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Guo J, Ruan Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Ma S, Wan X, Zhou X, Tang Z, He Y, Zou Z, Li J. Maternal Exposure to Extreme Cold Events and Risk of Congenital Heart Defects: A Large Multicenter Study in China. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:3737-3746. [PMID: 38359432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, extreme temperature events have become more frequent and longer in duration. Previous studies on the association between extreme cold events (ECEs) and congenital heart defects (CHDs) are few and inconsistent. We conducted a national multicenter study in 1313 hospitals in 26 provinces in China and collected a total of 14 808 high CHD-risk participants from 2013 to 2021. We evaluated the ECEs experienced by each pregnant women during the embryonic period (3-8 weeks). The results indicated that ECEs experienced by pregnant women during the embryonic period were associated with the development of fetal CHD and were more strongly associated with some specific fetal CHD subtypes, such as pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary atresia, and tetralogy of Fallot. Of the CHD burden, 2.21% (95% CI: 1.43, 2.99%)-2.40% (95% CI: 1.26, 3.55%) of fetal CHD cases were attributable to ECEs during the embryonic period. Our findings emphasize the need to pay more attention to pregnant women whose embryonic period falls during the cold season to reduce cold spell detriments to newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Guo
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Ruan
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Center in Fetal Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- Echocardiography Medical Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Wan
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhou
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Center in Fetal Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- Echocardiography Medical Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Tang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihua He
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Center in Fetal Heart Disease, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- Echocardiography Medical Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Zou
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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Li J, Bai X, Ran F, Zhang C, Yan Y, Li P, Chen H. Effects of combined extreme cold and drought stress on growth, photosynthesis, and physiological characteristics of cool-season grasses. Sci Rep 2024; 14:116. [PMID: 38167885 PMCID: PMC10762181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress is an important factor affecting turf establishment and limiting the sustainability of the turf industry. To alleviate the effects of combined cold and drought stress in cold- and drought-prone regions, it is essential to select and introduce turfgrass germplasms that are suitable for these conditions for successful turf establishment. Thus, we evaluated the effects of combined extreme cold and drought stress on the morphological, plant leaf functional, photosynthetic, and physiological and biochemical traits of 16 wild annual bluegrass (Poa annua) germplasms. We found that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) among different provenances, combined cold and drought stress, and the main interaction factors. Combined cold and drought stress altered the morphological characteristics of the 16 germplasms to varying degrees. Furthermore, combined cold and drought stress significantly reduced the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (Tr), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE), chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, accumulated intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and relative electrical conductivity (REC) and malondialdehyde (MDA), proline (Pro), soluble protein (SP), soluble sugar (SS), superoxide anion (O2.-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (·OH) and other active oxygen, and increased the superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), peroxidase activity (POD), catalase activity (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase activity (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities. Comprehensive evaluation using principal component analysis (PCA), membership function analysis, and clustered heatmaps indicated that the 'HZ' germplasm had stronger combined cold and drought tolerance, whereas the 'ZQ' germplasm was more sensitive to combined cold and drought, which was roughly consistent with the order of morphological damage symptoms. Therefore, it is recommended to use the 'HZ' germplasm for planting projects in cold- and drought-prone areas, while the 'ZQ' germplasm is more suitable for use under warmer and non-water-deficient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanxia Li
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiaoming Bai
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Fu Ran
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Caizhong Zhang
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yubang Yan
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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Salih H, Bai W, Liang Y, Yang R, Zhao M, Muhammd SM, Zhang D, Li X. ROS scavenging enzyme-encoding genes play important roles in the desert moss Syntrichia caninervis response to extreme cold and desiccation stresses. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127778. [PMID: 37926320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress is one of the major environmental constraints limiting plant growth. Syntrichia caninervis is one of the unique plant models that can cope with harsh environments. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a vital signaling molecule for protecting plants from oxidative stress, but research on ROS in S. caninervis is limited. Here, we identified 112 ROS genes in S. caninervis, including 40 GSTs, 51 PODs, 9 SODs, 6 CATs, 3 GPXs and 3 APXs families. GO and KEGG analyses showed that ROS genes are involved in responses to various stimuli and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. ROS genes contain many stress-responsive and hormonal cis-elements in their promoter regions. More ROS genes were induced by cold stress than desiccation stress, and both conditions changed the transcript abundances of several ROS genes. CAT and POD, H2O2, MDA, and GSH were also induced under biotic stress, specifically CAT activity. The results indicated that the ScCAT genes and their activities could be strongly associated with the regulation of ROS production. This is the first systematic identification of ROS genes in S. caninervis and our findings contribute to further research into the roles of ScROS adjustment under abiotic stress while also providing excellent genetic resources for plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haron Salih
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 830000 Urumqi, China
| | - Wenwan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 830000 Urumqi, China
| | - RuiRui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Surayya Mustapha Muhammd
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 830000 Urumqi, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 830000 Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 830000 Urumqi, China.
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Gubkina LV, Samodova AV, Dobrodeeva LK. Distinctive aspects of the immune status of the Kola Saami and Russians living in the Far North. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e23969. [PMID: 37563854 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The level of immunological reactivity of the indigenous inhabitants of the Far North may depend on the extreme-discomfort factors of the climatic environment and genetic traits of the population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the distinctive elements of the immune status of the Kola Saami and Russians living in the Far North (Murmansk Region). METHODS A complex immunological study of peripheral venous blood composition was performed and involved 67 Saami and 81 Russian inhabitants of the Far North (Murmansk Region) who were aged 21-55. Blood was collected from the cubital vein on an empty stomach in the morning. For the peripheral venous blood, we obtained a hemogram and phagocytic activity of neutrophils, determined the content of lymphocytes with CD4, CD8, CD16, and CD71 phenotypes by indirect immunoperoxidase reaction and flow cytometry using an Epics XL apparatus (Beckman Coulter, United States), obtained concentrations of IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-10, IgA, M, G, E, sCD54, and sCD62L, transferrin, and sCD71 by enzyme immunoassay using the "Evolis" enzyme immunoassay analyzer from Bio-RAD (Germany), and obtained circulating immune complexes by precipitation using 3.5%, 4.0%, and 7.5% PEG-6000. The sIgA content was determined in morning saliva, urine, and gastrointestinal tract secretions. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t-criterion, and Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS A decrease in the total number of leukocyte cells in the Saami was associated with a high incidence of leukopenia, lymphopenia, and neutropenia. Deficiency in active phagocytes and serum IgA and sIgA concentrations was revealed as well as increased contents of CD4+ and CD8+ receptor lymphocytes, membrane and free adhesion molecules, and transferrin. Leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, and eosinophilia with increased contents of natural killer cells, IL-6, and IL-10 were recorded more frequently in the Russians. High levels of IgE and IFN-γ, which have the most pronounced cytotoxicity and are indicative of strained immune mechanisms, were characteristic of the Saami and Russians. CONCLUSION The distinctive aspects of the immune status of the Kola Saami is related to the deficit in the active phagocyte and serum IgA and sIgA concentrations as well as the increase in the contents of cytotoxic lymphocytes, intercellular adhesion molecules, transferrin, and IFN-γ proinflammatory cytokines. The Russian inhabitants of the Far North are characterized by an adaptive response manifested by an increase in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, involving IL-6 and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov V Gubkina
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FCIAR UrB RAS), Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Anna V Samodova
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FCIAR UrB RAS), Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Liliya K Dobrodeeva
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FCIAR UrB RAS), Arkhangelsk, Russia
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Zhang RJ, Liu B, Song SS, Salah R, Song CJ, Xia SW, Hao Q, Liu YJ, Li Y, Lai YS. Lipid-Related Domestication Accounts for the Extreme Cold Sensitivity of Semiwild and Tropic Xishuangbanna Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. xishuangbannanesis). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:79. [PMID: 38203249 PMCID: PMC10779220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Xishuangbanna (XIS) cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. xishuangbannanesis) is a semiwild variety originating from low latitude tropic areas, and therefore shows extreme cold sensitivity and heat tolerance. Here, we mapped the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control the cold sensitivity and heat tolerance of XIS cucumber seedlings. Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA), we identified three QTLs (HTT1.1, HTT3.1, and HTT3.2, with a total length of 11.98 Mb) for heat tolerance and two QTLs (LTT6.1 and LTT6.2, with a total length of 8.74 Mb) for cold sensitivity. The QTL LTT6.1 was then narrowed down to a length of 641 kb by using kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers. Based on structural variants (SVs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we found the LTT6.1 is covered by a high divergent region including a 50 kb deletion in the XIS49 genome, which affects the gene structure of lipase abhydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6, Csa_6G032560). Accordingly, there is a very big difference in lipid composition, but not in other osmoprotectants like free amino acids and fatty acids, between XIS49 and cultivated cucumber CL. Moreover, we calculated the composite likelihood ratio (CLR) and identified selective sweeps from 115 resequencing data, and found that lipid- and fatty-acid-related processes are major aspects in the domestication of the XIS group cucumber. LTT6.1 is a particularly special region positioned nearby lipid-related selective sweeps. These studies above suggested that the lipid-related domestication of XIS cucumbers should account for their extreme cold sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (R.S.)
| | - Bin Liu
- Hami-Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China;
| | - Shan-Shan Song
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (R.S.)
| | - Radwa Salah
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (R.S.)
| | - Chang-Jiang Song
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (R.S.)
| | - Shi-Wei Xia
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (R.S.)
| | - Qian Hao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (R.S.)
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (R.S.)
| | - Yu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (R.S.)
| | - Yun-Song Lai
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China (R.S.)
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Kim KN, Lim YH, Bae S, Kim JH, Hwang SS, Kim MJ, Oh J, Lim H, Choi J, Kwon HJ. Associations between cold spells and hospital admission and mortality due to diabetes: A nationwide multi-region time-series study in Korea. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156464. [PMID: 35660607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme cold events in the mid-latitudes. However, although diabetes is one of the most critical metabolic diseases due to its high and increasing prevalence worldwide, few studies have investigated the short-term association between cold exposure and diabetes-related outcomes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between cold spells and their characteristics (intensity, duration, and seasonal timing) and hospital admission and mortality due to diabetes. METHODS This study used claims data from the National Health Insurance Service and cause-specific mortality data from Statistics Korea (2010-2019). Cold spells were defined as ≥2 consecutive days with a daily mean temperature lower than the region-specific 5th percentile during the cold season (November-March). Quasi-Poisson regressions combined with distributed lag models were used to assess the associations between exposures and outcomes in 16 regions across the Republic of Korea. Meta-analyses were conducted to pool the region-specific estimates. RESULTS Exposure to cold spells was associated with an increased risk of hospital admission [relative risk (RR) = 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26, 1.66] and mortality (RR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.37, 2.99) due to diabetes. The association between cold spells and hospital admission due to diabetes was stronger for cold spells that were more intense, longer, and occurred later during the cold season. The association between cold spells and diabetes-related mortality was stronger for more intense and longer cold spells. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes the importance of developing effective interventions against cold spells, including education on the dangers of cold spells and early alarm systems. Further studies are needed to create real-world interventions and evaluate their effectiveness in improving diabetes-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Nam Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youn-Hee Lim
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanghyuk Bae
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hun Kim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Sik Hwang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ji Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Oh
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungryul Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyuk Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Li AJ, Zhou GJ, Lai RWS, Leung PTY, Wu CC, Zeng EY, Lui GCS, Leung KMY. Extreme cold or warm events can potentially exacerbate chemical toxicity to the marine medaka fish Oryzias melastigma. Aquat Toxicol 2022; 249:106226. [PMID: 35738209 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Marine ecosystems are currently subjected to dual stresses of chemical pollution and climate change. Through a series of laboratory experiments, this study investigated the impact of exposure to chemical contaminant such as DDT or copper (Cu), in combination with cold or warm temperature extremes on the marine medaka fish Oryzias melastigma. The results showed that extreme seawater temperatures (i.e., 15 and 32 °C in sub-tropical Hong Kong) exacerbated adverse chemical impacts on the growth performance of O. melastigma, in particular at the high thermal extreme. This was likely associated with an interruption of oxygen consumption and aerobic scope. Most importantly, the results of acclimation experiments, as reflected by thermal tolerance polygons, showed that chemical exposure substantially narrowed the thermal tolerance of the medaka, making them more vulnerable to temperature changes and extreme thermal events. Under dual stresses of thermal extremes and chemical exposure, the medaka switched their metabolic pathway to anaerobic respiration that might deplete their energy reserve for chemical detoxification. Although stress proteins such as heat shock proteins (HSP90) were up-regulated for cellular protection in the fish, such a defensive mechanism was repressed with intensifying dual stresses at high temperature and high chemical concentration. Bioconcentration of DDT or Cu generally increased with increasing temperature and its exposure concentration. Overall, these complex chemical-temperature interactions concomitantly exerted a concerted adverse impact to O. melastigma. The temperature-dependent toxicity of DDT or Cu shown in this study clearly demonstrated the potential challenge brought by the risk of chemical pollution under the impact of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela J Li
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Colleage of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Racliffe W S Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Priscilla T Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen C Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gilbert C S Lui
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Holmstrup M, Sørensen JG, Dai W, Krogh PH, Schmelz RM, Slotsbo S. Analysis of heat and cold tolerance of a freeze-tolerant soil invertebrate distributed from temperate to Arctic regions: evidence of selection for extreme cold tolerance. J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:435-445. [PMID: 35312816 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance to thermal extremes is critical for the geographic distributions of ectotherm species, many of which are probably going to be modified by future climatic changes. To predict species distributions it is important to understand the potential of species to adapt to changing thermal conditions. Here, we tested whether the thermal tolerance traits of a common freeze-tolerant potworm were correlated with climatic conditions and if adaptation to extreme cold constrains the evolutionary potential for high temperature tolerance. Further, we tested if evolution of thermal tolerance traits is associated with costs in other fitness traits (body size and reproduction). Lastly, we tested if slopes of temperature-survival curves (i.e., the sensitivity distribution) are related to tolerance itself. Using 24 populations of the potworm, Enchytraeus albidus Henle (Enchytraeidae), collected from a wide range of climatic conditions, we established a common garden experiment in which we determined high and low temperature tolerance (using survival as endpoint), average reproductive output and adult body size. Heat tolerance was not related to environmental temperatures whereas lower lethal temperature was about 10 °C lower in Arctic populations than in populations from temperate regions. Reproduction was not related to environmental temperature, but was negatively correlated with cold tolerance. One explanation for the trade-off between cold tolerance and reproduction could be that the more cold-hardy populations need to channel energy to large glycogen reserves at the expense of less energy expenditure for reproduction. Adult body size was negatively related to environmental temperature. Finally, the slopes of temperature-survival curves were significantly correlated with critical temperature limits for heat and cold tolerance; i.e., slopes increased with thermal tolerance. Our results suggest that relatively heat-sensitive populations possess genetic variation, leaving room for improved heat tolerance through evolutionary processes, which may alleviate the effects of a warmer future climate in the Arctic. On the other hand, we observed relatively narrow sensitivity distributions (i.e., less variation) in the most heat tolerant populations. Taken together, our results suggest that both cold and heat tolerance can only be selected for (and improved) until a certain limit has been reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holmstrup
- Department of Ecoscience, Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - Jesper G Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Building 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Wencai Dai
- Department of Ecoscience, Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Paul Henning Krogh
- Department of Ecoscience, Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Rüdiger M Schmelz
- IFAB, Institute for Applied Soil Biology, Tomberg 24a, 22337, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Department of Ecoscience, Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
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Teległów A, Romanovski V, Skowron B, Mucha D, Tota Ł, Rosińczuk J, Mucha D. The Effect of Extreme Cold on Complete Blood Count and Biochemical Indicators: A Case Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 19:424. [PMID: 35010684 PMCID: PMC8744862 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regular exposure to a cold factor-cold water swimming or ice swimming and cold air-results in an increased tolerance to cold due to numerous adaptive mechanisms in humans. Due to the lack of scientific reports on the effects of extremely low outdoor temperatures on the functioning of the human circulatory system, the aim of this study was to evaluate complete blood count and biochemical blood indices in multiple Guinness world record holder Valerjan Romanovski, who was exposed to extremely cold environment from -5 °C to -37 °C for 50 days in Rovaniemi (a city in northern Finland). Valerjan Romanovski proved that humans can function in extremely cold temperatures. Blood from the subject was collected before and after the expedition. The subject was found to have abnormalities for the following blood indices: testosterone increases by 60.14%, RBC decreases by 4.01%, HGB decreases by 3.47%, WBC decreases by 21.53%, neutrocytes decrease by 17.31%, PDW increases by 5.31%, AspAT increases by 52.81%, AlAT increase by 68.75%, CK increases by 8.61%, total cholesterol decreases by 5.88%, HDL increases by 28.18%. Percentage changes in other complete blood count and biochemical indices were within standard limits. Long-term exposure of the subject (50 days) to extreme cold stress had no noticeable negative effect on daily functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Teległów
- Department of Rehabilitation in Internal Diseases, Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Valerjan Romanovski
- Non-Governmental Organization and Association Oswajamy Żywioły, 25-607 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Beata Skowron
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Dawid Mucha
- Institute of Health Sciences, Podhale State College of Applied Science in Nowy Targ, 34-400 Nowy Targ, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Tota
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Rosińczuk
- Department of Nursing and Obstetrics, Division of Internal Medicine Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Mucha
- Department of Biological Regeneration and Correction of Posture Defects, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
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10
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Song X, Jiang L, Zhang D, Wang X, Ma Y, Hu Y, Tang J, Li X, Huang W, Meng Y, Shi A, Feng Y, Zhang Y. Impact of short-term exposure to extreme temperatures on diabetes mellitus morbidity and mortality? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:58035-58049. [PMID: 34105073 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between diabetes mellitus and short-term exposure to extreme temperatures remains controversial. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to assess the association between extreme temperatures and diabetes mellitus morbidity and mortality. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) were searched since inception to January 1, 2019, and updated on November 17, 2020. The results were combined using random effects model and reported as relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). In total, 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. (1) Both heat and cold exposures have impact on diabetes. (2) For heat exposure, the subgroup analysis revealed that the effect on diabetes mortality (RR=1.139, 95% CI: 1.089-1.192) was higher than morbidity (RR=1.012, 95% CI: 1.004-1.019). (3) With the increase of definition threshold, the impact of heat exposure on diabetes rose. (4) A stronger association between heat exposure and diabetes was observed in the elderly (≥ 60 years old) (RR=1.040, 95% CI: 1.017-1.064). In conclusion, short-term exposure to both heat and cold temperatures has impact on diabetes. The elderly is the vulnerable population of diabetes exposure to heat temperature. Developing definitions of heatwaves at the regional level are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Song
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Liangzhen Jiang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Second Clinical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiayang Li
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenqiang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Anchen Shi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Gansu Province Hospital Rehabilitation Center, 53 Dingxi Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
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11
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Sullivan-Kwantes W, Haman F, Kingma BRM, Martini S, Gautier-Wong E, Chen KY, Friedl KE. Human performance research for military operations in extreme cold environments. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:954-962. [PMID: 33358087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Soldier performance in the Arctic depends on planning and training, protective equipment, and human physiological limits. The purpose of this review was to highlight the span of current research on enhancing soldier effectiveness in extreme cold and austere environments. METHODS The practices of seasoned soldiers who train in the Arctic and cold-dwelling natives inform performance strategies. We provide examples of research and technology that build on these concepts. RESULTS Examples of current performance research include evaluation of equipment and tactics such as the bioenergetics of load carriage over snow in Norwegian exercises; Canadian field monitoring of hand temperatures and freezing cold injuries for better protection of manual dexterity; and Dutch predictive modeling of cold-wet work tolerances. Healthy young men can respond to cold with a substantial thermogenic response based on US and Canadian studies on brown adipose tissue and other mechanisms of non-shivering thermogenesis; the potential advantage of greater fat insulation is offset in obese unfit subjects by a smaller thermogenic response. Current physiological studies are addressing previously unanswered problems of cold acclimation procedures, thermogenic enhancement and regulation, and modulation of sympathetic activation, all of which may further enhance cold survival and expand the performance envelope. CONCLUSION There is an inseparable behavioral component to soldier performance in the Arctic, and even the best equipment does not benefit soldiers who have not trained in the actual environment. Training inexperienced soldiers to performance limits may be helped with personal monitoring technologies and predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boris R M Kingma
- TNO, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Sciences, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Svein Martini
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Emilie Gautier-Wong
- Les Voltigeurs de Québec, 35 Canadian Brigade Group, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kong Y Chen
- NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karl E Friedl
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Islam MJ, Kunzmann A, Slater MJ. Extreme winter cold-induced osmoregulatory, metabolic, and physiological responses in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) acclimatized at different salinities. Sci Total Environ 2021; 771:145202. [PMID: 33736134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite climate-change challenges, for most aquaculture species, physiological responses to different salinities during ambient extreme cold events remain unknown. Here, European seabass acclimatized at 3, 6, 12, and 30 PSU were subjected to 20 days of an ambient extreme winter cold event (8 °C), and monitored for growth and physiological performance. Growth performance decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in fish exposed at 3 and 30 PSU compared to 6 and 12 PSU. During cold stress exposure, serum Na+, Cl-, and K+ concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in fish exposed at 30 PSU. Serum cortisol, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in fish exposed at 3 and 30 PSU. In contrast, opposite trends were observed for serum protein, lactate, and triglycerides content during cold exposure. Transaminase activities [glutamic-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl-transaminase (γGGT)] were significantly higher in fish exposed at 3 and 30 PSU on days 10 and 20. The abundance of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance (CFTR) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in fish exposed at 3 and 30 PSU during cold shock exposure. In contrast, insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) expression was significantly lower in fish exposed at 3 and 30 PSU. Whereas, on day 20, Na+/K+ ATPase α1 and Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter-1 (NKCC1) were significantly upregulated in fish exposed at 30 PSU, followed by 12, 6, and 3 PSU. Results demonstrated that ambient extreme winter cold events induce metabolic and physiological stress responses and provide a conceivable mechanism by which growth and physiological fitness are limited at cold thermal events. However, during ambient extreme cold (8 °C) exposure, European seabass exhibited better physiological fitness at 12 and 6 PSU water, providing possible insight into future aquaculture management options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jakiul Islam
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 28359 Bremen, Germany; Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Chemistry (FB 02), University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Kunzmann
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthew James Slater
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Kidd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Crisis and Critical Care, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada.
| | - Shakoor Hajat
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Kwame McKenzie
- Wellesley Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Wu J, Hu Z, Han Z, Gu Y, Yang L, Sun B. Human physiological responses of exposure to extremely cold environments. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102933. [PMID: 34016355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Extremely cold events have occurred more frequently in the past few years. People exposed to extremely cold exposure could suffer the threats of human health and safety like cold stress and injury. This study aims to investigate human physiological responses of exposure to extremely cold environments and the moment of temperature step. The experiments of 12 subjects exposed to three different cold exposure conditions (-5 °C, -10 °C, -15 °C) were carried out in a climate chamber. Most critical physiological parameters, including the core temperature, local skin temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate and blood oxygen saturation, were measured to evaluate human physiological responses. In the particular short term study, the results show that the local skin temperature and blood pressure are the most significant indexes for evaluating the risk of cold strain in extremely cold environment. The finger temperature is a critical index of hand and finger flexibility, and it will lead to serious injuries and reduced manual performance when exposed to below -5 °C for more than 20 min. The high physiological strain at the very beginning moment of cold exposure can significantly affect the ability to make correct judgment and action, and it is suggested that the personnel adapt for 3 min after entering into the extremely cold environment to stabilize physiological parameters and thus enhancing the safety and occupational performance. The experimental data of this study is also of great significance for the development and validation of thermophysiological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Wu
- School of Emergency Management & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zhuqiang Hu
- School of Emergency Management & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhaoxing Han
- School of Emergency Management & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yin Gu
- School of Emergency Management & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Emergency Management & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Boyang Sun
- School of Emergency Management & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
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15
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Kienbacher CL, Kaltenberger R, Schreiber W, Tscherny K, Fuhrmann V, Roth D, Herkner H. Extreme weather conditions as a gender-specific risk factor for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 43:50-53. [PMID: 33516070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute coronary syndrome is a disease with high prevalence and high mortality. Exposure to heat or cold increases the risks of myocardial infarction significantly. Gender-specific effects of this have not yet been examined. Our goal was to determine whether extreme weather conditions, which become more and more frequent, are gender-specific risk factors for myocardial infarction, in order to help provide faster diagnosis and revascularization therapy for patients. METHODS We analysed the incidence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a large urban area over a 65-months period in a cohort study. A day was the unit of analysis. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) with Poisson regression models were calculated. All patients with STEMI on Saturdays and Sundays were included. Gender, high or low perceived temperatures (PT), a function of temperature, wind speed and humidity, and meteorological cold and heat warnings by the Austrian Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG) were considered as risk factors. RESULTS During the 562 days of the study period, a total of 1109 patients with STEMI (803; 72% men, mean age 61;14 years) were included. The gender difference between men and women was much more pronounced on cold (0 °C) days (85% of patients male; 1.8 per day) than on hot (20 °C) days (71% male; 1.4 per day) or days without extreme temperatures (72% male; 1.4 per day). We found significant interaction between gender and cold days (IRR of the interaction term 2.3 (95% CI 1.2-4.6), p = 0.02). No gender-specific effect was observed on warm days (IRR for interaction 0.9 (95% CI 0.6-1.3), p = 0.3). CONCLUSION Low perceived temperature pronouncedly increases the already elevated risk for STEMI in males. Whether this effect is based on gender alone, or on one of the cardiovascular risk factors which are more common in men, is up to further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rainer Kaltenberger
- Austrian Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Schreiber
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Emergency Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Katharina Tscherny
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Emergency Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Verena Fuhrmann
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Emergency Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dominik Roth
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Emergency Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Harald Herkner
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Emergency Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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16
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Stroud JT, Mothes CC, Beckles W, Heathcote RJP, Donihue CM, Losos JB. An extreme cold event leads to community-wide convergence in lower temperature tolerance in a lizard community. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200625. [PMID: 33081602 PMCID: PMC7655475 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme climate events are predicted to increase in frequency and severity due to contemporary climate change. Recent studies have documented the evolutionary impacts of extreme events on single species, but no studies have yet investigated whether such events can drive community-wide patterns of trait shifts. On 22 January 2020, subtropical south Florida experienced an extreme cold episode during which air temperatures dropped below the lower thermal limit of resident lizard populations. In the week immediately after the cold event, we documented decreased lower thermal limits (CTmin) of six co-occurring lizard species that vary widely in ecology, body size and thermal physiology. Although cold tolerance of these species differed significantly before the cold snap, lizards sampled immediately after had converged on the same new, lower limit of thermal tolerance. Here, we demonstrate that extreme climate events can drive substantial and synchronous community-wide trait changes and provide evidence that tropical and subtropical ectotherms-often characterized as unable to withstand rapid changes in climatic conditions-can endure climatic conditions that exceed their physiological limits. Future studies investigating the mechanisms driving these trait shifts will prove valuable in understanding the ability of ectotherm communities to mitigate climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Stroud
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Winter Beckles
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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17
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Upadhyay M, Hauser A, Kunz E, Krebs S, Blum H, Dotsev A, Okhlopkov I, Bagirov V, Brem G, Zinovieva N, Medugorac I. The First Draft Genome Assembly of Snow Sheep (Ovis nivicola). Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:1330-1336. [PMID: 32592471 PMCID: PMC7487135 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The snow sheep, Ovis nivicola, which is endemic to the mountain ranges of northeastern Siberia, are well adapted to the harsh cold climatic conditions of their habitat. In this study, using long reads of Nanopore sequencing technology, whole-genome sequencing, assembly, and gene annotation of a snow sheep were carried out. Additionally, RNA-seq reads from several tissues were also generated to supplement the gene prediction in snow sheep genome. The assembled genome was ∼2.62 Gb in length and was represented by 7,157 scaffolds with N50 of about 2 Mb. The repetitive sequences comprised of 41% of the total genome. BUSCO analysis revealed that the snow sheep assembly contained full-length or partial fragments of 97% of mammalian universal single-copy orthologs (n = 4,104), illustrating the completeness of the assembly. In addition, a total of 20,045 protein-coding sequences were identified using comprehensive gene prediction pipeline. Of which 19,240 (∼96%) sequences were annotated using protein databases. Moreover, homology-based searches and de novo identification detected 1,484 tRNAs; 243 rRNAs; 1,931 snRNAs; and 782 miRNAs in the snow sheep genome. To conclude, we generated the first de novo genome of the snow sheep using long reads; these data are expected to contribute significantly to our understanding related to evolution and adaptation within the Ovis genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulik Upadhyay
- Population Genomics Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Hauser
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kunz
- Population Genomics Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arsen Dotsev
- L.K. Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry, Moscow Region, Podolsk, Russia
| | | | - Vugar Bagirov
- L.K. Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry, Moscow Region, Podolsk, Russia
| | - Gottfried Brem
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Natalia Zinovieva
- L.K. Ernst Federal Science Center for Animal Husbandry, Moscow Region, Podolsk, Russia
| | - Ivica Medugorac
- Population Genomics Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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18
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Kopyrina L, Firsova A, Rodionova E, Zakharova Y, Bashenkhaeva M, Usoltseva M, Likhoshway Y. The insight into diatom diversity, ecology, and biogeography of an extreme cold ultraoligotrophic Lake Labynkyr at the Pole of Cold in the northern hemisphere. Extremophiles 2020; 24:603-623. [PMID: 32529597 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-020-01181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater ultraoligotrophic Lake Labynkyr is located near the Pole of Cold in the northern hemisphere (Yakutia, Russia). The lake is covered by ice during 240 days a year. We undertook several expeditions to the lake during the ice and open water periods for sampling ice fouling, plankton and periphyton that were then analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy. As a result, we identified a high biodiversity of diatoms-123 species and intraspecific taxa from 53 genera, among them 3 species were new for Russia and 26 taxa were new for the algal flora of Yakutia. The oligo- and xenosaprobionts and their variations dominate-71 taxa. 18 Species were evaluated as tolerant to cold oligotrophic waters, 12 occurred on the ice bottom, and 62 in the water column under ice (0-25 m). 104 taxa were found during the open water period, 70 taxa were identified in the periphyton. We showed the diatom flora of Lake Labynkyr to be unique compared with other lakes of Yakutia and to share taxa with the diatom flora of Lake Baikal. The diatoms being indicators of the global climate changes and ecological status of lakes, our data can be used as an evidence of such changes as well as to be useful studies of biogeography and history of formation of flora in Arctic and Subarctic waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Kopyrina
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 41 Lenin Ave., Yakutsk, 677980, Russia
| | - Alena Firsova
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Ulan-Batorskaya Street, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia.
| | - Elena Rodionova
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Ulan-Batorskaya Street, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Yulia Zakharova
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Ulan-Batorskaya Street, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Maria Bashenkhaeva
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Ulan-Batorskaya Street, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Marina Usoltseva
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Ulan-Batorskaya Street, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Yelena Likhoshway
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Ulan-Batorskaya Street, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
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Abstract
Endotherms defend their body temperature in the cold by employing shivering (ST) and/or non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). Although NST is well documented in mammals, its importance to avian heat generation is unclear. Recent work points to a prominent role for the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) in muscular NST. SERCA's involvement in both ST and NST, however, posits a tradeoff between these two heat-generating mechanisms. To explore this tradeoff, we assayed pectoralis gene expression of adult songbirds exposed to chronic temperature acclimations. Counter to mammal models, we found that cold-acclimated birds downregulated the expression of sarcolipin (SLN), a gene coding for a peptide that promotes heat generation by uncoupling SERCA Ca2+ transport from ATP hydrolysis, indicating a reduced potential for muscular NST. We also found differential expression of many genes involved in Ca2+ cycling and muscle contraction and propose that decreased SLN could promote increased pectoralis contractility for ST. Moreover, SLN transcript abundance negatively correlated with peak oxygen consumption under cold exposure (a proxy for ST) across individuals, and higher SLN transcript abundance escalated an individual's risk of hypothermia in acute cold. Our results therefore suggest that SLN-mediated NST may not be an important mechanism of-and could be a hindrance to-avian thermoregulation in extreme cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stager
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Park CS, Vogel E, Larson LM, Myers SS, Daniel M, Biggs BA. The global effect of extreme weather events on nutrient supply: a superposed epoch analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2019; 3:e429-e438. [PMID: 31625515 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(19)30193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, the effects of extreme weather events on nutrient supply within the population have not been quantified. In this study, we investigated micronutrient, macronutrient, and fibre supply changes during 175 extreme weather events within 87 countries in the year that a major extreme weather event occurred, with a targeted focus on low-income settings. METHODS We collected data from the International Disasters Database and the Global Expanded Nutrient Supply model for the period 1961-2010, and applied superposed epoch analysis to calculate the percentage change in nutrient supply during the year of an extreme weather event relative to its historical context. We composited globally and by subgroup (EU, landlocked developing countries, least developed countries, low-income food deficit countries, and net food-importing developing countries). Lastly, we reported nutrient supply changes in terms of recommended dietary allowance for children aged 1-3 years. FINDINGS Globally, all micronutrient supplies had a modest negative percentage change during the year of an extreme weather event; of these effects, those that reached an α=0·05 significance level included calcium, folate, thiamin, vitamin B6, and vitamin C, with nutrient supply changes ranging from -0·40 to -1·73% of the average supply. The effect of an extreme weather event was especially magnified among landlocked developing countries and low-income food deficit countries, with significant nutrient supply changes ranging from -1·61 to -7·57% of the average supply. Furthermore, the observed nutrient supply deficits in landlocked developing countries constituted a large percentage (ranging from 1·95 to 39·19%) of what a healthy child's sufficient average dietary intake should be. INTERPRETATION The global effects of extreme weather events on nutrient supply found in this study are modest in isolation; however, in the context of nutrient needs for healthy child development in low-income settings, the effects observed are substantial. FUNDING Australian-American Fulbright Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caro S Park
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Australian-German Climate and Energy College, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Elisabeth Vogel
- Australian-German Climate and Energy College, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leila M Larson
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Samuel S Myers
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard University Center for the Environment, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark Daniel
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Beverley-Ann Biggs
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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21
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Budhathoki NK, Zander KK. Socio-Economic Impact of and Adaptation to Extreme Heat and Cold of Farmers in the Food Bowl of Nepal. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E1578. [PMID: 31064089 PMCID: PMC6539874 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Farmers worldwide have to deal with increasing climate variability and weather extremes. Most of the previous research has focused on impacts on agricultural production, but little is known about the related social and economic impacts on farmers. In this study, we investigated the social and economic impact of extreme weather events (EWE) on farmers in Nepal, and explored how they coped with and adapted to heat waves and cold spells between 2012 and 2017. To address these aims, we conducted a survey of 350 farms randomly selected from the Bardiya and Banke districts of the Terai lowlands of Nepal. They were specifically asked to rate the impacts of extreme temperatures, as well as their effect on labour productivity and collective farmer health, and the detailed preventative measures they had implemented. About 84% of the farmers self-reported moderate or severe heat stress during the last five years, and about 85%, moderate or severe cold stress. Likewise, the majority of respondents reported that both farmer health and labour productivity had been compromised by EWEs. Productivity loss had a strong association with the perceived levels of heat and cold stress, which, in turn, were more likely to be reported by farmers with previous EWE experience. Potentially due to the increased care required during EWEs, those farmers with livestock reported increased heat and cold stress, as, surprisingly, did those who had implemented adaptation measures. Farmers seemed to be less prepared for potential threats of cold spells than heat waves, and therefore less likely to adopt coping strategies, since these are a recent phenomenon. This study identified some limitations. The cross sectional and self-reported data, as a common source of information to estimate health impact, level of heat/cold stress and labour productivity loss. Community-based education/community engagement programs could be developed to facilitate proactive adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Kaji Budhathoki
- Northern Institute, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Brinkin 0909, Darwin NT, Australia.
| | - Kerstin K Zander
- Northern Institute, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Brinkin 0909, Darwin NT, Australia.
- German Development Institute, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
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22
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Sheridan SC, Lee CC, Allen MJ. The Mortality Response to Absolute and Relative Temperature Extremes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E1493. [PMID: 31035559 PMCID: PMC6539858 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While the impact of absolute extreme temperatures on human health has been amply studied, far less attention has been given to relative temperature extremes, that is, events that are highly unusual for the time of year but not necessarily extreme relative to a location's overall climate. In this research, we use a recently defined extreme temperature event metric to define absolute extreme heat events (EHE) and extreme cold events (ECE) using absolute thresholds, and relative extreme heat events (REHE) and relative extreme cold events (RECE) using relative thresholds. All-cause mortality outcomes using a distributed lag nonlinear model are evaluated for the largest 51 metropolitan areas in the US for the period 1975-2010. Both the immediate impacts and the cumulative 20-day impacts are assessed for each of the extreme temperature event types. The 51 metropolitan areas were then grouped into 8 regions for meta-analysis. For heat events, the greatest mortality increases occur with a 0-day lag, with the subsequent days showing below-expected mortality (harvesting) that decreases the overall cumulative impact. For EHE, increases in mortality are still statistically significant when examined over 20 days. For REHE, it appears as though the day-0 increase in mortality is short-term displacement. For cold events, both relative and absolute, there is little mortality increase on day 0, but the impacts increase on subsequent days. Cumulative impacts are statistically significant at more than half of the stations for both ECE and RECE. The response to absolute ECE is strongest, but is also significant when using RECE across several southern locations, suggesting that there may be a lack of acclimatization, increasing mortality in relative cold events both early and late in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Sheridan
- Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Cameron C Lee
- Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
| | - Michael J Allen
- Department of Political Science and Geography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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23
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Tikka A, Gao W, Liao B. Reversibility of membrane performance and structure changes caused by extreme cold water temperature and elevated conditioning water temperature. Water Res 2019; 151:260-270. [PMID: 30612082 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of extreme cold water temperature, elevated cleaning water temperature, cleaning time on membrane performance, and pore size distribution were studied using flat-sheet polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. Extreme cold water temperature led to a decrease in membrane permeability, and membrane pore size shrinkage. The use of periodical warm water (35 °C) membrane conditioning could almost completely recover the membrane permeability and pore size structure loss caused by extreme cold water temperature, while the use of room temperature (23±1 °C) conditioning recovered majority of the membrane permeability and structure loss caused by extreme cold water temperature. Changes in membrane performance correlate well with changes in membrane structure. Membranes periodically conditioned in warmer water temperature showed a higher permeability than that periodically conditioned at room temperature from a long-term operation of three months. The results suggest the change in PVDF membrane performance and structure caused by extreme cold water temperature is almost completely reversible after periodical warm water conditioning, and thus the use of warm water conditioning and/or chemical cleaning will benefit the recovery of membrane performance and structure change caused by extreme cold water temperature in cold regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Tikka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Wa Gao
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Baoqiang Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada.
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24
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Ho HC, Abbas S, Yang J, Zhu R, Wong MS. Spatiotemporal Prediction of Increasing Winter Perceived Temperature across a Sub-Tropical City for Sustainable Planning and Climate Change Mitigation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E497. [PMID: 30754664 PMCID: PMC6388248 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate variability has been documented as being key to influencing human wellbeing across cities as it is linked to mortality and illness due to changes in the perceived weather cycle. Many studies have investigated the impact of summer temperature on human health and have proposed mitigation strategies for summer heat waves. However, sub-tropical cities are still experiencing winter temperature variations. Increasing winter perceived temperature through the decades may soon affect city wellbeing, due to a larger temperature change between normal winter days and extreme cold events, which may cause higher health risk due to lack of adaptation and self-preparedness. Therefore, winter perceived temperature should also be considered and integrated in urban sustainable planning. This study has integrated the increasing winter perceived temperature as a factor for developing spatiotemporal protocols for mitigating the adverse impact of climate change. Land surface temperature (LST) derived from satellite images and building data extracted from aerial photographs were used to simulate the adjusted wind chill equivalent temperature (AWCET) particularly for sub-tropical scenarios between 1990 and 2010 of the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong. Compared with perceived temperature based on the representative station located at the headquarters of the Hong Kong Observatory, the temperature of half the study area in the Kowloon Peninsula has raised by 1.5 °C. The areas with less green space and less public open space in 2010 show higher relative temperatures. Socioeconomically deprived areas (e.g., areas with lower median monthly income) may suffer more from this scenario, but not all types of socioeconomic disparities are associated with poor sustainable planning. Based on our results and the "no-one left behind" guideline from the United Nations, climate change mitigation should be conducted by targeting socioeconomic neighborhoods more than just aging communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Chak Ho
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Sawaid Abbas
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Jinxin Yang
- School of Geographic Sciences, Guangzhou University, 510000 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Rui Zhu
- Senseable City Laboratory, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore.
| | - Man Sing Wong
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
- Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
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25
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Smith ET, Sheridan SC. The influence of extreme cold events on mortality in the United States. Sci Total Environ 2019; 647:342-351. [PMID: 30081371 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have analyzed the effects of extreme heat on human mortality, however fewer studies have focused on the effects of cold related mortality due to the complicated nature of the lagged response. This study utilized a Distributed Lag Non-Linear Model with a 30-day lag to determine the cumulative effects of extreme cold events (ECEs) on mortality across 32 cities in the United States for the period of 1975-2010. ECEs were divided into specific categories based on duration, magnitude, and timing of occurrence. Mortality was divided into all-age mortality as well as mortality of individuals >64 years old. The findings suggest a strong relationship between a city's latitude as well as the timing of an ECE with mortality. Early season ECEs result in a much higher relative risk of increased mortality, particularly in cities with higher mean winter temperatures, while the RR of mortality of individuals >64 was consistently higher for each city. This study suggests early season ECEs should receive enhanced preparedness efforts as individuals may be particularly vulnerable when not acclimatized to extreme cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T Smith
- Kent State University, PO Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242, United States of America.
| | - Scott C Sheridan
- Kent State University, PO Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242, United States of America
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26
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Liu Y, Hoppe BO, Convertino M. Threshold Evaluation of Emergency Risk Communication for Health Risks Related to Hazardous Ambient Temperature. Risk Anal 2018; 38:2208-2221. [PMID: 29637591 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Emergency risk communication (ERC) programs that activate when the ambient temperature is expected to cross certain extreme thresholds are widely used to manage relevant public health risks. In practice, however, the effectiveness of these thresholds has rarely been examined. The goal of this study is to test if the activation criteria based on extreme temperature thresholds, both cold and heat, capture elevated health risks for all-cause and cause-specific mortality and morbidity in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area. A distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) combined with a quasi-Poisson generalized linear model is used to derive the exposure-response functions between daily maximum heat index and mortality (1998-2014) and morbidity (emergency department visits; 2007-2014). Specific causes considered include cardiovascular, respiratory, renal diseases, and diabetes. Six extreme temperature thresholds, corresponding to 1st-3rd and 97th-99th percentiles of local exposure history, are examined. All six extreme temperature thresholds capture significantly increased relative risks for all-cause mortality and morbidity. However, the cause-specific analyses reveal heterogeneity. Extreme cold thresholds capture increased mortality and morbidity risks for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and extreme heat thresholds for renal disease. Percentile-based extreme temperature thresholds are appropriate for initiating ERC targeting the general population. Tailoring ERC by specific causes may protect some but not all individuals with health conditions exacerbated by hazardous ambient temperature exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brenda O Hoppe
- Department of Health, Environmental Health Division, Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Matteo Convertino
- Complexity Group, Division of Frontier Science & Media and Network Technologies, Laboratory of Information Communication Networks, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Big Data and Cybersecurity, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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27
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Snell KRS, Stokke BG, Moksnes A, Thorup K, Fossøy F. From Svalbard to Siberia: Passerines breeding in the High Arctic also endure the extreme cold of the Western Steppe. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202114. [PMID: 30183717 PMCID: PMC6124700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Few species are adapted to high latitudes, and many over-winter in milder climates with migrations involving extensive barrier crossings. By escaping extreme conditions for the majority of the year, physiological and behavioural adaptations presumably need to be less pronounced. The snow bunting Plectrophenax nivalis is the most northerly breeding passerine. We tracked the Svalbard population using geolocators to reveal that these individuals not only breed in environmental extremes, but also spend the winters in the severe cold and highly stochastic weather conditions of the Siberian steppe. Migratory strategies appeared to be flexible between individuals and years. However, common wintering grounds in the Asian Western Steppe were identified, where birds could utilise vast crop- and grasslands while enduring low ambient temperatures. The timing of significant long distance movements was consistent among individuals, and the autumn routing of the >1000 km open water flight to Novaya Zemlya incurred favourable wind assistance and lower risk of precipitation, compared to the shorter route between Svalbard and Norway used in spring. Presumably, Svalbard snow buntings are physiologically well-adapted to extreme conditions and their migration, rather being a retreat from physiologically demanding conditions, allows utilisation of an abundance of resources in the Asian Steppe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. S. Snell
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bård G. Stokke
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Torgarden, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne Moksnes
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kasper Thorup
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frode Fossøy
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Torgarden, Trondheim, Norway
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28
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Glądalski M, Bańbura M, Kaliński A, Markowski M, Skwarska J, Wawrzyniak J, Zieliński P, Bańbura J. Hatching delays in great tits and blue tits in response to an extreme cold spell: a long-term study. Int J Biometeorol 2018; 62:1437-1445. [PMID: 29667035 PMCID: PMC6063324 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Variation in ambient temperature affects various life stages of organisms. It has been suggested that climate change not only implies higher global temperatures but also more unpredictable weather and more frequent extreme weather events. Temperature has a major influence on the optimal laying-incubation-hatching dates of insectivorous passerines, because it poses energetic constraints and affects the timing of food abundance. We have been studying breeding characteristics of great tits Parus major and blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus in two areas, an urban parkland and a deciduous forest, around the city of Łódź since 2002. During the egg-laying period in 2017, both tit species at both study areas faced an unusual cold spell as reflected by a sudden decrease in the mean ambient temperature to ca. 2-3 °C for about 5 days, which caused mean hatching delays of up to 6 days. Since flexibility of behavior plays a major role in adjusting to unpredictable weather conditions, examining its limits may be an important goal for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Glądalski
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Mirosława Bańbura
- Museum of Natural History, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Kilińskiego 101, 90-011, Łódź, Poland
| | - Adam Kaliński
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marcin Markowski
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Skwarska
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jarosław Wawrzyniak
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Zieliński
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jerzy Bańbura
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
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29
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Lee W, Choi HM, Lee JY, Kim DH, Honda Y, Kim H. Temporal changes in mortality impacts of heat wave and cold spell in Korea and Japan. Environ Int 2018; 116:136-146. [PMID: 29679776 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Investigating how well people adapt to heat waves and cold spells has been an important issue under climate change. Also, most of previous studies focused only on the mortality risks for heat waves or cold spells for certain time period not considering its temporal changes and increasing frequencies. This study investigated the change in risks of mortality from heat waves and cold spells over time, and estimated the temporal changes in mortality burden attributed to heat waves and cold spells in Korea and Japan. We collected time-series data covering mortality and weather variables from 53 communities in the two countries from 1992 to 2015. Two-stage time-series regression with a time-varying distributed lag model and meta-analysis was used to assess the impacts of heat waves and cold spells by period (1990s, 2000s, and 2010s). In total population, the risks of heat waves have decreased over time; however their mortality burden increased in the 2010s compared to the 2000s with increasing frequency. On the other hand, the risk and health burden of cold spells have increased over the decades. Our findings showed that the future mortality burden of heat waves and cold spells might not decrease, when considering their changes in risks and frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whanhee Lee
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayon Michelle Choi
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Lee
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hye Kim
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Pantůček R, Sedláček I, Indráková A, Vrbovská V, Mašlaňová I, Kovařovic V, Švec P, Králová S, Krištofová L, Kekláková J, Petráš P, Doškař J. Staphylococcus edaphicus sp. nov., Isolated in Antarctica, Harbors the mecC Gene and Genomic Islands with a Suspected Role in Adaptation to Extreme Environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01746-17. [PMID: 29079617 PMCID: PMC5752872 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01746-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Gram-stain-positive, coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains were isolated from abiotic sources comprising stone fragments and sandy soil in James Ross Island, Antarctica. Here, we describe properties of a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus that has a 16S rRNA gene sequence nearly identical to that of Staphylococcus saprophyticus However, compared to S. saprophyticus and the next closest relatives, the new species demonstrates considerable phylogenetic distance at the whole-genome level, with an average nucleotide identity of <85% and inferred DNA-DNA hybridization of <30%. It forms a separate branch in the S. saprophyticus phylogenetic clade as confirmed by multilocus sequence analysis of six housekeeping genes, rpoB, hsp60, tuf, dnaJ, gap, and sod Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and key biochemical characteristics allowed these bacteria to be distinguished from their nearest phylogenetic neighbors. In contrast to S. saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus, the novel strains are pyrrolidonyl arylamidase and β-glucuronidase positive and β-galactosidase negative, nitrate is reduced, and acid produced aerobically from d-mannose. Whole-genome sequencing of the 2.69-Mb large chromosome revealed the presence of a number of mobile genetic elements, including the 27-kb pseudo-staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec of strain P5085T (ψSCCmecP5085), harboring the mecC gene, two composite phage-inducible chromosomal islands probably essential to adaptation to extreme environments, and one complete and one defective prophage. Both strains are resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, ceftazidime, methicillin, cefoxitin, and fosfomycin. We hypothesize that antibiotic resistance might represent an evolutionary advantage against beta-lactam producers, which are common in a polar environment. Based on these results, a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus is described and named Staphylococcus edaphicus sp. nov. The type strain is P5085T (= CCM 8730T = DSM 104441T).IMPORTANCE The description of Staphylococcus edaphicus sp. nov. enables the comparison of multidrug-resistant staphylococci from human and veterinary sources evolved in the globalized world to their geographically distant relative from the extreme Antarctic environment. Although this new species was not exposed to the pressure of antibiotic treatment in human or veterinary practice, mobile genetic elements carrying antimicrobial resistance genes were found in the genome. The genomic characteristics presented here elucidate the evolutionary relationships in the Staphylococcus genus with a special focus on antimicrobial resistance, pathogenicity, and survival traits. Genes encoded on mobile genetic elements were arranged in unique combinations but retained conserved locations for the integration of mobile genetic elements. These findings point to enormous plasticity of the staphylococcal pangenome, shaped by horizontal gene transfer. Thus, S. edaphicus can act not only as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance in a natural environment but also as a mediator for the spread and evolution of resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pantůček
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Sedláček
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Indráková
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vrbovská
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Mašlaňová
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Kovařovic
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Švec
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislava Králová
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Krištofová
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kekláková
- Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Petráš
- Reference Laboratory for Staphylococci, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Doškař
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Papale M, Rizzo C, Villescusa JA, Rochera C, Camacho A, Michaud L, Lo Giudice A. Prokaryotic assemblages in the maritime Antarctic Lake Limnopolar (Byers Peninsula, South Shetland Islands). Extremophiles 2017; 21:947-961. [PMID: 28936677 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-017-0955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The potentially metabolically active components within the prokaryotic assemblages inhabiting the Antarctic Lake Limnopolar (Byers Peninsula, Maritime Antarctica) were investigated by a polyphasic approach which included culture-dependent and culture-independent methods (based on RNA molecules). Results support previous observations on the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominance, followed by Actinobacteria, in Antarctic lakes. In particular, Alpha-, Betaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were mainly detected by CARD-FISH and cDNA cloning, whereas Gammaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria dominated within the cultivable fraction. Overall, this study demonstrates the survival potential and physiological heterogeneity of the prokaryotic community in the Lake Limnopolar. The microbial community composition in the lake is affected by external influences (such as marine environment by sea spray and seabird dropping, and microbial mats and mosses of the catchment). However, most external bacteria would be inactive, whereas typical polar taxa dominate the potentially active fraction and are subsidized by external nutrient sources, thus assuming the main biogeochemical roles within the lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Papale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - C Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - J A Villescusa
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidad de Valencia, Apartado de Correos 22085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Rochera
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidad de Valencia, Apartado de Correos 22085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Camacho
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidad de Valencia, Apartado de Correos 22085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - L Michaud
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - A Lo Giudice
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
- Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122, Messina, Italy.
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Gonçalves VN, Vitoreli GA, de Menezes GCA, Mendes CRB, Secchi ER, Rosa CA, Rosa LH. Taxonomy, phylogeny and ecology of cultivable fungi present in seawater gradients across the Northern Antarctica Peninsula. Extremophiles 2017; 21:1005-1015. [PMID: 28856503 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-017-0959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-six seawater samples collected at different depths of the Gerlache and Bransfield Straits in the Northern Antarctic Peninsula were analyzed, and the average of the total fungal counts ranged from 0.3 to >300 colony forming units per liter (CFU/L) in density. The fungal were purified and identified as 15 taxa belonged to the genera Acremonium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Cystobasidium, Exophiala, Glaciozyma, Graphium, Lecanicillium, Metschnikowia, Penicillium, Purpureocillium and Simplicillium. Penicillium chrysogenum, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, and Graphium rubrum were found at high densities in at least two different sites and depths. Our results show at the first time that in the seawater of Antarctic Ocean occur diverse fungal assemblages despite extreme conditions, which suggests the presence of a complex aquatic fungi food web, including species reported as barophiles, symbionts, weak and strong saprobes, parasites and pathogens, as well as those found in the polluted environments of the world. Additionally, some taxa were found in different sites, suggesting that the underwater current might contribute to fungal (and microbial) dispersal across the Antarctic Ocean, and nearby areas such as South America and Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vívian N Gonçalves
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gislaine A Vitoreli
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Graciéle C A de Menezes
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos R B Mendes
- Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Secchi
- Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
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Ayoub A, Kosatsky T, Smargiassi A, Bilodeau-Bertrand M, Auger N. Risk of hospitalization for fire-related burns during extreme cold weather. Environ Res 2017; 158:393-398. [PMID: 28689030 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental factors are important predictors of fires, but no study has examined the association between outdoor temperature and fire-related burn injuries. We sought to investigate the relationship between extremely cold outdoor temperatures and the risk of hospitalization for fire-related burns. MATERIAL AND METHODS We carried out a time-stratified case-crossover study of 2470 patients hospitalized for fire-related burn injuries during cold months between 1989 and 2014 in Quebec, Canada. The main exposure was the minimum outdoor temperature on the day of and the day before the burn. We computed odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to evaluate the relationship between minimum temperature and fire-related burns, and assessed how associations varied across sex and age. RESULTS Exposure to extreme cold temperature was associated with a significantly higher risk of hospitalization for fire-related burns. Compared with 0°C, exposure to a minimum temperature of -30°C was associated with an OR of 1.51 (95% CI 1.22-1.87) for hospitalization for fire-related burns. The associations were somewhat stronger for women, youth, and the elderly. Compared with 0°C, a minimum temperature of -30°C was associated with an OR for fire-related burn hospitalization of 1.65 for women (95% CI 1.13-2.40), 1.60 for age < 25 years (95% CI 1.02-2.52), and 1.73 for age ≥ 65 years (95% CI 1.08-2.77). DISCUSSION Extremely cold outdoor temperature is a risk factor for fire-related burns. Measures to prevent fires should be implemented prior to the winter season, and enhanced during extreme cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimina Ayoub
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tom Kosatsky
- National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Audrey Smargiassi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marianne Bilodeau-Bertrand
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Auger
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Madigan MT, Kempher ML, Bender KS, Sullivan P, Matthew Sattley W, Dohnalkova AC, Joye SB. Characterization of a cold-active bacterium isolated from the South Pole "Ice Tunnel". Extremophiles 2017; 21:891-901. [PMID: 28681112 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-017-0950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extremely cold microbial habitats on Earth (those below -30 °C) are rare and have not been surveyed for microbes as extensively as environments in the 0 to -20 °C range. Using cryoprotected growth media incubated at -5 °C, we enriched a cold-active Pseudomonas species from -50 °C ice collected from a utility tunnel for wastewater pipes under Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica. The isolate, strain UC-1, is related to other cold-active Pseudomonas species, most notably P. psychrophila, and grew at -5 °C to +34-37 °C; growth of UC-1 at +3 °C was significantly faster than at +34 °C. Strain UC-1 synthesized a surface exopolymer and high levels of unsaturated fatty acids under cold growth conditions. A 16S rRNA gene diversity screen of the ice sample that yielded strain UC-1 revealed over 1200 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) distributed across eight major classes of Bacteria. Many of the OTUs were Clostridia and Bacteriodia and some of these were probably of wastewater origin. However, a significant fraction of the OTUs were Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria of likely environmental origin. Our results shed light on the lower temperature limits to life and the possible existence of functional microbial communities in ultra-cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Madigan
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
| | - Megan L Kempher
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Kelly S Bender
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Paul Sullivan
- United States Antarctic Program, Amundsen-Scott Station, Antarctica
| | - W Matthew Sattley
- Division of Natural Sciences, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, IN, 46953, USA
| | | | - Samantha B Joye
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Ruuhela R, Jylhä K, Lanki T, Tiittanen P, Matzarakis A. Biometeorological Assessment of Mortality Related to Extreme Temperatures in Helsinki Region, Finland, 1972-2014. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:E944. [PMID: 28829351 PMCID: PMC5580646 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14080944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to increase heat-related and decrease cold-related mortality. The extent of acclimatization of the population to gradually-changing thermal conditions is not well understood. We aimed to define the relationship between mortality and temperature extremes in different age groups in the Helsinki-Uusimaa hospital district in Southern Finland, and changes in sensitivity of the population to temperature extremes over the period of 1972-2014. Time series of mortality were made stationary with a method that utilizes 365-day Gaussian smoothing, removes trends and seasonality, and gives relative mortality as the result. We used generalized additive models to examine the association of relative mortality to physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) and to air temperature in the 43-year study period and in two 21-year long sub-periods (1972-1992 and 1994-2014). We calculated the mean values of relative mortality in percentile-based categories of thermal indices. Relative mortality increases more in the hot than in the cold tail of the thermal distribution. The increase is strongest among those aged 75 years and older, but is somewhat elevated even among those younger than 65 years. Above the 99th percentile of the PET distribution, the all-aged relative mortality decreased in time from 18.3 to 8.6%. Among those ≥75 years old, the decrease in relative mortality between the sub-periods were found to be above the 90th percentile. The dependence of relative mortality on cold extremes was negligible, except among those ≥75 years old, in the latter period. Thus, heat-related mortality is also remarkable in Finland, but the sensitivity to heat stress has decreased over the decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reija Ruuhela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kirsti Jylhä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Timo Lanki
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Pekka Tiittanen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Andreas Matzarakis
- Research Center Human Biometeorology, German Meteorological Service, Stefan-Meier-Str. 4, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Marrot P, Garant D, Charmantier A. Multiple extreme climatic events strengthen selection for earlier breeding in a wild passerine. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160372. [PMID: 28483864 PMCID: PMC5434099 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate warming results in an increase in mean temperatures and in the frequency of extreme climatic events (ECEs), which could both strongly impact ecosystems and populations. Most studies assessing the impact of global warming on ecosystems have focused on warming trends while neglecting ECEs. In particular, the effects of multiple ECEs on fitness, and their consequences for selection, are still missing. Here we explored the effects of daily extreme rainfalls, as well as the occurrence of extremely hot and cold days, on clutch size and laying date in a wild blue tit population (Cyanistes caeruleus) monitored over 25 years. During the nestling phase (8-15 days old), the number of fledglings in a brood was negatively correlated with extremely hot days. The presence of extremely hot days between days 8 and 15 was also associated with an increase in the strength of selection acting on laying date, independently of mean temperature trends during the same period: when 10% of broods in the population experienced this type of ECE, selection for earlier breeding increased by 39%. Our results represent a unique quantification of the impact of multiple ECEs on the fitness landscape and emphasize their role as climatic drivers of selection.This article is part of the themed issue 'Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Marrot
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, UMR 5175, campus CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France
| | - Dany Garant
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Anne Charmantier
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, UMR 5175, campus CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France
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Li J, Liu H, Xia W, Mu J, Feng Y, Liu R, Yan P, Wang A, Lin Z, Guo Y, Zhu J, Chen X. De Novo Transcriptome Sequencing and the Hypothetical Cold Response Mode of Saussurea involucrata in Extreme Cold Environments. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1155. [PMID: 28590406 PMCID: PMC5485979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saussurea involucrata grows in high mountain areas covered by snow throughout the year. The temperature of this habitat can change drastically in one day. To gain a better understanding of the cold response signaling pathways and molecular metabolic reactions involved in cold stress tolerance, genome-wide transcriptional analyses were performed using RNA-Seq technologies. A total of 199,758 transcripts were assembled, producing 138,540 unigenes with 46.8 Gb clean data. Overall, 184,416 (92.32%) transcripts were successfully annotated. The 365 transcription factors identified (292 unigenes) belonged to 49 transcription factor families associated with cold stress responses. A total of 343 transcripts on the signal transduction (132 upregulated and 212 downregulated in at least any one of the conditions) were strongly affected by cold temperature, such as the CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase (CIPKs), receptor-like protein kinases, and protein kinases. The circadian rhythm pathway was activated by cold adaptation, which was necessary to endure the severe temperature changes within a day. There were 346 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to transport, of which 138 were upregulated and 22 were downregulated in at least any one of the conditions. Under cold stress conditions, transcriptional regulation, molecular transport, and signal transduction were involved in the adaptation to low temperature in S. involucrata. These findings contribute to our understanding of the adaptation of plants to harsh environments and the survival traits of S. involucrata. In addition, the present study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of chilling and freezing tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
| | - Hailiang Liu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China.
| | - Wenwen Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
| | - Jianqiang Mu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
| | - Yujie Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
| | - Ruina Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
| | - Panyao Yan
- ShengTing Bioinformatics Institute, Christiansburg, VA 24073, USA.
| | - Aiying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
| | - Zhongping Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Perking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yong Guo
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jianbo Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
- ShengTing Bioinformatics Institute, Christiansburg, VA 24073, USA.
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Fernández PM, Martorell MM, Blaser MG, Ruberto LAM, de Figueroa LIC, Mac Cormack WP. Phenol degradation and heavy metal tolerance of Antarctic yeasts. Extremophiles 2017; 21:445-457. [PMID: 28271165 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-017-0915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In cold environments, biodegradation of organic pollutants and heavy metal bio-conversion requires the activity of cold-adapted or cold-tolerant microorganisms. In this work, the ability to utilize phenol, methanol and n-hexadecane as C source, the tolerance to different heavy metals and growth from 5 to 30 °C were evaluated in cold-adapted yeasts isolated from Antarctica. Fifty-nine percent of the yeasts were classified as psychrotolerant as they could grow in all the range of temperature tested, while the other 41% were classified as psychrophilic as they only grew below 25 °C. In the assimilation tests, 32, 78, and 13% of the yeasts could utilize phenol, n-hexadecane, and methanol as C source, respectively, but only 6% could assimilate the three C sources evaluated. In relation to heavy metals ions, 55, 68, and 80% were tolerant to 1 mM of Cr(VI), Cd(II), and Cu(II), respectively. Approximately a half of the isolates tolerated all of them. Most of the selected yeasts belong to genera previously reported as common for Antarctic soils, but several other genera were also isolated, which contribute to the knowledge of this cold environment mycodiversity. The tolerance to heavy metals of the phenol-degrading cold-adapted yeasts illustrated that the strains could be valuable as inoculant for cold wastewater treatment in extremely cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Marcelo Fernández
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Mariana G Blaser
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Lucas Adolfo Mauro Ruberto
- Instituto Antártico Argentino (IAA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- NANOBIOTEC-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Inés Castellanos de Figueroa
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Walter Patricio Mac Cormack
- Instituto Antártico Argentino (IAA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- NANOBIOTEC-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Li YH, Luo SQ, Lan L, Jin MG, Yang C, He JY, Li HB, Li CC, Cheng YB, Jin YL. [Influence of extreme weather on years of life lost due to diabetes death in Chongqing and Harbin, China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2017; 38:303-308. [PMID: 28329929 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To understand the associations between extremely low and high air temperature and the years of life lost (YLL) due to diabetes deaths in Chongqing and Harbin with different climatic characteristics in China. Methods: A double threshold B-spline distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to investigate the lag and cumulative effects of extremely low and high air temperature on YLL due to diabetes for lag 0-30 days by using the urban meteorological and diabetes mortality data of Chongqing (2011-2013) and Harbin (2008-2010). The effects were expressed as relative risk (RR). Results: In Chongqing, the cold effects on YLL due to diabetes were delayed by four days and lasted for three days (lag4-6) with the highest RR of 1.304 (95%CI:1.033-1.647) at lag5. The hot effects were delayed by one day (lag1) with RR of 1.321 (95%CI:1.061-1.646). In Harbin, the extreme cold effects on YLL were delayed by four days and lasted for seven days (lag4-10) with the highest RR of 1.309 (95%CI: 1.088-1.575) at lag6. The hot effects were delayed by one day and lasted for four days (lag1-4) with the highest RR of 1.460 (95%CI:1.114-1.915) at lag2. The unit risk for cold and hot effects was 43.7% (P=0.005 5) and 18.0% (P=0.000 2) in Chongqing and 15.0% (P=0.000 8) and 29.5% (P=0.001 2) in Harbin, respectively. Conclusions: Both extremely low air temperature and extremely high air temperature might increase the years of life lost due to diabetes in cities with different climate characteristics. Health education about diabetes prevention should provide information about the effects of extreme weather events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Li
- Division of Policy, Regulation and Standard, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - S Q Luo
- Public Health and Safety Monitoring Department, Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - L Lan
- Division of Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150056, China
| | - M G Jin
- Qijiang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chongqing, Chongqing 401420, China
| | - C Yang
- Harbin Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150056, China
| | - J Y He
- Public Health and Safety Monitoring Department, Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - H B Li
- Public Health and Monitoring Center, Harbin Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150056, China
| | - C C Li
- Environmental Epidemiology Department, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Y B Cheng
- Division of Policy, Regulation and Standard, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Y L Jin
- Division of Policy, Regulation and Standard, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
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40
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Myths, misconceptions and a general lack of information surround the use of gloves and mittens in extreme cold environments. OBJECTIVE This study assessed how well an assortment of gloves and mittens performed in a very cold environment. METHODS A convenience sample of gloves and mittens were tested in Antarctica during the winter of 2016 using a calibrated thermometer (range: -148°F to +158°F/-100°C to +70°C) three times over a 0.5-mile distance (~20 minutes). A small sensor on a 10-foot-long cable was taped to the radial surface of the distal small finger on the non-dominant hand. The tested clothing was donned over the probe, the maximum temperature inside the glove/mitten was established near a building exit (ambient temperature approximately 54°F/12°C), and the building was exited, initiating the test. The hand was kept immobile during the test. Some non-heated gloves were tested with chemical heat warmers placed over the volar or dorsal wrist. RESULTS The highest starting (96°F/36°C) and ending (82°F/28°C) temperatures were with electrically heated gloves. The lowest starting temperature was with electrically heated gloves with the power off (63°F/17°C). Non-heated gloves with an inserted chemical hand warmer had the lowest minimum temperature (33°F/1°C). Maximum temperatures for gloves/mittens did not correlate well with their minimum temperature. CONCLUSIONS Coverings that maintained finger temperatures within a comfortable and safe range (at or above 59°F/15°C) included the heated gloves and mittens (including some with the power off) and mittens with liners. Mittens without liners (shell) generally performed better than unheated gloves. Better results generally paralleled the item's cost. Inserting chemical heat warmers at the wrist increased heat loss, possibly through the exposed area around the warmer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth V Iserson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA;
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Vigoder FM, Parker DJ, Cook N, Tournière O, Sneddon T, Ritchie MG. Inducing Cold-Sensitivity in the Frigophilic Fly Drosophila montana by RNAi. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165724. [PMID: 27832122 PMCID: PMC5104470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold acclimation is a critical physiological adaptation for coping with seasonal cold. By increasing their cold tolerance individuals can remain active for longer at the onset of winter and can recover more quickly from a cold shock. In insects, despite many physiological studies, little is known about the genetic basis of cold acclimation. Recently, transcriptomic analyses in Drosophila virilis and D. montana revealed candidate genes for cold acclimation by identifying genes upregulated during exposure to cold. Here, we test the role of myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase (Inos), in cold tolerance in D. montana using an RNAi approach. D. montana has a circumpolar distribution and overwinters as an adult in northern latitudes with extreme cold. We assessed cold tolerance of dsRNA knock-down flies using two metrics: chill-coma recovery time (CCRT) and mortality rate after cold acclimation. Injection of dsRNAInos did not alter CCRT, either overall or in interaction with the cold treatment, however it did induced cold-specific mortality, with high levels of mortality observed in injected flies acclimated at 5°C but not at 19°C. Overall, injection with dsRNAInos induced a temperature-sensitive mortality rate of over 60% in this normally cold-tolerant species. qPCR analysis confirmed that dsRNA injection successfully reduced gene expression of Inos. Thus, our results demonstrate the involvement of Inos in increasing cold tolerance in D. montana. The potential mechanisms involved by which Inos increases cold tolerance are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe M. Vigoder
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Darren J. Parker
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nicola Cook
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Océane Tournière
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, Thormøhlensgt, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tanya Sneddon
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G. Ritchie
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
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Abstract
SynopsisUnderstanding the biological impacts of extreme temperatures requires translating meteorological estimates into organismal responses, but that translation is complex. In general, the physiological stress induced by a given thermal extreme should increase with the extreme's magnitude and duration, though acclimation may buffer that stress. However, organisms can differ strikingly in their exposure to and tolerance of a given extreme temperatures. Moreover, their sensitivity to extremes can vary during ontogeny, across seasons, and among species; and that sensitivity and its variation should be subject to selection. We use a simple quantitative genetic model and demonstrate that thermal extremes-even when at low frequency-can substantially influence the evolution of thermal sensitivity, particularly when the extremes cause mortality or persistent physiological injury, or when organisms are unable to use behavior to buffer exposure to extremes. Thermal extremes can drive organisms in temperate and tropical sites to have similar thermal tolerances despite major differences in mean temperatures. Indeed, the model correctly predicts that Australian Drosophila should have shallower latitudinal gradients in thermal tolerance than would be expected based only on gradients in mean conditions. Predicting responses to climate change requires understanding not only how past selection to tolerate thermal extremes has helped establish existing geographic gradients in thermal tolerances, but also how increasing the incidence of thermal extremes will alter geographic gradients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 981951800, USA
| | - Raymond B Huey
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 981951800, USA
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Abstract
Research can increasingly determine the contribution of climate change to extreme events such as droughts
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stott
- Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK. Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK.
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Pilloud MA, Megyesi MS, Truffer M, Congram D. The taphonomy of human remains in a glacial environment. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 261:161.e1-8. [PMID: 26917542 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A glacial environment is a unique setting that can alter human remains in characteristic ways. This study describes glacial dynamics and how glaciers can be understood as taphonomic agents. Using a case study of human remains recovered from Colony Glacier, Alaska, a glacial taphonomic signature is outlined that includes: (1) movement of remains, (2) dispersal of remains, (3) altered bone margins, (4) splitting of skeletal elements, and (5) extensive soft tissue preservation and adipocere formation. As global glacier area is declining in the current climate, there is the potential for more materials of archaeological and medicolegal significance to be exposed. It is therefore important for the forensic anthropologist to have an idea of the taphonomy in this setting and to be able to differentiate glacial effects from other taphonomic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary S Megyesi
- Central Identification Laboratory, Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency
| | | | - Derek Congram
- Trudeau Centre for Peace, Conflict, and Justice, University of Toronto
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Missmann M, Himsl M, Mur E, Ulmer H, Marschang P. Impact of Whole Body Cryotherapy at -110 °C on Subjects with Arterial Hypertension. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:75-82. [PMID: 26408646 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Whole body cryotherapy (WBC) in a cryo-chamber as a medical treatment was first established in Japan in the 1980s, later in Central Europe, and is now becoming more popular also in the United States. The exposure to extreme, non-physiological environmental conditions in a cryo-chamber at -110 °C may exceed the normal adaption capacity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of WBC on blood pressure (BP) readings in adult subjects with rheumatic disorders and normal or moderately elevated BP. A sample of 23 subjects (8 female, 15 male) which were recruited according to their pathology between the age of 35 and 69 years undergoing 21 WBC applications was divided into three groups: a group of subjects with anti-hypertensive therapy, a group of subjects with mild arterial hypertension without medical treatment, and a normotensive control-group. A total of 483 BP readings were taken immediately before and after each WBC application. The systolic and diastolic BP were recorded, and the mean arterial pressure, and the amplitude of BP were calculated. A statistically significant rise of BP after WBC was found in the whole sample and in the normotensive group. Over the course of time, no significant change of BP behavior was observed, except for normotensive subjects, who showed a wider range in their systolic BP values. Generally accepted exclusion criteria were applied, and in our sample group WBC was safe with respect to unwanted BP alterations for adult subjects under 70 years-regardless of a pre-existing untreated mild or pharmacologically treated arterial hypertension. Greater changes of BP values might infrequently occur, so an individual monitoring of subjects is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Missmann
- AUVA, Austrian Workers' Compensation Board, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Himsl
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital Ried, Ried, Austria
| | - E Mur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Ulmer
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Marschang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Costello JT, Baker PRA, Minett GM, Bieuzen F, Stewart IB, Bleakley C. Whole-body cryotherapy ( extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD010789. [PMID: 26383887 PMCID: PMC9579836 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010789.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recovery strategies are often used with the intention of preventing or minimising muscle soreness after exercise. Whole-body cryotherapy, which involves a single or repeated exposure(s) to extremely cold dry air (below -100 °C) in a specialised chamber or cabin for two to four minutes per exposure, is currently being advocated as an effective intervention to reduce muscle soreness after exercise. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects (benefits and harms) of whole-body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the British Nursing Index and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database. We also searched the reference lists of articles, trial registers and conference proceedings, handsearched journals and contacted experts.The searches were run in August 2015. SELECTION CRITERIA We aimed to include randomised and quasi-randomised trials that compared the use of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) versus a passive or control intervention (rest, no treatment or placebo treatment) or active interventions including cold or contrast water immersion, active recovery and infrared therapy for preventing or treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults. We also aimed to include randomised trials that compared different durations or dosages of WBC. Our prespecified primary outcomes were muscle soreness, subjective recovery (e.g. tiredness, well-being) and adverse effects. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened search results, selected studies, assessed risk of bias and extracted and cross-checked data. Where appropriate, we pooled results of comparable trials. The random-effects model was used for pooling where there was substantial heterogeneity. We assessed the quality of the evidence using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS Four laboratory-based randomised controlled trials were included. These reported results for 64 physically active predominantly young adults (mean age 23 years). All but four participants were male. Two trials were parallel group trials (44 participants) and two were cross-over trials (20 participants). The trials were heterogeneous, including the type, temperature, duration and frequency of WBC, and the type of preceding exercise. None of the trials reported active surveillance of predefined adverse events. All four trials had design features that carried a high risk of bias, potentially limiting the reliability of their findings. The evidence for all outcomes was classified as 'very low' quality based on the GRADE criteria.Two comparisons were tested: WBC versus control (rest or no WBC), tested in four studies; and WBC versus far-infrared therapy, also tested in one study. No studies compared WBC with other active interventions, such as cold water immersion, or different types and applications of WBC.All four trials compared WBC with rest or no WBC. There was very low quality evidence for lower self-reported muscle soreness (pain at rest) scores after WBC at 1 hour (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.42 to -0.12; 20 participants, 2 cross-over trials); 24 hours (SMD -0.57, 95% CI -1.48 to 0.33) and 48 hours (SMD -0.58, 95% CI -1.37 to 0.21), both with 38 participants, 2 cross-over studies, 1 parallel group study; and 72 hours (SMD -0.65, 95% CI -2.54 to 1.24; 29 participants, 1 cross-over study, 1 parallel group study). Of note is that the 95% CIs also included either no between-group differences or a benefit in favour of the control group. One small cross-over trial (9 participants) found no difference in tiredness but better well-being after WBC at 24 hours post exercise. There was no report of adverse events.One small cross-over trial involving nine well-trained runners provided very low quality evidence of lower levels of muscle soreness after WBC, when compared with infrared therapy, at 1 hour follow-up, but not at 24 or 48 hours. The same trial found no difference in well-being but less tiredness after WBC at 24 hours post exercise. There was no report of adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to determine whether whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) reduces self-reported muscle soreness, or improves subjective recovery, after exercise compared with passive rest or no WBC in physically active young adult males. There is no evidence on the use of this intervention in females or elite athletes. The lack of evidence on adverse events is important given that the exposure to extreme temperature presents a potential hazard. Further high-quality, well-reported research in this area is required and must provide detailed reporting of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Costello
- University of PortsmouthDepartment of Sport and Exercise ScienceSpinnaker BuildingCambridge RoadPortsmouthUKP01 2ER
| | - Philip RA Baker
- Queensland University of TechnologySchool of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationVictoria Park RoadKelvin GroveQueenslandAustralia4059
| | - Geoffrey M Minett
- Queensland University of TechnologySchool of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationVictoria Park RoadKelvin GroveBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia4059
| | - Francois Bieuzen
- French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance ‐ EA 737011 avenue du TremblayParisFrance75012
| | - Ian B Stewart
- Queensland University of TechnologySchool of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationVictoria Park RoadKelvin GroveBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia4059
| | - Chris Bleakley
- University of UlsterUlster Sports AcademySchool of Health SciencesShore RoadNewtownabbeyCounty AntrimUKBT37 0QB
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Godinho VM, Gonçalves VN, Santiago IF, Figueredo HM, Vitoreli GA, Schaefer CEGR, Barbosa EC, Oliveira JG, Alves TMA, Zani CL, Junior PAS, Murta SMF, Romanha AJ, Kroon EG, Cantrell CL, Wedge DE, Duke SO, Ali A, Rosa CA, Rosa LH. Diversity and bioprospection of fungal community present in oligotrophic soil of continental Antarctica. Extremophiles 2015; 19:585-96. [PMID: 25809294 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-015-0741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We surveyed the diversity and capability of producing bioactive compounds from a cultivable fungal community isolated from oligotrophic soil of continental Antarctica. A total of 115 fungal isolates were obtained and identified in 11 taxa of Aspergillus, Debaryomyces, Cladosporium, Pseudogymnoascus, Penicillium and Hypocreales. The fungal community showed low diversity and richness, and high dominance indices. The extracts of Aspergillus sydowii, Penicillium allii-sativi, Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium rubens possess antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumoral, herbicidal and antiprotozoal activities. Bioactive extracts were examined using (1)H NMR spectroscopy and detected the presence of secondary metabolites with chemical shifts. Our results show that the fungi present in cold-oligotrophic soil from Antarctica included few dominant species, which may have important implications for understanding eukaryotic survival in cold-arid oligotrophic soils. We hypothesize that detailed further investigations may provide a greater understanding of the evolution of Antarctic fungi and their relationships with other organisms described in that region. Additionally, different wild pristine bioactive fungal isolates found in continental Antarctic soil may represent a unique source to discover prototype molecules for use in drug and biopesticide discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria M Godinho
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
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Read C. HOSPITAL TRANSFORMATION. The race is on to tackle A&E winter pressures. Health Serv J 2015; 125:19-21. [PMID: 26619583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Vosselman MJ, Vijgen GHEJ, Kingma BRM, Brans B, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Frequent extreme cold exposure and brown fat and cold-induced thermogenesis: a study in a monozygotic twin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101653. [PMID: 25014028 PMCID: PMC4094425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mild cold acclimation is known to increase brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT) in humans. We here tested the effect of a lifestyle with frequent exposure to extreme cold on BAT and CIT in a Dutch man known as 'the Iceman', who has multiple world records in withstanding extreme cold challenges. Furthermore, his monozygotic twin brother who has a 'normal' sedentary lifestyle without extreme cold exposures was measured. METHODS The Iceman (subject A) and his brother (subject B) were studied during mild cold (13°C) and thermoneutral conditions (31°C). Measurements included BAT activity and respiratory muscle activity by [18F]FDG-PET/CT imaging and energy expenditure through indirect calorimetry. In addition, body temperatures, cardiovascular parameters, skin perfusion, and thermal sensation and comfort were measured. Finally, we determined polymorphisms for uncoupling protein-1 and β3-adrenergic receptor. RESULTS Subjects had comparable BAT activity (A: 1144 SUVtotal and B: 1325 SUVtotal), within the range previously observed in young adult men. They were genotyped with the polymorphism for uncoupling protein-1 (G/G). CIT was relatively high (A: 40.1% and B: 41.9%), but unlike during our previous cold exposure tests in young adult men, here both subjects practiced a g-Tummo like breathing technique, which involves vigorous respiratory muscle activity. This was confirmed by high [18F]FDG-uptake in respiratory muscle. CONCLUSION No significant differences were found between the two subjects, indicating that a lifestyle with frequent exposures to extreme cold does not seem to affect BAT activity and CIT. In both subjects, BAT was not higher compared to earlier observations, whereas CIT was very high, suggesting that g-Tummo like breathing during cold exposure may cause additional heat production by vigorous isometric respiratory muscle contraction. The results must be interpreted with caution given the low subject number and the fact that both participants practised the g-Tummo like breathing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J. Vosselman
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism – NUTRIM, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Guy H. E. J. Vijgen
- Department of Surgery (G.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Boris R. M. Kingma
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism – NUTRIM, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn Brans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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