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Zakrocka I, Targowska-Duda KM, Kocki T, Turski W, Urbańska EM, Załuska W. Loop diuretics inhibit kynurenic acid production and kynurenine aminotransferases activity in rat kidneys. Pharmacol Rep 2024:10.1007/s43440-024-00648-8. [PMID: 39261392 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loop diuretics became a cornerstone in the therapy of hypervolemia in patients with chronic kidney disease or heart failure. Apart from the influence on water and electrolyte balance, these drugs were shown to inhibit tissue fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-system activity. The kynurenine (KYN) pathway products are suggested to be uremic toxins. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is synthesized by kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs) in the brain and periphery. The cardiovascular and renal effects of KYNA are well documented. However, high KYNA levels have been correlated with the rate of kidney damage and its complications. Our study aimed to assess the effect of loop diuretics, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, and torasemide on KYNA synthesis and KATs activity in rat kidneys in vitro. METHODS Quantitative analyses of KYNA were performed using fluorimetric HPLC detection. Additionally, molecular docking studies determined the possible interactions of investigated compounds with an active site of KAT I and KAT II. RESULTS All studied drugs inhibited KYNA production in rat kidneys in vitro at 0.5-1.0 mmol/l concentrations. Only ethacrynic acid at 1.0 mmol/l concentration significantly lowered KAT I and KAT II activity in kidney homogenates, whereas other drugs were ineffective. Molecular docking results indicated the common binding site for each of the studied loop diuretics and KYNA. They suggested possible residues involved in their binding to the active site of both KAT I and KAT II model. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that loop diuretics may decrease KYNA synthesis in rat kidneys in vitro. The presented results warrant further research in the context of KYN pathway activity regulation by loop diuretics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Zakrocka
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland.
| | | | - Tomasz Kocki
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Waldemar Turski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa M Urbańska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Załuska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland
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Golmohammadi M, Ivraghi MS, Hasan EK, Huldani H, Zamanian MY, Rouzbahani S, Mustafa YF, Al-Hasnawi SS, Alazbjee AAA, Khalajimoqim F, Khalaj F. Protective effects of pioglitazone in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI): focus on oxidative stress and inflammation. Clin Exp Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s10157-024-02525-3. [PMID: 38935212 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-024-02525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is a critical phenomenon that compromises renal function and is the most serious health concern related to acute kidney injury (AKI). Pioglitazone (Pio) is a known agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ). PPAR-γ is a nuclear receptor that regulates genes involved in inflammation, metabolism, and cellular differentiation. Activation of PPAR-γ is associated with antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects, which are relevant to the pathophysiology of RIRI. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Pio in RIRI, focusing on oxidative stress and inflammation. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search using electronic databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. RESULTS The results of this study demonstrated that Pio has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities that counteract the consequences of RIRI. The study also discussed the underlying mechanisms, including the modulation of various pathways such as TNF-α, NF-κB signaling systems, STAT3 pathway, KIM-1 and NGAL pathways, AMPK phosphorylation, and autophagy flux. Additionally, the study presented a summary of various animal studies that support the potential protective effects of Pio in RIRI. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that Pio could protect the kidneys from RIRI by improving antioxidant capacity and decreasing inflammation. Therefore, these findings support the potential of Pio as a therapeutic strategy for preventing RIRI in different clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Golmohammadi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1988873554, Iran
| | | | | | - Huldani Huldani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Lambung, Mangkurat University, South Kalimantan, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Yasin Zamanian
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6718773654, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6718773654, Iran.
| | - Shiva Rouzbahani
- Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Physician, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jarib Blvd, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
| | | | | | - Faranak Khalajimoqim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6718773654, Iran
| | - Fattaneh Khalaj
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Holm J, Vanky F, Svedjeholm R. Association of Glutamate Infusion With Risk of Acute Kidney Injury After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: A Pooled Analysis of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2351743. [PMID: 38252440 PMCID: PMC10804267 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.51743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and measures to prevent AKI have had limited success. Glutamate has been reported to enhance natural postischemic recovery of the heart, but not among animals and humans with diabetes. Objective To summarize pooled results from the GLUTAMICS (Glutamate for Metabolic Intervention in Coronary Surgery) trials regarding the effect of glutamate on postoperative AKI among patients without diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants Data on a total of 791 patients without diabetes from 2 prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter trials performed at 5 cardiac surgery centers in Sweden between October 4, 2005, and November 12, 2009, and between November 15, 2015, and September 30, 2020, were pooled. Patients had acute coronary syndrome, left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.30 or less, or a European System for Cardiac Risk Evaluation II score of 3.0 or more and underwent CABG with or without additional valve procedure. Statistical analysis was performed from May to November 2023. Interventions Intravenous infusion of 0.125-M l-glutamic acid or saline at 1.65 mL/kg/h for 2 hours during reperfusion, after which the infusion rate was halved and an additional 50 mL was given. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was AKI, defined as postoperative increase of plasma creatinine of 50% or more, corresponding to the Risk stage or higher in the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-Stage kidney disease (RIFLE) criteria. Results A total of 791 patients without diabetes (391 who received glutamate [mean (SD) age, 69.3 (9.1) years; 62 women (15.9%)] and 400 controls [mean (SD) age, 69.6 (9.5) years; 73 women (18.3%)]) were randomized. Baseline data did not differ between groups. Glutamate was associated with a significantly lower risk of AKI (relative risk, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.29-0.83]). Dialysis was required for 2 patients in the glutamate group and 5 patients in the control group. In multivariable analysis, glutamate remained significantly associated with a protective effect against AKI (odds ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.26-0.86]). In the glutamate and control groups, the rate of postoperative mortality at 30 days or less was 0.5% (2 of 391) vs 1.0% (4 of 400), and the rate of stroke at 24 hours or less was 0.8% (3 of 391) vs 1.8% (7 of 400). Conclusions and Relevance In this pooled analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials, infusion of glutamate was associated with a markedly lower risk of AKI after CABG among patients without diabetes. The findings are exploratory and need to be confirmed in prospective trials. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT00489827 and NCT02592824.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Holm
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Farkas Vanky
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rolf Svedjeholm
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Unit of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Pellicano C, Vaiarello V, Colalillo A, Gigante A, Iannazzo F, Rosato E. Role of kinurenic acid in the systemic sclerosis renal involvement. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:1713-1719. [PMID: 36436115 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) subclinical renal vasculopathy is characterized by progressive increase of intrarenal stiffness and reduction of parenchymal thickness due to post ischemic fibrosis secondary to the renal Raynaud phenomenon. Aims of this study were to evaluate kinurenic acid (KYNA) serum level in SSc patients and healthy controls (HC) and to assess the role of KYNA in SSc subclinical nephropathy. Serum level of KYNA was evaluated in 52 SSc patients and 20 HC, matched for sex and age. Renal function was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and renal doppler ultrasound was performed to evaluate kidneys' morphology and indices of intrarenal stiffness. The parameters registered were renal longitudinal length, atrophy index (AI), renal sinus, parenchymal thickness, renal resistive index (RRI), pulsatile index (PI) and systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D). SSc patients had lower median value of KYNA than HC [54.43 ng/ml (IQR 44.44-63.64) vs 61.94 ng/ml (IQR 55.23-88.75), p < 0.001]. SSc patients with AI ≥ 0.70 had lower KYNA than SSc patients with AI < 0.70 [47.85 ng/ml (IQR 41.16-59.91) vs 55.5 ng/ml (IQR 49.99-67.33), p < 0.05] and a slightly significant negative linear correlation was found between KYNA and AI (r = - 0.249, p < 0.05). SSc patient with RRI ≥ 0.70 had higher KYNA than SSc patients with RRI < 0.70 [58.25 ng/ml (IQR 50.49-69.68) vs 50.07 ng/ml (IQR 42.70-56.31), p < 0.05] and a significant positive correlation was found between KYNA and RRI (r = 0.318, p < 0.05). KYNA may be used as a marker to evaluate the renal involvement in SSc patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pellicano
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Vaiarello
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Amalia Colalillo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Gigante
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Iannazzo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Rosato
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Vanhorebeek I, Gunst J, Casaer MP, Derese I, Derde S, Pauwels L, Segers J, Hermans G, Gosselink R, Van den Berghe G. Skeletal Muscle Myokine Expression in Critical Illness, Association With Outcome and Impact of Therapeutic Interventions. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad001. [PMID: 36726836 PMCID: PMC9879715 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Muscle expresses and secretes several myokines that bring about benefits in distant organs. Objective We investigated the impact of critical illness on muscular expression of irisin, kynurenine aminotransferases, and amylase; association with clinical outcome; and impact of interventions that attenuate muscle wasting/weakness. Methods We studied critically ill patients who participated in 2 randomized controlled trials (EPaNIC/NESCI) and documented time profiles in critically ill mice. Included in the study were 174 intensive care unit (ICU) patients (day 8 ± 1) vs 19 matched controls, and 60 mice subjected to surgery/sepsis vs 60 pair-fed healthy mice. Interventions studied included 7-day neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), and withholding parenteral nutrition (PN) in the first ICU week (late PN) vs early PN. The main outcome measures were FNDC5 (irisin- precursor), KYAT1, KYAT3, and amylase mRNA expression in skeletal muscle. Results Critically ill patients showed 34% to 80% lower mRNA expression of FNDC5, KYAT1, and amylases than controls (P < .0001). Critically ill mice showed time-dependent reductions in all mRNAs compared with healthy mice (P ≤ .04). The lower FNDC5 expression in patients was independently associated with a higher ICU mortality (P = .015) and ICU-acquired weakness (P = .012), whereas the lower amylase expression in ICU survivors was independently associated with a longer ICU stay (P = .0060). Lower amylase expression was independently associated with a lower risk of death (P = .048), and lower KYAT1 expression with a lower risk of weakness (P = .022). NMES increased FNDC5 expression compared with unstimulated muscle (P = .016), and late PN patients had a higher KYAT1 expression than early PN patients (P = .022). Conclusion Expression of the studied myokines was affected by critical illness and associated with clinical outcomes, with limited effects of interventions that attenuate muscle wasting or weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Vanhorebeek
- Correspondence: Prof. Ilse Vanhorebeek, MEng, PhD, Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;. ; or Prof. Greet Van den Berghe, MD, PhD, Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jan Gunst
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Clinical Division of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michaël P Casaer
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Clinical Division of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Derese
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Derde
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Pauwels
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Segers
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Hermans
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Gosselink
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Van den Berghe
- Correspondence: Prof. Ilse Vanhorebeek, MEng, PhD, Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;. ; or Prof. Greet Van den Berghe, MD, PhD, Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Xu B, Zhang P, Tang X, Wang S, Shen J, Zheng Y, Gao C, Mi P, Zhang C, Qu H, Li S, Yuan D. Metabolic Rewiring of Kynurenine Pathway during Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Exacerbates Liver Damage by Impairing NAD Homeostasis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204697. [PMID: 36310151 PMCID: PMC9762284 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury remains a common issue lacking effective strategy and validated pharmacological targets. Here, using an unbiased metabolomics screen, this study finds that following murine hepatic IR, liver 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) and quinolinic acid (QA) decline while kynurenine and kynurenic acid (KYNA) increase. Kynurenine aminotransferases 2, functioning at the key branching point of the kynurenine pathway (KP), is markedly upregulated in hepatocytes during ischemia, shifting the kynurenine metabolic route from 3-HAA and QA to KYNA synthesis. Defects in QA synthesis impair de novo nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis, rendering the hepatocytes relying on the salvage pathway for maintenance of NAD and cellular antioxidant defense. Blocking the salvage pathway following IR by the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitor FK866 exacerbates liver oxidative damage and enhanced IR susceptibility, which can be rescued by the lipid peroxidation inhibitor Liproxstatin-1. Notably, nicotinamide mononucleotide administration once following IR effectively boosts NAD and attenuated IR-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death in the murine model. Collectively, the findings reveal that metabolic rewiring of the KP partitions it away from NAD synthesis in hepatic IR pathophysiology, and provide proof of concept that NAD augmentation is a promising therapeutic measure for IR-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- Department of General SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Shiguan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Jing Shen
- Advanced Medical Research InstituteShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Yuanwen Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanShandong250117China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryGeneral SurgeryQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Ping Mi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Cuijuan Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Hui Qu
- Department of General SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Shiyang Li
- Advanced Medical Research InstituteShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
- Department of GastroenterologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Detian Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
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Abstract
Kidney diseases have become one of the most common health care problems. Due to a growing number of advanced aged patients with concomitant disorders the prevalence of these diseases will increase over the coming decades. Despite available laboratory tests, accurate and rapid diagnosis of renal dysfunction has yet to be realized, and prognosis is uncertain. Moreover, data on diagnostic and prognostic markers in kidney diseases are lacking. The kynurenine (KYN) pathway is one of the routes of tryptophan (Trp) degradation, with biologically active substances presenting ambiguous properties. The KYN pathway is known to be highly dependent on immunological system activity. As the kidneys are one of the main organs involved in the formation, degradation and excretion of Trp end products, pathologies involving the kidneys result in KYN pathway activity disturbances. This review aims to summarize changes in the KYN pathway observed in the most common kidney disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), with a special focus on diabetic kidney disease, acute kidney injury (AKI), glomerulonephritis and kidney graft function monitoring. Additionally, the importance of KYN pathway activity in kidney cancer pathogenesis is discussed, as are available pharmacological agents affecting KYN pathway activity in the kidney. Despite limited clinical data, the KYN pathway appears to be a promising target in the diagnosis and prognosis of kidney diseases. Modulation of KYN pathway activity by pharmacological agents should be considered in the treatment of kidney diseases.
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8
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Wee HN, Liu JJ, Ching J, Kovalik JP, Lim SC. The Kynurenine Pathway in Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol 2021; 52:771-787. [PMID: 34753140 PMCID: PMC8743908 DOI: 10.1159/000519811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major catabolic pathway for tryptophan degradation. The KP plays an important role as the sole de novo nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthetic pathway in normal human physiology and functions as a counter-regulatory mechanism to mitigate immune responses during inflammation. Although the KP has been implicated in a variety of disorders including Huntington's disease, seizures, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis, its role in renal diseases is seldom discussed. SUMMARY This review summarizes the roles of the KP and its metabolites in acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) based on current literature evidence. Metabolomics studies demonstrated that the KP metabolites were significantly altered in patients and animal models with AKI or CKD. The diagnostic and prognostic values of the KP metabolites in AKI and CKD were highlighted in cross-sectional and longitudinal human observational studies. The biological impact of the KP on the pathophysiology of AKI and CKD has been studied in experimental models of different etiologies. In particular, the activation of the KP was found to confer protection in animal models of glomerulonephritis, and its immunomodulatory mechanism may involve the regulation of T cell subsets such as Th17 and regulatory T cells. Manipulation of the KP to increase NAD+ production or diversion toward specific KP metabolites was also found to be beneficial in animal models of AKI. Key Messages: KP metabolites are reported to be dysregulated in human observational and animal experimental studies of AKI and CKD. In AKI, the magnitude and direction of changes in the KP depend on the etiology of the damage. In CKD, KP metabolites are altered with the onset and progression of CKD all the way to advanced stages of the disease, including uremia and its related vascular complications. The activation of the KP and diversion to specific sub-branches are currently being explored as therapeutic strategies in these diseases, especially with regards to the immunomodulatory effects of certain KP metabolites. Further elucidation of the KP may hold promise for the development of biomarkers and targeted therapies for these kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian-Jun Liu
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianhong Ching
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Su Chi Lim
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Diabetes Centre, Admiralty Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Juhász L, Rutai A, Fejes R, Tallósy SP, Poles MZ, Szabó A, Szatmári I, Fülöp F, Vécsei L, Boros M, Kaszaki J. Divergent Effects of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonist Kynurenic Acid and the Synthetic Analog SZR-72 on Microcirculatory and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Experimental Sepsis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:566582. [PMID: 33330526 PMCID: PMC7729001 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.566582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sepsis is a dysregulated host response to infection with macro- and microhemodynamic deterioration. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism with pleiotropic cell-protective effects under pro-inflammatory conditions. Our aim was to investigate whether exogenously administered KYNA or the synthetic analog SZR-72 affects the microcirculation and mitochondrial function in a clinically relevant rodent model of intraabdominal sepsis. Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 8/group) were subjected to fecal peritonitis (0.6 g kg−1 feces ip) or a sham operation. Septic animals were treated with sterile saline or received ip KYNA or SZR-72 (160 μmol kg−1 each) 16 and 22 h after induction. Invasive monitoring was performed on anesthetized animals to evaluate respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic and metabolic dysfunctions (PaO2/FiO2 ratio, mean arterial pressure, urea, AST/ALT ratio and lactate levels, respectively) based on the Rat Organ Failure Assessment (ROFA) score. The ratio of perfused vessels (PPV) of the ileal serosa was quantified with the intravital imaging technique. Complex I- and II-linked (CI; CII) oxidative phosphorylation capacities (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨmt) were evaluated by High-Resolution FluoRespirometry (O2k, Oroboros, Austria) in liver biopsies. Plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1), IL-6, intestinal nitrotyrosine (NT) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activities were measured as inflammatory markers. Results: Sepsis was characterized by an increased ROFA score (5.3 ± 1.3 vs. 1.3 ± 0.7), increased ET-1, IL-6, NT and XOR levels, and decreased serosal PPV (65 ± 12% vs. 87 ± 7%), ΔΨmt and CI–CII-linked OXPHOS (73 ± 16 vs. 158 ± 14, and 189 ± 67 vs. 328 ± 81, respectively) as compared to controls. Both KYNA and SZR-72 reduced systemic inflammatory activation; KYNA treatment decreased serosal perfusion heterogeneity, restored PPV (85 ± 11%) and complex II-linked OXPHOS (307 ± 38), whereas SZR-72 improved both CI- and CII-linked OXPHOS (CI: 117 ± 18; CII: 445 ± 107) without effects on PPV 24 h after sepsis induction. Conclusion: Treatment with SZR-72 directly modulates mitochondrial respiration, leading to improved conversion of ADP to ATP, while administration of KYNA restores microcirculatory dysfunction. The results suggest that microcirculatory and mitochondrial resuscitation with KYNA or the synthetic analog SZR-72 might be an appropriate supportive tool in sepsis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Juhász
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Rutai
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Roland Fejes
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs P Tallósy
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marietta Z Poles
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szabó
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Research Group for Stereochemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Research Group for Stereochemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-University of Szeged (SZTE), Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mihály Boros
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Kaszaki
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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10
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Glutamate-Gated NMDA Receptors: Insights into the Function and Signaling in the Kidney. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071051. [PMID: 32679780 PMCID: PMC7407907 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a glutamate-gated ionotropic receptor that intervenes in most of the excitatory synaptic transmission within the central nervous system (CNS). Aside from being broadly distributed in the CNS and having indispensable functions in the brain, NMDAR has predominant roles in many physiological and pathological processes in a wide range of non-neuronal cells and tissues. The present review outlines current knowledge and understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological functions of NMDAR in the kidney, an essential excretory and endocrine organ responsible for the whole-body homeostasis. The review also explores the recent findings regarding signaling pathways involved in NMDAR-mediated responses in the kidney. As established from diverse lines of research reviewed here, basal levels of receptor activation within the kidney are essential for the maintenance of healthy tubular and glomerular function, while a disproportionate activation can lead to a disruption of NMDAR's downstream signaling pathways and a myriad of pathophysiological consequences.
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11
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Ying J, Wu J, Zhang Y, Han Y, Qian X, Yang Q, Chen Y, Chen Y, Zhu H. Ligustrazine suppresses renal NMDAR1 and caspase-3 expressions in a mouse model of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 464:73-81. [PMID: 31732832 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is a life threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of AKI is associated with apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of ligustrazine (LGZ) on experimental sepsis-associated AKI in mice. Sepsis-associated AKI was induced in a mice model using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method. Mice were administered LGZ (10, 30, and 60 mg/kg) via tail vein injection 0.5 h before CLP surgery. Mice survival was evaluated. Renal water content was detected. Urine samples were collected for ELISA of Kim1. Kidneys were collected for nucleic acid analysis and histological examination. Pathological assessment was used to determine the effect of LGZ on sepsis-associated AKI. Caspase-3 expression in kidney was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Renal NMDAR1 level was also determined. Treatment of LGZ improved mice survival rate; the effect was significant when administered at a high LGZ dose (60 mg/kg). Renal water content of mice undergoing CLP was significantly reduced by LGZ treatment. Both middle-dose and high-dose LGZ treatments reduced urine Kim1 level in sepsis-associated AKI mice. The severity of AKI in septic mice was reduced by middle-dose and high-dose LGZ administration. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased caspase-3 and NMDAR1 levels in the kidney following middle-dose and high-dose LGZ treatments. RT-PCR assay showed a significant reduction in NMDAR1 mRNA expression in the kidney of middle-dose and high-dose LGZ-treated mice. LGZ exhibited protective effects against sepsis-associated AKI in mice, possibly via downregulation of renal NMDAR1 expression and its anti-apoptotic action by inhibiting caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo First Hospital, No. 59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo First Hospital, No. 59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo First Hospital, No. 59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangyang Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo First Hospital, No. 59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinger Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo First Hospital, No. 59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuhong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo First Hospital, No. 59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo First Hospital, No. 59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo First Hospital, No. 59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo First Hospital, No. 59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Zakrocka I, Targowska-Duda KM, Wnorowski A, Kocki T, Jóźwiak K, Turski WA. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers decrease kynurenic acid production in rat kidney in vitro. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 392:209-217. [PMID: 30370429 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (GLU) mainly through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors plays pivotal role in kidney function regulation. Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a GLU receptors antagonist, is synthesized from kynurenine by kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs). Previously, it was shown that angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) decrease KYNA production in rat brain in vitro. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of six ARBs: candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, and valsartan on KYNA production on rat kidney in vitro. The effect of ARBs was determined in kidney homogenates and on isolated KAT II enzyme. Among tested ARBs, irbesartan was the most effective KYNA synthesis inhibitor with IC50 of 14.4 μM. Similar effects were observed after losartan (IC50 45.9 μM) and olmesartan administration (IC50 108.1 μM), whereas candesartan (IC50 475.3 μM), valsartan (IC50 513.9 μM), and telmisartan (IC50 669.5 μM) displayed lower activity in KYNA synthesis inhibition in rat kidney homogenates in vitro. On the other hand, valsartan (IC50 27.5 μM) was identified to be the strongest KAT II inhibitor in rat kidney in vitro. Candesartan, losartan, and telmisartan suppressed KAT II activity with IC50 equal to 83.2, 83.3, and 108.3 μM, respectively. Olmesartan and irbesartan were the weakest KAT II inhibitors with IC50 values of 237.4 and 809.9 μM, respectively. Moreover, molecular docking suggested that studied ARBs directly bind to an active site of KAT II. In conclusion, our results indicate that ARBs decrease KYNA synthesis in rat kidney through enzymatic inhibition of KAT II, which may have impact on kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Zakrocka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | | | - Artur Wnorowski
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kocki
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jóźwiak
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Waldemar A Turski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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13
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Wang J, Li M, Zhang W, Gu A, Dong J, Li J, Shan A. Protective Effect of N-Acetylcysteine against Oxidative Stress Induced by Zearalenone via Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway in SIEC02 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E407. [PMID: 30304829 PMCID: PMC6215273 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a nonsteroidal estrogen mycotoxin, is widely found in feed and foodstuffs. Intestinal cells may become the primary target of toxin attack after ingesting food containing ZEN. Porcine small intestinal epithelial (SIEC02) cells were selected to assess the effect of ZEN exposure on the intestine. Cells were exposed to ZEN (20 µg/mL) or pretreated with (81, 162, and 324 µg/mL) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) prior to ZEN treatment. Results indicated that the activities of glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) and glutathione reductase (GR) were reduced by ZEN, which induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production. Moreover, these activities increased apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and regulated the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, caspase-9, and cytochrome c (cyto c). Additionally, NAC pretreatment reduced the oxidative damage and inhibited the apoptosis induced by ZEN. It can be concluded that ZEN-induced oxidative stress and damage may further induce mitochondrial apoptosis, and pretreatment of NAC can degrade this damage to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Aixin Gu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jiawen Dong
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jianping Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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14
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Nanoparticle-mediated dual delivery of resveratrol and DAP5 ameliorates kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting cell apoptosis and inflammation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:39547-39558. [PMID: 28465474 PMCID: PMC5503631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is a leading cause of acute kidney injury with high morbidity and mortality due to limited therapy. NMDA receptor inhibitor (DAP5) and resveratrol (Res) could ameliorate kidney I/R injury, but their use is limited by low aqueous solubility and poor stability. Here, we examined the potential protective effects of Res-DAP5 nanoparticles (NP) against renal I/R injury. Mice were subjected to renal ischemia for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. The results showed that Res-DAP5-NP could decreased serum creatinine (Cr) and urea nitrogen (BUN), alleviated tubular damage and oxidative stress. In addition, Res-DAP5-NP suppressed cell apoptosis, promoted the expression of p-DAPK, and inhibited the expression of p-CaMK and p-AKT. Furthermore, Res-DAP5-NP decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and p-IκBα induced by renal I/R injury. In addition, Res-DAP5-NP also attenuated renal I/R injury in vivo, as manifested by increase in cell viability, SOD level, and the expression of p-DAPK, decreases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the expression of p-CaMK. Taken together, our findings indicates that Res-DAP5-NP could effectively protect renal I/R injury by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation responses, possibly through AKT/NMDA/CaMK/DAPK and NF-κB pathways.
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15
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Zakrocka I, Kocki T, Turski WA. The effect of three angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on kynurenic acid production in rat kidney in vitro. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:536-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Estradiol mitigates ischemia reperfusion-induced acute renal failure through NMDA receptor antagonism in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 434:33-40. [PMID: 28432550 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated possible involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) in estradiol mediated protection against ischemia reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute renal failure (ARF) in rats. Bilateral renal ischemia of 40 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h induced ARF in male wistar rats. Quantification of serum creatinine, creatinine clearance (CrCl), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, potassium, fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa), and urinary microproteins was done to assess I/R-induced renal damage in rats. Oxidative stress in kidneys was measured in terms of myeloperoxidase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide anion generation, and reduced glutathione levels. Hematoxylin & eosin and periodic acid Schiff stains were used to reveal structural changes in renal tissues. Estradiol benzoate (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, i.p.) was administered 1 h prior to I/R in rats. In separate groups, rats were treated with NMDAR agonists, glutamic acid (200 mg/kg, i.p.), and spermidine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) before administration of estradiol. Marked increase in serum creatinine, BUN, uric acid, serum potassium, FeNa, microproteinuria, and reduction in CrCl demonstrated I/R-induced ARF in rats. Treatment with estradiol mitigated I/R-induced changes in serum/urine parameters. Moreover, estrogen attenuated oxidative stress and structural changes in renal tissues. Prior administration of glutamic acid and spermidine abolished estradiol mediated renoprotection in rats. These results indicate the involvement of NMDAR in estradiol mediated renoprotective effect. In conclusion, we suggest that NMDAR antagonism serves as one of the mechanisms in estradiol-mediated protection against I/R-induced ARF in rats.
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17
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Kaur A, Kaur T, Singh B, Pathak D, Singh Buttar H, Pal Singh A. Curcumin alleviates ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury through NMDA receptor antagonism in rats. Ren Fail 2016; 38:1462-1467. [PMID: 27484883 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2016.1214892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the role of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in curcumin-mediated renoprotection against ischemia reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats. METHODS Rats were subjected to bilateral renal I/R (40 min I, 24 hours R) to induce AKI. Kidney injury was assessed by measuring creatinine clearance, blood urea nitrogen, plasma uric acid, potassium level, fractional excretion of sodium, and macroproteinuria. Oxidative stress in renal tissues was assessed by measuring myeloperoxidase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide anion generation, and reduced glutathione content. Hematoxylin & eosin staining was done to assess histological changes in renal tissues. Curcumin (30 and 60 mg/kg) was administered one hour before subjecting rats to AKI. In separate groups, NMDA receptor agonists, glutamic acid (200 mg/kg), and spermidine (20 mg/kg) were administered prior to curcumin treatment in rats followed by AKI. RESULTS I/R-induced AKI was demonstrated by significant change in plasma and urine parameters along with marked increase in oxidative stress and histological changes in renal tissues that were aggravated with pretreatment of glutamic acid and spermidine in rats. Administration of curcumin resulted in significant protection against AKI. However, glutamic acid and spermidine pretreatments prevented curcumin-mediated renoprotection. CONCLUSION It is concluded that NMDA receptor antagonism significantly contributes towards curcumin-mediated protection against I/R-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anudeep Kaur
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab , India
| | - Tajpreet Kaur
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab , India.,b Department of Pharmacology, Khalsa College of Pharmacy , Amritsar , Punjab , India
| | - Balbir Singh
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab , India
| | - Devendra Pathak
- c Department of Veterinary Anatomy , Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Ludhiana , Punjab , India
| | - Harpal Singh Buttar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab , India.,d Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Amrit Pal Singh
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar , Punjab , India
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18
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Singh AP, Singh N, Singh Bedi PM. Estrogen attenuates renal IRI through PPAR-γ agonism in rats. J Surg Res 2016; 203:324-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Pioglitazone ameliorates renal ischemia reperfusion injury through NMDA receptor antagonism in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 417:111-8. [PMID: 27206738 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in pioglitazone-mediated protection against renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats. Male wistar rats were subjected to 40 min of bilateral renal ischemia followed by reperfusion for 24 h to induce kidney injury. The renal damage was evaluated by measuring serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, electrolytes, and microproteinuria in rats. Oxidative stress in renal tissues was quantified in terms of myeloperoxidase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide anion generation, and reduced glutathione level. Hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid Schiff staining of renal tissues were performed to observe histological changes. Pioglitazone (20 and 40 mg/kg) was administered 1 h prior to ischemia in rats. In separate groups, NMDA agonists, glutamic acid (200 mg/kg), and spermidine (20 mg/kg) were administered 1 h prior to pioglitazone treatment, followed by renal IRI in rats. Ischemia reperfusion resulted in marked renal damage with significant changes in serum and urine parameters along with marked oxidative stress and histological changes in kidneys. Pioglitazone treatment afforded anti-oxidant effect and renoprotection in a dose-dependent manner in rats. Pioglitazone-mediated renoprotection was attenuated by glutamic acid and spermidine pretreatment in rats, which indicated the role of NMDA receptors in pioglitazone-mediated protection. It is concluded that NMDA antagonism serves as one of the mechanisms in pioglitazone-mediated protection against renal IRI in rats.
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20
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Husi H, Human C. Molecular determinants of acute kidney injury. J Inj Violence Res 2016; 7:75-86. [PMID: 26104320 PMCID: PMC4522318 DOI: 10.5249/jivr.v7i2.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a condition that leads to a rapid deterioration of renal function associated with impairment to maintain electrolyte and acid balance, and, if left untreated, ultimately irreversible kidney damage and renal necrosis. There are a number of causes that can trigger AKI, ranging from underlying conditions as well as trauma and surgery. Specifically, the global rise in surgical procedures led to a substantial increase of AKI incidence rates, which in turn impacts on mortality rates, quality of life and economic costs to the healthcare system. However, no effective therapy for AKI exists. Current approaches, such as pharmacological intervention, help in alleviating symptoms in slowing down the progression, but do not prevent or reverse AKI-induced organ damage. Methods: An in-depth understanding of the molecular machinery involved in and modulated by AKI induction and progression is necessary to specifically pharmacologically target key molecules. A major hurdle to devise a successful strategy is the multifactorial and complex nature of the disorder itself, whereby the activation of a number of seemingly independent molecular pathways in the kidney leads to apoptotic and necrotic events. Results: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) axis appears to be a common element, leading to downstream events such as triggers of immune responses via the NFB pathway. Other pathways intricately linked with AKI-induction and progression are the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF β) signaling cascades, as well as a number of other modulators. Surprisingly, it has been shown that the involvement of the glutamatergic axis, believed to be mainly a component of the neurological system, is also a major contributor. Conclusions: Here we address the current understanding of the molecular pathways evoked in AKI, their interplay, and the potential to pharmacologically intervene in the effective prevention and/or progression of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Husi
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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21
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Reena, Kaur T, Kaur A, Singh M, Buttar HS, Pathak D, Singh AP. Mast cell stabilizers obviate high fat diet-induced renal dysfunction in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 777:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Moreira MA, Irigoyen MC, Saad KR, Saad PF, Koike MK, Montero EFDS, Martins JL. N-acetylcysteine reduces the renal oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by hemorrhagic shock. J Surg Res 2016; 203:113-20. [PMID: 27338542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury induced by hemorrhagic shock (HS) and subsequent fluid resuscitation is a common cause of acute renal failure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of combining N-acetylcysteine (NAC) with fluid resuscitation on renal injury in rats that underwent HS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two groups of male Wistar rats were induced to controlled HS at 35 mm Hg mean arterial pressure for 60 min. After this period, the HS and fluid resuscitation (HS/R) group was resuscitated with lactate containing 50% of the blood that was withdrawn. The HS/R + NAC group was resuscitated with Ringer's lactate combined with 150 mg/kg of NAC and blood. The sham group animals were catheterized but were not subjected to shock. All animals were kept under anesthesia and euthanized after 120 min of fluid resuscitation or observation. RESULTS Animals treated with NAC presented attenuation of histologic lesions, reduced oxidative stress, and apoptosis markers when compared with animals from the HS/R group. The serum creatinine was similar in all the groups. CONCLUSIONS NAC is a promising drug for combining with fluid resuscitation to attenuate the kidney injury associated with HS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Claudia Irigoyen
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Ruggeri Saad
- Medical School, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Paulo Fernandes Saad
- Medical School, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcia Kiyomi Koike
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Medicine Laboratory (LIM-51), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edna Frasson de Souza Montero
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Surgical Physiopathology (LIM-62), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - José Luiz Martins
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Olenchock BA, Moslehi J, Baik AH, Davidson SM, Williams J, Gibson WJ, Chakraborty AA, Pierce KA, Miller CM, Hanse EA, Kelekar A, Sullivan LB, Wagers AJ, Clish CB, Vander Heiden MG, Kaelin WG. EGLN1 Inhibition and Rerouting of α-Ketoglutarate Suffice for Remote Ischemic Protection. Cell 2016; 164:884-95. [PMID: 26919427 PMCID: PMC4819986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning is the phenomenon whereby brief periods of sublethal ischemia protect against a subsequent, more prolonged, ischemic insult. In remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), ischemia to one organ protects others organs at a distance. We created mouse models to ask if inhibition of the alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent dioxygenase Egln1, which senses oxygen and regulates the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor, could suffice to mediate local and remote ischemic preconditioning. Using somatic gene deletion and a pharmacological inhibitor, we found that inhibiting Egln1 systemically or in skeletal muscles protects mice against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Parabiosis experiments confirmed that RIPC in this latter model was mediated by a secreted factor. Egln1 loss causes accumulation of circulating αKG, which drives hepatic production and secretion of kynurenic acid (KYNA) that is necessary and sufficient to mediate cardiac ischemic protection in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Olenchock
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Javid Moslehi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Alan H Baik
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - Shawn M Davidson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeremy Williams
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - William J Gibson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Kerry A Pierce
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Christine M Miller
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eric A Hanse
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ameeta Kelekar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lucas B Sullivan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Amy J Wagers
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - William G Kaelin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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Chang EI, Zárate MA, Rabaglino MB, Richards EM, Keller-Wood M, Wood CE. Ketamine suppresses hypoxia-induced inflammatory responses in the late-gestation ovine fetal kidney cortex. J Physiol 2015; 594:1295-310. [PMID: 26497972 DOI: 10.1113/jp271066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute fetal hypoxia is a form of fetal stress that stimulates renal vasoconstriction and ischaemia as a consequence of the physiological redistribution of combined ventricular output. Because of the potential ischaemia-reperfusion injury to the kidney, we hypothesized that it would respond to hypoxia with an increase in the expression of inflammatory genes, and that ketamine (an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist) would reduce or block this response. Hypoxia was induced for 30 min in chronically catheterized fetal sheep (125 ± 3 days), with or without ketamine (3 mg kg(-1)) administered intravenously to the fetus 10 min prior to hypoxia. Gene expression in fetal kidney cortex collected 24 h after the onset of hypoxia was analysed using ovine Agilent 15.5k array and validated with qPCR and immunohistochemistry in four groups of ewes: normoxic control, normoxia + ketamine, hypoxic control and hypoxia + ketamine (n = 3-4 per group). Significant differences in gene expression between groups were determined with t-statistics using the limma package for R (P ≤ 0.05). Enriched biological processes for the 427 upregulated genes were immune and inflammatory responses and for the 946 downregulated genes were metabolic processes. Ketamine countered the effects of hypoxia on upregulated immune/inflammatory responses as well as the downregulated metabolic responses. We conclude that our transcriptomics modelling predicts that hypoxia activates inflammatory pathways and reduces metabolism in the fetal kidney cortex, and ketamine blocks or ameliorates this response. The results suggest that ketamine may have therapeutic potential for protection from ischaemic renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen I Chang
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA
| | - Miguel A Zárate
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA
| | - Maria B Rabaglino
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elaine M Richards
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0487, USA
| | - Maureen Keller-Wood
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0487, USA
| | - Charles E Wood
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0274, USA
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Mohey V, Singh M, Puri N, Kaur T, Pathak D, Singh AP. Sildenafil obviates ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced acute kidney injury through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonism in rats. J Surg Res 2015; 201:69-75. [PMID: 26850186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor used clinically for treating erectile dysfunction. Few studies suggest sildenafil to be a renoprotective agent. The present study investigated the involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) in sildenafil-mediated protection against ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) with 40 min of bilateral renal ischemia followed by reperfusion for 24 h. The renal damage was assessed by measuring creatinine clearance, blood urea nitrogen, plasma uric acid, electrolytes, and microproteinuria in rats. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide anion generation, and reduced glutathione levels were measured to assess oxidative stress in renal tissues. The hematoxylin-eosin staining was carried out to demonstrate histopathologic changes in renal tissues. Sildenafil (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) was administered 1 h before subjecting the rats to renal IRI. In a separate group, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), a PPAR-γ receptor antagonist, was given before sildenafil administration followed by IRI. RESULTS The ischemia-reperfusion demonstrated marked AKI with significant changes in serum and urinary parameters, enhanced oxidative stress, and histopathologic changes in renal tissues. The administration of sildenafil demonstrated significant protection against ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI. The prior treatment with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether abolished sildenafil-mediated renal protection, thereby confirming involvement of PPAR-γ agonism in the sildenafil-mediated renoprotective effect. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that sildenafil protects against ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI through PPAR-γ agonism in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Mohey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Manjinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Nikkita Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Tajpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India; Department of Pharmacology, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, India
| | - Devendra Pathak
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Amrit Pal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
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Ischemic Postconditioning and Subanesthetic S(+)-Ketamine Infusion: Effects on Renal Function and Histology in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:864902. [PMID: 26413552 PMCID: PMC4564631 DOI: 10.1155/2015/864902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Ischemic postconditioning (IP) in renal Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) models improves renal function after IRI. Ketamine affords significant benefits against IRI-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). The present study investigated the effects of IP and IP associated with subanesthetic S(+)-ketamine in ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI. Methods. Forty-one Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: CG (10), control; KG (10), S(+)-ketamine infusion; IPG (10), IP; and KIPG (11), S(+)-ketamine infusion + IP. All rats underwent right nephrectomy. IRI and IP were induced only in IPG and KIPG by left kidney arterial occlusion for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Complete reperfusion was preceded by three cycles of 2 min of reocclusion followed by 2 min of reperfusion. Renal function was assessed by measuring serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Tubular damage was evaluated by renal histology. Results. Creatinine and BUN were significantly increased. Severe tubular injury was only observed in the groups with IRI (IPG and KIPG), whereas no injury was observed in CG or KG. No significant differences were detected between IPG and KIPG. Conclusions. No synergic effect of the use of subanesthetic S(+)-ketamine and IP on AKI was observed in this rat model.
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Li Y, Liu Y, Peng X, Liu W, Zhao F, Feng D, Han J, Huang Y, Luo S, Li L, Yue SJ, Cheng Q, Huang X, Luo Z. NMDA Receptor Antagonist Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Acute Lung Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125873. [PMID: 25942563 PMCID: PMC4420245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Large amount of glutamate can overstimulate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), causing neuronal injury and death. Recently, NMDAR has been reported to be found in the lungs. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of memantine, a NMDAR channel blocker, on bleomycin-induced lung injury mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were intratracheally injected with bleomycin (BLM) to induce lung injury. Mice were randomized to receive saline, memantine (Me), BLM, BLM plus Me. Lungs and BALF were harvested on day 3 or 7 for further evaluation. Results BLM caused leukocyte infiltration, pulmonary edema and increase in cytokines, and imposed significant oxidative stress (MDA as a marker) in lungs. Memantine significantly mitigated the oxidative stress, lung inflammatory response and acute lung injury caused by BLM. Moreover, activation of NMDAR enhances CD11b expression on neutrophils. Conclusions Memantine mitigates oxidative stress, lung inflammatory response and acute lung injury in BLM challenged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - XiangPing Peng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - FeiYan Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - DanDan Feng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - JianZhong Han
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - YanHong Huang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - SiWei Luo
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shao Jie Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - QingMei Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - XiaoTing Huang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - ZiQiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is an ionotropic glutamate receptor with a high permeability to calcium and a unique feature of controlling numerous calcium-dependent processes. Apart from being widely distributed in the CNS, the presence of NMDAR and its potential significance in a variety of non-neuronal cells and tissues has become an interesting research topic. AREAS COVERED The current review summarizes prevailing knowledge on the role of NMDARs in the kidney, bone and parathyroid gland, three main organs responsible for calcium homeostasis, as well as in the heart, an organ whose function is highly dependable on balanced intracellular calcium concentrations. The review also examines studies that have advanced our understanding of the therapeutic potential of NMDAR agonists and antagonists in renal, cardiovascular and bone pathologies. EXPERT OPINION NMDARs have a preeminent role in many physiological and pathological processes outside the CNS. In certain organs and/or disease conditions, activating the NMDAR leads to beneficial effects for the target organ, whereas in other diseases cell signaling downstream of NMDAR activation can exacerbate their pathology. Therefore, targeting NMDARs therapeutically is rather intricate work, and surely requires more extensive investigation in order to properly tune up the diverse NMDAR's actions translating them into beneficial cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Bozic
- Institute for Biomedical Research (IRB Lleida), Nephrology Research Department , Edificio Biomedicina 1. Lab B1-10, Lleida , Spain +34 973 003 650 ; +34 973 702 213 ;
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Arora S, Kaur T, Kaur A, Singh AP. Glycine aggravates ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury through N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor activation in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 393:123-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sehajpal J, Kaur T, Bhatti R, Singh AP. Role of progesterone in melatonin-mediated protection against acute kidney injury. J Surg Res 2014; 191:441-7. [PMID: 24878191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin is released by pineal gland and maintains circadian rhythm in the body. It has been reported as renoprotective agent because of its antioxidant property. Recently, a cross talk between progesterone and melatonin has been observed in various preclinical studies. The present study investigated the involvement of progesterone receptors in melatonin-mediated protection against ischemia reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia for 40 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h to induce AKI. The AKI was assessed by measuring creatinine clearance, serum urea, uric acid level, potassium level, fractional excretion of sodium, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and microproteinuria. The oxidative stress in renal tissues was assessed by quantification of myeloperoxidase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide anion generation, reduced glutathione level, and catalase activity. The hematoxylin-eosin staining was carried out to observe histopathologic changes in renal tissues. The melatonin (4 and 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and progesterone receptor antagonist mifepristone (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) were used in the present study. RESULTS The renal ischemia reperfusion induced AKI as indicated by significant change in serum, urinary, and tissue parameters that was ameliorated by prior treatment with melatonin. No significant difference in serum progesterone level was observed between various groups used in the present study. The prior administration of mifepristone abolished melatonin-mediated protection against AKI. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that melatonin treatment affords protection against ischemia reperfusion induced AKI. Moreover, progesterone receptors are essentially involved in mediating protective role of melatonin against AKI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Sehajpal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Tajpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajbir Bhatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Amrit Pal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
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Explicit role of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma in gallic acid–mediated protection against ischemia-reperfusion–induced acute kidney injury in rats. J Surg Res 2014; 187:631-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.11.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ischemic acute kidney injury perturbs homeostasis of serine enantiomers in the body fluid in mice: early detection of renal dysfunction using the ratio of serine enantiomers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86504. [PMID: 24489731 PMCID: PMC3906037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The imbalance of blood and urine amino acids in renal failure has been studied mostly without chiral separation. Although a few reports have shown the presence of D-serine, an enantiomer of L-serine, in the serum of patients with severe renal failure, it has remained uncertain how serine enantiomers are deranged in the development of renal failure. In the present study, we have monitored serine enantiomers using a two-dimensional HPLC system in the serum and urine of mice after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), known as a mouse model of acute kidney injury. In the serum, the level of D-serine gradually increased after renal IRI in parallel with that of creatinine, whereas the L-serine level decreased sharply in the early phase after IRI. The increase of D-serine was suppressed in part by genetic inactivation of a D-serine-degrading enzyme, D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), but not by disruption of its synthetic enzyme, serine racemase, in mice. Renal DAO activity was detected exclusively in proximal tubules, and IRI reduced the number of DAO-positive tubules. On the other hand, in the urine, D-serine was excreted at a rate nearly triple that of L-serine in mice with sham operations, indicating that little D-serine was reabsorbed while most L-serine was reabsorbed in physiological conditions. IRI significantly reduced the ratio of urinary D−/L-serine from 2.82±0.18 to 1.10±0.26 in the early phase and kept the ratio lower than 0.5 thereafter. The urinary D−/L-serine ratio can detect renal ischemia earlier than kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) or neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in the urine, and more sensitively than creatinine, cystatin C, or the ratio of D−/L-serine in the serum. Our findings provide a novel understanding of the imbalance of amino acids in renal failure and offer a potential new biomarker for an early detection of acute kidney injury.
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