Six-year integrated cardiothoracic surgery residency applicants: Characteristics, expectations, and concerns

The journey of becoming a congenital heart surgeon: Too long, too costly, too unpredictable

OBJECTIVE

The pathway to become a congenital heart surgeon (CHS) is challenging and unpredictable. Previous voluntary manpower surveys have shed partial light on this problem but have not included all trainees. We believe that this arduous journey merits more attention.

METHODS

To examine the real-life challenges of recent participants in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited CHS training programs, we conducted phone interviews with all graduates of approved programs from 2021 to 2022. This institutional review board approved survey focused on issues including preparation, length of training, debt burden, and employment.

RESULTS

All 22 (100%) graduates during the study period were interviewed. Age at fellowship completion was a median 37 years (range, 33-45 years). Pathways to fellowship included traditional general surgery with adult cardiac (43%), abbreviated general surgery ("4 + 3," 19%) and integrated-6 (38%). Time spent on any pediatric related rotation before CHS fellowship was a median 4 months (range, 1-10 months). During CHS fellowship, graduates reported medians of 100 (range, 75-170) total cases and 8 (range, 0-25) neonatal cases as the primary surgeon. Debt burden at completion was a median of $179,000 (range, $0-$550,000). Maximal financial compensation during training before and during CHS fellowship were medians of $65,000 (range, $50,000-$100,000) and $80,000 (range, $65,000-$165,000), respectively. Six (27.3%) are currently in roles in which they cannot practice independently (5 [22.7%] faculty instructors, 1 [4.5%] CHS clinical fellowship). Median salary in first job is $450,000 (range, $80,000-$700,000).

CONCLUSIONS

Graduates of CHS fellowships are old, and training is highly variable. Aptitude screening and pediatric-focused preparation are minimal. Debt burden is onerous. Further attention to refining training paradigms and compensation are justified.

Integrated cardiothoracic surgery match: Trends among applicants compared with other surgical subspecialties

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to evaluate trends, qualifications, race/ethnicity, and gender of applicants to integrated cardiothoracic (CT I-6) residency programs and compare them with other competitive surgical subspecialties.

METHODS

Data were collected from the National Residency Matching Program, Electronic Residency Application Service, and Association of American Medical Colleges for thoracic surgery, orthopedic surgery, neurological surgery, otolaryngology (ENT), plastic surgery, and vascular surgery for 2010 t0 2020. Applicant gender, race/ethnicity, Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) membership, United States Medical Licensing Examination scores, research productivity, and graduation from a top-40 medical school were analyzed.

RESULTS

From 2010 to 2020, CT I-6 experienced growth in postgraduate year 1 positions (280.0%), total applicants (62.2%), and US senior applicants (59.2%). No growth in CT I-6 positions (38) or programs (29) occurred from 2016 to 2020. CT I-6 had the lowest match rates among total applicants (31.7%) and US seniors (41.0%) in 2020. CT I-6 had fewer female applicants compared with ENT (P < .001) and plastic surgery (P < .001), but more than orthopedic surgery (P < .001). Although most CT I-6 US applicants self-identified as White (75.0%), there were more Asian applicants compared with applicants for orthopedic surgery (P < .001), ENT (P < .001), plastic surgery (P < .001), and neurological surgery (P < .01). Matched applicants averaged the highest Step 2-Clinical Knowledge scores (255.1), AOA membership (48.5%), and graduation rates from top-40 medical schools (54.5%).

CONCLUSIONS

Despite tremendous growth in positions, CT I-6 has consistently been the most difficult surgical subspecialty to match. CT I-6 has recently attracted an increasingly diverse applicant pool. For the 2019 to 2020 National Residency Matching Program Match Cycle, successful applicants had the highest Step 2-Clinical Knowledge scores, AOA membership rates, and graduation rates from a top-40 medical school among all surgical subspecialties examined.

Assessing interest in cardiothoracic surgery at an osteopathic medical school: Results of an institutional survey

Objective

Cardiothoracic surgery is a surgical subspecialty that attracts few medical students. As integrated surgical residency programs continue to grow in number, there is increased interest in what factors influence specialty selection during undergraduate medical education. Previous institutional studies have studied allopathic medical schools affiliated with academic institutions. This study aimed to assess the interest and perception of cardiothoracic surgery at an osteopathic institution.

Methods

Active medical students at a US osteopathic institution were invited to complete an original online survey. Means and 95% confidence intervals were calculated and graphed for questions using Likert scale responses. Comparison of mean responses for preclinical versus clinical students was assessed by a Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analysis of variance.

Results

There were 166 surveys (22%) completed, and interest in cardiothoracic surgery was indicated by 7.8% of respondents. Work/life balance, personality of cardiothoracic surgeons, and lack of family time were negative factors associated with cardiothoracic surgery. Clinical exposure, shadowing, mentorship, and significant personal/life events before medical school were strong factors in establishing students' interest in cardiothoracic surgery. Preclinical students noted exposure to cardiothoracic surgery would further increase their interest when compared with clinical students (μ = 3.39 vs μ = 2.69, P = .008).

Conclusions

All factors that established interest in cardiothoracic surgery occurred before students entered medical school. Although there are negative perceptions associated with cardiothoracic surgery, these may be ameliorated with more exposure to the field. Further research is needed to explore how early exposure in preclinical years of medical school affects students' perceptions and ultimate interest in cardiothoracic surgery.

The Thoracic Surgery Medical Student Association: Understanding the needs of medical students pursuing cardiothoracic surgery in the United States

OBJECTIVE

Founded in 2020, the Thoracic Surgery Medical Student Association is the first national organization dedicated to supporting medical students interested in pursuing cardiothoracic surgery. Our inaugural survey aimed to describe their basic characteristics and needs.

METHODS

An Institutional Review Board-approved, nonincentivized, anonymous electronic survey was distributed to any medical students enrolled in Liaison Committee on Medical Education-accredited medical schools through social media such as Twitter, national organizations (Association of Women Surgeons, Thoracic Surgery Resident Association), and medical school cardiothoracic surgery interest groups. Their basic characteristics, attitudes, and preferences regarding cardiothoracic surgery were recorded.

RESULTS

Of the 167 students from 117 unique schools who completed the survey, 53% identified as White and 57% identified as female. Stages of training were well distributed: 16% first-year medical students, 33% second-year medical students, 16% third-year medical students, 21% fourth-year medical students, and 14% dual degree/research students. Most participants (57%) did not have (32%) or were not aware of having (25%) a thoracic surgery training program at their home institution. The majority (72%) of students reported not having a cardiothoracic surgery interest group at their home institution. The most desired areas of cardiothoracic were networking (31%) and mentorship (28%).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a significant need to directly engage medical students who are interested in cardiothoracic surgery considering limited exposure at home institutions through a lack of cardiothoracic surgery interest groups and cardiothoracic residency programs. The Thoracic Surgery Medical Student Association is poised to address these areas with directed networking by connecting cardiothoracic surgery faculty and residents from other institutions with medical students interested in pursuing cardiothoracic surgery.

Characteristics of Integrated Thoracic Surgery Residency Matriculants: A Survey of Program Directors

BACKGROUND

The 6-year Integrated Thoracic Surgery (I-6) residency programs have evolved over the past decade. Despite the rising number of programs, there are minimal data published about the criteria utilized by program directors to select candidates. We analyze the characteristics and qualities of successful matriculants using the American Association of Medical College's (AAMC) data reports and survey responses from program directors.

METHODS

Using a survey administered through the RedCap service, program directors were asked to rate the importance of a variety of factors in their evaluations of candidates. The AAMC data reports from 2018 to 2020 provided information on the mean matriculant research productivity, United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) step 1 scores, and step 2 clinical knowledge (CK) scores.

RESULTS

Responses were received from 19 of 33 I-6 programs (58%). Program directors consistently rated interview performance as a very important factor in their evaluation of applicants. Matching into the specialty is becoming more competitive, with mean USMLE step 1, step 2 CK, and research productivity increasing over the past few years; matriculants had mean step 1 and step 2 CK scores of 247.3 and 254.2, respectively, in the 2020 match.

CONCLUSIONS

Thoracic surgery program directors place high value on applicant interview performance, letters of recommendation, and professionalism. Program directors agree that a forthcoming pass/fail USMLE step 1 score report will lead to closer scrutiny of other factors during the decision-making process and may cause future evaluation of applicants to be heavily reliant on letters of recommendation and medical school pedigree.

Traits of the current traditional pathway cardiothoracic surgery training pool: Results of a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

As new paradigms for cardiothoracic surgery training emerged in recent years, the traditional 2- or 3-year pathway has persisted as an option for trainees completing general surgery residencies. Although the applicant pool for 6-year integrated cardiothoracic surgery training programs has been superficially explored, little data exist characterizing those applicants to the traditional cardiothoracic surgery training pathway and the influence of 6-year integrated expansion on the traditional applicant pool.

METHODS

We reviewed materials from candidates applying to a single 2-year cardiothoracic surgery training program between 2015 and 2020. Descriptive and comparative analyses of multiple characteristics were performed over the years of the study.

RESULTS

During the years 2015 through 2020, we received 571 applications, accounting for 72% of the total National Residency Matching Program applicant pool. We saw no significant trends in numbers of peer-reviewed publications or presentations. There was a minimal year-to-year increase in number of first-authored posters, 2.04 in 2015 to 2.13 in 2020 (P = .008). Online publications, book chapters, and other publications were stable throughout the study period. Applicants consistently provided an average of 3.6 letters of recommendation, 1.9 from cardiothoracic surgery faculty. Mean in-service score percentiles were stable at the 54th percentile, whereas US Medical Licensing Examination scores increased.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite expansion of the 6-year integrated pathway to cardiothoracic surgery, we have seen no substantial year-to-year changes in attributes of traditional applicants. Our findings suggest that the cardiothoracic surgery applicant pool continues to be composed of a stable group of highly productive trainees. Future initiatives in candidate selection should emphasize interview strategies to highlight aspects of grit, emotional intelligence, and team dynamics.

A Cross-sectional Review of Cardiothoracic Surgery Department Chairs and Program Directors

OBJECTIVE

Departmental leadership, namely the chair and program director, are sought after positions among academic cardiothoracic surgeons. However, the path to achieving these positions remains unclear. This study sought to characterize the demographics, educational pathways, and career trajectories of current cardiothoracic academic leaders in the United States.

METHODS

A comprehensive list of ACGME accredited thoracic surgery residency and fellowship programs was obtained. Department chairs and program directors were identified for each program from May to June 2019. For each surgeon, demographic data, education, and training institutions were identified. Information was obtained primarily using institutional based websites.

RESULTS

A total of 72 department chairs or division chiefs and 77 program directors were identified. A minority of chairs and program directors were female (4.2%, 10.4%) or had PhD degrees (4.2%, 6.5%). A large number of surgeons trained in the North East region (35%), with Brigham and Women's hospital being the most common training institution (8%). Few chairs (31%) and program directors (39%) hold leadership positions at the institution at which they trained, however a larger proportion (52.8%, 58.4%) remain or return to the same region. Finally, 34.7% of chairs and 32.5% of program directors had some institutional exposure to where they currently practice, through medical school or training.

CONCLUSION

Cardiothoracic department chairs and program directors represent an important group of surgical leaders within our evolving field. As we better understand this group of surgeon-leaders, young trainees and junior faculty that aspire for leadership positions may have a clearer idea of the path to these positions.

Global perspectives on cardiothoracic, cardiovascular, and cardiac surgical training

OBJECTIVE

Various methods for cardiothoracic, cardiovascular, and cardiac surgical training exist across the globe, with the common goal of producing safe, independent surgeons. A comparative analysis of international training paradigms has not been undertaken, and our goal in doing so was to offer insights into how to best prepare future trainees and ensure the health of our specialty.

METHODS

We performed a comparative analysis of available publications offering detailed descriptions of various cardiothoracic, cardiovascular, and cardiac surgical training paradigms. Corresponding authors from previous publications and other international collaborators were also reached directly for further data acquisition.

RESULTS

We report various approaches to common challenges surrounding (1) selection of trainees and plans for the future surgical workforce; (2) trainee assessments and certification of competency before independent practice; and (3) challenges related to a changing practice landscape.

CONCLUSIONS

Cardiothoracic surgery remains a dynamic and rewarding specialty. Current and future trainees face several challenges that transcend national borders. To foster collaboration and adoption of best practices, we highlight international strengths and weaknesses of various nations in terms of workforce selection, trainee operative experience and assessment, board certification, and preparation for future changes anticipated in cardiothoracic surgery.

Training of Residents in Cardiac Surgery-Does It Have Impact on the Outcome?

OBJECTIVES

In many centers, training in cardiac surgery is considered to increase perioperative risk. This study aims to test whether a resident working as the main operator is a genuine risk factor.

METHODS

We analyzed patients who underwent elective isolated aortic valve replacement, elective isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, or both, in our institution, from 2008 to 2016. Redo- and off-pump surgery, ejection fraction < 30%, and other concomitant procedures were the exclusion criteria. After this selection, we included 3,077 patients in our study. Within this group, 357 (11.6%) had been operated by residents and 2,720 (88.4%) by senior surgeons. We performed propensity score matching using the nearest neighbor method with a ratio of 1:2, considering the most important preoperative conditions. In this way, the 357 patients operated by residents were matched with the 714 patients who were operated by senior surgeons. The standardized mean differences were highly reduced after matching, so both groups had similar risk profiles. We compared surgical data, postoperative adverse events, and the 30-day mortality between the two groups.

RESULTS

The times of surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass, and cross-clamp were longer if residents operated (p < 0.001). There were no differences regarding postoperative adverse events, time of mechanical ventilation, and the intensive care unit length of stay. The 30-day mortality rates of the two groups were very similar (p = 0.75, power = 0.8).

CONCLUSION

Training in cardiac surgery is safe, and carefully selected patients can be operated by residents without increased risk of perioperative mortality and complications.

Medical student perceptions of a career in cardiothoracic surgery: Results of an institutional survey

OBJECTIVES

Recruiting medical students to cardiothoracic surgery is critical given new training paradigms and projected cardiothoracic surgeon shortages. This study characterizes current perceptions and exposure to cardiothoracic surgery among all levels of medical students.

METHODS

Currently active medical students at all levels at a US allopathic medical school were sent an invitation to complete an online survey. Baseline demographics, medical specialty interest, interest and exposure to cardiac surgery specifically, and awareness of procedures performed by cardiothoracic surgeons were evaluated. Five-point Likert scales were used to evaluate attitudes toward facets of the field of cardiothoracic surgery. Only complete surveys over the 4-week enrollment period were used for analysis.

RESULTS

There were 126 surveys (22%) completed during the study period. Interest in cardiothoracic surgery at any point was indicated by 37% of students, but only 13% indicated an interest at the time of the survey. Interest among first-year students was greater than all other classes (30% vs <15%, P = .02). Lifestyle factors and personal attributes of cardiothoracic surgeons were noted as negative factors influencing cardiothoracic surgery perception, whereas intellectual challenge and clinical impact were cited as positive factors. Increasing interaction with faculty/residents and simulation experiences were factors noted to increase interest in the field.

CONCLUSIONS

Although medical students report early interest in cardiothoracic surgery because of intellectual stimulation and patient care attributes, lack of early exposure and perceived poor lifestyle negatively affect interest in the field. Early interaction between students and cardiothoracic faculty/trainees along with early exposure opportunities may increase recruitment.

Effect of Process Changes in Surgical Training on Quantitative Outcomes From Surgery Residency Programs

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on process changes in surgical training programs and to evaluate their effect on the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Core Competencies, American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) scores, and American Board of Surgery (ABS) certification.

DESIGN

A literature search was obtained from MEDLINE via PubMed.gov, ScienceDirect.com, Google Scholar on all peer-reviewed studies published since 2003 using the following search queries: surgery residency training, surgical education, competency-based surgical education, ACGME core competencies, ABSITE scores, and ABS pass rate.

RESULTS

Our initial search list included 990 articles on surgery residency training models, 539 on competency-based surgical education, 78 on ABSITE scores, and 33 on ABS pass rate. Overall, 31 articles met inclusion criteria based on their effect on ACGME Core Competencies, ABSITE scores, and ABS certification. Systematic review showed that 5/31, 19/31, and 6/31 articles on process changes in surgical training programs had a positive effect on patient care, medical knowledge, and ABSITE scores, respectively. ABS certification was not analyzed. The other ACGME core competencies were addressed in only 6 studies.

CONCLUSIONS

Several publications on process changes in surgical training programs have shown a positive effect on patient care, medical knowledge, and ABSITE scores. However, the effect on ABS certification, and other quantitative outcomes from residency programs, have not been addressed. Studies on education strategies showing evidence that residency program objectives are being achieved are still needed. This article addresses the 6 ACGME Core Competencies.

A survey of 0 + 5 vascular surgery residency candidates: Perceptions of an applicant pool

Background

Applications to integrated (0 + 5) vascular surgery residencies have increased, while total applications have stayed relatively constant. This survey sought to document the perceptions of 0 + 5 vascular surgery applicants.

Methods

Academic faculty conducted interviews for 0 + 5 residency match at an academic medical center in preparation for the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) Main Residency Match. Applicant pool (n = 20) perceptions were determined with surveys. Participation was anonymous and voluntary.

Results

Nineteen interviewees (26.3% female: 73.7% male), age (26.8 ± 2.6 years) responded (95% response rate). Of 19 respondents, 68% became interested in vascular surgery in their third year with 53% becoming aware of 0 + 5 programs in their third year. All respondents identified a vascular surgery attending at their institution as significant mentors. Forty-seven percent identified their mentor during their third year of medical school. All respondents felt that 0 + 5 training would prepare them adequately for the workforce and board certification exams. Almost all (89%) had plans to seek jobs immediately upon completion of residency.

Conclusion

Applicants remained positive about their planned training and career paths. Attending vascular surgeons were identified as the strongest mentors, yet most students decided only in their third and fourth years to pursue 0 + 5 residencies. Educational debt remains a concern, and there may be consideration for a concerted effort to recruit potential candidates sooner.

A Survey of Cardiothoracic Surgical Training in the United Kingdom: Realities of a 6-Year Integrated Training Program

BACKGROUND

In recent years, cardiothoracic (CT) surgical training has faced several challenges, including a reduction in working hours and trainees favoring shorter training programs. We carried out a national survey in the United Kingdom (UK) to assess the CT 6-year training program.

METHODS

All CT trainees in the UK (n = 121) were sent an online survey. This was combined with a debate at the Society for CT Surgery of Great Britain and Ireland.

RESULTS

Ninety-one (75.2%) of all trainees responded. Despite 56 (68.1%) being rostered for more than a 48-hour week, 31 (34.1%) of all trainees work an extra 10 hours. The majority (56, 61.5%) thought that on-calls and night duty are useful. Just over half of the trainees (47, 51.6%) spend at least 2 full days in the operating room, but 79 (86.8%) thought that this is too little and would spend voluntary time operating. Simulation of operations is thought to be useful; however, few thought that this should take more precedence in their training program. The majority of trainees thought that the current assessment of surgical training is suboptimal and does not examine surgical skill. Similarly, the majority thought that a defined number of operations is required before qualification.

CONCLUSIONS

Trainees remain committed to their profession and are willing to dedicate more time perfecting their art. They believe that despite wanting extra operating experience, they will be ready for independent practice at the completion of their training. It rests with training bodies to find alternative assessments for surgical ability and to define experience at the exit point of training.

First nationwide survey of US integrated 6-year cardiothoracic surgical residency program directors

OBJECTIVE

The recently implemented integrated 6-year (I-6) format represents a significant change in cardiothoracic surgical residency training. We report the results of the first nationwide survey assessing I-6 program directors' impressions of this new format.

METHODS

A 28-question web-based survey was distributed to program directors of all 24 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited I-6 training programs in November 2013. The response rate was a robust 67%.

RESULTS

Compared with graduates of traditional residencies, most I-6 program directors with enrolled residents believed that their graduates will be better trained (67%), be better prepared for new technological advances (67%), and have superior comprehension of cardiothoracic disease processes (83%). Just as with traditional program graduates, most respondents believed their I-6 graduates would be able to independently perform routine adult cardiac and general thoracic operations (75%) and were equivocal on whether additional specialty training (eg, minimally invasive, heart failure, aortic) was necessary. Most respondents did not believe that less general surgical training disadvantaged I-6 residents in terms of their career (83%); 67% of respondents would have chosen the I-6 format for themselves if given the choice. The greater challenges in training less mature and experienced trainees and vulnerability to attrition were noted as disadvantages of the I-6 format. Most respondents believed that I-6 programs represent a natural evolution toward improved residency training rather than a response to declining interest among medical school graduates.

CONCLUSIONS

High satisfaction rates with the I-6 format were prevalent among I-6 program directors. However, concerns with respect to training relatively less experienced, mature trainees were evident.

The profile of successful applicants for endocrine surgery fellowships: results of a national survey

BACKGROUND

The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons initiated a fellowship match in 2007. The profile of applicants who successfully match into an endocrine surgery (ES) fellowship has not previously been characterized.

METHODS

An institutional review board-approved, web-based survey was distributed to recent and current ES fellows.

RESULTS

The survey response rate was 62% (56/90). The overall mean age was 33 years (standard deviation ±3), 54% were female, and 37% self-identified as non-white. Only 5% entered their surgical training with the aim of specializing in ES. During residency, respondents were exposed to high volumes of index ES cases. Sixty-two percent had dedicated research time. At the time of fellowship application, the median number of publications was 5 (range, 0 to 25), and 30% of respondents had additional advanced degrees.

CONCLUSION

Entering ES fellows has diverse backgrounds, with strong academic credentials. These data help inform the career mentoring of aspiring ES applicants.