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Xu Y, Song X, Li Y, Niu Y, Zhi L, Zong S, Tao J. Glycerol Metabolism is Important for the Low-Temperature Adaptation of a Global Quarantine Pest Anoplophora glabripennis Larvae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39083594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Anoplophora glabripennis is a critical global quarantine pest. Recently, its distribution has been extended to colder and higher-latitude regions. The adaptation to low temperatures is vital for the successful colonization of insects in new environments. However, the metabolic pathways of A. glabripennis larvae under cold stress remain undefined. This study analyzed the larval hemolymph under different low-temperature treatments using LC-MS/MS. The results showed that differential metabolites associated with sugar and lipid metabolism are pivotal in the larval chill coma process. Under low-temperature treatments, the glycerol content increased significantly compared with the control group. Cold stress significantly induced the expression of AglaGK2 and AglaGPDHs. After undergoing RNAi treatment for 48 h, larvae exposed to -20 °C for 1 h showed reduced recovery when injected with ds-AglaGK2 and ds-AglaGPDH1 compared to the control group, indicating that glycerol biosynthesis plays a role in the low-temperature adaptation of A. glabripennis larvae. Our results provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the molecular mechanism of A. glabripennis larvae in response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xue Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yurong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lingxu Zhi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shixiang Zong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Gill LT, Kennedy JR, Box ICH, Marshall KE. Ice in the intertidal: patterns and processes of freeze tolerance in intertidal invertebrates. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247043. [PMID: 39051142 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Many intertidal invertebrates are freeze tolerant, meaning that they can survive ice formation within their body cavity. Freeze tolerance is a fascinating trait, and understanding its mechanisms is important for predicting the survival of intertidal animals during extreme cold weather events. In this Review, we bring together current research on the ecology, biochemistry and physiology of this group of freeze-tolerant organisms. We first introduce the ecology of the intertidal zone, then highlight the strong geographic and taxonomic biases within the current body of literature on this topic. Next, we detail current knowledge on the mechanisms of freeze tolerance used by intertidal invertebrates. Although the mechanisms of freeze tolerance in terrestrial arthropods have been well-explored, marine invertebrate freeze tolerance is less well understood and does not appear to work similarly because of the osmotic differences that come with living in seawater. Freeze tolerance mechanisms thought to be utilized by intertidal invertebrates include: (1) low molecular weight cryoprotectants, such as compatible osmolytes and anaerobic by-products; (2) high molecular weight cryoprotectants, such as ice-binding proteins; as well as (3) other molecular mechanisms involving heat shock proteins and aquaporins. Lastly, we describe untested hypotheses, methods and approaches that researchers can use to fill current knowledge gaps. Understanding the mechanisms and consequences of freeze tolerance in the intertidal zone has many important ecological implications, but also provides an opportunity to broaden our understanding of the mechanisms of freeze tolerance more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T Gill
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jessica R Kennedy
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Warkworth, 0985, New Zealand
| | - Isaiah C H Box
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Katie E Marshall
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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3
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Shi F, Xing Y, Niu Y, Cheng L, Xu Y, Li X, Ren L, Zong S, Tao J. Unveiling winter survival strategies: physiological and metabolic responses to cold stress of Monochamus saltuarius larvae during overwintering. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38979967 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monochamus saltuarius is a destructive trunk-borer of pine forest and an effective dispersal vector for pinewood nematode (PWN), a causative agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), which leads to major ecological disasters. Cold winter temperatures determine insect survival and distribution. However, little is known about the cold tolerance and potential physiological mechanisms of M. saltuarius. RESULTS We demonstrated that dead Pinus koraiensis trunks do not provide larvae with insulation. The M. saltuarius larvae are freeze-tolerant species. Unlike most other freeze-tolerant insects, they can actively freeze extracellular fluid at higher subzero temperatures by increasing their supercooling points. The main energy sources for larvae overwintering are glycogen and the mid-late switch to lipid. The water balance showed a decrease in free and an increase in bound water of small magnitude. Cold stress promoted lipid peroxidation, thus activating the antioxidant system to prevent cold-induced oxidative damage. We found eight main pathways linked to cold stress and 39 important metabolites, ten of which are cryoprotectants, including maltose, UDP-glucose, d-fructose 6P, galactinol, dulcitol, inositol, sorbitol, l-methionine, sarcosine, and d-proline. The M. saltuarius larvae engage in a dual respiration process involving both anaerobic and aerobic pathways when their bodily fluids freeze. Cysteine and methionine metabolism, as well as alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, are the most important pathways linked to antioxidation and energy production. CONCLUSIONS The implications of our findings may help strengthen and supplement the management strategies for monitoring, quarantine, and control of this pest, thereby contributing to controlling the further spread of PWD. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Shi
- State Key Laboratory to Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xing
- State Key Laboratory to Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- State Key Laboratory to Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory to Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yabei Xu
- State Key Laboratory to Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory to Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Ren
- State Key Laboratory to Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shixiang Zong
- State Key Laboratory to Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Cheng L, Pei J, Chen X, Shi F, Bao Z, Hou Q, Zhi L, Zong S, Tao J. Cold tolerance and metabolism of red-haired pine bark beetle Hylurgus ligniperda (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) during the overwintering period. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2024:toae137. [PMID: 38956822 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Hylurgus ligniperda invaded Shandong, China, through imported forest timber, posing a threat to China's forest health. Exotic insects with broad environmental tolerance, including low temperatures, may have a better chance of surviving the winters and becoming invasive. Understanding the cold-tolerance strategies of H. ligniperda may help to design sustainable pest management approaches. In this study, we aim to investigate the cold-tolerance ability and relevant physiological indicators in overwintering H. ligniperda adults to determine any possible overwintering strategies. Supercooling points (SCPs) for adults H. ligniperda differed significantly across months and reached the lowest level in the mid- and post-overwintering period, the minimum SCPs -6.45 ± 0.18 °C. As the cold exposure temperature decreased, the survival rate of adults gradually decreased, and no adult survived more than 1 day at -15 °C, and the LLT50 for 1 day was -7.1 °C. Since H. ligniperda adults can survive internal ice formation, they are freeze-tolerant insects. Throughout the overwintering period, the SCPs and the water, protein, sorbitol, and glycerol content in adults decreased initially and then increased. We reported significant correlations between total protein, sorbitol, trehalose, and glycerol content in the beetles and SCPs. Glycogen, lipid, protein, trehalose, and sorbitol content in adult beetles may directly affect their cold-tolerance capacity and survival during winter. This study provides a physiological and biochemical basis for further study of metabolism and cold-tolerance strategies in H. ligniperda adults, which may help predict population dynamics and distribution potential of pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahe Pei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengming Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhashenjiacan Bao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qidi Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingxu Zhi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shixiang Zong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Arango RA, Bishell AB, Ohno KM, Shelton TG, Schoville SD, Carlos-Shanley C. Seasonal shifts in gut microbiota and cold tolerance metrics in a northern population of Reticulitermes flavipes (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:447-456. [PMID: 38574195 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Eastern subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), are widely distributed across North America where they are exposed to a broad range of environmental conditions. However, mechanisms for overwintering are not well understood. Wisconsin is a unique location to study mechanisms of cold tolerance as it represents the northern boundary for persistent R. flavipes populations. In this study, we evaluated seasonal shifts in cold tolerance using critical thermal minimum (CTmin) and supercooling point (SCP) and examined how these measurements correlate to changes in the microbial community of the termite gut. Results showed seasonal acclimatization to cold, which is consistent with the use of behavioral freeze-avoidant mechanisms. However, these insects also demonstrated an increased susceptibility to freezing later in the season, which may be tied to changes in gut microbiota. Our results found shifts in the composition of the gut microbiome in R. flavipes between mid- to late summer and early to late fall. These differences may be suggestive of a change in metabolism to adjust to a period of reduced feeding and increased metabolic stress during overwintering. Specifically, results showed an increased abundance of Methanobrevibacter sp. (Euryarchaeota) associated with cold, which may be indicative of a metabolic shift from acetogenesis to methanogenesis associated with overwintering. Further work is needed focusing on specific contributions of certain gut microbes, particularly their role in metabolic adaptability and in providing protection from oxidative stress associated with changes in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Arango
- USDA Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy B Bishell
- USDA Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katie M Ohno
- USDA Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas G Shelton
- USDA Forest Products Laboratory, 201 Lincoln Green, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Sean D Schoville
- Department of Entomology, UW-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, 637 Russell Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Camila Carlos-Shanley
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, USA
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6
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Boardman L. Cross-talk between low temperature and other environmental factors. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 63:101193. [PMID: 38490451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Low temperatures are rarely experienced in isolation. The impacts of low temperatures on insects can be exacerbated or alleviated by the addition of other environmental factors, including, for example, desiccation, hypoxia, or infection. One way in which environmental factors can interact is through cross-talk where different factors enact common signaling pathways. In this review, I highlight the breadth of abiotic and biotic factors that can interact with low-temperature tolerance in both natural and artificial environments; and discuss some of the candidate pathways that are possibly responsible for cross-talk between several factors. Specifically, I discuss three interesting candidates: the neurohormone octopamine, circadian clock gene vrille, and microbes. Finally, I discuss applications of cross-talk studies, and provide recommendations for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Boardman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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7
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Schebeck M, Lehmann P, Laparie M, Bentz BJ, Ragland GJ, Battisti A, Hahn DA. Seasonality of forest insects: why diapause matters. Trends Ecol Evol 2024:S0169-5347(24)00110-1. [PMID: 38777634 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Insects have major impacts on forest ecosystems, from herbivory and soil-nutrient cycling to killing trees at a large scale. Forest insects from temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions have evolved strategies to respond to seasonality; for example, by entering diapause, to mitigate adversity and to synchronize lifecycles with favorable periods. Here, we show that distinct functional groups of forest insects; that is, canopy dwellers, trunk-associated species, and soil/litter-inhabiting insects, express a variety of diapause strategies, but do not show systematic differences in diapause strategy depending on functional group. Due to the overall similarities in diapause strategies, we can better estimate the impacts of anthropogenic change on forest insect populations and, consequently, on key ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schebeck
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU University, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany; Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Bolin Centre for Climate Research, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Barbara J Bentz
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Logan, UT 84321, USA
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Andrea Battisti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, I-35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA
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8
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Makopa TP, Ncube T, Alwasel S, Boekhout T, Zhou N. Yeast-insect interactions in southern Africa: Tapping the diversity of yeasts for modern bioprocessing. Yeast 2024; 41:330-348. [PMID: 38450792 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Yeast-insect interactions are one of the most interesting long-standing relationships whose research has contributed to our understanding of yeast biodiversity and their industrial applications. Although insect-derived yeast strains are exploited for industrial fermentations, only a limited number of such applications has been documented. The search for novel yeasts from insects is attractive to augment the currently domesticated and commercialized production strains. More specifically, there is potential in tapping the insects native to southern Africa. Southern Africa is home to a disproportionately high fraction of global biodiversity with a cluster of biomes and a broad climate range. This review presents arguments on the roles of the mutualistic relationship between yeasts and insects, the presence of diverse pristine environments and a long history of spontaneous food and beverage fermentations as the potential source of novelty. The review further discusses the recent advances in novelty of industrial strains of insect origin, as well as various ancient and modern-day industries that could be improved by use yeasts from insect origin. The major focus of the review is on the relationship between insects and yeasts in southern African ecosystems as a potential source of novel industrial yeast strains for modern bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawanda P Makopa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Thembekile Ncube
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nerve Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
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9
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Andersen MK, Roe AD, Liu Y, Musso AE, Fudlosid S, Haider F, Evenden ML, MacMillan HA. The freeze-avoiding mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) survives prolonged exposure to stressful cold by mitigating ionoregulatory collapse. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247498. [PMID: 38682690 PMCID: PMC11128280 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Insect performance is linked to environmental temperature, and surviving through winter represents a key challenge for temperate, alpine and polar species. To overwinter, insects have adapted a range of strategies to become truly cold hardy. However, although the mechanisms underlying the ability to avoid or tolerate freezing have been well studied, little attention has been given to the challenge of maintaining ion homeostasis at frigid temperatures in these species, despite this limiting cold tolerance for insects susceptible to mild chilling. Here, we investigated how prolonged exposure to temperatures just above the supercooling point affects ion balance in freeze-avoidant mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) larvae in autumn, mid-winter and spring, and related it to organismal recovery times and survival. Hemolymph ion balance was gradually disrupted during the first day of exposure, characterized by hyperkalemia and hyponatremia, after which a plateau was reached and maintained for the rest of the 7-day experiment. The degree of ionoregulatory collapse correlated strongly with recovery times, which followed a similar asymptotical progression. Mortality increased slightly during extensive cold exposures, where hemolymph K+ concentration was highest, and a sigmoidal relationship was found between survival and hyperkalemia. Thus, the cold tolerance of the freeze-avoiding larvae of D. ponderosae appears limited by the ability to prevent ionoregulatory collapse in a manner similar to that of chill-susceptible insects, albeit at much lower temperatures. Based on these results, we propose that a prerequisite for the evolution of insect freeze avoidance may be a convergent or ancestral ability to maintain ion homeostasis during extreme cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Diane Roe
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada, P6A 2E5
| | - Yuehong Liu
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada, P6A 2E5
| | - Antonia E. Musso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - Serita Fudlosid
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Fouzia Haider
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Maya L. Evenden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
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10
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Ferguson LV, El Nabbout A, Adamo SA. Warming, but not infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, increases off-host winter activity in the ectoparasite, Ixodes scapularis. J Therm Biol 2024; 121:103853. [PMID: 38626664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Warming winters will change patterns of behaviour in temperate and polar arthropods, but we know little about the drivers of winter activity in animals such as ticks. Any changes in behaviour are likely to arise from a combination of both abiotic (e.g. temperature) and biotic (e.g. infection) drivers, and will have important consequences for survival and species interactions. Blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, have invaded Atlantic Canada and high proportions (30-50%) are infected with the bacteria causing Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi. Infection is correlated with increased overwintering survival of adult females, and ticks are increasingly active in the winter, but it is unclear if infection is associated with activity. Further, we know little about how temperature drives the frequency of winter activity. Here, we exposed wild-caught, adult, female Ixodes scapularis ticks to three different winter temperature regimes (constant low temperatures, increased warming, and increased warming + variability) to determine the thermal and infection conditions that promote or suppress activity. We used automated behaviour monitors to track daily activity in individual ticks and repeated the study with fresh ticks over three years. Following exposure to winter conditions we determined whether ticks were infected with the bacteria B. burgdorferi and if infection was responsible for any patterns in winter activity. Warming conditions promoted increased activity throughout the overwintering period but infection with B. burgdorferi had no impact on the frequency or overall number of ticks active throughout the winter. Individual ticks varied in their levels of activity throughout the winter, such that some were largely dormant for several weeks, while others were active almost daily; however, we do not yet know the drivers behind this individual variation in behaviour. Overall, warming winters will heighten the risk of tick-host encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Ferguson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4J1, Canada.
| | - Amal El Nabbout
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4J1, Canada
| | - Shelley A Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4J1, Canada
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11
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Hafker P, Thompson LM, Walter JA, Parry D, Grayson KL. Geographic variation in larval cold tolerance and exposure across the invasion front of a widely established forest insect. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38516807 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Under global climate change, high and low temperature extremes can drive shifts in species distributions. Across the range of a species, thermal tolerance is based on acclimatization, plasticity, and may undergo selection, shaping resilience to temperature stress. In this study, we measured variation in cold temperature tolerance of early instar larvae of an invasive forest insect, Lymantria dispar dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), using populations sourced from a range of climates within the current introduced range in the Eastern United States. We tested for population differences in chill coma recovery (CCR) by measuring recovery time following a period of exposure to a nonlethal cold temperature in 2 cold exposure experiments. A 3rd experiment quantified growth responses after CCR to evaluate sublethal effects. Our results indicate that cold tolerance is linked to regional climate, with individuals from populations sourced from colder climates recovering faster from chill coma. While this geographic gradient is seen in many species, detecting this pattern is notable for an introduced species founded from a single point-source introduction. We demonstrate that the cold temperatures used in our experiments occur in nature during cold spells after spring egg hatch, but impacts to growth and survival appear low. We expect that population differences in cold temperature performance manifest more from differences in temperature-dependent growth than acute exposure. Evaluating intraspecific variation in cold tolerance increases our understanding of the role of climatic gradients on the physiology of an invasive species, and contributes to tools for predicting further expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hafker
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lily M Thompson
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Jonathan A Walter
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Dylan Parry
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA
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12
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Chang YW, Yan YQ, Hu J, Du YZ. Characterization of genes encoding heat shock proteins reveals a differential response to temperature in two geographic populations of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 49:101156. [PMID: 37976966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Liriomyza trifolii is a significant, invasive pest that damages horticultural crops and vegetables. The distribution of L. trifolii is influenced by temperature, and prior research has demonstrated that variations in thermal adaptability differ among geographic populations of the insect. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are involved in adaptation to temperatures; however, the underlying molecular mechanism for thermal adaption in different L. trifolii populations remains unclear. This study examines the temperature adaptability of two L. trifolii populations from Hainan (HN) and Jiangsu (JS) provinces. The results indicate that the HN population has a higher survival rate and a higher critical thermal maximum (CTmax) than the JS population under high temperature stress. Transcriptome data at 42 °C revealed that the JS population has more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than the HN population, while the HN population has more upregulated DEGs. The two populations were similar in functional annotation of DEGs, and a large number of Hsps were upregulated. However, the HN population had larger numbers and higher expression levels of Hsps during heat stress as compared to the JS population. Additionally, the expression patterns of differentially expressed Hsps varied between the HN and JS populations in response to different elevated temperatures. Notably, the transcription levels of Hsp70s were higher in the HN population as compared to the JS population, while the expression level of genes encoding small heat shock proteins was higher in the JS population. These findings have significant scientific value in understanding the underlying mechanism of temperature adaption in L. trifolii and provide a fresh perspective on the distribution of this invasive pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Chang
- School of Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qing Yan
- School of Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Zhou Du
- School of Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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13
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Pallarés S, Garoffolo D, Rodríguez B, Sánchez-Fernández D. Role of climatic variability in shaping intraspecific variation of thermal tolerance in Mediterranean water beetles. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:285-298. [PMID: 37370260 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The climatic variability hypothesis (CVH) predicts that organisms in more thermally variable environments have wider thermal breadths and higher thermal plasticity than those from more stable environments. However, due to evolutionary trade-offs, taxa with greater absolute thermal limits may have little plasticity of such limits (trade-off hypothesis). The CVH assumes that climatic variability is the ultimate driver of thermal tolerance variation across latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, but average temperature also varies along such gradients. We explored intraspecific variation of thermal tolerance in three typical Mediterranean saline water beetles (families Hydrophilidae and Dytiscidae). For each species, we compared two populations where the species coexist, with similar annual mean temperature but contrasting thermal variability (continental vs. coastal population). We estimated thermal limits of adults from each population, previously acclimated at 17, 20, or 25 °C. We found species-specific patterns but overall, our results agree with the CVH regarding thermal ranges, which were wider in the continental (more variable) population. In the two hydrophilid species, this came at the cost of losing plasticity of the upper thermal limit in this population, supporting the trade-off hypothesis, but not in the dytiscid one. Our results support the role of local adaptation to thermal variability and trade-offs between basal tolerance and physiological plasticity in shaping thermal tolerance in aquatic ectotherms, but also suggest that intraspecific variation of thermal tolerance does not fit a general pattern among aquatic insects. Overlooking such intraspecific variation could lead to inaccurate predictions of the vulnerability of aquatic insects to global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Pallarés
- Department of Zoology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - David Garoffolo
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Belén Rodríguez
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Fernández
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Hydrology, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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14
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Dudko RY, Alfimov AV, Gurina AA, Meshcheryakova EN, Reshetnikov SV, Legalov AA, Berman DI. Insufficient Cold Resistance as a Possible Reason for the Absence of Darkling Beetles (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) in Pleistocene Sediments of Siberia. INSECTS 2024; 15:64. [PMID: 38249070 PMCID: PMC10816447 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The level of diversity and abundance of darkling beetles (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) is the main difference between the late Pleistocene and modern insect faunas of arid regions. In the Pleistocene assemblages they are extremely rare, whereas in the modern ones they predominate. It is assumed that the reason for their rarity in fossil entomological complexes is their lack of cold resistance. The supercooling points (SCP) and low lethal temperatures (LLT) of adults from five species of Altai darkling beetles that overwinter in the soil and larvae from one such species were measured in the laboratory. All beetles supercooled at negative temperatures but could not survive freezing, with the average SCP of the most cold-resistant species between -25.7 and -21.7 °C (Bioramix picipes, Anatolica dashidorzsi, and Penthicus altaicus). However, 50% of the individuals from different species in the experiment died after exposure during two days at temperatures ranging from -22 to -20 °C. The focal species are distributed in parts of Central Asia with an extreme continental climate, and the temperatures measured in the soil of these natural areas turned out to be lower than or close to the limit of cold resistance of the beetles. Overwintering of darkling beetles is therefore only possible in areas with deep snow: in hollows, under bushes, and under large cereals. Darkling beetles with poor cold resistance could not have existed in the colder climate of the late Pleistocene, which explains their absence from fossil fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Yu. Dudko
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; (R.Y.D.); (A.A.G.); (S.V.R.)
| | - Arcady V. Alfimov
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, FEB RAS, Magadan 685000, Russia; (A.V.A.); (D.I.B.)
| | - Anna A. Gurina
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; (R.Y.D.); (A.A.G.); (S.V.R.)
- Institute of Biology, Ecology and Natural Resources, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo 650000, Russia
| | | | - Sergei V. Reshetnikov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; (R.Y.D.); (A.A.G.); (S.V.R.)
| | - Andrei A. Legalov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia; (R.Y.D.); (A.A.G.); (S.V.R.)
- Department of Ecology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russia
- Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Daniil I. Berman
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, FEB RAS, Magadan 685000, Russia; (A.V.A.); (D.I.B.)
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15
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Yunik MEM, Diyes CP, Chilton NB. Comparison of the supercooling points of questing Dermacentor variabilis adults in two populations on the Canadian prairies and implications for overwinter survival. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:123-133. [PMID: 38085416 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A comparison was made of the supercooling points (SCPs) of questing Dermacentor variabilis adults from two populations located ca. 800 km apart on the Canadian prairies. This is also the first study to examine whether there are seasonal fluctuations in the SCP of questing D. variabilis adults. The SCPs of adult ticks from Lizard Lake Community Pasture, a recently established population in west-central Saskatchewan, varied over spring and summer, with the median SCP warming over time. In addition, the SCPs of ticks from Lizard Lake Community Pasture were significantly higher than those of adult ticks collected from Sandy Hook in Manitoba, a population that has been established for decades. The off-host survival of adults from Sandy Hook between summer and spring has been shown previously to be significantly greater than that of adults from Lizard Lake Community Pasture. The findings of the present study suggest that there may be geographical variation in the SCPs of D. variabilis adults which may be associated with differences in overwinter survival. The relatively low SCPs of questing D. variabilis adults, and the ability of some adults to survive off-host during winter, may be factors contributing to the range expansion of this tick species in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E M Yunik
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Chulantha P Diyes
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Neil B Chilton
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada.
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16
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Khabir M, Izadi H, Mahdian K. The supercooling point depression is the leading cold tolerance strategy for the variegated ladybug, [ Hippodamia variegata (Goezel)]. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1323701. [PMID: 38179144 PMCID: PMC10764430 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1323701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The variegated ladybug, Hippodamia variegata is one of the most effective predators of various pests that hibernate as adult beetles. During the overwintering period from April 2021 to March 2022, we examined the supercooling point (SCP), cold tolerance, and physiological adaptations of beetles in Kerman, Iran. The beetles exhibited their greatest cold tolerance (63.4% after 24 h at -5°C) when their SCP was lowest (-23.2°C). Conversely, from April to October 2021, the SCP reached its peak (approximately -13.0°C), while cold tolerance was at its lowest level (6.7% after 24 h at -5°C). Cryoprotectant content (trehalose, glycerol, and glucose) was at its highest level in September (11.15, 10.82, and 6.31 mg/g, respectively). The critical thermal minimum (CTmin) reached its lowest point of -2.2°C in January and February. The lowest point of the lower lethal temperature (LLT) coincided with the lowest level of the SCP and the highest level of cold tolerance (in February, LT50 = -5.3°C, SCP = -23.2°C, and survival = 77.78% at -4°C/24 h). Chill-coma recovery time (CCRT) was examined at five different temperatures and two different exposure durations. The CCRT increased with a decrease in exposure temperature and time (68.0 s at -2°C after 2 h and 102.0 s at -2°C after 4 h). As the majority of the overwintering beetle's mortality occurred at temperatures significantly higher than SCP, the adults of H. variegata are chill-susceptible insects that primarily rely on a depressed supercooling point to cope with unfavorable conditions during the overwintering period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamzeh Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
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17
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Wiil J, Sørensen JG, Colinet H. Exploring cross-protective effects between cold and immune stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Parasite 2023; 30:54. [PMID: 38084935 PMCID: PMC10714677 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that environmental and biotic stressors like temperature and pathogens/parasites are essential for the life of small ectotherms. There are complex interactions between cold stress and pathogen infection in insects. Possible cross-protective mechanisms occur between both stressors, suggesting broad connectivity in insect stress responses. In this study, the functional significance of these interactions was tested, as well as the potential role of newly uncovered candidate genes, turandot. This was done using an array of factorial experiments exposing Drosophila melanogaster flies to a combination of different cold stress regimes (acute or chronic) and infections with the parasitic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Following these crossed treatments, phenotypic and molecular responses were assessed by measuring 1) induced cold tolerance, 2) immune resistance to parasitic fungus, and 3) activation of turandot genes. We found various responses in the phenotypic outcomes according to the various treatment combinations with higher susceptibility to infection following cold stress, but also significantly higher acute cold survival in flies that were infected. Regarding molecular responses, we found overexpression of turandot genes in response to most treatments, suggesting reactivity to both cold and infection. Moreover, maximum peak expressions were distinctly observed in the combined treatments (infection plus cold), indicating a marked synergistic effect of the stressors on turandot gene expression patterns. These results reflect the great complexity of cross-tolerance reactions between infection and abiotic stress, but could also shed light on the mechanisms underlying the activation of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Wiil
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Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] – UMR 6553 263 AVE du Général Leclerc 35000 Rennes France
| | | | - Hervé Colinet
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Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] – UMR 6553 263 AVE du Général Leclerc 35000 Rennes France
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18
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Keaveny EC, Helling MR, Basile F, Strange JP, Lozier JD, Dillon ME. Metabolomes of bumble bees reared in common garden conditions suggest constitutive differences in energy and toxin metabolism across populations. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 151:104581. [PMID: 37871769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Cold tolerance of ectotherms can vary strikingly among species and populations. Variation in cold tolerance can reflect differences in genomes and transcriptomes that confer cellular-level protection from cold; additionally, shifts in protein function and abundance can be altered by other cellular constituents as cold-exposed insects often have shifts in their metabolomes. Even without a cold challenge, insects from different populations may vary in cellular composition that could alter cold tolerance, but investigations of constitutive differences in metabolomes across wild populations remain rare. To address this gap, we reared Bombus vosnesenskii queens collected from Oregon and California (USA) that differ in cold tolerance (CTmin = -6 °C and 0 °C, respectively) in common garden conditions, and measured offspring metabolomes using untargeted LC-MS/MS. Oregon bees had higher levels of metabolites associated with carbohydrate (sorbitol, lactitol, maltitol, and sorbitol-6-phosphate) and amino acid (hydroxyproline, ornithine, and histamine) metabolism. Exogenous metabolites, likely derived from the diet, also varied between Oregon and California bees, suggesting population-level differences in toxin metabolism. Overall, our results reveal constitutive differences in metabolomes for bumble bees reared in common garden conditions from queens collected in different locations despite no previous cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C Keaveny
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology and Evolution, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States.
| | - Mitchell R Helling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States
| | - Franco Basile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States
| | - James P Strange
- USDA-ARS Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States; Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 44691, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Lozier
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
| | - Michael E Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology and Evolution, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, United States.
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19
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Perez-Galvez FR, Zhou S, Wilson AC, Cornwell CL, Awde DN, Teets NM. Scoring thermal limits in small insects using open-source, computer-assisted motion detection. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246548. [PMID: 37902137 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Scoring thermal tolerance traits live or with recorded video can be time consuming and susceptible to observer bias, and as with many physiological measurements, there can be trade-offs between accuracy and throughput. Recent studies show that automated particle tracking is a viable alternative to manually scoring videos, although some of the software options are proprietary and costly. In this study, we present a novel strategy for automated scoring of thermal tolerance videos by inferring motor activity with motion detection using an open-source Python command line application called DIME (detector of insect motion endpoint). We apply our strategy to both dynamic and static thermal tolerance assays, and our results indicate that DIME can accurately measure thermal acclimation responses, generally agrees with visual estimates of thermal limits, and can significantly increase throughput over manual methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophia Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Annabelle C Wilson
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Catherine L Cornwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - David N Awde
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas M Teets
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
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20
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Golding D, Rupp KL, Sustar A, Pratt B, Tuthill JC. Snow flies self-amputate freezing limbs to sustain behavior at sub-zero temperatures. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4549-4556.e3. [PMID: 37757830 PMCID: PMC10842534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Temperature profoundly impacts all living creatures. In spite of the thermodynamic constraints on biology, some animals have evolved to live and move in extremely cold environments. Here, we investigate behavioral mechanisms of cold tolerance in the snow fly (Chionea spp.), a flightless crane fly that is active throughout the winter in boreal and alpine environments of the northern hemisphere. Using thermal imaging, we show that adult snow flies maintain the ability to walk down to an average body temperature of -7°C. At this supercooling limit, ice crystallization occurs within the snow fly's hemolymph and rapidly spreads throughout the body, resulting in death. However, we discovered that snow flies frequently survive freezing by rapidly amputating legs before ice crystallization can spread to their vital organs. Self-amputation of freezing limbs is a last-ditch tactic to prolong survival in frigid conditions that few animals can endure. Understanding the extreme physiology and behavior of snow insects holds particular significance at this moment when their alpine habitats are rapidly changing due to anthropogenic climate change. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Golding
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katie L Rupp
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anne Sustar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brandon Pratt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John C Tuthill
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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21
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Papadopoulos AG, Koskinioti P, Zarpas KD, Papadopoulos NT. Differential Cold Tolerance on Immature Stages of Geographically Divergent Ceratitis capitata Populations. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1379. [PMID: 37997978 PMCID: PMC10668952 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cold tolerance of adult medflies has been extensively studied but the effect of subfreezing temperatures on the immature stages remains poorly investigated, especially as far as different populations are regarded. In this study, we estimated the acute cold stress response of three geographically divergent Mediterranean fruit fly populations originating from Greece (Crete, Volos) and Croatia (Dubrovnik) by exposing immature stages (eggs, larvae, pupae) to subfreezing temperatures. We first determined the LT50 for each immature stage following one hour of exposure to different temperatures. Then eggs, larvae and pupae of the different populations were exposed to their respective LT50 for one hour (LT50 = -11 °C, LT50 = -4.4 °C, LT50 = -5 °C for eggs, larvae and pupae, respectively). Our results demonstrate that populations responded differently depending on their developmental stage. The population of Dubrovnik was the most cold-susceptible at the egg stage, whereas in that of Crete it was at the larval and pupal stage. The population of Volos was the most cold-tolerant at all developmental stages. The egg stage was the most cold-tolerant, followed by pupae and finally the 3rd instar wandering larvae. This study contributes towards understanding the cold stress response of this serious pest and provides data for important parameters that determine its successful establishment to unfavorable environments with an emphasis on range expansion to the northern, more temperate regions of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nikos T. Papadopoulos
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece; (A.G.P.); (P.K.); (K.D.Z.)
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22
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Khaliq I, Shahid MJ, Kamran H, Sheraz M, Awais M, Shabir M, Asghar M, Rehman A, Riaz M, Braschler B, Sanders NJ, Hof C. The role of thermal tolerance in determining elevational distributions of four arthropod taxa in mountain ranges of southern Asia. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:2052-2066. [PMID: 37649274 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of thermal tolerances in determining species distributions is important for assessing species responses to climate change. Two hypotheses linking physiology with species distributions have been put forward-the climatic variability hypothesis and the climatic extreme hypothesis. The climatic variability hypothesis predicts the selection of individuals with broad thermal tolerance in more variable climatic conditions and the climatic extreme hypothesis predicts the selection of individuals with extreme thermal tolerance values under extreme climatic conditions. However, no study has tested the predictions of these hypotheses simultaneously for several taxonomic groups along elevational gradients. Here, we related experimentally measured critical thermal maxima, critical thermal minima and thermal tolerance breadths for 15,187 individuals belonging to 116 species of ants, beetles, grasshoppers, and spiders from mountain ranges in central and northern Pakistan to the limits and breadths of their geographic and temperature range. Across all species and taxonomic groups, we found strong relationships between thermal traits and elevational distributions both in terms of geography and temperature. The relationships were robust when repeating the analyses for ants, grasshoppers, and spiders but not for beetles. These results indicate a strong role of physiology in determining elevational distributions of arthropods in Southern Asia. Overall, we found strong support for the climatic variability hypothesis and the climatic extreme hypothesis. A close association between species' distributional limits and their thermal tolerances suggest that in case of a failure to adapt or acclimate to novel climatic conditions, species may be under pressure to track their preferred climatic conditions, potentially facing serious consequences under current and future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khaliq
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Haseeb Kamran
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sheraz
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Mehtab Shabir
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Maria Riaz
- Conservation Genetics Group, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Brigitte Braschler
- Section of Conservation Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute fur Biologie, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Nathan J Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christian Hof
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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23
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Izadi H, Tamanadar E, Khajehali J, Samadieh H. Rhizoglyphus robini, a pest mite of saffron, is unable to resist extracellular ice formation. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:29-41. [PMID: 37552405 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The saffron mite, Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède (Acari, Astigmata: Acaridae), is one of the most important pests of saffron-producing regions in Iran. It causes yellowing and decreases saffron growth, and finally it destroys the bulbs. In this research, the cold tolerance and supercooling point (SCP) of the saffron mite were measured in three populations and two temperature regimes. Our results showed that the mean SCP of the saffron mite was approximately -14.6 °C without significant difference among the populations. On the contrary, acclimation of the mites significantly decreased their SCP to a mean of approximately -16.5 °C. Exposure of the mites for 24 h to 0 and -2.5 °C had no significant effect on the survival of the mites but when the mites were exposed to -5.0 °C for 24 h, survival of the three populations reached the lowest level of roughly 60%. By 24-h exposure to -7.5 °C, survival of the mites was almost negligible. As a large proportion of mortality was observed above the SCP, and LT50 > SCP, it can be inferred that the saffron mite is likely a chill-susceptible species. This suggests that the saffron mite lacks the ability to withstand extracellular ice formation. Overall, the results of the current study suggest no significant physiological differences between populations of the saffron mite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzeh Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Elahe Tamanadar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Jahangir Khajehali
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hosein Samadieh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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Mbande A, Mutamiswa R, Chidawanyika F. Ontogenetic responses of physiological fitness in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in response to repeated cold exposure. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:449-455. [PMID: 37587795 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
In this era of global climate change, intrinsic rapid and evolutionary responses of invasive agricultural pests to thermal variability are of concern given the potential implications on their biogeography and dire consequences on human food security. For insects, chill coma recovery time (CCRT) and critical thermal minima (CTmin), the point at which neuromuscular coordination is lost following cold exposure, remain good indices for cold tolerance. Using laboratory-reared Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), we explored cold tolerance repeated exposure across life stages of this invasive insect pest. Specifically, we measured their CTmin and CCRT across four consecutive assays, each 24 h apart. In addition, we assessed body water content (BWC) and body lipid content (BLC) of the life stages. Our results showed that CTmin improved with repeated exposure in 5th instar larvae, virgin males and females while CCRT improved in 4th, 5th and 6th instar larvae following repeated cold exposure. In addition, the results revealed evidence of cold hardening in this invasive insect pest. However, there was no correlation between cold tolerance and BWC as well as BLC. Our results show capacity for cold hardening and population persistence of S. frugiperda in cooler environments. This suggests potential of fall armyworm (FAW) to withstand considerable harsh winter environments typical of its recently invaded geographic range in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abongile Mbande
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Reyard Mutamiswa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Tugwi-Mukosi Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
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Papadogiorgou GD, Moraiti CA, Nestel D, Terblanche JS, Verykouki E, Papadopoulos NT. Acute cold stress and supercooling capacity of Mediterranean fruit fly populations across the Northern Hemisphere (Middle East and Europe). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 147:104519. [PMID: 37121467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), holds an impressive record of successful invasion events promoted by globalization in fruit trade and human mobility. In addition, C. capitata is gradually expanding its geographic distribution to cooler temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Cold tolerance of C. capitata seems to be a crucial feature that promotes population establishment and hence invasion success. To elucidate the interplay between the invasion process in the northern hemisphere and cold tolerance of geographically isolated populations of C. capitata, we determined (a) the response to acute cold stress survival of adults, and (b) the supercooling capacity (SCP) of immature stages and adults. To assess the phenotypic plasticity in these populations, the effect of acclimation to low temperatures on acute cold stress survival in adults was also examined. The results revealed that survival after acute cold stress was positively related to low temperature acclimation, except for females originating from Thessaloniki (northern Greece). Adults from the warmer environment of South Arava (Israel) were less tolerant after acute cold stress compared with those from Heraklion (Crete, Greece) and Thessaloniki. Plastic responses to cold acclimation were population specific, with the South Arava population being more plastic compared to the two Greek populations. For SCP, the results revealed that there is little to no correlation between SCP and climate variables of the areas where C. capitata populations originated. SCP was much lower than the lowest temperature individuals are likely to experience in their respective habitats. These results set the stage for asking questions regarding the evolutionary adaptive processes that facilitate range expansions of C. capitata into cooler temperate areas of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia D Papadogiorgou
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Cleopatra A Moraiti
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - David Nestel
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - John S Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Eleni Verykouki
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Nikos T Papadopoulos
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
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Currie-Olsen D, Hesketh AV, Grimm J, Kennedy J, Marshall KE, Harley CDG. Lethal and sublethal implications of low temperature exposure for three intertidal predators. J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103549. [PMID: 37244058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Benthic invertebrate predators play a key role in top-down trophic regulation in intertidal ecosystems. While the physiological and ecological consequences of predator exposure to high temperatures during summer low tides are increasingly well-studied, the effects of cold exposure during winter low tides remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we measured the supercooling points, survival, and feeding rates of three intertidal predator species in British Columbia, Canada - the sea stars Pisaster ochraceus and Evasterias troschelii and the dogwhelk Nucella lamellosa - in response to exposure to sub-zero air temperatures. Overall, we found that all three predators exhibited evidence of internal freezing at relatively mild sub-zero temperatures, with sea stars exhibiting an average supercooling point of -2.50 °C, and the dogwhelk averaging approximately -3.99 °C. None of the tested species are strongly freeze tolerant, as evidenced by moderate-to-low survival rates after exposure to -8 °C air. All three predators exhibited significantly reduced feeding rates over a two-week period following a single 3-h sublethal (-0.5 °C) exposure event. We also quantified variation in predator body temperature among thermal microhabitats during winter low tides. Predators that were found at the base of large boulders, on the sediment, and within crevices had higher body temperatures during winter low tides, as compared to those situated in other microhabitats. However, we did not find evidence of behavioural thermoregulation via selective microhabitat use during cold weather. Since these intertidal predators are less freeze tolerant than their preferred prey, winter low temperature exposures can have important implications for organism survival and predator-prey dynamics across thermal gradients at both local (habitat-driven) and geographic (climate-driven) scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danja Currie-Olsen
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Amelia V Hesketh
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jaime Grimm
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jessica Kennedy
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Katie E Marshall
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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McIntyre T, Andaloori L, Hood GR, Feder JL, Hahn DA, Ragland GJ, Toxopeus J. Cold tolerance and diapause within and across trophic levels: Endoparasitic wasps and their fly host have similar phenotypes. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 146:104501. [PMID: 36921838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Low temperatures associated with winter can limit the survival of organisms, especially ectotherms whose body temperature is similar to their environment. However, there is a gap in understanding how overwintering may vary among groups of species that interact closely, such as multiple parasitoid species that attack the same host insect. Here, we investigate cold tolerance and diapause phenotypes in three endoparasitoid wasps of the apple maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae): Utetes canaliculatus, Diachasma alloeum, and Diachasmimorpha mellea (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Using a combination of respirometry and eclosion tracking, we found that all three wasp species exhibited the same three diapause duration phenotypes as the fly host. Weak (short duration) diapause was rare, with <5 % of all three wasp species prematurely terminating diapause at 21 °C. Most D.mellea (93 %) entered a more intense (longer duration) diapause that did not terminate within 100 d at this warm temperature. The majority of U.canaliculatus (92 %) and D. alloeum (72 %) averted diapause (non-diapause) at 21 °C. There was limited interspecific variation in acute cold tolerance among the three wasp species: wasps and flies had similarly high survival (>87 %) following exposure to extreme low temperatures (-20 °C) as long as their body fluids did not freeze. The three wasp species also displayed little interspecific variation in survival following prolonged exposure to mild chilling of 8 or more weeks at 4 °C. Our study thus documents a remarkable conservation of cold tolerance and diapause phenotypes within and across trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinity McIntyre
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish NS B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Lalitya Andaloori
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, 1151 Arapahoe St., Denver CO 80204, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 4841 Cass Avenue, Detroit MI 48201, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame IN 46556, USA
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville FL 32611, USA
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, 1151 Arapahoe St., Denver CO 80204, USA
| | - Jantina Toxopeus
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish NS B2G 2W5, Canada.
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Shi M, Dong K, Wu J, Huang J. Effects of Low-Temperature Acclimation on Nutrients of Bumble Bee Bombus terrestris Queens during Prediapause and Diapause. INSECTS 2023; 14:336. [PMID: 37103151 PMCID: PMC10145411 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A queen's diapause is a key period of the bumble bee life cycle that enables them to survive under unfavorable conditions. During diapause, queens fast, and nutritional reserves depend on the accumulation of nutrients during the prediapause period. Temperature is one of the most important factors affecting queens' nutrient accumulation during prediapause and nutrient consumption during diapause. Here, we used a 6-day-old mated queen of the bumble bee Bombus terrestris to evaluate the effect of temperature (10, 15, and 25 °C) and time (3, 6, and 9 days) on free water, protein, lipids, and total sugars during prediapause and at the end of 3 months of diapause. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that total sugars, free water, and lipids were much more affected by temperature than protein (p < 0.05). Lower temperature acclimation significantly increased (p < 0.05) free water and lipid accumulation by queens during prediapause. In contrast, higher temperature acclimation significantly increased (p < 0.05) protein and total sugar accumulation by queens during prediapause. The effect of temperature acclimation on the queen survival rate was not significantly different (p > 0.05) after 3 months of diapause. Moreover, lower temperature acclimation reduced protein, lipid, and total sugar consumption by queens during diapause. In conclusion, low-temperature acclimation increases queens' lipid accumulation during prediapause and reduces the nutritional consumption of queens during diapause. Low-temperature acclimation during prediapause could benefit queens by improving cold resistance and increasing reserves of major nutrient lipids during diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kun Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Schebeck M, Schopf A, Ragland GJ, Stauffer C, Biedermann PHW. Evolutionary ecology of the bark beetles Ips typographus and Pityogenes chalcographus. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:1-10. [PMID: 36239260 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ips typographus (L.) and Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are two common bark beetle species on Norway spruce in Eurasia. Multiple biotic and abiotic factors affect the life cycles of these two beetles, shaping their ecology and evolution. In this article, we provide a comprehensive and comparative summary of selected life-history traits. We highlight similarities and differences in biotic factors, like host range, interspecific competition, host colonization, reproductive behaviour and fungal symbioses. Moreover, we focus on the species' responses to abiotic factors and compare their temperature-dependent development and flight behaviour, cold adaptations and diapause strategies. Differences in biotic and abiotic traits might be the result of recent, species-specific evolutionary histories, particularly during the Pleistocene, with differences in glacial survival and postglacial recolonization. Finally, we discuss future research directions to understand ecological and evolutionary pathways of the two bark beetle species, for both basic research and applied forest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schebeck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, BOKU, Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Schopf
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, BOKU, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado - Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, BOKU, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter H W Biedermann
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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30
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Grech MG, Miserendino ML, Almirón WR. The role of temperature in shaping Culex acharistus mosquitoes life history traits in its southern limit of distribution (Patagonia-Argentina). Heliyon 2023; 9:e13696. [PMID: 36852039 PMCID: PMC9957761 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence showing that temperature have a great impact on insects behavior, phenology and life histories. Because of mosquito global importance as disease vectors, in temperate regions where climatic conditions could be only borderline suitable for mosquito development, there is a growing interest in understanding the effect of temperature shifts on vital statistics to more accurately define how such changes could impact distribution and abundance patterns, as well as disease transmission cycles. We determined the role of ambient temperature under fluctuating conditions in shaping Culex acharistus (Diptera: Culicidae) life history traits, and estimated its development threshold and physiological time, in its southern limit of distribution in the Argentine Patagonia region. Four horizontal life tables were conducted under natural fluctuating temperature range in Esquel city (42°S - 71°W; 563 m a.s.l.), during spring-summer (17°C), summer (15.4°C), summer-autumn (12.7°C) and autumn-winter (5.6°C) seasons. Larvae, pupae and adult traits were recorded. The mean duration of the experiments varied between 28 to ≅100 days for spring-summer and autumn-winter seasons. Only during the cold season experiment pupae experienced the most severe temperatures and freeze-thaw cycles, and failed to reach adult stage. We found that larva and pupa development time, adult emergence time and longevity significantly increased with decreasing temperatures, while larval survival was greatest at an intermediate temperature and decreased toward low and high values. Also, protandry was observed and males emerge 2 days before females across seasons. Temperature development threshold and physiological time estimated for larva + pupa were 5.98°C and 211.24°C-days. Our study contributes to a growing body of knowledge by examining the effect of seasonal changes in temperature on mosquito life history traits. Results obtained here can be applied as useful parameters in the development of population dynamic models, improving current mosquito control strategies in cold-temperate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Grech
- Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica (CIEMEP), CONICET and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Sede Esquel, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
| | - M L Miserendino
- Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica (CIEMEP), CONICET and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Sede Esquel, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
| | - W R Almirón
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT), Córdoba, Argentina
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Abstract
Winter provides many challenges for insects, including direct injury to tissues and energy drain due to low food availability. As a result, the geographic distribution of many species is tightly coupled to their ability to survive winter. In this review, we summarize molecular processes associated with winter survival, with a particular focus on coping with cold injury and energetic challenges. Anticipatory processes such as cold acclimation and diapause cause wholesale transcriptional reorganization that increases cold resistance and promotes cryoprotectant production and energy storage. Molecular responses to low temperature are also dynamic and include signaling events during and after a cold stressor to prevent and repair cold injury. In addition, we highlight mechanisms that are subject to selection as insects evolve to variable winter conditions. Based on current knowledge, despite common threads, molecular mechanisms of winter survival vary considerably across species, and taxonomic biases must be addressed to fully appreciate the mechanistic basis of winter survival across the insect phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Teets
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA;
| | - Katie E Marshall
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julie A Reynolds
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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32
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Chen SY, Zhao RN, Li Y, Li HP, Xie MH, Liu JF, Yang MF, Wu CX. Cold tolerance strategy and cryoprotectants of Megabruchidius dorsalis in different temperature and time stresses. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1118955. [PMID: 36714316 PMCID: PMC9873968 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1118955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The honey locusts (genus Gleditsia) are a genus of high-value trees in Asia. Seed beetle, Megabruchidius dorsalis (Fåhraeus) (Col.: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), is a Gleditsia oligophagous pest that causes severe yield reduction. To understand the cold tolerance of M. dorsalis adults, this study investigated its cold tolerance strategy and the influence of low temperatures on its physiology and biochemistry. The low-temperature treatments were divided into three groups: long-term temperature acclimation (Group 1; 15°C, or 20°C, or 25°C, or 28°C [control check, CK] for 10 days), short-term low-temperature exposure (Group 2; 0°C or 4°C for 2 h), and long-term low-temperature induction (Group 3; 0°C or 4°C for 1, 3, or 5 d). The supercooling point (SCP; temperature at which spontaneous nucleation and ice lattice growth begin), freezing point (FP; temperature at which insect fluids freeze), low lethal temperature (LLT; temperature at which all individuals are killed), water, lipid, glycerol, and total sugars contents were measured under different temperature stresses. The results showed that M. dorsalis adults were a freeze-avoidant species. The SCP and LLT at 28°C were -10.62°C and -19.48°C, respectively. The SCP and FP of long-term temperature acclimation (15°C, or 20°C, or 25°C) were significantly lower than that of the control group (28°C). The water content of the long-term low temperature induction (0°C) group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The lipid and glycerol content in the acclimated group at 20°C and 25°C were significantly higher than in the control group. M. dorsalis adults may maintain their biofluids in a supercooled state via cryoprotectant accumulation and cryoprotective dehydration to prevent ice nucleation. This study provides a theoretical basis for future research on overwintering and potential distribution and related prediction of M. dorsalis adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Chen
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ru-Na Zhao
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Crop Pest Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - You Li
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Vector-Borne Virus Research Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - He-Ping Li
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ming-Hui Xie
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Crop Pest Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mao-Fa Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Crop Pest Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China,College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Cheng-Xu Wu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China,*Correspondence: Cheng-Xu Wu,
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Wintering and Cold Hardiness of the Small Tortoiseshell Aglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera) in the West and East of the Northern Palearctic. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The geographic variability of the cold hardiness of poikilothermic animals is one of the keys to understanding the mechanisms of the formation of their ranges under climate change or anthropogenic introductions. A convenient object is the small tortoiseshell butterfly Aglais urticae, which is distributed from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. On the edges of the distribution range, the difference between the averages of the absolute minimum air temperatures reaches 60 °C. The cold hardiness (supercooling point and lower lethal temperatures) of imago wintering in a supercooled state in the northeast of Russia was assessed in comparison to the previously studied European ones. Despite the huge difference in air temperatures, the mean supercooling points ranges in the east (−23...−29 °C) and the west (−17...−22 °C) differ by only 7 °C; the lower lethal temperatures for this species is near −30 °C. The identified cold hardiness is not enough for overwintering of A. urticae on the vast majority part of the species range in natural shelters above the level of snow cover. The inhabiting of A. urticae in regions with air temperatures below −30 °C is possible only when wintering under snow. This primitive behavioral adaptation probably does not require physiological changes and may not be unique to Lepidoptera.
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Lubawy J, Hornik J. The effect of B-type allatostatin neuropeptides on crosstalk between the insect immune response and cold tolerance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20697. [PMID: 36450889 PMCID: PMC9712581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25235-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are the largest group of arthropod phyla and are capable of surviving in a variety of environments. One of the most important factors in enabling them to do so is their resistance to temperature stress, i.e., cold tolerance. The neuroendocrine system, together with the immune system, cooperates to regulate a number of physiological processes that are essential for the stability of the organism in stressful conditions. However, to date, no one has studied the effect of insect myoinhibitory peptides (MIPs) on cold stress tolerance and immune system activity. Here, we investigated the effect of Tenmo-MIP 5 (10-6 M), cold stress (- 5 °C) and a combination of both on the immune response of Tenebrio molitor. All three treatments caused upregulation of immune-related genes (antimicrobial peptides and Toll) and increased phagocytosis activity (by approximately 10%). However, phenoloxidase activity and mortality were increased only after peptide injection and the combination of both treatments. The peptide injection combined with cold stress caused 40% higher mortality than that in the control. Together, our results show the links between cold stress, MIPs activity and the immune response, and to our knowledge, this is the first report showing the effect of MIP on the insect immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lubawy
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Justyna Hornik
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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35
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Xiao QH, He Z, Wu RW, Zhu DH. Physiological and biochemical differences in diapause and non-diapause pupae of Sericinus montelus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Front Physiol 2022; 13:1031654. [PMID: 36406979 PMCID: PMC9666684 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1031654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The swallowtail butterfly, Sericinus montelus Gray, is endemic to East Asia, has high ornamental value but faces an increased risk of extinction. To understand the overwintering strategies of this species, the dynamic changes in supercooling point (SCP) and water and biochemical contents of diapause-destined and non-diapause S. montelus pupae were investigated. The SCP of laboratory-reared diapause pupae was as low as -26°C compared to -24°C in diapause pupae in the field. Although there was no significant difference in total water content between diapause-destined and non-diapause pupae, the free water of diapause-destined pupae was significantly lower, and the bound water was significantly higher, than that of non-diapause pupae. Lipid, glycogen, and protein contents of diapause-destined pupae showed a downward trend, whereas the total sugar content showed the opposite trend after pupation. The glycogen content decreased rapidly during the initial stage of pupation, whereas the lipid content decreased significantly after 30 days of pupation, suggesting that diapause-destined pupae deplete glycogen stores during the pre-diapause period and then switch to using lipids during the diapause maintenance phase. Trehalose levels in diapause-destined pupae increased significantly and remained high after pupation. Meanwhile, the trehalose content of overwintering pupae during the diapause maintenance period was significantly higher than that of diapause termination pupae in the field. These results suggest that trehalose is the main cryoprotectant for overwintering pupae. Thus, diapausing S. montelus pupae appear to be freeze avoidant, accumulate trehalose as a cryoprotectant, and reduce the free water content to decrease the SCP, enhancing their cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Hong Xiao
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior and Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSUFT), Changsha, China
- College of Physical Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSUFT), Changsha, China
| | - Zhe He
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior and Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSUFT), Changsha, China
| | - Rong-Wei Wu
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior and Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSUFT), Changsha, China
| | - Dao-Hong Zhu
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior and Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSUFT), Changsha, China
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Roeder KA, Daniels JD. Thermal tolerance of western corn rootworm: Critical thermal limits, knock-down resistance, and chill coma recovery. J Therm Biol 2022; 109:103338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Beet CR, Hogg ID, Cary SC, McDonald IR, Sinclair BJ. The Resilience of Polar Collembola (Springtails) in a Changing Climate. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:100046. [PMID: 36683955 PMCID: PMC9846479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2022.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the resilience of polar biota to climate change is essential for predicting the effects of changing environmental conditions for ecosystems. Collembola are abundant in terrestrial polar ecosystems and are integral to food-webs and soil nutrient cycling. Using available literature, we consider resistance (genetic diversity; behavioural avoidance and physiological tolerances; biotic interactions) and recovery potential for polar Collembola. Polar Collembola have high levels of genetic diversity, considerable capacity for behavioural avoidance, wide thermal tolerance ranges, physiological plasticity, generalist-opportunistic feeding habits and broad ecological niches. The biggest threats to the ongoing resistance of polar Collembola are increasing levels of dispersal (gene flow), increased mean and extreme temperatures, drought, changing biotic interactions, and the arrival and spread of invasive species. If resistance capacities are insufficient, numerous studies have highlighted that while some species can recover from disturbances quickly, complete community-level recovery is exceedingly slow. Species dwelling deeper in the soil profile may be less able to resist climate change and may not recover in ecologically realistic timescales given the current rate of climate change. Ultimately, diverse communities are more likely to have species or populations that are able to resist or recover from disturbances. While much of the Arctic has comparatively high levels of diversity and phenotypic plasticity; areas of Antarctica have extremely low levels of diversity and are potentially much more vulnerable to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare R. Beet
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ian D. Hogg
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Canadian High Arctic Research Station, Polar Knowledge Canada, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada
| | - S. Craig Cary
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ian R. McDonald
- Te Aka Mātuatua - School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato - University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- International Centre for Terrestrial Antarctic Research, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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38
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Clem CS, Hobson KA, Harmon‐Threatt AN. Do Nearctic hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) engage in long‐distance migration? An assessment of evidence and mechanisms. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Scott Clem
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
- Department of Entomology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Keith A. Hobson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
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Michálek O, Gajski D, Pekár S. Winter activity of Clubiona spiders and their potential for pest control. J Therm Biol 2022; 108:103295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Huisamen EJ, Colinet H, Karsten M, Terblanche JS. Dietary salt supplementation adversely affects thermal acclimation responses of flight ability in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 140:104403. [PMID: 35667397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cold acclimation may enhance low temperature flight ability, and salt loading can alter an insects' cold tolerance by affecting their ability to maintain ion balance in the cold. Presently however, it remains unclear if dietary salt impacts thermal acclimation of flight ability in insects. Here, we examined the effect of a combination of dietary salt loading (either NaCl or KCl) and low temperature exposure on the flight ability of Drosophila melanogaster at low (15 °C) and benign (optimal, 22 °C) temperatures. Additionally, we determined whether dietary salt supplementation translates into increased K+ and Na+ levels in the bodies of D. melanogaster. Lastly, we determined whether salt supplementation impacts body mass and wing morphology, to ascertain whether any changes in flight ability were potentially driven by flight-related morphometric variation. In control flies, we find that cold acclimation enhances low temperature flight ability over non-acclimated flies confirming the beneficial acclimation hypothesis. By contrast, flies supplemented with KCl that were cold acclimated and tested at a cold temperature had the lowest flight ability, suggesting that excess dietary KCl during development negates the beneficial cold acclimation process that would have otherwise taken place. Overall, the NaCl-supplemented flies and the control group had the greatest flight ability, whilst those fed a KCl-supplemented diet had the lowest. Dietary salt supplementation translated into increased Na+ and K+ concentration in the body tissues of flies, confirming that dietary shifts are reflected in changes in body composition and are not simply regulated out of the body by homeostasis over the course of development. Flies fed with a KCl-supplemented diet tended to be larger with larger wings, whilst those reared on the control or NaCl-supplemented diet were smaller with smaller wings. Additionally, the flies with greater flight ability tended to be smaller and have lower wing loading. In conclusion, dietary salts affected wing morphology as well as ion balance, and dietary KCl seemed to have a detrimental effect on cold acclimation responses of flight ability in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Huisamen
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - Hervé Colinet
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] - UMR 6553, F 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Minette Karsten
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - John S Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
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Holmstrup M, Sørensen JG, Dai W, Krogh PH, Schmelz RM, Slotsbo S. Analysis of heat and cold tolerance of a freeze-tolerant soil invertebrate distributed from temperate to Arctic regions: evidence of selection for extreme cold tolerance. J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:435-445. [PMID: 35312816 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance to thermal extremes is critical for the geographic distributions of ectotherm species, many of which are probably going to be modified by future climatic changes. To predict species distributions it is important to understand the potential of species to adapt to changing thermal conditions. Here, we tested whether the thermal tolerance traits of a common freeze-tolerant potworm were correlated with climatic conditions and if adaptation to extreme cold constrains the evolutionary potential for high temperature tolerance. Further, we tested if evolution of thermal tolerance traits is associated with costs in other fitness traits (body size and reproduction). Lastly, we tested if slopes of temperature-survival curves (i.e., the sensitivity distribution) are related to tolerance itself. Using 24 populations of the potworm, Enchytraeus albidus Henle (Enchytraeidae), collected from a wide range of climatic conditions, we established a common garden experiment in which we determined high and low temperature tolerance (using survival as endpoint), average reproductive output and adult body size. Heat tolerance was not related to environmental temperatures whereas lower lethal temperature was about 10 °C lower in Arctic populations than in populations from temperate regions. Reproduction was not related to environmental temperature, but was negatively correlated with cold tolerance. One explanation for the trade-off between cold tolerance and reproduction could be that the more cold-hardy populations need to channel energy to large glycogen reserves at the expense of less energy expenditure for reproduction. Adult body size was negatively related to environmental temperature. Finally, the slopes of temperature-survival curves were significantly correlated with critical temperature limits for heat and cold tolerance; i.e., slopes increased with thermal tolerance. Our results suggest that relatively heat-sensitive populations possess genetic variation, leaving room for improved heat tolerance through evolutionary processes, which may alleviate the effects of a warmer future climate in the Arctic. On the other hand, we observed relatively narrow sensitivity distributions (i.e., less variation) in the most heat tolerant populations. Taken together, our results suggest that both cold and heat tolerance can only be selected for (and improved) until a certain limit has been reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holmstrup
- Department of Ecoscience, Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - Jesper G Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Building 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Wencai Dai
- Department of Ecoscience, Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Paul Henning Krogh
- Department of Ecoscience, Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Rüdiger M Schmelz
- IFAB, Institute for Applied Soil Biology, Tomberg 24a, 22337, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Department of Ecoscience, Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
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Sherpa S, Tutagata J, Gaude T, Laporte F, Kasai S, Ishak IH, Guo X, Shin J, Boyer S, Marcombe S, Chareonviriyaphap T, David JP, Chen XG, Zhou X, Després L. Genomic shifts, phenotypic clines and fitness costs associated with cold-tolerance in the Asian tiger mosquito. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6586214. [PMID: 35574643 PMCID: PMC9156037 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Climatic variation is a key driver of genetic differentiation and phenotypic traits evolution, and local adaptation to temperature is expected in widespread species. We investigated phenotypic and genomic changes in the native range of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. We first refine the phylogeographic structure based on genome-wide regions (1,901 ddRAD SNPs) from 41 populations. We then explore the patterns of cold adaptation using phenotypic traits measured in common garden (wing size and cold tolerance) and genotype–temperature associations at targeted candidate regions (51,706 exon capture SNPs) from 9 populations. We confirm the existence of three evolutionary lineages including clades A (Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos), B (China and Okinawa), and C (South Korea and Japan). We identified temperature-associated differentiation in fifteen out of 221 candidate regions but none in ddRAD regions, supporting the role of directional selection in detected genes. These include genes involved in lipid metabolism and a circadian clock gene. Most outlier SNPs are differently fixed between clades A and C, while clade B has an intermediate pattern. Females are larger at higher latitude yet produce no more eggs, which might favor the storage of energetic reserves in colder climate. Non-diapausing eggs from temperate populations survive better to cold exposure than those from tropical populations, suggesting they are protected from freezing damages but this cold tolerance has a fitness cost in terms of egg viability. Altogether, our results provide strong evidence for the thermal adaptation of A. albopictus across its wide temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Sherpa
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, France
| | - Jordan Tutagata
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Gaude
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Laporte
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, France
| | - Shinji Kasai
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Intan H. Ishak
- Insecticide Resistance Research Group (IRRG), Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Xiang Guo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Sébastien Boyer
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sébastien Marcombe
- Medical Entomology and Vector-Borne Disease Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Laos
| | | | - Jean-Philippe David
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, France
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Laurence Després
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, France
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43
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Auteri GG. A conceptual framework to integrate cold-survival strategies: torpor, resistance and seasonal migration. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220050. [PMID: 35506240 PMCID: PMC9065958 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Freezing temperatures are inherently challenging for life, which is water based. How species cope with these conditions fundamentally shapes ecological and evolutionary processes. Despite this, there is no comprehensive conceptual framework for cold-survival strategies-seasonal migration, cold resistance and torpor. Here, I propose a framework with four components for conceptualizing and quantifying cold-survival strategies. Cold-survival strategies are (i) collectively encompassed by the proposed framework, and that this full breadth of strategies should be considered in focal species or systems (comprehensive consideration). These strategies also (ii) exist on a spectrum, such that species can exhibit partial use of strategies, (iii) are non-exclusive, such that some species use multiple strategies concurrently (combined use) and (iv) should collectively vary inversely and proportionally with one another when controlling for the external environment (e.g. when considering species that occur in sympatry in their summer range), such that use of one strategy reduces, collectively, the use of others (proportional use). This framework is relevant to understanding fundamental patterns and processes in evolution, ecology, physiology and conservation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia G Auteri
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Vrba P, Sucháčková Bartoňová A, Andres M, Nedvěd O, Šimek P, Konvička M. Exploring Cold Hardiness within a Butterfly Clade: Supercooling Ability and Polyol Profiles in European Satyrinae. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040369. [PMID: 35447811 PMCID: PMC9031891 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cold hardiness of overwintering stages affects the distribution of temperate and cold-zone insects. Studies on Erebia, a species-rich cold-zone butterfly genus, detected unexpected diversity of cold hardiness traits. We expanded our investigation to eight Satyrinae species of seven genera. We assessed Autumn and Winter supercooling points (SCPs) and concentrations of putatively cryoprotective sugars and polyols via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Aphantopus hyperantus and Hipparchia semele survived freezing of body fluids; Coenonympha arcania, C. gardetta, and Melanargia galathea died prior to freezing; Maniola jurtina, Chazara briseis, and Minois dryas displayed a mixed response. SCP varied from −22 to −9 °C among species. Total sugar and polyol concentrations (TSPC) varied sixfold (2 to 12 μg × mg−1) and eightfold including the Erebia spp. results. SCP and TSPC did not correlate. Alpine Erebia spp. contained high trehalose, threitol, and erythritol; C. briseis and C. gardetta contained high ribitol and trehalose; lowland species contained high saccharose, maltose, fructose, and sorbitol. SCP, TSPC, and glycerol concentrations were affected by phylogeny. Species of mountains or steppes tend to be freeze-avoidant, overwinter as young larvae, and contain high concentrations of trehalose, while those of mesic environments tend to be freeze-tolerant, overwinter as later instars, and rely on compounds such as maltose, saccharose, and fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Vrba
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Sucháčková Bartoňová
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
| | - Miloš Andres
- JARO Jaroměř, Národní 83, 551 01 Jaroměř, Czech Republic;
| | - Oldřich Nedvěd
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
| | - Martin Konvička
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.V.); (A.S.B.); (O.N.); (P.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-775-13-13-54
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45
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Ngomane NC, Terblanche JS, Conlong DE. The Addition of Sterols and Cryoprotectants to Optimize a Diet Developed for Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Using the Carcass Milling Technique. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040314. [PMID: 35447756 PMCID: PMC9029491 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Various combinations and concentrations of cholesterol (C) and stigmasterol (S) were added into a base diet developed for Eldana saccharina. Survival of inoculated neonate was high on all diets (>92% at day 20 and >95% at day 27). Fastest larval development occurred on the minimum specification (MS) (+1.0 gS) and MS (+0.2 gC: 0.2 gS) diets (72 and 70% pupation respectively at day 20). Significantly slower development (15% pupation) occurred on the control diet at day 20. Female pupal weight increased when larvae fed on the MS (+0.1 gC), (+0.1 gS) and (+0.2 gC:0.2 gS) diets (0.2143 ± 0.00 g, 0.2271 ± 0.01 g and 0.2252 ± 0.01 g, respectively) as compared with the control diet (0.1886 ± 0.00 g). Adult emergence was significantly higher (100%) from the MS (+0.1 gS) and MS (+0.2 gC:0.2 gS) diets, as compared with the remaining sterol (95%) and control diets (97%). To potentially increase E. saccharina’s cold tolerance, inclusion of cryoprotectants L-proline (P) and trehalose (T) into the MS diet was investigated. Males from the MS (0.2 gP:0.2 gT), MS (0.5 gP:0.5 gT) and MS (1.0 gT) diets recovered fastest from chill coma treatment (204 ± 44 s, 215 ± 7 s and 215 ± 9 s, respectively) than those from the remaining cryoprotectant diets (305 ± 22 s). The addition of cryoprotectants severely reduced female fertility (<44%) when mated with non-chill coma exposed males. In contrast, eggs from females not exposed to chilling treatment were 84% fertile when mated with males from the same source. The MS (0.2 gC:0.2 gS) diet is the preferred choice to replace the currently used diet, reducing the larval growth period by 60% without negative effects on key life cycle parameters of E. saccharina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomalizo C. Ngomane
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, Western Cape, South Africa; (N.C.N.); (J.S.T.)
- South African Sugarcane Research Institute, 170 Flanders Drive, Mount Edgecombe 4300, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - John S. Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, Western Cape, South Africa; (N.C.N.); (J.S.T.)
| | - Des E. Conlong
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, Western Cape, South Africa; (N.C.N.); (J.S.T.)
- South African Sugarcane Research Institute, 170 Flanders Drive, Mount Edgecombe 4300, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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Cold tolerance strategies of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:4129. [PMID: 35260770 PMCID: PMC8904778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is native to the tropical and subtropical areas of the American continent and is one of the world's most destructive insect pests and invaded Africa and spread to most of Asia in two years. Glycerol is generally used as a cryoprotectant for overwintering insects in cold areas. In many studies, the increase in glycerol as a main rapid cold hardening (RCH) factor and enhancing the supercooling point was revealed at low temperatures. There are two genes, including glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and glycerol kinase (GK), that were identified as being associated with the glycerol synthesis pathway. In this study, one GPDH and two GK sequences (GK1 and GK2) were extracted from FAW transcriptome analysis. RNA interference (RNAi) specific to GPDH or GK1 and GK2 exhibited a significant down-regulation at the mRNA level as well as a reduction in survival rate when the RNAi-treated of FAW larvae post a RCH treatment. Following a cold period, an increase in glycerol accumulation was detected utilizing high-pressure liquid chromatography and colorimetric analysis of glycerol quantity in RCH treated hemolymph of FAW larvae. This research suggests that GPDH and GK isozymes are linked to the production of a high quantity of glycerol as an RCH factor, and glycerol as main cryoprotectant plays an important role in survival throughout the cold period in this quarantine pest studied.
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Gotcha N, Cuthbert RN, Machekano H, Nyamukondiwa C. Density-dependent ecosystem service delivery under shifting temperatures by dung beetles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150575. [PMID: 34634717 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increases in the frequency and magnitude of suboptimal temperatures as a result of climate change are subjecting insects to unprecedented stresses. This may negatively affect their fitness and the efficiency of their ecosystem service provision. Dung beetles are ecosystem service providers: through feeding on and burying dung, they facilitate nutrient recycling, secondary seed dispersal, parasite control, soil bioturbation and dung decomposition. As such, prediction of how dung beetles respond to multiple anthropogenic environmental changes is critical for the conservation of ecosystem services. Here, we quantified ecosystem services via dung utilisation and dung ball production in three telecoprid species: Allogymnopleurus indigaceous, Scarabaeus zambezianus and Khepher prodigiosus. We examined ecosystem service efficiency factorially under different beetle densities towards different dung masses and under three temperature treatments (21 °C, 28 °C and 35 °C). Khepher prodigiosus, exhibited greatest dung utilisation efficiency overall across dung masses, compared to both S. zambezianus and A. indigaceous. Dung removal was exhibited under all the tested temperatures by all tested species, and therefore the sub-optimal temperatures employed here did not fully inhibit ecosystem service delivery. However, emergent effects among temperatures, beetle species and beetle density further affected removal efficiency: S. zambezianus and A. indigaceous utilisation increased with both warming and beetle density, whereas K. prodigiosus performance was less temperature- and density-dependent. Beetles also tended to exhibit positive density-dependence as dung supply increased. The numbers of dung balls produced differed across species, and increased with temperature and densities, with S. zambezianus producing significantly most balls overall. Our study provides novel evidence for differential density-dependent ecosystem service delivery among species across stressful temperature regimes and emergent effects for dung mass utilisation. This information is essential for biodiversity-ecosystem-function and is critical for the conservation of functionally efficacious species, with implications for natural capital conservation policy in rapidly changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonofo Gotcha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Ross N Cuthbert
- GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany; School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, BT9 5DL Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Honest Machekano
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana.
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48
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MacLean HJ, Hjort Hansen J, Sørensen JG. Validating the automation of different measures of high temperature tolerance of small terrestrial insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 137:104362. [PMID: 35108549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Accurately phenotyping numerous test subjects is essential for most experimental research. Collecting such data can be tedious or time-consuming, and it can be biased or limited using manual observations. The thermal tolerance of small ectotherms is a good example of this type of phenotypic data, and it is widely used to investigate thermal adaptation, acclimation capacity and climate change resilience of small ectotherms. Here, we present the results of automatically generated thermal tolerance data using motion-tracking software on video recordings. The automatization was applied to two different heat tolerance assays, in two Drosophila species and used temperature acclimation to create variation in thermal tolerances. We find similar effect sizes of acclimation and hardening responses between manual and automated approaches, but different absolute tolerance estimates. This discrepancy likely reflects both technical differences in the assay conditions as well as the measured end-points of the assays. We conclude that both methods generate biological meaningful results, which reflect different aspects of the thermal biology, find no evidence of inflated variance in the manually scored assays, but find that automation can increase throughput several times without compromising quality. Further we show that the method can be applied to a wide range of arthropod taxa. We suggest that this automated method is a useful example of high throughput phenotyping. Further, we suggest this approach might be applied to other tedious laboratory traits, such as desiccation or starvation tolerance, with similar benefits to throughput but caution that the interpretation and potential comparison to results using different methodology rely on thorough validation of the assay and the involved biological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J MacLean
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jonas Hjort Hansen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper G Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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49
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Keaveny EC, Waybright SA, Rusch TW, Dillon ME. Supercooling points of freeze-avoiding bumble bees vary with caste and queen life stage. J Therm Biol 2022; 104:103196. [PMID: 35180973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bumble bees thrive in cold climates including high latitude and high altitude regions around the world, yet cold tolerance strategies are largely unknown for most species. To determine bumble bee cold tolerance strategy, we exposed bumble bees to a range of low temperatures and measured survival 72 h post-exposure. All bees that froze died within 72 h while only one bee died without freezing, suggesting that bumble bees are generally freeze-avoiding insects and may be slightly chill susceptible. We then assessed whether temperatures that cause internal ice formation (supercooling points, SCP) varied among bumble bee castes (drones, workers, and queens), or across queen life stages, collection elevation, species, or season. Males froze at significantly lower temperatures than workers or queens. Queens in pre-overwintering or overwintering states froze at significantly lower temperatures than queens stimulated to initiate ovary development by CO2 narcosis (i.e., "spring" queens). We also tested whether the presence of water (i.e., wet or dry) or ramping rate affected SCP. As expected, queens inoculated with water froze at significantly higher temperatures than dry queens. SCP tended to be lower, but not significantly so, at faster ramping rates (0.5 °C/min vs 0.25 °C/min). We also found no differences in SCP between queen bumble bees collected in spring and fall, between queens collected at two sites differing in elevation by 1100 m, or between three field-caught bumble bee species. Bumble bees appear to have relatively high, invariable SCPs, likely making them highly susceptible to freezing across all seasons. As bumble bees are not freeze-tolerant and appear to lack the ability to prevent freezing at temperatures much below 0 °C, they may rely on season- and caste-specific micro-habitat selection to thrive in cold climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C Keaveny
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
| | - Sarah A Waybright
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
| | - Travis W Rusch
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Michael E Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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50
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Lubawy J, Chowański S, Adamski Z, Słocińska M. Mitochondria as a target and central hub of energy division during cold stress in insects. Front Zool 2022; 19:1. [PMID: 34991650 PMCID: PMC8740437 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature stress is one of the crucial factors determining geographical distribution of insect species. Most of them are active in moderate temperatures, however some are capable of surviving in extremely high as well as low temperatures, including freezing. The tolerance of cold stress is a result of various adaptation strategies, among others the mitochondria are an important player. They supply cells with the most prominent energy carrier—ATP, needed for their life processes, but also take part in many other processes like growth, aging, protection against stress injuries or cell death. Under cold stress, the mitochondria activity changes in various manner, partially to minimize the damages caused by the cold stress, partially because of the decline in mitochondrial homeostasis by chill injuries. In the response to low temperature, modifications in mitochondrial gene expression, mtDNA amount or phosphorylation efficiency can be observed. So far study also showed an increase or decrease in mitochondria number, their shape and mitochondrial membrane permeability. Some of the changes are a trigger for apoptosis induced via mitochondrial pathway, that protects the whole organism against chill injuries occurring on the cellular level. In many cases, the observed modifications are not unequivocal and depend strongly on many factors including cold acclimation, duration and severity of cold stress or environmental conditions. In the presented article, we summarize the current knowledge about insect response to cold stress focusing on the role of mitochondria in that process considering differences in results obtained in different experimental conditions, as well as depending on insect species. These differentiated observations clearly indicate that it is still much to explore. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lubawy
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.,Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Słocińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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