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Sathish T, Saravanan R, Sharma K, Zahmatkesh S, Muthukumar K, Panchal H. A novel investigations on medical and non-medical mask performance with influence of marine waste microplastics (polypropylene). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115004. [PMID: 37163794 PMCID: PMC10166062 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The entire human race is struggling with the spread of COVID-19. Worldwide, the wearing of face masks is indispensable to prevent such spread. Despite numerous studies reporting on the fabrication of face masks and surgical masks to reduce spread and thus human deaths, this novel work is considered the marine waste of microplastics, namely Polypropylene (PP) polymer, used to fabricate non-woven fabric masks through the melt-blown process. This experimental work aims to maximize the mask's quality and minimize its fabrication cost by optimizing the melt-blown process parameters and using microplastics. The melt-blown process was used to make masks. Parameters such as extruder temperature, hot air temperature, melt flow rate, and die-to-collector distance (DCD) were investigated as independent variables. The quality of the mask was investigated in terms of bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE), particle filtration efficiency (PFE), and differential pressure. The Taguchi L16 orthogonal array and Taguchi analysis were employed for experimental design and statistical optimization, respectively. The results reveal that the higher BFE and PFE are recorded at 96.7 % and 98.6 %, respectively. The surface morphological investigation on different layers ensured the fine and uniform porosity of the layers and exhibited minimum breath resistance (a low differential pressure of 0.00152 kPa/cm2). Hence the chemically treated marine waste microplastics improved the masks' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sathish
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - R Saravanan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamal Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA university, Mathura, India.
| | - Sasan Zahmatkesh
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieríay Ciencias, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - K Muthukumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be university), Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hitesh Panchal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College Patan, Gujarat, India
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2
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Tabatabaei N, Faridi-Majidi R, Boroumand S, Norouz F, Rahmani M, Rezaie F, Fayazbakhsh F, Faridi-Majidi R. Nanofibers in Respiratory Masks: An Alternative to Prevent Pathogen Transmission. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2023; 22:685-701. [PMID: 35724284 PMCID: PMC10620960 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2022.3181745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent global outbreak of COVID-19 has raised serious awareness about our abilities to protect ourselves from hazardous pathogens and volatile organic compounds. Evidence suggests that personal protection equipment such as respiratory masks can radically decrease rates of transmission and infections due to contagious pathogens. To increase filtration efficiency without compromising breathability, application of nanofibers in production of respiratory masks have been proposed. The emergence of nanofibers in the industry has since introduced a next generation of respiratory masks that promises improved filtration efficiency and breathability via nanometric pores and thin fiber thickness. In addition, the surface of nanofibers can be functionalized and enhanced to capture specific particles. In addition to conventional techniques such as melt-blown, respiratory masks by nanofibers have provided an opportunity to prevent pathogen transmission. As the surge in global demand for respiratory masks increases, herein, we reviewed recent advancement of nanofibers as an alternative technique to be used in respiratory mask production.
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Han Z, Wang L, Liu Y, Chan T, Shi Z, Yu M. How do three-layer surgical masks prevent SARS-CoV-2 aerosol transmission? Sep Purif Technol 2023; 314:123574. [PMID: 36960012 PMCID: PMC10008175 DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The three-layer surgical mask was recognized by the World Health Organization as an effective-protection tool for reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, the contribution of each layer of this mask to the particle size-dependent filtration performance resistance remains unclear. Here, both experimental work and numerical simulation were conducted to study the role of each mask layer in particle size-dependent filtration and respiratory resistance. By using scanning electron microscopy images of a commercial three-layer mask, composed of two spun-bond and one melt-blown nonwoven polypropylene fabric layers, four representative models were constructed, in which the computational fluid dynamics of multiphase flow were performed. The pressure drop of all models under different flow conditions was measured next. Numerical simulation was then verified by comparing the experimental results in the present study and other theoretical works. The filtration efficiency of the spun-bond polypropylene nonwoven fabric layer was much lower than that of the melt-blown nonwoven polypropylene fabric layer for the particle diameter in the range of 0.1-2.0 μm. Both the spun-bond and melt-blown nonwoven polypropylene fabric layers demonstrated extremely low filtration efficiency for particles was<0.3 μm in diameter, with the maximum filtration efficiency being only 30%. The present results may facilitate rational design of mask products in terms of layer number and structural design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Han
- Laboratory of Aerosol Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yueyan Liu
- Laboratory of Aerosol Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tatleung Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zhandong Shi
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingzhou Yu
- Laboratory of Aerosol Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang X, Ma J, Wang J, Shi H, Guo J, Fan Y, Nie X, Guo T, Luo X. Modifying the Fiber Structure and Filtration Performance of Polyester Materials Based on Two Different Preparation Methods. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3502-3511. [PMID: 36802660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
How to build a satisfactory indoor environment has become increasingly important. In this paper, the synthesis and improvement of the most widely used polyester materials in China were carried out based on two different preparation methods, and the structures and filtration performances were tested and analyzed. The results showed that a carbon black coating was wrapped on the surfaces of the new synthetic polyester filter fibers. Compared with the original materials, the filtration efficiencies of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were increased by 0.88-6.26, 1.68-8.78, and 0.42-4.84%, respectively. The best filtration velocity was 1.1 m/s, and the new synthetic polyester materials with direct impregnation demonstrated superior filtration performance. The filtration efficiency of the new synthetic polyester materials was improved on the particulates with sizes of 1.0-5.0 μm. The filtration performance of G4 was better than that of G3. The filtration efficiencies of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were improved by 4.89, 4.20, and 11.69%, respectively. The quality factor value can be used to assess the comprehensive filtration performance of air filters in practical applications. It could provide reference values for the selection of synthetic methods of new filter materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China
| | - Jingyao Ma
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China
| | - Huixin Shi
- CSCEC Northwest Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi 710018, China
| | - Jinping Guo
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China
| | - Yuesheng Fan
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China
| | - Xingxin Nie
- School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China
| | - Tong Guo
- Zhashui Qintong Construction Co., Ltd., Shangluo, Shaanxi 726000, China
| | - Xiaoxin Luo
- Shaanxi Metallurgical Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
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Kirshanov K, Toms R, Aliev G, Naumova A, Melnikov P, Gervald A. Recent Developments and Perspectives of Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate)-Based Membranes: A Review. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12111105. [PMID: 36363660 PMCID: PMC9699556 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste disposal is an important task of modern industry, and the development of new PET-based value added products and methods for their production is one of the ways to solve it. Membranes for various purposes, in this regard are such products. The aim of the review, on the one hand, is to systematize the known methods of processing PET and copolyesters, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages and, on the other hand, to show what valuable membrane products could be obtained, and in what areas of the economy they can be used. Among the various approaches to the processing of PET waste, we single out chemical methods as having the greatest promise. They are divided into two large categories: (1) aimed at obtaining polyethylene terephthalate, similar in properties to the primary one, and (2) aimed at obtaining copolyesters. It is shown that among the former, glycolysis has the greatest potential, and among the latter, destruction followed by copolycondensation and interchain exchange with other polyesters, have the greatest prospects. Next, the key technologies for obtaining membranes, based on polyethylene terephthalate and copolyesters are considered: (1) ion track technology, (2) electrospinning, and (3) non-solvent induced phase separation. The methods for the additional modification of membranes to impart hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, selective transmission of various substances, and other properties are also given. In each case, examples of the use are considered, including gas purification, water filtration, medical and food industry use, analytical and others. Promising directions for further research are highlighted, both in obtaining recycled PET-based materials, and in post-processing and modification methods.
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Thermoplastic Starch with Poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate) Blends Foamed by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101952. [PMID: 35631835 PMCID: PMC9145724 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch-based biodegradable foams with a high starch content are developed using industrial starch as the base material and supercritical CO2 as blowing or foaming agents. The superior cushioning properties of these foams can lead to competitiveness in the market. Despite this, a weak melting strength property of starch is not sufficient to hold the foaming agents within it. Due to the rapid diffusion of foaming gas into the environment, it is difficult for starch to maintain pore structure in starch foams. Therefore, producing starch foam by using supercritical CO2 foaming gas faces severe challenges. To overcome this, we have synthesized thermoplastic starch (TPS) by dispersing starch into water or glycerin. Consecutively, the TPS surface was modified by compatibilizer silane A (SA) to improve the dispersion with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) to become (TPS with SA)/PBAT composite foam. Furthermore, the foam-forming process was optimized by varying the ratios of TPS and PBAT under different forming temperatures of 85 °C to 105 °C, and two different pressures, 17 Mpa and 23 Mpa were studied in detail. The obtained results indicate that the SA surface modification on TPS can influence the great compatibility with PBAT blended foams (foam density: 0.16 g/cm3); whereas unmodified TPS and PBAT (foam density: 0.349 g/cm3) exhibit high foam density, rigid foam structure, and poor tensile properties. In addition, we have found that the 80% TPS/20% PBAT foam can be achieved with good flexible properties. Because of this flexibility, lightweight and environment-friendly nature, we have the opportunity to resolve the strong demands from the packing market.
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Guner B, Bulbul YE, Dilsiz N. Recycling of polyvinyl butyral from waste automotive windshield and fabrication of their electrospun fibrous materials. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tang R, Xiao Y, Luo H, Qiao X, Hou J. One-step electrospinning PMMA-SPO with hierarchical architectures as a multi-functional transparent screen window. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02851d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fascinating multifunctional screen window containing air filtration, rain-flow transportation and photochromic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Yanan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Xiaolan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
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Veeramuthu L, Venkatesan M, Benas JS, Cho CJ, Lee CC, Lieu FK, Lin JH, Lee RH, Kuo CC. Recent Progress in Conducting Polymer Composite/Nanofiber-Based Strain and Pressure Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4281. [PMID: 34960831 PMCID: PMC8705576 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Conducting of polymers belongs to the class of polymers exhibiting excellence in electrical performances because of their intrinsic delocalized π- electrons and their tunability ranges from semi-conductive to metallic conductive regime. Conducting polymers and their composites serve greater functionality in the application of strain and pressure sensors, especially in yielding a better figure of merits, such as improved sensitivity, sensing range, durability, and mechanical robustness. The electrospinning process allows the formation of micro to nano-dimensional fibers with solution-processing attributes and offers an exciting aspect ratio by forming ultra-long fibrous structures. This review comprehensively covers the fundamentals of conducting polymers, sensor fabrication, working modes, and recent trends in achieving the sensitivity, wide-sensing range, reduced hysteresis, and durability of thin film, porous, and nanofibrous sensors. Furthermore, nanofiber and textile-based sensory device importance and its growth towards futuristic wearable electronics in a technological era was systematically reviewed to overcome the existing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Veeramuthu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Jean-Sebastien Benas
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Chia-Chin Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan;
| | - Fu-Kong Lieu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Ja-Hon Lin
- Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan;
| | - Rong-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
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Shanmugam V, Babu K, Garrison TF, Capezza AJ, Olsson RT, Ramakrishna S, Hedenqvist MS, Singha S, Bartoli M, Giorcelli M, Sas G, Försth M, Das O, Restás Á, Berto F. Potential natural polymer-based nanofibres for the development of facemasks in countering viral outbreaks. J Appl Polym Sci 2021; 138:50658. [PMID: 34149062 PMCID: PMC8206777 DOI: 10.1002/app.50658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly increased the demand for facemasks as a measure to reduce the rapid spread of the pathogen. Throughout the pandemic, some countries such as Italy had a monthly demand of ca. 90 million facemasks. Domestic mask manufacturers are capable of manufacturing 8 million masks each week, although the demand was 40 million per week during March 2020. This dramatic increase has contributed to a spike in the generation of facemask waste. Facemasks are often manufactured with synthetic materials that are non-biodegradable, and their increased usage and improper disposal are raising environmental concerns. Consequently, there is a strong interest for developing biodegradable facemasks made with for example, renewable nanofibres. A range of natural polymer-based nanofibres has been studied for their potential to be used in air filter applications. This review article examines potential natural polymer-based nanofibres along with their filtration and antimicrobial capabilities for developing biodegradable facemask that will promote a cleaner production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigneshwaran Shanmugam
- Faculty of Mechanical EngineeringSaveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical SciencesChennaiTamil NaduIndia
| | - Karthik Babu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringCenturion University of Technology and ManagementSitapurOdishaIndia
| | - Thomas F. Garrison
- Chemistry DepartmentKing Fahd University of Petroleum & MineralsDhahranSaudi Arabia
| | - Antonio J. Capezza
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials DivisionSchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySweden
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Landscape ArchitectureHorticulture and Crop Production Science, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Richard T. Olsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials DivisionSchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySweden
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringCenter for Nanofibres and NanotechnologySingaporeSingapore
| | - Mikael S. Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials DivisionSchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySweden
| | - Shuvra Singha
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials DivisionSchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySweden
| | - Mattia Bartoli
- Department of applied science and technology (DISAT)Politecnico di TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Mauro Giorcelli
- Department of applied science and technology (DISAT)Politecnico di TorinoTorinoItaly
- Department of applied science and technology (DISAT)Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)TorinoItaly
| | - Gabriel Sas
- Structural and Fire Engineering Division, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources EngineeringLuleå University of TechnologyLuleåSweden
| | - Michael Försth
- Structural and Fire Engineering Division, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources EngineeringLuleå University of TechnologyLuleåSweden
| | - Oisik Das
- Structural and Fire Engineering Division, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources EngineeringLuleå University of TechnologyLuleåSweden
| | - Ágoston Restás
- Department of Fire Protection and Rescue ControlNational University of Public ServiceBudapestHungary
| | - Filippo Berto
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
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Mamun A, Blachowicz T, Sabantina L. Electrospun Nanofiber Mats for Filtering Applications-Technology, Structure and Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1368. [PMID: 33922156 PMCID: PMC8122750 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the biggest health and environmental problems in the world and a huge threat to human health on a global scale. Due to the great impact of respiratory viral infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, lung disease, and heart disease, respiratory allergies are increasing significantly every year. Because of the special properties of electrospun nanofiber mats, e.g., large surface-to-volume ratio and low basis weight, uniform size, and nanoporous structure, nanofiber mats are the preferred choice for use in large-scale air filtration applications. In this review, we summarize the significant studies on electrospun nanofiber mats for filtration applications, present the electrospinning technology, show the structure and mechanism of air filtration. In addition, an overview of current air filtration materials derived from bio- and synthetic polymers and blends is provided. Apart from this, the use of biopolymers in filtration applications is still relatively new and this field is still under-researched. The application areas of air filtration materials are discussed here and future prospects are summarized in conclusion. In order to develop new effective filtration materials, it is necessary to understand the interaction between technology, materials, and filtration mechanisms, and this study was intended to contribute to this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Mamun
- Junior Research Group “Nanomaterials”, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Tomasz Blachowicz
- Institute of Physics-CSE, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Lilia Sabantina
- Junior Research Group “Nanomaterials”, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany;
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Bonfim DPF, Cruz FGS, Bretas RES, Guerra VG, Aguiar ML. A Sustainable Recycling Alternative: Electrospun PET-Membranes for Air Nanofiltration. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071166. [PMID: 33916472 PMCID: PMC8038618 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the inappropriate disposal of plastic materials, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wastes, is a major environmental problem since it can cause serious damage to the environment and contribute to the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. To reduce this accumulation, PET-type bottles have been recycled, and also explored in other applications such as the development of membranes. Thus, this research aims to develop electrospun microfiber membranes from PET wastes and evaluate their use as an air filter media. The solution concentrations varied from 20 to 12% wt% of PET wastes, which caused a reduction of the average fiber diameter by 60% (from 3.25 µm to 1.27 µm). The electrospun filter membranes showed high mechanical resistance (4 MPa), adequate permeability (4.4 × 10−8 m2), high porosity (96%), and provided a high collection efficiency (about 100%) and low-pressure drop (212 Pa, whose face velocity was 4.8 cm/s) for the removal of viable aerosol nanoparticles. It can include bacteria, fungi, and also viruses, mainly SARS-CoV-2 (about 100 nm). Therefore, the developed electrospun membranes can be applied as indoor air filters, where extremely clean air is needed (e.g., hospitals, clean zones of pharmaceutical and food industry, aircraft, among others).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P. F. Bonfim
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos–UFSCar, Rodovia Washington, Luiz, km 235–SP 310, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil; (D.P.F.B.); (F.G.S.C.); (V.G.G.)
| | - Fabiana G. S. Cruz
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos–UFSCar, Rodovia Washington, Luiz, km 235–SP 310, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil; (D.P.F.B.); (F.G.S.C.); (V.G.G.)
| | - Rosario E. S. Bretas
- Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos–UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235–SP 310, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil;
| | - Vádila G. Guerra
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos–UFSCar, Rodovia Washington, Luiz, km 235–SP 310, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil; (D.P.F.B.); (F.G.S.C.); (V.G.G.)
| | - Mônica Lopes Aguiar
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos–UFSCar, Rodovia Washington, Luiz, km 235–SP 310, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil; (D.P.F.B.); (F.G.S.C.); (V.G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3351-8264
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Lu WC, Chen CY, Cho CJ, Venkatesan M, Chiang WH, Yu YY, Lee CH, Lee RH, Rwei SP, Kuo CC. Antibacterial Activity and Protection Efficiency of Polyvinyl Butyral Nanofibrous Membrane Containing Thymol Prepared through Vertical Electrospinning. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1122. [PMID: 33916011 PMCID: PMC8036783 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human safety, health management, and disease transmission prevention have become crucial tasks in the present COVID-19 pandemic situation. Masks are widely available and create a safer and disease transmission-free environment. This study presents a facile method of fabricating masks through electrospinning nontoxic polyvinyl butyral (PVB) polymeric matrix with the antibacterial component Thymol, a natural phenol monoterpene. Based on the results of Japanese Industrial Standards and American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists methods, the maximum antibacterial value of the mask against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was 5.6 and 6.4, respectively. Moreover, vertical electrospinning was performed to prepare Thymol/PVB nanofiber masks, and the effects of parameters on the submicron particulate filtration efficiency (PFE), differential pressure, and bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) were determined. Thorough optimization of the small-diameter nanofiber-based antibacterial mask led to denser accumulation and improved PFE and pressure difference; the mask was thus noted to meet the present pandemic requirements. The as-developed nanofibrous masks have the antibacterial activity suggested by the National Standard of the Republic of China (CNS 14774) for general medical masks. Their BFE reaches 99.4%, with a pressure difference of <5 mmH2O/cm2. The mask can safeguard human health and promote a healthy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Lu
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (M.V.); (S.-P.R.)
- Department of Applied Cosmetology, Lee-Ming Institute of Technology, New Taipei City 243083, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Chen
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (M.V.); (S.-P.R.)
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (M.V.); (S.-P.R.)
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (M.V.); (S.-P.R.)
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan;
| | - Yang-Yen Yu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Hung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Syang-Peng Rwei
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (M.V.); (S.-P.R.)
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (C.-Y.C.); (M.V.); (S.-P.R.)
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14
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Chen PY, Hsu C, Venkatesan M, Tseng YL, Cho CJ, Han ST, Zhou Y, Chiang WH, Kuo CC. Enhanced electrical and thermal properties of semi-conductive PANI-CNCs with surface modified CNCs. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11444-11456. [PMID: 35423653 PMCID: PMC8695952 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are the most commonly used natural polymers for biomaterial synthesis. However, their low dispersibility, conductivity, and poor compatibility with the hydrophobic matrix hinder their potential applications. Therefore, we grafted sulfate half-ester and carboxylic functional groups onto CNC surfaces (S-CNC and C-CNC) to overcome these shortcomings. The effect of the dopants, surfactant ratios, and properties of CNCs on the thermal stability, conductivity, and surface morphology of polyaniline (PANI)-doped CNC nanocomposites were investigated through emulsion and in situ polymerization. The higher electrical conductivity and well-dispersed morphology of SCNC-PANI30 (1.1 × 10-2 S cm-1) but lower thermal stability than that of CCNC-PANI30 (T 0: 189 °C) nanocomposites are highly related to dispersibility of S-CNCs. However, after 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) was added, the conductivity and thermal stability of SCNC/PANI increased up to 2.5 × 10-1 S cm-1 and 192 °C with almost no particle aggregation because of the increase in charge dispersion. The proposed biodegradable, renewable, and surface-modified S-CNC and C-CNC can be used in high-thermal-stability applications such as food packaging, optical films, reinforcement fillers, flexible semiconductors, and electromagnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yun Chen
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan +886-2-27317174 +886-2-27712171 ext. 2407
| | - Chieh Hsu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan +886-2-27317174 +886-2-27712171 ext. 2407
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan +886-2-27317174 +886-2-27712171 ext. 2407
| | - Yen-Lin Tseng
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan +886-2-27317174 +886-2-27712171 ext. 2407
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan +886-2-27317174 +886-2-27712171 ext. 2407
| | - Su-Ting Han
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology 10607 Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan +886-2-27317174 +886-2-27712171 ext. 2407
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15
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Enhanced crystallization rate of bio-based poly(butylene succinate-co-propylene succinate) copolymers motivated by glycerol. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Lu WC, Chuang FS, Venkatesan M, Cho CJ, Chen PY, Tzeng YR, Yu YY, Rwei SP, Kuo CC. Synthesis of Water Resistance and Moisture-Permeable Nanofiber Using Sodium Alginate-Functionalized Waterborne Polyurethane. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2882. [PMID: 33271805 PMCID: PMC7761416 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of nontoxic and biodegradable alginate-based materials has been a continual goal in biological applications. However, their hydrophilic nature and lack of spinnability impart water instability and poor mechanical strength to the nanofiber. To overcome these limitations, sodium alginate (SA) and waterborne polyurethane (WPU) were blended and crosslinked with calcium chloride; 30 wt % of SA exhibited good compatibility. Further addition of 10 wt % calcium chloride improved the water stability to an extremely humid region. Furthermore, the stress-strain curve revealed that the initial modulus and the elongation strength of the WPU/SA and WPU/CA blends increased with SA content, and the crosslinker concentration clearly indicated the dressing material hardness resulted from this simple blend strategy. The WPU/SA30 electrospun nanofibrous blend contained porous membranes; it exhibited good mechanical strength with water-stable, water-absorbable (37.5 wt %), and moisture-permeable (25.1 g/m2-24 h) characteristics, suggesting our cost-effective material could function as an effective wound dressing material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Lu
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (M.V.); (P.-Y.C.); (Y.-R.T.); (S.-P.R.)
- Department of Applied Cosmetology, Lee-Ming Institute of Technology, New Taipei City 243083, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Sheng Chuang
- Department of Fashion and Design, Lee-Ming Institute of Technology, New Taipei City 243083, Taiwan;
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (M.V.); (P.-Y.C.); (Y.-R.T.); (S.-P.R.)
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (M.V.); (P.-Y.C.); (Y.-R.T.); (S.-P.R.)
| | - Po-Yun Chen
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (M.V.); (P.-Y.C.); (Y.-R.T.); (S.-P.R.)
| | - Yung-Ru Tzeng
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (M.V.); (P.-Y.C.); (Y.-R.T.); (S.-P.R.)
| | - Yang-Yen Yu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan;
| | - Syang-Peng Rwei
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (M.V.); (P.-Y.C.); (Y.-R.T.); (S.-P.R.)
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (M.V.); (P.-Y.C.); (Y.-R.T.); (S.-P.R.)
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17
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Effect of 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic Acid on Unsaturated Poly(butylene adipate- co-butylene itaconate) Copolyesters: Synthesis, Non-Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics, Thermal and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051160. [PMID: 32438555 PMCID: PMC7285232 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated poly (butylene adipate-co-butylene itaconate) (PBABI) copolyesters were synthesized through melt polymerization composed of 1,4-butanediol (BDO), adipic acid (AA), itaconic acid (IA) and 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as a cross-linking modifier. The melting point, crystallization and glass transition temperature of the PBABI copolyesters were detected around 29.8–49 °C, 7.2–29 °C and −51.1 and −58.1 °C, respectively. Young’s modulus can be modified via partial cross-linking by BTCA in the presence of IA, ranging between 32.19–168.45 MPa. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics were carried out to explore the crystallization behavior, revealing the highest crystallization rate was placed in the BA/BI = 90/10 at a given molecular weight. Furthermore, the thermal, mechanical properties, and crystallization rate of PBABI copolyesters can be tuned through the adjustment of BTCA and IA concentrations.
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18
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Veeramuthu L, Venkatesan M, Liang FC, Benas JS, Cho CJ, Chen CW, Zhou Y, Lee RH, Kuo CC. Conjugated Copolymers through Electrospinning Synthetic Strategies and Their Versatile Applications in Sensing Environmental Toxicants, pH, Temperature, and Humidity. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E587. [PMID: 32150907 PMCID: PMC7182922 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated copolymers (CCPs) are a class of polymers with excellent optical luminescent and electrical conducting properties because of their extensive π conjugation. CCPs have several advantages such as facile synthesis, structural tailorability, processability, and ease of device fabrication by compatible solvents. Electrospinning (ES) is a versatile technique that produces continuous high throughput nanofibers or microfibers and its appropriate synchronization with CCPs can aid in harvesting an ideal sensory nanofiber. The ES-based nanofibrous membrane enables sensors to accomplish ultrahigh sensitivity and response time with the aid of a greater surface-to-volume ratio. This review covers the crucial aspects of designing highly responsive optical sensors that includes synthetic strategies, sensor fabrication, mechanistic aspects, sensing modes, and recent sensing trends in monitoring environmental toxicants, pH, temperature, and humidity. In particular, considerable attention is being paid on classifying the ES-based optical sensor fabrication to overcome remaining challenges such as sensitivity, selectivity, dye leaching, instability, and reversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Veeramuthu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (F.-C.L.); (J.-S.B.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (F.-C.L.); (J.-S.B.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Fang-Cheng Liang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (F.-C.L.); (J.-S.B.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Jean-Sebastien Benas
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (F.-C.L.); (J.-S.B.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (F.-C.L.); (J.-S.B.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Chin-Wen Chen
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (F.-C.L.); (J.-S.B.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Rong-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (F.-C.L.); (J.-S.B.); (C.-W.C.)
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