC was associated with the clinical outcome following octreotide long-acting release (LAR) treatment. Paired tumor and cirrhotic liver samples were obtained following a liver resection from 99 patients with stage I-II HCC and HBV-related cirrhosis. The expression of SSTR2 and 5 was assessed using quantitative (q)PCR and immunohistochemistry. The patients were classified into two groups, the high expression (n=47) and low expression (n=52) groups, based on the gene expression levels. The clinicopathological data and survival results of the two groups were compared. When compared with the surrounding cirrhotic tissue, the SSTR2 and 5 mRNA levels were significantly decreased in the HCC tissue. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the baseline characteristics. The tumor recurrence rate was significantly lower in the high expression group compared with that of the low expression group (63.83% vs. 82.69%; P=0.033). The 1-, 3- and 5-year disease-free and overall survival rates of the high expression group were 97, 89 and 71% and 98, 89 and 74%, respectively. The survival time of the members of the high expression group was longer compared with that of the low expression group. The multivariate analysis revealed that the TNM-7 stage and SSTR2 expression were independent prognostic factors for survival. In conclusion, SSTR mRNA expression correlated with survival in patients with early-stage hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC who were treated with octreotide LAR following surgery. The inhibitory effects of SSAs on tumor growth may be mediated by SSTR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease and Fuwei Hospital, Chinese Acadamy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, P.R. China
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20
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Neuroendocrine differentiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2012; 126:1261-70. [PMID: 23050666 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215112002265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumours with neuroendocrine differentiation frequently express chromogranin A, synaptophysin and somatostatin receptors. The role of neuroendocrine differentiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is not yet clear. METHOD The presence of chromogranin A, synaptophysin and somatostatin receptors was studied immunohistochemically in 78 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma specimens. RESULTS Sparse chromogranin A expression was found in 41 per cent, associated with high chromogranin A messenger RNA expression and the presence of dense core granules. Low synaptophysin expression was found in 18 per cent. The highest staining scores were found for somatostatin receptor 5 (82 per cent), followed by somatostatin receptor 1 (69 per cent) and somatostatin receptor 2 (54 per cent), whereas somatostatin receptors 3 and 4 expression was low. Expression was not correlated with tumour stage or survival. CONCLUSION Cells with neuroendocrine differentiation are sparsely scattered in some head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Their pathophysiological role is elusive. In contrast, somatostatin receptor and particularly somatostatin receptor 5 expression is frequent in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Somatostatin receptor expression is not considered to indicate neuroendocrine differentiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
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Kvols LK, Oberg KE, O'Dorisio TM, Mohideen P, de Herder WW, Arnold R, Hu K, Zhang Y, Hughes G, Anthony L, Wiedenmann B. Pasireotide (SOM230) shows efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors refractory or resistant to octreotide LAR: results from a phase II study. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:657-66. [PMID: 22807497 DOI: 10.1530/erc-11-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pasireotide (SOM230) is a novel multireceptor-targeted somatostatin (sst) analog with high binding affinity for sst receptor subtype 1, 2, 3 (sst(1,2,3)) and sst(5). Because of this binding profile, pasireotide may offer symptom control in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and carcinoid syndrome no longer responsive to octreotide LAR. This was a phase II, open-label, multicenter study of pasireotide in patients with advanced NET whose symptoms of carcinoid syndrome (diarrhea/flushing) were inadequately controlled by octreotide LAR. Patients received s.c. pasireotide 150 μg twice daily (bid), escalated to a maximum dose of 1200 μg bid until a clinical response was achieved. Forty-four patients were evaluated for efficacy and 45 for tolerability. Pasireotide 600-900 μg s.c. bid effectively controlled the symptoms of diarrhea and flushing in 27% of patients. Evaluation of tumor response in 23 patients showed 13 with stable disease and ten with progressive disease at study end. The most common drug-related adverse events were nausea (27%), abdominal pain (20%), weight loss (20%), and hyperglycemia (16%) and most were of mild or moderate severity. Pasireotide 600-900 μg s.c. bid was effective and generally well tolerated in controlling the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome in 27% of patients with advanced NET refractory or resistant to octreotide LAR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry K Kvols
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
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Lupp A, Nagel F, Doll C, Röcken C, Evert M, Mawrin C, Saeger W, Schulz S. Reassessment of sst3 somatostatin receptor expression in human normal and neoplastic tissues using the novel rabbit monoclonal antibody UMB-5. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 96:301-10. [PMID: 22414742 DOI: 10.1159/000337659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the five somatostatin receptors (sst(1)-sst(5)), the sst(3) receptor displays a distinct pharmacological profile. Like sst(2), the sst(3) receptor efficiently internalizes radiolabeled somatostatin analogs. Unlike sst(2), however, internalized sst(3) receptors are rapidly transferred to lysosomes for degradation. Apart from this, very little is known about the clinical relevance of the sst(3) receptor, which may in part be due to the lack of specific monoclonal sst(3) antibodies. METHODS Here, we have extensively characterized the novel rabbit monoclonal anti-human sst(3) antibody UMB-5 using transfected cells and receptor-expressing tissues. UMB-5 was then subjected to immunohistochemical staining of a series of 190 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded normal and neoplastic human tissues. RESULTS Specificity of UMB-5 was demonstrated by detection of a broad band migrating at a molecular weight of 70,000-85,000 in immunoblots from human pituitary. After enzymatic deglycosylation, the size of this band decreased to a molecular weight of 45,000. Tissue immunostaining was completely abolished by pre-adsorption of UMB-5 with its immunizing peptide. In addition, UMB-5 detected distinct cell populations in human tissues like pancreatic islands, anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, and enteric ganglia, similar to that seen with a rabbit polyclonal antibody generated against a different carboxyl-terminal epitope of the sst(3) receptor. In a comparative immunohistochemical study, UMB-5 yielded predominant plasma membrane staining in the majority of pituitary adenomas, pheochromocytomas, and a subset of neuroendocrine tumors. The sst(3) receptor was also present in many glioblastomas, pancreatic, breast, cervix, and ovarian carcinomas. CONCLUSION The rabbit monoclonal antibody UMB-5 may prove of great value in the identification of sst(3)-expressing tumors during routine histopathological examinations. Given its unique trafficking properties, these tumors may be potential candidates for sst(3)-directed receptor radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Lupp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Schmid HA, Lambertini C, van Vugt HH, Barzaghi-Rinaudo P, Schäfer J, Hillenbrand R, Sailer AW, Kaufmann M, Nuciforo P. Monoclonal antibodies against the human somatostatin receptor subtypes 1-5: development and immunohistochemical application in neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 95:232-47. [PMID: 22156600 DOI: 10.1159/000330616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of somatostatin receptors (sstr1-5) by somatostatin and its analogues exerts an inhibitory effect on hormone secretion and provides the basis for the treatment of a range of endocrine diseases such as acromegaly, Cushing's disease and neuroendocrine tumors (NET). The lack of well-characterized commercially available sstr subtype-specific antibodies prevents routine identification of the sstr expression profile in patients. METHODS We generated and characterized new mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the five human sstr subtypes using ELISA and immunohistochemistry, and tested their suitability in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human tissues and archival samples of normal pancreatic tissue and NET. RESULTS All mAbs were highly specific with no cross-reactivity. The sstr1-5 immunoreactivity in gastrointestinal NET (n=67) was correlated with clinicopathologic data. With the exception of sstr3, NET were highly positive for all receptor subtypes (42, 63, 6, 32 and 65% of tumors were positive for sstr1, sstr2a, sstr3, sstr4 and sstr5, respectively). sstr1, sstr2a and sstr5 were present at the plasma membrane and in the cytoplasm of tumor cells, whereas sstr3 and sstr4 were almost exclusively cytoplasmic. Immunoreactivity of sstr1, sstr2a and sstr4 tended to decrease as tumor aggressiveness increased. sstr5 showed an opposite pattern, with higher staining in well-differentiated carcinomas compared with well-differentiated tumors. sstr5 immunoreactivity was correlated with the presence of metastases and angioinvasion, suggesting a possible association with more aggressive behavior. CONCLUSION Determination of the sstr1-5 by immunohistochemistry using subtype-specific mAbs is feasible in FFPE tissue and may provide a tool for routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert A Schmid
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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Shen Y, Ren M, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Cai Y. Octreotide enhances the sensitivity of the SKOV3/DDP ovarian cancer cell line to cisplatin chemotherapy in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:1171-1176. [PMID: 22977639 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of octreotide (OCT) on the reversal of resistance of cisplatin-resistant cancer cells and on enhancement of the cisplatin sensitivity of cancer cells. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method and flow cytometry were used to investigate the effect of cisplatin, OCT or the combination of these two compounds on the proliferation and apoptosis of SKOV3/DDP cells. Real-time, quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of SSTR2, MDR1, MRP2, GST-π and EGFR in SKOV3/DDP cells following OCT treatment. At the concentration of 2.5-20 μg/ml, OCT significantly reduced the IC(50) value (P<0.05) and promoted apoptosis (P<0.05) in the SKOV3/DDP cells in response to cisplatin. The synergistic effect of OCT and cisplatin on SKOV3/DDP cell proliferation was observed. SSTR2 was expressed on the SKOV3/DDP cell surface. OCT increased GST-π expression (P<0.05) and reduced MRP2 and EGFR expression (P<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. However, it had no effect on the expression of MDR1 (P>0.05). It is suggested that OCT inhibits ovarian cancer proliferation and promotes apoptosis, via the cell surface expression of SSRT2, and reverses cisplatin resistance through the inhibition of MRP2 and EGFR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
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Hasskarl J, Kaufmann M, Schmid HA. Somatostatin receptors in non-neuroendocrine malignancies: the potential role of somatostatin analogs in solid tumors. Future Oncol 2011; 7:895-913. [PMID: 21732759 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptors (sstrs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate various physiological effects when activated by the neuropeptide somatostatin or its synthetic analogs. In addition to the well-documented antisecretory effects of sstr2-preferential somatostatin analogs octreotide and lanreotide, ligand binding to sstr initiates an inhibitory action on tumor growth. This effect may result from both indirect actions (suppression of growth factors and growth-promoting hormones [e.g., GH/IGF-1 axis] and inhibition of angiogenesis) and direct actions (activation of antigrowth activities [e.g., apoptosis]). As solid tumor cells express multiple sstrs, there is a rationale to evaluate the potential antitumor effects of pasireotide (SOM230), a multireceptor-targeted somatostatin analog with high binding affinity for sstr1–3 and sstr5. Pasireotide reduces systemic IGF-1 levels more potently than currently available somatostatin analogs and has been well tolerated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Kaufmann
- Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Herbert A Schmid
- Novartis Pharma AG, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Hypoxia effects on proangiogenic factors in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: functional role of the peptide somatostatin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 383:593-612. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Li D, Tanaka M, Brunicardi FC, Fisher WE, Gibbs RA, Gingras MC. Association between somatostatin receptor 5 gene polymorphisms and pancreatic cancer risk and survival. Cancer 2011; 117:2863-72. [PMID: 21692047 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatostatin (SST) inhibited cell proliferation and negatively regulated the release of growth hormones by means of specific receptors (SSTR). Genetic variation in SSTR had been associated with risk of human cancers but had never been investigated in pancreatic cancer. METHODS In this retrospective study the SSTR5 gene in paired tumor and blood samples from 33 pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients using the Sanger method were sequenced. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in samples from 863 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 876 healthy controls using the TaqMan method were analyzed. The associations between gene polymorphisms and pancreatic cancer risk and survival were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models, respectively. RESULTS No somatic mutations were identified, but 3 nonsynonymous SSTR5 SNPs (P109S, L48M, and P335L) in pancreatic tumors were identified. The SSTR5 P109S variant allele was associated with a 1.62-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-2.43, P = 0.019). Furthermore, the SSTR5 L48M AC variant and smoking had a joint effect on pancreatic cancer risk (p(interaction) = 0.035). The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.58 (0.34-0.97), 1.49 (1.18-1.89), and 2.27 (1.35-3.83) for the variant genotype alone, smoking alone, and both factors, respectively, compared with no factors. Finally, SSTR5 P335L CC and P109S CC combined were associated with lower overall survival durations in patients with resectable disease. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that SSTR5 genetic variants play a role in pancreatic cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Inhibitory effects of andrographolide on migration and invasion in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells via down-regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 632:23-32. [PMID: 20097193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among cancers worldwide and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprises more than 80% of lung cancer cases. Treatment options for patients with advanced NSCLC have evolved in the last decade with the advent of novel biological agents. Andrographolide, a diterpenoid lactone isolated from a traditional herbal medicine Andrographis paniculata, is known to have the potential to be developed as a chemotherapeutic agent. In order to understand the anti-cancer properties of andrographolide, we examined its effect on migration and invasion in human NSCLC A549 cells. The results of wound-healing assay and in vitro transwell assay revealed that andrographolide inhibited dose-dependently the migration and invasion of A549 cells under non-cytotoxic concentrations. Molecular data showed that the effect of andrographolide in A549 cells might be mediated via sustained inactivation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signal involved in the up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Our results showed that andrographolide exerted an inhibitory effect on the activity and the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-7, but not MMP-2 or MMP-9. The andrographolide-inhibited MMP-7 expression or activity appeared to occur via activator protein-1 (AP-1) because of its DNA binding activity was suppressed by andrographolide. Additionally, the transfection of Akt over-expression vector (Akt1 cDNA) to A549 cells could result in an increase expression of MMP-7 concomitantly with a marked induction on cell invasion. These findings suggested that the inhibition on MMP-7 expression by andrographolide may be through suppression on PI3K/Akt/AP-1 signaling pathway, which in turn led to the reduced invasiveness of the cancer cells.
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Zhang Z, Huang Y, Newman K, Gu J, Zhang X, Wu H, Zhao M, Xianyu Z, Liu X. Reexpression of human somatostatin receptor gene 2 gene mediated by oncolytic adenovirus increases antitumor activity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand against pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5154-60. [PMID: 19671855 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic cancer continues to pose an enormous challenge to clinicians and cancer scientists. Clinical studies show that tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis- inducing ligand (TRAIL) exerts a potent and tumor-specific proapoptotic activity. However, most pancreatic cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL therapy. Human somatostatin receptor gene 2 (hSSTr2) is lost in 90% of pancreatic carcinoma. Oncolytic viruses are able to selectively lyse cancer cells and represent a promising novel anticancer therapy. Here, we investigated whether oncolytic adenovirus-mediated reexpression of hSSTr2 would enhance TRAIL-induced antitumor efficacy against pancreatic cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The antitumor efficacies of combined or single treatment of hSSTr2 and TRAIL mediated by oncolytic adenovirus were compared in pancreatic cancer cell culture and xenografts. The mechanisms involved in hSSTr2-induced sensitization to TRAIL were studied. RESULTS Oncolytic adenovirus-mediated reexpression of hSSTr2 potentiated TRAIL-induced tumor growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Reexpression of hSSTr2 augmented TRAIL-induced apoptosis against pancreatic cancer cells via up-regulation of death receptor 4 and down-regulation of Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS hSSTr2 restoration mediated by oncolytic adenovirus enhances TRAIL-induced antitumor efficacy against pancreatic cancer. Combined treatment with oncolytic adenovirus-mediated hSSTr2 and TRAIL gene provides the rationale for a clinical trial in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Costa FP, Junior ELB, Zelmanowicz A, Svedman C, Devenz G, Alves S, da Silva ASM, Garicochea B. Prostasin, a potential tumor marker in ovarian cancer--a pilot study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009; 64:641-4. [PMID: 19606239 PMCID: PMC2710436 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322009000700006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer is generally diagnosed at advanced stages of the disease; therefore, poor prognoses are typical. The development of tumor markers is thus of utmost importance. Prostasin is a protease that in normal tissues is highly expressed only in the prostate gland and seminal fluid. A previous study showed that prostasin is highly overexpressed in ovarian cancer cell lines. This study sought to evaluate the expression of prostasin in ovarian cancer. METHODS Fresh tumor samples of ovarian epithelial cancer (n: 12) were analyzed for expression of prostasin mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) by conventional and real time quantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction). As a standard control, a normal prostate sample was analyzed. RESULTS Using conventional PCR, prostasin was detected in all but one sample. Using quantitative PCR, prostasin was over-expressed in all but one of the samples as compared to the control (prostate). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that prostasin is overexpressed in many epithelial ovarian cancers. Further studies of prostasin as a potential biomarker for this disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pires Costa
- Oncology Unit, Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
| | - Eraldo Luis Batista Junior
- Center of Research in Molecular and Functional Biology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
| | - Alice Zelmanowicz
- Prevention Cancer Center, Hospital Santa Casa - Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
| | - Christer Svedman
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital - Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriela Devenz
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.,
, Tel: 55 53 3227.9070
| | - Silvana Alves
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.,
, Tel: 55 53 3227.9070
| | | | - Bernardo Garicochea
- Oncology Unit, Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
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Li M, Wang X, Li W, Li F, Yang H, Wang H, Brunicardi FC, Chen C, Yao Q, Fisher WE. Somatostatin receptor-1 induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits tumor growth in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:2218-23. [PMID: 18823376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional somatostatin receptors (SSTR) are lost in human pancreatic cancer. Transfection of SSTR-1 inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in vitro. We hypothesize that stable transfection of SSTR-1 may inhibit pancreatic cancer growth in vivo possibly through cell cycle arrest. In this study, we examined the expression of SSTR-1 mRNA in human pancreatic cancer tissue specimens, and investigated the effect of SSTR-1 overexpression on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and tumor growth in a subcutaneous nude mouse model. We found that SSTR-1 mRNA was downregulated in the majority of pancreatic cancer tissue specimens. Transfection of SSTR-1 caused cell cycle arrest at the G(0)/G(1) growth phase, with a corresponding decline of cells in the S (mitotic) phase. The overexpression of SSTR-1 significantly inhibited subcutaneous tumor size by 71% and 43% (n = 5, P < 0.05, Student's t-test), and inhibited tumor weight by 69% and 47% (n = 5, P < 0.05, Student's t-test), in Panc-SSTR-1 and MIA-SSTR-1 groups, respectively, indicating the potent inhibitory effect of SSTR-1 on pancreatic cancer growth. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of SSTR-1 significantly inhibits pancreatic cancer growth possibly through cell cycle arrest. This study suggests that gene therapy with SSTR-1 may be a potential adjuvant treatment for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Chen JH, Lin HH, Chiang TA, Hsu JD, Ho HH, Lee YC, Wang CJ. Gaseous nitrogen oxide promotes human lung cancer cell line A549 migration, invasion, and metastasis via iNOS-mediated MMP-2 production. Toxicol Sci 2008; 106:364-75. [PMID: 18796497 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaseous nitrogen oxide (gNO) is an important indoor and outdoor air pollutant. Many studies have indicated gNO causes lung tissue damage by its oxidation properties and free radicals. However, there are considerably few data on the association between lung cancer and gNO exposure. The purpose of this study was to examine whether gNO could contribute to the process of malignant progression of lung cancer. The results of wound-healing assay and in vitro transwell assay revealed that gNO-induced dose and time dependently the migration and invasion of A549 cells, a human lung cancer cell line, under noncytotoxic concentrations. gNO was able to induce release of NO from A549 cells, an effect that was mediated via the activation of inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), but not constitutive isoforms, during the same treatment period. An increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and a coincided reduction in repress tissue inhibitors of metalloprotease-2 were observed upon the treatment of gNO. The gNO-mediated MMP-2 induction appeared to be a consequence of nuclear factor kappa B and activation protein-1 activation, because that their DNA binding activity was enhanced by gNO. All these influences of gNO were efficiently repressed by the pretreatment of a NOS inhibitor (N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester). Using a mouse model, we showed that gNO promoted A549 metastasis to the lung through a mechanism involving the iNOS-dependent MMP-2 activity. Our data imply that gNO exposure, which in turn led to iNOS activation and the enhancement of MMP-mediated cellular events, was related to lung cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hsien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biological Science and Technology, College of Medicine and Life Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
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Yamada S, Ano N, Toda K, Kitaoka A, Shiono K, Inoue G, Atsuda K, Irie J. Telmisartan but not candesartan affects adiponectin expression in vivo and in vitro. Hypertens Res 2008; 31:601-6. [PMID: 18633170 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.31.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To examine the effects of telmisartan on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation, we compared the effects of telmisartan with those of candesartan on adipocytokines and glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, 56 patients with both type 2 diabetes and hypertension were enrolled and randomized to receive either telmisartan (40 mg) or candesartan (8 mg) for 3 months. Serum adiponectin, HbA1c levels, lipid profiles and blood pressure were recorded at the beginning and 3 months later. In vitro, differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with telmisartan, candesartan, pioglitazone or vehicle for 24 h, and then adiponectin mRNA and protein levels were measured. The results showed that most of the metabolic parameters, including the lipid profiles, did not change significantly during the study in either group. However, the changes in serum adiponectin and plasma glucose over 3 months were significantly greater in the telmisartan group than in the candesartan group. In vitro, although the protein level of adiponectin was not significantly elevated, the mRNA expression of adiponectin was elevated 1.5-fold by telmisartan in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our findings suggest that telmisartan may have beneficial effects in type 2 diabetes beyond its antihypertensive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yamada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Torrisani J, Hanoun N, Laurell H, Lopez F, Maoret JJ, Souque A, Susini C, Cordelier P, Buscail L. Identification of an upstream promoter of the human somatostatin receptor, hSSTR2, which is controlled by epigenetic modifications. Endocrinology 2008; 149:3137-47. [PMID: 18325993 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin is a neuropeptide that inhibits exocrine and endocrine secretions of several hormones and negatively regulates cell proliferation. These events are mediated through somatostatin engagement on one of five G protein-coupled receptors named SSTR1 to STTR5. Somatostatin binding to SSTR2 mediates predominantly antisecretory and antiproliferative effects; two important biological activities in the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine and exocrine system. Herein we demonstrate novel regulatory sequences for human (h) SSTR2 transcription. By genomic DNA sequence analysis, we reveal two CpG islands located 3.8 kb upstream from the transcription start site. We identify a novel transcription start site and a promoter region within one of these CpG islands. We demonstrate that two epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation and histone acetylation, regulate the activation of hSSTR2 upstream promoter. Furthermore, we show that the transcription from this upstream promoter region directly correlates to hSSTR2 mRNA expression in various human cell lines. A combined treatment of a demethylating agent, 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine and a histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, leads to increased expression of hSSTR2 mRNA in cell lines in which the CpG island is methylated. The epigenetic regulation of this promoter region results in differential expression of hSSTR2 mRNA in human cell lines. This study reveals the existence of a novel upstream promoter for the hSSTR2 gene that is regulated by epigenetic modifications, suggesting for complex control of the hSSTR2 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Torrisani
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 858, I2MR Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, Département Cancers Epithéliaux, Angiogénèse, et Signalisation, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Chan JA, Kulke MH. Emerging therapies for the treatment of patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2007; 12:253-70. [PMID: 17604500 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.12.2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Patients with neuroendocrine tumors may pursue a number of treatment options, but there is little consensus on a single, standard treatment approach. Somatostatin analogs are generally administered to patients with symptoms of hormonal secretion, and are often highly effective in this regard. However, the administration of somatostatin analogs is only rarely associated with tumor regression, and randomized trials demonstrating a survival benefit associated with their use have not been performed. Selected patients with hepatic metastases may undergo surgical debulking, embolization or other ablative therapies. The clinical benefit associated with administration of systemic agents such as IFN-alpha or cytotoxic chemotherapy has been limited. With the possible exception of streptozocin-based therapy in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, the widespread use of standard cytotoxic regimens has been limited by their relatively modest antitumor activity, as well as concerns regarding their potential toxicity. The modest efficacy seen with these agents in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors has led to great interest in the development of novel treatment approaches. One such approach is the use of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs. Recently, agents targeting the VEGF pathway and mammalian target of rapamycin have also shown promise in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Ongoing randomized studies should help better define the role these agents will play in the future treatment of patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Chan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Parry JJ, Eiblmaier M, Andrews R, Meyer LA, Higashikubo R, Anderson CJ, Rogers BE. Characterization of Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 2 Expression in Stably Transfected A-427 Human Cancer Cells. Mol Imaging 2007. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2007.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J. Parry
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Martin Eiblmaier
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rebecca Andrews
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Laura A. Meyer
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ryuji Higashikubo
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Carolyn J. Anderson
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Buck E. Rogers
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology and Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Li M, Wang H, Li F, Fisher WE, Chen C, Yao Q. Effect of cyclophilin A on gene expression in human pancreatic cancer cells. Am J Surg 2005; 190:739-45. [PMID: 16226951 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously found that cyclophilin A (CypA) is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer cells and stimulates cell proliferation through CD147. In this study, we further investigated the effect of CypA on gene expression of several key molecules that are involved in pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. METHODS Human pancreatic cancer cell lines (Panc-1, MIA PaCa-2, and BxPC-3) and human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cells were used. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of CypA, CypB, CD147, neuropilins (NRPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and VEGF receptors upon the treatment of exogenous recombinant human CypA were determined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Exogenous human recombinant CypA reduced the mRNA levels of NRP-1 and VEGF, but not endogenous CypA, CypB, and CD147, in Panc-1, MIA PaCa-2, and BxPC-3 cells. In contrast, HPDE cells showed a decrease of endogenous CypA and CD147 mRNA, but not detectable changes of CypB, NRPs, and VEGF mRNA levels upon exogenous CypA treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data show that exogenous CypA downregulates NRP-1 and VEGF expression in pancreatic cancer cells. This effect is different in normal HPDE cells. Thus, soluble CypA may affect cell growth of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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38
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Li M, Zhang R, Li F, Wang H, Kim HJ, Becnel L, Yao Q, Chen C, Fisher WE. Transfection of SSTR-1 and SSTR-2 inhibits Panc-1 cell proliferation and renders Panc-1 cells responsive to somatostatin analogue. J Am Coll Surg 2005; 201:571-8. [PMID: 16183496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatostatin inhibits cell proliferation through interaction with its cellular receptor, somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). We have previously demonstrated that overexpression of individual SSTR-1 or SSTR-2 genes in receptor-negative pancreatic cancer cells inhibited cell proliferation. We hypothesize that reintroduction of SSTR genes back into pancreatic cancer cells might be an effective gene therapy strategy for pancreatic cancer. STUDY DESIGN We transfected human pancreatic cancer cell line (Panc-1) with human SSTR-1 and SSTR-2 genes and examined the expression by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. Panc-1 cell proliferation was determined by [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation assay. Activation of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and cytokine secretion after SSTR-1 and SSTR-2 transfection were detected by Bio-Plex 4-plex phosphoprotein assay and cytokine assay. RESULTS Panc-1 cells did not express SSTR-1 or SSTR-2, although Panc-1 cells transfected with SSTR-1 and SSTR-2 genes showed a significant amount of SSTR expression. Cell growth rate in Panc-1 cells transfected with SSTR-1 and SSTR-2 was inhibited about 41%, and the cell proliferation of Panc-1 expressing SSTR-1 and SSTR-2 was further reduced about 12% on treatment with somatostatin analogue as compared with the control group. SSTR-1 and SSTR-2 cotransfected Panc-1 cells activated phosphorylation of JNK and increased secretion of interferon-gamma and interleukin-5. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest, for the first time, a synergistic inhibitory effect of multiple SSTRs in response to a somatostatin analogue in Panc-1 cells. These studies may improve our understanding of the mechanism by which SSTR inhibits cell growth and lead to novel gene therapies for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Elkins Pancreas Center, Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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