1
|
Dikalov S, Panov A, Dikalova A. Critical Role of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Metabolism in Normal Cell Function and Pathological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6498. [PMID: 38928204 PMCID: PMC11203650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a "popular" belief that a fat-free diet is beneficial, supported by the scientific dogma indicating that high levels of fatty acids promote many pathological metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative conditions. This dogma pressured scientists not to recognize the essential role of fatty acids in cellular metabolism and focus on the detrimental effects of fatty acids. In this work, we critically review several decades of studies and recent publications supporting the critical role of mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism in cellular homeostasis and many pathological conditions. Fatty acids are the primary fuel source and essential cell membrane building blocks from the origin of life. The essential cell membranes phospholipids were evolutionarily preserved from the earlier bacteria in human subjects. In the past century, the discovery of fatty acid metabolism was superseded by the epidemic growth of metabolic conditions and cardiovascular diseases. The association of fatty acids and pathological conditions is not due to their "harmful" effects but rather the result of impaired fatty acid metabolism and abnormal lifestyle. Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to impaired metabolism and drives multiple pathological conditions. Despite metabolic flexibility, the loss of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation cannot be fully compensated for by other sources of mitochondrial substrates, such as carbohydrates and amino acids, resulting in a pathogenic accumulation of long-chain fatty acids and a deficiency of medium-chain fatty acids. Despite popular belief, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation is essential not only for energy-demanding organs such as the heart, skeletal muscle, and kidneys but also for metabolically "inactive" organs such as endothelial and epithelial cells. Recent studies indicate that the accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in specific organs and tissues support the impaired fatty acid oxidation in cell- and tissue-specific fashion. This work, therefore, provides a basis to challenge these established dogmas and articulate the need for a paradigm shift from the "pathogenic" role of fatty acids to the critical role of fatty acid oxidation. This is important to define the causative role of impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in specific pathological conditions and develop novel therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Dikalov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Ave, PRB 554, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (A.P.); (A.D.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effects on Spirulina Supplementation on Immune Cells' Parameters of Elite College Athletes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204346. [PMID: 36297029 PMCID: PMC9612057 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify the effect of spirulina supplementation on the immune cells’ indicators of young soccer players during the preparation period of a tournament. Methods: 39 undergraduate male soccer players were recruited and randomly allocated into a spirulina supplementation group (SP group, n = 20) and the placebo supplementation group (PB group, n = 19). Their elbow venous blood samples were collected before and after the preparation period of a tournament, which included 8 weeks total. The differences within the group and between groups were recorded and analyzed. Results: The ratio of the basophils in the SP group between the pre-test and post-test were statistically significantly different (p < 0.05). In the PB group, the percentage of before and after in leukocytes and monocytes were statistically significantly different (p < 0.05). In the data of the post-test, the percentage of monocytes and basophils between the SP group and PB group were statistically significantly different. The delta variations of monocytes between groups were significantly different (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Intense long-duration exercise can reduce the ratio of leukocytes and monocytes in young athletes, yet the spirulina supplement can inhibit the change. It also might improve immunity to parasites, pathogenic bacterium, and rapid-onset allergies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Bikulčienė I, Garjonytė N, Žėkas V, Matuzevičienė R, Žymantienė Ž, Baublytė A, Hendrixson V, Karčiauskaitė D, Utkus A, Kaminskas A. Relationship Between Composition of Fatty Acid in Platelet Phospholipid Membrane and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Healthy Men and Men After a Myocardial Infarction. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2021; 27:e929634. [PMID: 33583940 PMCID: PMC7893829 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.929634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress (OS) is known to be extremely damaging for phospholipids in cell membranes, especially their polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). OS is known to be associated with increased platelet activation and thrombosis, which lead to cardiovascular lesions. The aim of this study was to investigate how changes in the composition of fatty acids (FAs) in the platelet phospholipid membrane correlate with OS in healthy men and in men who have experienced a myocardial infarction (post-MI men). Material/Methods FA methyl esters from the platelet phospholipid membrane of 79 apparently healthy and 20 post-MI men were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured in the blood serum using high-performance liquid chromatography, and platelet-white blood cell aggregates (PWAs) were analysed based on whole-blood flow cytometry. The composition of platelet membrane FAs was compared to MDA concentration (μg/l) and the percentage of PWA formation between healthy men and individuals who had suffered a myocardial infarction (MI). Results Statistically, post-MI patients had a significantly higher concentration of blood serum MDA than those in the control group (p=0.000). The level of PUFAs was also higher in the platelet phospholipid membrane of post-MI patients than in healthy individuals (p=0.016). However, the percentage of PWA formation was lower in patients compared with the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions A higher level of blood serum MDA concentration due to OS stimulates platelets to incorporate more PUFAs into the phospholipid membrane, thereby affecting platelet activation. This may lead the individual to develop cardiovascular diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Bikulčienė
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Neda Garjonytė
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Žėkas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rėda Matuzevičienė
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Živilė Žymantienė
- Consultation and Diagnostic Center, Vilnius District Central Polyclinic, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aldona Baublytė
- Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Vilnius District Central Polyclinic, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaiva Hendrixson
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dovilė Karčiauskaitė
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Utkus
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arvydas Kaminskas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baker EJ, Valenzuela CA, Dooremalen WT, Martínez‐Fernández L, Yaqoob P, Miles EA, Calder PC. Gamma‐Linolenic and Pinolenic Acids Exert Anti‐Inflammatory Effects in Cultured Human Endothelial Cells Through Their Elongation Products. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000382. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ella J. Baker
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
| | - Carina A. Valenzuela
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Nutrition University of Valparaíso Playa Ancha 850 Valparaíso Chile
| | - Wies T.M. Dooremalen
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
| | - Leyre Martínez‐Fernández
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition University of Navarra 31008 Pamplona Spain
| | - Parveen Yaqoob
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy University of Reading Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Miles
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton Southampton SO16 6YD UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Wang M, Yu P, Zuo L, Zhou Q, Zhou X, Zhu H. MicroRNA-126 Modulates Palmitate-Induced Migration in HUVECs by Downregulating Myosin Light Chain Kinase via the ERK/MAPK Pathway. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:913. [PMID: 32850751 PMCID: PMC7411007 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-126 (miR-126) is an endothelial-specific microRNA that has shown beneficial effects on endothelial dysfunction. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. The present study evaluated the effects of miR-126 on the cell migration and underlying mechanism in HUVECs treated with palmitate. The present results demonstrated that overexpression of miR-126 was found to decrease cell migration in palmitate-treated HUVECs, with decreased MLCK expression and subsequent decreased phosphorylated MLC level. miR-126 also decreased the phosphorylation of MYPT1 in palmitate-treated HUVECs. In addition, it was demonstrated that miR-126 decreases expression of the NADPH oxidase subunits, p67 and Rac family small GTPase 1 with a subsequent decrease in cell apoptosis. Moreover, the phosphorylation of ERK was reduced by miR-126 in palmitate-induced HUVECs. Taken together, the present study showed that the effect of miR-126 on cell migration and cell apoptosis is mediated through downregulation of MLCK via the ERK/MAPK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mei Wang
- General Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pei Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Zuo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhou
- General Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huaqing Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Comparative anti-inflammatory effects of plant- and marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids explored in an endothelial cell line. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
7
|
Lipid lowering therapy in cardiovascular disease: From myth to molecular reality. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107592. [PMID: 32492513 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-lowering therapy is one major cornerstone of medical treatment of cardiovascular disease in order to modulate atherosclerosis. Statins, ezetimibe and novel PCSK9-inhibitors are already recommended in current guidelines and were shown to improve lipid profiles and have positive effects on the rate of ischemic events and cardiovascular mortality. Recent studies suggest that the concept of "The lower the better" might be valid at least regarding low density lipoproteins. In addition, lowering lipoprotein (a) still displays a major challenge in lipid therapy. Furthermore, also lowering triglycerides seems to improve cardiovascular outcome. Regarding triglycerides, icosapent ethyl, a polyunsaturated fatty acid recently attracted attention showing cardiovascular risk reduction due to triglyceride lowering. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies and drug classes are eagerly awaited. Targeting LDL, bempedoic acid and the siRNA inclisiran provide promising results. Moreover, regarding TG a monoclonal antibody called evinacumab and an antisense-oligonucleotide against ANGPTL3 showed effective TG-lowering. At least, using antisense-oligonucleotides against ApoC-III and Lp(a) resulted in promising outcomes. In this review, current and future options for lipid management are presented depending on different drug classes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gardner AW, Montgomery PS, Wang M, Shen B, Casanegra AI, Silva-Palacios F, Knehans AW. Diet is associated with ankle-brachial index, inflammation, and ambulation in patients with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg 2020; 72:1375-1384. [PMID: 32122735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2019.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this investigation were to determine whether the daily dietary intake of nutrients by patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and intermittent claudication (IC) met recommended levels for adults older than 50 years and to determine whether meeting recommended levels of nutrients was associated with ankle-brachial index (ABI), inflammation, and ambulation of patients with PAD and IC. METHODS A total of 48 patients were assessed on their dietary intake of 20 nutrients during a 3-day period. Patients were further characterized on demographic variables, comorbid conditions, cardiovascular risk factors, ABI, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentration. RESULTS Few patients met the daily recommended intakes for calcium (4%), fiber (6%), vitamin E (6%), trans fatty acids (13%), vitamin A (15%), total sugars (19%), potassium (23%), sodium (29%), saturated fat (29%), and vitamin C (31%), and none of the patients met the daily recommended intake of vitamin D (0%). Overall, patients met few of the 20 dietary recommendations as the median score was seven recommendations. Only 17 of 48 patients met more than seven of the recommendations. For the ABI regression model adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, body mass index, and percentage body fat, the only significant predictor was total sugars (P < .001); patients who did not meet the recommendation had lower ABI values. For the hsCRP-adjusted regression model, the strongest significant predictor was omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = .001), indicating that those who did not meet the recommendation had higher hsCRP values. Finally, for the 6MWD-adjusted regression model, folate (P = .011) and dietary score index (P = .014) were significant predictors; those who did not meet the recommendation for folate and those who met 5 or fewer of the 20 recommendations had shorter 6MWD. CONCLUSIONS Patients with PAD and IC consume a low-nutrient-dense diet that is deficient in many vitamins, calcium, fruits, and vegetables and contains too much added sugar, saturated and trans fats, and processed foods. In addition, more severe PAD, greater inflammation, and ambulatory dysfunction are independently associated with aspects of a low-nutrient-dense diet, such as too much intake of added sugars, low intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and folate, and meeting the recommended intakes of only five or fewer nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Gardner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pa.
| | - Polly S Montgomery
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pa
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pa
| | - Biyi Shen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pa
| | - Ana I Casanegra
- Vascular Medicine Division, Cardiovascular Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Federico Silva-Palacios
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Okla
| | - Allen W Knehans
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Okla
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gschwandtner M, Derler R, Midwood KS. More Than Just Attractive: How CCL2 Influences Myeloid Cell Behavior Beyond Chemotaxis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2759. [PMID: 31921102 PMCID: PMC6923224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) is renowned for its ability to drive the chemotaxis of myeloid and lymphoid cells. It orchestrates the migration of these cell types both during physiological immune defense and in pathological circumstances, such as autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis, as well as infectious diseases, obesity, diabetes, and various types of cancer. However, new data suggest that the scope of CCL2's functions may extend beyond its original characterization as a chemoattractant. Emerging evidence shows that it can impact leukocyte behavior, influencing adhesion, polarization, effector molecule secretion, autophagy, killing, and survival. The direction of these CCL2-induced responses is context dependent and, in some cases, synergistic with other inflammatory stimuli. The involvement of CCL2 signaling in multiple diseases renders it an interesting therapeutic target, although current targeting strategies have not met early expectations in the clinic. A better understanding of how CCL2 affects immune cells will be pivotal to the improvement of existing therapeutic approaches and the development of new drugs. Here, we provide an overview of the pleiotropic effects of CCL2 signaling on cells of the myeloid lineage, beyond chemotaxis, and highlight how these actions might help to shape immune cell behavior and tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Gschwandtner
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert Derler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kim S. Midwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Derakhshan R, Mirhosseini A, Ahmadi Ghezeldasht S, Jahantigh HR, Mohareri M, Boostani R, Derakhshan M, Rezaee SA. Abnormal vitamin D and lipid profile in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:631-637. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
11
|
Gorący J, Kaczmarczyk M, Ciechanowicz A, Safranow K, Gorący J, Jakubowska K, Chlubek D, Gorący I. E-selectin gene haplotypes are associated with the risk of myocardial infarction. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:1223-1231. [PMID: 31572467 PMCID: PMC6764297 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.84413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endothelial dysfunction is one of the most important factors implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the E-selectin gene (SELE) with CAD and CAD-related traits using tagging polymorphisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 379 Polish patients who had undergone angiography were included: 261 patients with angiographically documented CAD, 202 CAD patients without myocardial infarction (CAD/MI(-) group) and 59 patients with myocardial infarction (CAD/MI(+) group) as well as 118 healthy control subjects (non-CAD). Eight tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SELE gene were selected using genotype data from HapMap. Genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP and PCR-DHPLC methods. RESULTS The most common SELE haplotype in this analysis ([C;G;T;C;G;T], 31.2%) showed a negative association with myocardial infarction (MI) (CAD/MI(+) vs. non-CAD) under the additive (p = 0.001), dominant (p = 0.006) and recessive (p = 0.012) model. Two other haplotypes ([C;G;C;C;A;C], [C;A;C;A;G;T], 5.73% and 18.1%, respectively) were also negatively associated with MI under the additive and dominant model. We also found two haplotypes ([T;G;T;C;G;T], [C;G;C;C;A;T], 1.52% and 6.71%, respectively) associated with the risk for MI (CAD/MI(+) vs. CAD/MI(-)), acting in both additive (p = 0.04, p = 0.007, respectively) and dominant (p = 0.04, p = 0.004, respectively) manner. There was no association with either CAD/MI(-) or with severity of CAD expressed as the number of vessels involved. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SELE is one of the independent genetic factors modifying the risk of myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Gorący
- Clinic of Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ciechanowicz
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Gorący
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jakubowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Iwona Gorący
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Motta AC, Strassburg K, Oranje P, Vreeken RJ, Jacobs DM. Oxylipin profiling in endothelial cells in vitro - Effects of DHA and hydrocortisone upon an inflammatory challenge. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 144:106352. [PMID: 31260749 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids have been shown to have beneficial effects on several inflammatory-driven endpoints such as cardiovascular diseases. The anti-inflammatory effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are largely mediated through various oxylipins. Yet, mechanistic insights are limited. Here, we measured 53 oxylipins using LC-MS/MS in an in vitro model of endothelial cell inflammation, and compared the changes induced by DHA to hydrocortisone, a well-established anti-inflammatory drug. DHA modified several oxylipins derived from different precursors such as DHA, AA, LA and EPA. In response to a TNFα and IL-1-β challenge, DHA clearly reduced many COX-derived pro-inflammatory oxylipins, yet to a minor extent when compared to hydrocortisone. DHA also upregulated metabolites from the CYP and LOX pathways as opposed to hydrocortisone. Thus, DHA reduced pro-inflammation and enhanced pro-resolution, while hydrocortisone blunted both the pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways. Our results may fuel further research on the mitigation of corticosteroids adverse side-effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Motta
- Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
| | - K Strassburg
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Analytical Biosciences, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P Oranje
- Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - R J Vreeken
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Analytical Biosciences, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - D M Jacobs
- Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ramji DP. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Atherosclerosis: Insights from Pre-Clinical Studies. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipak P. Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University; Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Martinus RD, Goldsbury J. Endothelial TNF-α induction by Hsp60 secreted from THP-1 monocytes exposed to hyperglycaemic conditions. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:519-525. [PMID: 29134442 PMCID: PMC6045554 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A non-resolving inflammation of the endothelium is recognised to be an important process leading to atherosclerosis. In diabetes, this process is thought to account for a significant number of cardiovascular disease-associated death and disability. However, the molecular mechanisms by which diabetes contributes to endothelial inflammation remain to be established. Whilst there is some evidence linking hyperglycaemia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation by the mitochondrial electron-transport chain to oxidative stress, cellular injury and apoptosis in the endothelium, a clear link to endothelium inflammation has not yet been established. The mitochondrial molecular stress protein Hsp60 is known to be secreted from mammalian cells and is capable of activating pro-inflammatory mediators on target cells expressing Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Hsp60 is also known to be elevated in serum of diabetes patients and has been shown to be upregulated by hyperglycaemic growth conditions in cultured human HeLa cells. This study shows that Hsp60 induced in human acute monocyte leukaemia cell line (THP-1) cells grown under hyperglycaemic conditions (25 mM glucose) was able to be secreted into growth media. Furthermore, the secretion of Hsp60 from THP-1 cells was able to be inhibited by 5,5-(N-N-dimethyl)-amiloride hydrochloride (DMA), an exosomal inhibitor. Interestingly, the conditioned media obtained from THP-1 cells grown in the presence of 25 mM glucose was able to induce the secretion of TNF-α in human vascular endothelium cell line (HUVEC). When conditioned media was immuno-depleted of Hsp60, there was a significant reduction in the release of TNF-α from the HUVEC cells. This suggests that a potential link may exist between hyperglycaemia-induced expression of Hsp60 in monocyte cells and vascular inflammation. Circulating levels of Hsp60 due to mitochondrial stress in diabetes patients could therefore be an important modulator of inflammation in endothelial cells and thus contribute to the increased incidences of atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Dennis Martinus
- School of Science, Faculty of Science & Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
| | - Julie Goldsbury
- School of Science, Faculty of Science & Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mazidi M, Wong ND, Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Banach M. Dietary patterns, plasma vitamins and Trans fatty acids are associated with peripheral artery disease. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:254. [PMID: 29282129 PMCID: PMC5745924 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the association between dietary patterns (DP), plasma vitamins and trans fatty acids (TFAs) with the likelihood of peripheral artery disease (PAD). METHODS National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for the years 1999-2002 were used. PAD was diagnosed by ankle brachial index assessment. Plasma concentrations of vitamins were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin D levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Analysis of covariance, principal components analysis (PCA) and adjusted logistic regression were applied, accounting for the survey design and sample weights. RESULTS Of the 4864 eligible participants, 2482 (51.0%) were men and 269 (5.5%) had prevalent PAD. PCA uncovered three DPs which accounted for 56.8% of the variance in dietary nutrients consumption including DP1 (fatty acids and cholesterol), DP2 (minerals, vitamins and fiber), and DP3 (polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA]). PAD patients had a significantly higher serum concentrations of trans 9-octadecenoic acid and trans 9, trans 12-octadienoic acid as well as lower plasma levels of vitamin D, retinol, retinyl stearate and retinyl palmitate (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). In models adjusted for age, race, diabetes, cholesterol, hypertension, smoking and energy intake, individuals in the highest quartile of the DP1 had higher odds for PAD compared with those in the lowest quartile [(odds ratio (OR): 6.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.00-20.63 p < 0.001], while those in the highest quartile of DP2 and DP3 had lower odds of PAD relative to those in the lowest quartile (OR:0.28, OR:0.44, respectively; p < 0.001 for both comparisons). CONCLUSION We found that quality of diet, plasma vitamins and TFAs are associated with the likelihood of PAD. If confirmed in prospective studies, the possibility that dietary factors, plasma vitamins and TFAs might be valuable for preventing or delaying the clinical progression of PAD, should be investigated in intervention trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mazidi
- Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology. International College, University of Chinese Academy of Science (IC-UCAS), West Beichen Road, Chaoyang, China.
| | - Nathan D Wong
- Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nelson JR, True WS, Le V, Mason RP. Can pleiotropic effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) impact residual cardiovascular risk? Postgrad Med 2017; 129:822-827. [DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2017.1385365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viet Le
- Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA
| | - R. Preston Mason
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Elucida Research, Beverly, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
In vitro effect of flaxseed oil and α-linolenic acid against the toxicity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:645-654. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
18
|
Borow KM, Mason RP, Vijayaraghavan K. Eicosapentaenoic Acid as a Potential Therapeutic Approach to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on Hemodialysis: A Review. Cardiorenal Med 2017; 8:18-30. [PMID: 29344023 DOI: 10.1159/000479391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis have excess cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden with substantially increased CV event rates compared with the general population. Summary Traditional interventions that, according to standard clinical guidelines, reduce CV risk such as antihypertensive therapy, diet, exercise, and statins are not similarly effective in the hemodialysis population. This raises the question of whether additional risk factors, such as enhanced inflammation and oxidative stress, may drive the increased CVD burden in hemodialysis patients. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, is incorporated into the atherosclerotic plaque as well as membrane phospholipid bilayers and produces beneficial effects on inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression. EPA levels and the ratio of EPA to the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) are reduced in hemodialysis patients. Serum EPA levels have been inversely correlated with proinflammatory cytokines, and the EPA/AA ratio has been inversely associated with CV events in hemodialysis cohorts. Three recent studies involving over 800 hemodialysis patients and follow-up of 2-3 years suggest that EPA therapy may improve clinical outcomes in this patient population as evidenced by significant reductions in cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and/or CV events. Key Messages Further studies with high-purity EPA are warranted in patients on hemodialysis, especially given the fact that other interventions including antihypertensives, diet, exercise, and statins have not provided meaningful benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Borow
- MediMergent, LLC and The National Medication Safety, Outcomes and Adherence Program, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R Preston Mason
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chrysin Attenuates VCAM-1 Expression and Monocyte Adhesion in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Brain Endothelial Cells by Preventing NF-κB Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071424. [PMID: 28671640 PMCID: PMC5535915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells plays an important role in neuroinflammation. Therefore, suppression of the expression of adhesion molecules in brain endothelial cells may inhibit neuroinflammation. Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid component of propolis, blue passion flowers, and fruits. In the present study, we examined the effects of chrysin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in mouse cerebral vascular endothelial (bEnd.3) cells. In bEnd.3 cells, LPS increased mRNA expression of VCAM-1 in a time-dependent manner, and chrysin significantly decreased LPS-induced mRNA expression of VCAM-1. Chrysin also reduced VCAM-1 protein expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, chrysin blocked adhesion of monocytes to bEnd.3 cells exposed to LPS. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, which are all activated by LPS, were significantly inhibited by chrysin. These results indicate that chrysin inhibits the expression of VCAM-1 in brain endothelial cells by inhibiting NF-κB translocation and MAPK signaling, resulting in the attenuation of leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. The anti-inflammatory effects of chrysin suggest a possible therapeutic application of this agent to neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, septic encephalopathy, and allergic encephalomyelitis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a preventable disease, which combines two general processes: chronic vascular inflammation and acute thrombosis. Both are amplified with positive feedback signals by n-6 eicosanoids derived from food-based n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-6 HUFA). This amplification is lessened by competing actions of n-3 HUFA. Death results from fatal interactions of the vascular wall with platelets and clotting proteins. The benefits of fish oil interventions are confounded by complex details in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse events, timescale factors, topology, financial incentives and people's sense of cause and effect. Two basic aspects of n-3 HUFA that are overlooked in CVD dynamics are saturable, hyperbolic responses of the enzymes continually supplying n-6 HUFA and hard-to-control positive feedback receptor signals by excessive n-6 HUFA-based mediators. Multiple feedback loops in inflammation and thrombosis have diverse mediators, and reducing one mediator that occurs above its rate-limiting levels may not reduce the pathophysiology. Clinicians have developed some successful interventions that decrease CVD deaths in the form of secondary prevention. However, the current high CVD prevalence in the USA remains unchanged, and successful primary prevention of CVD remains uncertain. This review weighs the available evidence to help clinicians, the biomedical community and the public put the use of fish oil supplements into a balanced perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bill Lands
- American Society for Nutrition, Rockville, MD, USA.
- American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, USA.
- , 6100 Westchester Park Drive, #1219, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fialkow J. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Formulations in Cardiovascular Disease: Dietary Supplements are Not Substitutes for Prescription Products. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2016; 16:229-239. [PMID: 27138439 PMCID: PMC4947114 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-016-0170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acid products are available as prescription formulations (icosapent ethyl, omega-3-acid ethyl esters, omega-3-acid ethyl esters A, omega-3-carboxylic acids) and dietary supplements (predominantly fish oils). Most dietary supplements and all but one prescription formulation contain mixtures of the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Products containing both EPA and DHA may raise low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In clinical trials, the EPA-only prescription product, icosapent ethyl, did not raise LDL-C compared with placebo. To correct a common misconception, it is important to note that omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplements are not US FDA-approved over-the-counter drugs and are not required to demonstrate safety and efficacy prior to marketing. Conversely, prescription products are supported by extensive clinical safety and efficacy investigations required for FDA approval and have active and ongoing safety monitoring programs. While omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplements may have a place in the supplementation of diet, they generally contain lower levels of EPA and DHA than prescription products and are not approved or intended to treat disease. Perhaps due to the lack of regulation of dietary supplements, EPA and DHA levels may vary widely within and between brands, and products may also contain unwanted cholesterol or fats or potentially harmful components, including toxins and oxidized fatty acids. Accordingly, omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplements should not be substituted for prescription products. Similarly, prescription products containing DHA and EPA should not be substituted for the EPA-only prescription product, as DHA may raise LDL-C and thereby complicate the management of patients with dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fialkow
- Miami Cardiac and Vascular Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, 8900 N. Kendall Drive, Miami, FL, 33176, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nagahara Y, Motoyama S, Sarai M, Ito H, Kawai H, Takakuwa Y, Miyagi M, Shibata D, Takahashi H, Naruse H, Ishii J, Ozaki Y. Eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid (EPA/AA) ratio as an associated factor of high risk plaque on coronary computed tomography in patients without coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2016; 250:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
23
|
Liao B, Chen K, Xiong W, Chen R, Mai A, Xu Z, Dong S. Relationship of SELE A561C and G98T Variants With the Susceptibility to CAD. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e1255. [PMID: 26937892 PMCID: PMC4778985 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Published genetic association studies have produced controversial results regarding the association of SELE gene polymorphisms (A516C and G98T) and CAD susceptibility. We therefore chose to perform a meta-analysis to determine the association.Twenty-seven eligible articles were identified through electronic databases, providing 5170 CAD cases and 4996 controls. Fixed-effects or random-effects summary ORs were calculated to estimate the risk of CAD in relation to A516C and G98T. Forest plots and funnel plots were constructed by Stata software 12.0.A strong association was observed between A516C and susceptibility of CAD among 4757 cases and 4272 controls. The summary OR was greatest in individuals carrying the CC genotype (OR = 1.91, 95% CI, 1.12-3.25). A significantly increased risk was indicated in both Caucasians and Asians. The analyses by disease type showed a significant increase in the risk of AP and MI. We also noted a strong association in population-based studies. In the analyses of G98T, data were available for 1422 cases and 1625 controls. We saw a markedly increased risk of CAD associated with G98T. The highest risk was indicated in individuals with the TT genotype (OR = 2.82, 95% CI, 1.15-6.89). A similar trend was seen in Asians and population-based studies.These findings provide consistent evidence that A516C and G98T polymorphisms of the SELE gene may be associated with increased susceptibility of CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bihong Liao
- From the Department of Cardiology (BL, KC, WX, RC, AM, SD); and Department of Gastroenterology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (ZX)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Singla DK, Singla R, Wang J. BMP-7 Treatment Increases M2 Macrophage Differentiation and Reduces Inflammation and Plaque Formation in Apo E-/- Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147897. [PMID: 26824441 PMCID: PMC4732822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a fundamental role in the inception and development of atherosclerosis (ATH). Mechanisms of inflammation include the infiltration of monocytes into the injured area and subsequent differentiation into either pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages or anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. We have previously published data suggesting bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) enhances M2 macrophage differentiation and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in vitro. In this regard, we hypothesized BMP-7 would inhibit plaque formation in an animal model of ATH through monocytic plasticity mediation. ATH was generated in male and female Apo E(-/-) mice via partial left carotid artery (PLCA) ligation and mice were divided into 3 groups: Sham, PLCA, and PLCA+BMP-7 (200 ug/kg; i.v.). Our data suggest that BMP-7 inhibits plaque formation and increases arterial systolic velocity. Furthermore, we report inhibition of monocyte infiltration and a decrease in associated pro-inflammatory cytokines (MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6) in the PLCA+BMP-7 mice. In contrast, our data suggest a significant (p<0.05) increase in M2 macrophage populations with consequential enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1RA, IL-10, and Arginase 1) expression following BMP-7 treatment. We have also observed that mechanisms promoting monocyte into M2 macrophage differentiation by BMP-7 involve the upregulation and activation of the BMP-7 receptor (BMP-7RII). In conclusion, we report that BMP-7 has the potential to mediate cellular plasticity and mitigate the inflammatory immune response, which results in decreased plaque formation and improved blood velocity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinender K. Singla
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Reetu Singla
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Borow KM, Nelson JR, Mason RP. Biologic plausibility, cellular effects, and molecular mechanisms of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:357-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
26
|
Marchix J, Choque B, Kouba M, Fautrel A, Catheline D, Legrand P. Excessive dietary linoleic acid induces proinflammatory markers in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1434-41. [PMID: 26337666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Following the historical dietary recommendations, the substitution of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for saturated fatty acids (SFAs) resulted in a dramatic increase of linoleic acid (LA) in the Western diet. While proatherogenic properties of SFAs have been described, the involvement of LA on the inflammatory process remains controversial. Herein, we evaluated the effects of an excessive LA intake on the cytokine-induced expression of endothelial adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), through the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, in comparison with a control diet and regarding a "positive" SFA diet. Wistar rats were fed experimental diets - a control diet or diets enriched with LA or SFA - for 11 weeks. Plasma lipid parameters and proinflammatory cytokine production such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were analyzed. Expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and NF-κB was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. No difference was observed in body weight. The enriched diets did not affect triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in plasma. Our results demonstrated that excessive dietary LA intake increased TNF-α levels (P<.05) in plasma. Rats fed the LA-enriched diet showed a significantly higher expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and NF-κB in aortas. In addition, our results demonstrated that an excess of LA is more efficient to activate endothelial molecular process than an excess of SFA. The present study provides further support for the proinflammatory properties of LA and suggests an LA-derivatives pathway involved in the inflammatory process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Marchix
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine, INRA USC 2012, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Benjamin Choque
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine, INRA USC 2012, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Maryline Kouba
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine, INRA USC 2012, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Alain Fautrel
- INSERM U620, IFR 120 Core histopathology platform, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Daniel Catheline
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine, INRA USC 2012, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Legrand
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine, INRA USC 2012, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nosova EV, Bartel K, Chong KC, Alley HF, Conte MS, Owens CD, Grenon SM. Analysis of nutritional habits and intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids in veterans with peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Med 2015; 20:432-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1358863x15591088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate nutrient intake may contribute to the development and progression of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). This study’s aim was to assess intake of essential fatty acids and nutrients among veterans with PAD. All 88 subjects had ankle–brachial indices of <0.9 and claudication. A validated food frequency questionnaire evaluated dietary intake, and values were compared to guidelines established by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC), as well as the AHA/ACC endorsed Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan. The mean age was 69 ± 8 years. Compared to the AHA/ACC guidelines, subjects with PAD had an inadequate intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFA; 59% consumed >1 gram daily). Our subjects with PAD had an increased intake of cholesterol (31% met the cut-off established in the DASH plan), total fat (5%) and sodium (53%). They had an inadequate intake of magnesium (3%), calcium (5%), and soluble fiber (3%). Dietary potassium intake met the recommended guidelines. In our subjects with PAD, intake of critical nutrients deviated substantially from the recommended amounts. Further prospective studies should evaluate whether PAD patients experience clinical benefit if diets are modified to meet the AHA/ACC recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily V Nosova
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- VIPERx Laboratory, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Karen C Chong
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- VIPERx Laboratory, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hugh F Alley
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- VIPERx Laboratory, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Conte
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D Owens
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- VIPERx Laboratory, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Marlene Grenon
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- VIPERx Laboratory, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nosova EV, Conte MS, Grenon SM. Advancing beyond the "heart-healthy diet" for peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 2015; 61:265-74. [PMID: 25534981 PMCID: PMC4275620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a burdensome cardiovascular condition that results from chronic inflammatory insults to the arterial vasculature. Key risk factors include age, gender, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, smoking, lack of physical fitness, and poor diet, the latter three being modifiable in the development and progression of PAD. A growing body of evidence indicates that imbalanced nutrient intake may contribute to the development and progression of PAD. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge about nutritional patterns among patients with PAD and to ascertain whether certain health-promoting foods and nutrients could benefit patients with this condition. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature review to examine primary source evidence for or against the nutrients that are commonly associated with PAD and their potential utility as therapies. RESULTS We summarized nine categories of nutrients, as well as four diets endorsed by the American Heart Association that may be prescribed to patients with or at risk for PAD. The nutrients reviewed included omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), folate and B-series vitamins, and antioxidants. The diet plans described include the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, Mediterranean diet, low-fat diet, low carbohydrate diet, Dr Dean Ornish's Spectrum Diet and Dr Andrew Weil's Anti-Inflammatory Diet. CONCLUSIONS PAD is a chronic inflammatory condition that is associated with longstanding poor nutrition habits. We advocate for an intensified use of diet in PAD therapy, and we specifically recommend following eating patterns that are rich in nutrients with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily V Nosova
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Calif; VIPERx Laboratory, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Michael S Conte
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Calif; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - S Marlene Grenon
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Calif; VIPERx Laboratory, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Surgery, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
de Souza MDGC, Conde CMS, Laflôr CM, Sicuro FL, Bouskela E. n-3 PUFA induce microvascular protective changes during ischemia/reperfusion. Lipids 2014; 50:23-37. [PMID: 25344627 PMCID: PMC4282880 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can occur in consequence of myocardial infarction, stroke and multiple organ failure, the most prevalent cause of death in critically ill patients. I/R injury encompass impairment of endothelial dependent relaxation, increase in macromolecular permeability and leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) found in fish oil have several anti-inflammatory properties and their potential benefits against I/R injury were investigated using the hamster cheek pouch preparation before and after ischemia. Before the experiments, hamsters were treated orally with saline, olive oil, fish oil and triacylglycerol (TAG) and ethyl ester (EE) forms of EPA and DHA at different daily doses for 14 days. Fish oil restored the arteriolar diameter to pre ischemic values during reperfusion. At onset and during reperfusion, Fish oil and DHA TAG significantly reduced the number of rolling leukocytes compared to saline and olive oil treatments. Fish oil, EPA TAG and DHA TAG significantly prevented the rise on leukocyte adhesion compared to saline. Fish oil (44.83 ± 3.02 leaks/cm(2)), EPA TAG (31.67 ± 2.65 leaks/cm(2)), DHA TAG (41.14 ± 3.63 leaks/cm(2)), and EPA EE (30.63 ± 2.25 leaks/cm(2)), but not DHA EE (73.17 ± 2.82 leaks/cm(2)) prevented the increase in macromolecular permeability compared to saline and olive oil (134.80 ± 1.49 and 121.00 ± 4.93 leaks/cm(2), respectively). On the basis of our findings, we may conclude that consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially in the triacylglycerol form, could be a promising therapy to prevent microvascular damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion and its consequent clinical sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria das Graças Coelho de Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão Reitor Haroldo Lisboa da Cunha térreo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-013, Brazil,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lands B. Historical perspectives on the impact of n-3 and n-6 nutrients on health. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 55:17-29. [PMID: 24794260 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current public advice from the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) about essential fatty acids (EFA) has limited quantitative details about three processes: (1) similar dynamics for n-3 linolenic and n-6 linoleic polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in maintaining 20- and 22-carbon n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in tissues; (2) different dynamics for tissue n-3 and n-6 HUFA during formation and action of hormone-like eicosanoids; (3) simultaneous formation of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) from very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) formed from excess food energy and secreted by the liver. This report reviews evidence that public health may benefit from advice to eat less n-6 nutrients, more n-3 nutrients and fewer calories per meal. Explicit data for linoleic acid fit an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) near 0.1 percent of daily food energy (en%) meeting needs of half the individuals in a group, a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) near 0.5 en% meeting needs of 97-98 percent of individuals, and a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) near 2 en% having no likely risk of adverse health effects. Quantitative tools help design and monitor explicit interventions that could beneficially replace imprecise advice on "healthy foods" with explicit preventive nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bill Lands
- Fellow ASN, AAAS, SFRBM, College Park, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Park SL, Lee BK, Kim YA, Lee BH, Jung YS. Inhibitory Effect of an Urotensin II Receptor Antagonist on Proinflammatory Activation Induced by Urotensin II in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 21:277-83. [PMID: 24244812 PMCID: PMC3819900 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of a selective urotensin II (UII) receptor antagonist, SB-657510, on the inflammatory response induced by UII in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EA.hy926) and human monocytes (U937). UII induced inflammatory activation of endothelial cells through expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), adhesion molecules (VCAM-1), and tissue factor (TF), which facilitates the adhesion of monocytes to EA.hy926 cells. Treatment with SB-657510 significantly inhibited UII-induced expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and VCAM-1 in EA.hy926 cells. Further, SB-657510 dramatically blocked the UII-induced increase in adhesion between U937 and EA.hy926 cells. In addition, SB-657510 remarkably reduced UII-induced expression of TF in EA.hy926 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the UII antagonist SB-657510 decreases the progression of inflammation induced by UII in endothelial cells.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides an updated review on mechanistic and molecular studies relating to the effects of n-3 fatty acids (FA) on inhibiting atherogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS The effects of n-3 FA on modulating arterial lipoprotein lipase levels link to changes in lipid deposition in the arterial wall. Lipoprotein lipase expression in the arterial wall also relates to local macrophage-mediated inflammatory processes. Increasing evidence suggests that n-3 FA ameliorate inflammation, another key component in the development of atherosclerosis, including decreases in proinflammatory cytokine production. n-3 FA inhibit atherogenic signaling pathways and modulate the phenotypes of inflammatory leukocytes and their recruitment in the arterial wall. SUMMARY New mechanistic insights into the antiatherogenic action of n-3 FA have emerged. These studies may contribute to future therapeutic advances in preventing mortality and morbidity associated with atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuchun L Chang
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Association between n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of red blood cells and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg 2013; 58:1283-90. [PMID: 23830313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are dietary components derived from fish oil with beneficial cardiovascular effects that may relate in part to anti-inflammatory properties. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is characterized by a marked proinflammatory state. We hypothesized that the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content of red blood cells (omega-3 index) would be correlated with biomarkers of inflammation and vascular function in a PAD cohort. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of subjects who presented to an outpatient vascular surgery clinic for evaluation of PAD. We used linear regression to evaluate the independent association between the omega-3 index, inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein [CRP], intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-6, and tumor-necrosis-factor-α) and endothelial function (brachial artery flow mediated dilation). RESULTS 64 subjects (61 claudicants and three with critical limb ischemia) were recruited for the study. The mean CRP level was 5.0 ± 5.0 mg/L, and the mean omega-3 index was 5.0% ± 1.8%. In an unadjusted model, the omega-3 index was negatively associated with CRP (38% increase in CRP for one standard deviation decrease in the omega-3 index; P = .007), which remained significant after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, ankle-brachial index, and high-density lipoprotein (33%; P = .04). There was also evidence for independent associations between the omega-3 index and IL-6 (P = .001). There were no significant associations between the omega-3 index and vascular function tests. CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of patients with PAD, the omega-3 index was inversely associated with biomarkers of inflammation even after adjustment for covariates including the ankle-brachial index. Because patients with PAD have a high inflammatory burden, further studies should be conducted to determine if manipulation of omega-3 index via dietary changes or fish oil supplementation could improve inflammation and symptoms in these patients.
Collapse
|
34
|
Fetal programming of the neuroendocrine-immune system and metabolic disease. J Pregnancy 2012; 2012:792934. [PMID: 22970372 PMCID: PMC3431117 DOI: 10.1155/2012/792934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse uterine environments experienced during fetal development can alter the projected growth pattern of various organs and systems of the body, leaving the offspring at an increased risk of metabolic disease. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis has been demonstrated as an alteration to the growth trajectory to improve the survival and reproductive fitness of the individual. However, when the intrauterine environment does not match the extrauterine environment problems can arise. With the increase in metabolic diseases in both Westernized and developing countries, it is becoming apparent that there is an environmental disconnect with the extrauterine environment. Therefore, the focus of this paper will be to explore the effects of maternal malnutrition on the offspring's susceptibility to metabolic disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes with emphasis on programming of the neuroendocrine-immune system.
Collapse
|