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van de Pol ILE, Hermaniuk A, Verberk WCEP. Interacting Effects of Cell Size and Temperature on Gene Expression, Growth, Development and Swimming Performance in Larval Zebrafish. Front Physiol 2021; 12:738804. [PMID: 34950046 PMCID: PMC8691434 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.738804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell size may be important in understanding the thermal biology of ectotherms, as the regulation and consequences of cell size appear to be temperature dependent. Using a recently developed model system of triploid zebrafish (which have around 1.5-fold larger cells than their diploid counterparts) we examine the effects of cell size on gene expression, growth, development and swimming performance in zebrafish larvae at different temperatures. Both temperature and ploidy affected the expression of genes related to metabolic processes (citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase), growth and swimming performance. Temperature also increased development rate, but there was no effect of ploidy level. We did find interactive effects between ploidy and temperature for gene expression, body size and swimming performance, confirming that the consequences of cell size are temperature dependent. Triploids with larger cells performed best at cool conditions, while diploids performed better at warmer conditions. These results suggest different selection pressures on ectotherms and their cell size in cold and warm habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Louise Eleonora van de Pol
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Adam Hermaniuk
- Department of Evolutionary and Physiological Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Glazier DS. Genome Size Covaries More Positively with Propagule Size than Adult Size: New Insights into an Old Problem. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:270. [PMID: 33810583 PMCID: PMC8067107 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The body size and (or) complexity of organisms is not uniformly related to the amount of genetic material (DNA) contained in each of their cell nuclei ('genome size'). This surprising mismatch between the physical structure of organisms and their underlying genetic information appears to relate to variable accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences, but why this variation has evolved is little understood. Here, I show that genome size correlates more positively with egg size than adult size in crustaceans. I explain this and comparable patterns observed in other kinds of animals and plants as resulting from genome size relating strongly to cell size in most organisms, which should also apply to single-celled eggs and other reproductive propagules with relatively few cells that are pivotal first steps in their lives. However, since body size results from growth in cell size or number or both, it relates to genome size in diverse ways. Relationships between genome size and body size should be especially weak in large organisms whose size relates more to cell multiplication than to cell enlargement, as is generally observed. The ubiquitous single-cell 'bottleneck' of life cycles may affect both genome size and composition, and via both informational (genotypic) and non-informational (nucleotypic) effects, many other properties of multicellular organisms (e.g., rates of growth and metabolism) that have both theoretical and practical significance.
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Hoover MM, Marks C. Short communication: Context matters: Adult size is contingent on embryonic temperature in Drosophila melanogaster. J Therm Biol 2020; 95:102820. [PMID: 33454028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is a critical factor in shaping ectothermic development. Developmental temperature may constrain, alter, or redirect phenotypes expressed later in life. Recent studies have begun to analyze the consequences of mismatches between developmental and adult environments. Few studies analyze the consequences environmental mismatches during development yield on adult phenotypes. The aim of this study was to determine how mismatched temperatures during development affect adult size in Drosophila melanogaster. We employed a full factorial design in which eggs were incubated for 24 h in one of two temperature treatments (18 °C or 28 °C) with half of the flies subsequently being switched to the opposite temperature treatment for the remainder of development. We measured body size shortly after eclosure. We found that variation in size after eclosure was contingent upon the temperature during the embryo stage. Flies reared initially in 18 °C eclosed larger regardless of the subsequent temperature until eclsoure. Flies reared initially in 28 °C, however, eclosed smaller only if they remained in 28 °C until eclosure. The degree of plasticity in size was therefore contingent upon temperature during the embryo stage. We discuss the implications of employing full factorial approaches to consider the full context of phenotypic outcomes in light of changing developmental environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Hoover
- Department of Biology, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA.
| | - Christopher Marks
- Department of Biology, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA.
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Benfey TJ, Devlin RH. Ploidy Has Minimal Effect on Hypoxia Tolerance at High Temperature in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 91:1091-1101. [PMID: 30285539 DOI: 10.1086/700218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidy is an important driver of evolutionary change (generally via tetraploidy) and also serves a practical role in aquaculture and fisheries management (via triploidy). Fundamental changes in cell size and number that accompany polyploidy are predicted to affect cellular and whole-animal physiology due to constraints placed on surface-mediated processes at the cellular level, potentially altering environmental tolerances and optima. The aim of this study was to determine whether the documented reduction in thermal tolerance of aquatic polyploids is a result of their being less hypoxia tolerant. This was assessed by holding diploid and triploid rainbow trout for 1 h above their thermal optima in separate trials at eight temperatures between 20° and 27°C and then rapidly reducing the oxygen tension (Po2) of the water and determining the nonlethal Po2 at which fish lost equilibrium. As expected, there was a highly significant ([Formula: see text]) effect of temperature on Po2 at loss of equilibrium. Although there was also a significant ([Formula: see text]) effect of ploidy on Po2 at loss of equilibrium, with triploid values higher than diploid, post hoc analyses showed no significant effect of ploidy at any specific temperature. Oxygen availability alone therefore does not appear to play a major role in determining the thermal tolerance of polyploids.
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Walczyńska A, Labecka AM, Sobczyk M. What may a fussy creature reveal about body/cell size integration under stressful conditions? Dev Genes Evol 2018; 228:179-188. [PMID: 29728762 PMCID: PMC6013519 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-018-0613-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing amount of empirical evidence on the important role of cell size in body size adjustment in ambient or changing conditions. Though the adaptive significance of their correspondence is well understood and demonstrated, the proximate mechanisms are still in a phase of speculation. We made interesting observations on body/cell size adjustment under stressful conditions during an experiment designed for another purpose. We found that the strength of the body/cell size match is condition-dependent. Specifically, it is stronger under more stressful conditions, and it changes depending on exposure to lower temperature vs. exposure to higher temperature. The question whether these observations are of limiting or adaptive character remains open; yet, according to our results, both versions are possible but may differ in response to stress caused by too low vs. too high temperatures. Our results suggest that testing the hypotheses on body/cell size match may be a promising study system for the recent scientific dispute on the evolutionary meaning of developmental noise as opposed to phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Walczyńska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Maria Labecka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Sobczyk
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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Drosophila melanogaster as a Model for Diabetes Type 2 Progression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1417528. [PMID: 29854726 PMCID: PMC5941822 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1417528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a very versatile and potent model in the past few years for studies in metabolism and metabolic disorders, including diabetes types 1 and 2. Drosophila insulin signaling, despite having seven insulin-like peptides with partially redundant functions, is very similar to the human insulin pathway and has served to study many different aspects of diabetes and the diabetic state. Yet, very few studies have addressed the chronic nature of diabetes, key for understanding the full-blown disease, which most studies normally explore. One of the advantages of having Drosophila mutant viable combinations at different levels of the insulin pathway, with significantly reduced insulin pathway signaling, is that the abnormal metabolic state can be studied from the onset of the life cycle and followed throughout. In this review, we look at the chronic nature of impaired insulin signaling. We also compare these results to the results gleaned from vertebrate model studies.
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Czarnoleski M, Labecka AM, Starostová Z, Sikorska A, Bonda-Ostaszewska E, Woch K, Kubička L, Kratochvíl L, Kozlowski J. Not all cells are equal: effects of temperature and sex on the size of different cell types in the Madagascar ground gecko Paroedura picta. Biol Open 2017. [PMID: 28630354 PMCID: PMC5576080 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell size plays a role in evolutionary and phenotypically plastic changes in body size. To examine this role, we measured the sizes of seven cell types of geckos (Paroedura picta) reared at three constant temperatures (24, 27, and 30°C). Our results show that the cell size varies according to the body size, sex and developmental temperature, but the pattern of this variance depends on the cell type. We identified three groups of cell types, and the cell sizes changed in a coordinated manner within each group. Larger geckos had larger erythrocytes, striated muscle cells and hepatocytes (our first cell group), but their renal proximal tubule cells and duodenal enterocytes (our second cell group), as well as tracheal chondrocytes and epithelial skin cells (our third cell group), were largely unrelated to the body size. For six cell types, we also measured the nuclei and found that larger cells had larger nuclei. The relative sizes of the nuclei were not invariant but varied in a complex manner with temperature and sex. In conclusion, we provide evidence suggesting that changes in cell size might be commonly involved in the origin of thermal and sexual differences in adult size. A recent theory predicts that smaller cells speed up metabolism but demand more energy for their maintenance; consequently, the cell size matches the metabolic demand and supply, which in ectotherms, largely depends on the thermal conditions. The complex thermal dependency of cell size in geckos suggests that further advancements in understanding the adaptive value of cell size requires the consideration of tissue-specific demand/supply conditions. Summary: The cell sizes of Madagascar ground geckos (Paroedura picta) vary according to body size, sex and developmental temperature, and the pattern of these differences depends on the cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Czarnoleski
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Labecka
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Zuzana Starostová
- Charles University, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Sikorska
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Woch
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Lukáš Kubička
- Charles University, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Charles University, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kozlowski
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Wang Y, Li S, Zeng Z, Liang L, Du W. Maternal food availability affects offspring performance and survival in a viviparous lizard. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Shu‐Ran Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Zhi‐Gao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China
| | - Liang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing China
| | - Wei‐Guo Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China
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9
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Lack JB, Yassin A, Sprengelmeyer QD, Johanning EJ, David JR, Pool JE. Life history evolution and cellular mechanisms associated with increased size in high-altitude Drosophila. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5893-906. [PMID: 27547363 PMCID: PMC4983600 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physiological and genetic basis of growth and body size variation has wide-ranging implications, from cancer and metabolic disease to the genetics of complex traits. We examined the evolution of body and wing size in high-altitude Drosophila melanogaster from Ethiopia, flies with larger size than any previously known population. Specifically, we sought to identify life history characteristics and cellular mechanisms that may have facilitated size evolution. We found that the large-bodied Ethiopian flies laid significantly fewer but larger eggs relative to lowland, smaller-bodied Zambian flies. The highland flies were found to achieve larger size in a similar developmental period, potentially aided by a reproductive strategy favoring greater provisioning of fewer offspring. At the cellular level, cell proliferation was a strong contributor to wing size evolution, but both thorax and wing size increases involved important changes in cell size. Nuclear size measurements were consistent with elevated somatic ploidy as an important mechanism of body size evolution. We discuss the significance of these results for the genetic basis of evolutionary changes in body and wing size in Ethiopian D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Lack
- Laboratory of GeneticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison425‐G Henry MallMadisonWisconsin53706
- Present address: Center for Cancer Research National Cancer InstituteNIH BethesdaMaryland20892‐1201
| | - Amir Yassin
- Laboratory of GeneticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison425‐G Henry MallMadisonWisconsin53706
| | | | - Evan J. Johanning
- Laboratory of GeneticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison425‐G Henry MallMadisonWisconsin53706
| | - Jean R. David
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie (EGCE)CNRS, Univ. Paris‐Sud, IRDUniversité Paris‐Saclay1 av. de la Terrasse91198Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - John E. Pool
- Laboratory of GeneticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison425‐G Henry MallMadisonWisconsin53706
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Hermaniuk A, Rybacki M, Taylor JRE. Low Temperature and Polyploidy Result in Larger Cell and Body Size in an Ectothermic Vertebrate. Physiol Biochem Zool 2016; 89:118-29. [PMID: 27082722 DOI: 10.1086/684974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies reported that low temperatures result in increases in both cell size and body size in ectotherms that may explain patterns of geographic variation of their body size across latitudinal ranges. Also, polyploidy showed the same effect on body size in invertebrates. In vertebrates, despite their having larger cells, no clear effect of polyploidy on body size has been found. This article presents the relationship between temperature, cell size, growth rate, and body size in diploid and polyploid hybridogenetic frog Pelophylax esculentus reared as tadpoles at 19° and 24°C. The size of cells was larger in both diploid and triploid tadpoles at 19°C, and triploids had larger cells at both temperatures. In diploid and triploid froglets, the temperature in which they developed as tadpoles did not affect the size of their cells, but triploids still had larger cells. Triploid tadpoles grew faster than diploids at 19°C and had larger body mass; there was no clear difference between ploidies in growth rate at 24°C. This indicates better adaptation of triploid tadpoles to cold environment. This is the first report on the increase of body mass of a polyploid vertebrate caused by low temperature, and we showed relationship between increase in cell size and increased body mass. The large body mass of triploids may provide a selective advantage, especially in colder environments, and this may explain the prevalence of triploids in the northern parts of the geographic range of P. esculentus.
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Neiman M, Beaton MJ, Hessen DO, Jeyasingh PD, Weider LJ. Endopolyploidy as a potential driver of animal ecology and evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:234-247. [PMID: 26467853 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Endopolyploidy - the existence of higher-ploidy cells within organisms that are otherwise of a lower ploidy level (generally diploid) - was discovered decades ago, but remains poorly studied relative to other genomic phenomena, especially in animals. Our synthetic review suggests that endopolyploidy is more common in animals than often recognized and probably influences a number of fitness-related and ecologically important traits. In particular, we argue that endopolyploidy is likely to play a central role in key traits such as gene expression, body and cell size, and growth rate, and in a variety of cell types, including those responsible for tissue regeneration, nutrient storage, and inducible anti-predator defences. We also summarize evidence for intraspecific genetic variation in endopolyploid levels and make the case that the existence of this variation suggests that endopolyploid levels are likely to be heritable and thus a potential target for natural selection. We then discuss why, in light of evident benefits of endopolyploidy, animals remain primarily diploid. We conclude by highlighting key areas for future research such as comprehensive evaluation of the heritability of endopolyploidy and the adaptive scope of endopolyploid-related traits, the extent to which endopolyploid induction incurs costs, and characterization of the relationships between environmental variability and endopolyploid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine Neiman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
| | - Margaret J Beaton
- Biology Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Dag O Hessen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Punidan D Jeyasingh
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.A
| | - Lawrence J Weider
- Department of Biology, Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Room 304, Norman, OK 73019, U.S.A
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