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Lin J, Wang J, Feng J, Zhu R, Guo Y, Dong Y, Zhang H, Jin X. Changes in the ocular surface microbiome of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1389139. [PMID: 39040901 PMCID: PMC11262004 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1389139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To elucidate the reasons behind the increased incidence of ocular disease in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), this study delved deeper into the specific effects of COVID-19 on patients' ocular surface microbiome (OSM) and investigated its relationship with the increased incidence of ocular disease. Methods In this study, conjunctival sac swabs were collected from 43 participants for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The participants were categorized into three groups based on their COVID-19 status: the control group (C group) consisted of 15 participants who showed no evidence of COVID-19, the experimental group (E group) included 15 participants who tested positive for COVID-19, and the COVID-19 recovery period group (R group) comprised 13 participants. Results In the comparison of alpha diversity, group E had a higher Shannon, Chao1 and Goods coverage index. When comparing beta diversity, groups E and R were more similar to each other. At the phylum level, although the OSM of the three groups was dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota and Firmicutes, the compositional proportions were significantly different. At the genus level, the dominant species in the three OSM groups were significantly different, with Pseudomonas becoming the dominant genus in groups E and R compared to group C, and the abundance of Ralstonia decreasing significantly. Conclusion This study provides additional evidence supporting the association between the OSM and COVID-19, which contributes to our understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying ocular symptoms and complications associated with COVID-19 in the future.
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Song J, Dong H, Wang T, Yu H, Yu J, Ma S, Song X, Sun Q, Xu Y, Liu M. What is the impact of microbiota on dry eye: a literature review of the gut-eye axis. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:262. [PMID: 38898418 PMCID: PMC11186098 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dry eye is a chronic and multifactorial ocular surface disease caused by tear film instability or imbalance in the microenvironment of the ocular surface. It can lead to various discomforts such as inflammation of the ocular surface and visual issues. However, the mechanism of dry eye is not clear, which results in dry eye being only relieved but not cured in clinical practice. Finding multiple environmental pathways for dry eye and exploring the pathogenesis of dry eye have become the focus of research. Studies have found that changes in microbiota may be related to the occurrence and development of dry eye disease. METHODS Entered the keywords "Dry eye", "Microbiota", "Bacteria" through PUBMED, summarised the articles that meet the inclusion criteria and then filtered them while the publication time range of the literature was defined in the past 5 years, with a deadline of 2023.A total of 13 clinical and 1 animal-related research articles were screened out and included in the summary. RESULTS Study found that different components of bacteria can induce ocular immune responses through different receptors present on the ocular surface, thereby leading to an imbalance in the ocular surface microenvironment. Changes in the ocular surface microbiota and gut microbiota were also found when dry eye syndrome occurs, including changes in diversity, an increase in pro-inflammatory bacteria, and a decrease in short-chain fatty acid-related bacterial genera that produce anti-inflammatory effects. Fecal microbiota transplantation or probiotic intervention can alleviate signs of inflammation on the ocular surface of dry eye animal models. CONCLUSIONS By summarizing the changes in the ocular surface and intestinal microbiota when dry eye occurs, it is speculated and concluded that the intestine may affect the occurrence of eye diseases such as dry eye through several pathways and mechanisms, such as the occurrence of abnormal immune responses, microbiota metabolites- intervention of short-chain fatty acids, imbalance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, and release of neurotransmitters, etc. Analyzing the correlation between the intestinal tract and the eyes from the perspective of microbiota can provide a theoretical basis and a new idea for relieving dry eyes in multiple ways in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Song
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, No. 40, Qianshan Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116033, China
| | - He Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, 116033, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, No. 40, Qianshan Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116033, China
| | - He Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, 116033, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, No. 40, Qianshan Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116033, China
| | - Shaokang Ma
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, No. 40, Qianshan Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116033, China
| | - Xiaohai Song
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, No. 40, Qianshan Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116033, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, No. 40, Qianshan Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116033, China
| | - Yongcheng Xu
- Department of Clinical Medical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, No. 40, Qianshan Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, 116033, China.
| | - Mingkai Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning, 116021, China.
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Kaur P, Moon L, Srikumaran D, Salzberg SL, Lu J, Simner PJ, Soiberman US. No Evidence of Chronic Infection in a Metagenomic Sequencing Study of the Keratoconus Corneal Epithelium. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3399. [PMID: 38929928 PMCID: PMC11205138 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aims to assess the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the corneal epithelial layer of keratoconus patients. Methods: DNA was extracted from corneal epithelial samples procured from ten individual keratoconus eyes and three healthy controls. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) was performed to detect ocular microbiota using an agnostic approach. Results: Metagenomic sequencing revealed a low microbial read count in corneal epithelial samples derived from both keratoconus eyes (average: 530) and controls (average: 622) without a statistically significant difference (p = 0.29). Proteobacteria were the predominant phylum in both keratoconus and control samples (relative abundance: 72% versus 79%, respectively). Conclusions: The overall low microbial read count and the lack of difference in the relative abundance of different microbial species between keratoconus and control samples do not support the hypothesis that a chronic corneal infection is implicated in the pathogenesis of keratoconus. These findings do not rule out the possibility that an acute infection may be involved in the disease process as an initiating event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritpal Kaur
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Loren Moon
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Divya Srikumaran
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Steven L. Salzberg
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jennifer Lu
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Patricia J. Simner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Uri S. Soiberman
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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4
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Shih KC, Tong L. The Conjunctival Microbiome and Dry Eye: What We Know and Controversies. Eye Contact Lens 2024; 50:208-211. [PMID: 38345108 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000001077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dry eye disease is a common multifactorial condition that may be idiopathic or associated with autoimmune conditions, such as Sjogren syndrome. Commensal microorganisms modify immune responses, so it is relevant to understand how they modify such immune-mediated diseases. Microbiota in the gut regulate inflammation in the eye, and conversely, severe inflammation of the ocular surface results in alteration of gut microbiome. The conjunctiva microbiome can be analyzed using 16S or shotgun metagenomics. The amount of microbial DNA in ocular surface mucosa relative to human DNA is limited compared with the case of the intestinal microbiome. There are challenges in defining, harvesting, processing, and analyzing the microbiome in the ocular surface mucosa. Recent studies have shown that the conjunctiva microbiome depends on age, presence of local and systemic inflammation, and environmental factors. Microbiome-based therapy, such as the use of oral probiotics to manage dry eye disease, has initial promising results. Further longitudinal studies are required to investigate the alteration of the conjunctival microbiome after local therapy and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendrick C Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology (K.C.S.), The University of Hong Kong; Corneal and External Eye Disease Service (L.T.), Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore; Ocular Surface Research Group (L.T.), Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; and Eye Academic Clinical Program (L.T.), Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Domínguez-López A, Blanco-Vázquez M, Calderón-García AÁ, García-Vázquez C, González-García MJ, Calonge M, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A. Analysis of the mucosal chemokines CCL28, CXCL14, and CXCL17 in dry eye disease: An in vitro and clinical investigation. Exp Eye Res 2024; 241:109854. [PMID: 38453037 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal chemokines have antimicrobial properties and play an important role in mucosal immunity. However, little is known about their expression on the ocular surface. This study aimed to analyze the expression of the mucosal chemokines CCL28, CXCL14 and CXCL17 in corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells under in vitro dry eye (DE) conditions, and in conjunctival samples from healthy subjects and DE patients. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCE) and immortalized human conjunctival epithelial cells (IM-HConEpiC) were incubated under hyperosmolar (400-500 mOsM) or inflammatory (TNF-α 25 ng/mL) conditions for 6 h and 24 h to measure CCL28, CXCL14, and CXCL17 gene expression by RT-PCR and their secretion by immunobead-based analysis (CCL28, CXCL14) and ELISA (CXCL17). Additionally, twenty-seven DE patients and 13 healthy subjects were included in this study. DE-related questionnaires (OSDI, mSIDEQ and NRS) evaluated symptomatology. Ocular surface integrity was assessed using vital staining. Tactile sensitivity was measured with Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer, and mechanic and thermal (heat and cold) sensitivity using Belmonte's non-contact esthesiometer. Subbasal nerve plexus and dendritic cell density were analyzed by in vivo confocal microscopy. Conjunctival cells from participants were collected by impression cytology to measure mucosal chemokines gene expression by RT-PCR. Our results showed that HCE and IM-HConEpiC cells increased CCL28, CXCL14, and CXCL17 secretion under hyperosmolar conditions. The gene expression of CCL28 was significantly upregulated in conjunctival samples from DE patients. CCL28 expression correlated positively with symptomatology, corneal staining, heat sensitivity threshold, and dendritic cell density. CXCL14 expression correlated positively with age, ocular pain, conjunctival staining, tactile sensitivity, and image reflectivity. CXCL17 expression correlated positively with corneal staining. These results suggest that corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells could be a source of CCL28, CXCL14, and CXCL17 on the ocular surface and that CCL28 might be involved in DE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Blanco-Vázquez
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen García-Vázquez
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María J González-García
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Spain
| | - Margarita Calonge
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; OculoFacial Pain Unit, Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Spain
| | - Amalia Enríquez-de-Salamanca
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; OculoFacial Pain Unit, Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Spain.
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Liang C, Wang L, Wang X, Jia Y, Xie Q, Zhao L, Yuan H. Altered ocular surface microbiota in obesity: a case-control study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1356197. [PMID: 38533385 PMCID: PMC10963539 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1356197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the composition of ocular surface microbiota in patients with obesity. Methods This case-control study, spanning from November 2020 to March 2021 at Henan Provincial People's Hospital, involved 35 patients with obesity and an equivalent number of age and gender-matched healthy controls. By employing 16S rRNA sequencing, this study analyzed the differences in ocular surface microbiota between the two groups. The functional prediction analysis of the ocular surface microbiota was conducted using PICRUSt2. Results The alpha diversity showed no notable differences in the richness or evenness of the ocular surface microbiota when comparing patients with obesity to healthy controls (Shannon index, P=0.1003). However, beta diversity highlighted significant variances in the microbiota composition of these two groups (ANOSIM, P=0.005). LEfSe analysis revealed that the relative abundances of Delftia, Cutibacterium, Aquabacterium, Acidovorax, Caulobacteraceae unclassified, Comamonas and Porphyromonas in patients with obesity were significantly increased (P<0.05). Predictive analysis using PICRUSt2 highlighted a significant enhancement in certain metabolic pathways in patients with obesity, notably xenobiotics metabolism via cytochrome P450 (CYP450), lipid metabolism, and the oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor signaling pathway (P<0.05). Conclusions Patients with obesity exhibit a distinct ocular surface core microbiome. The observed variations in this microbiome may correlate with increased activity in CYP450, changes in lipid metabolism, and alterations in NOD-like receptor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghong Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiudan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yifan Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qinyuan Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingyun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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7
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Caruso L, Fields M, Rimondi E, Zauli G, Longo G, Marcuzzi A, Previati M, Gonelli A, Zauli E, Milani D. Classical and Innovative Evidence for Therapeutic Strategies in Retinal Dysfunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2124. [PMID: 38396799 PMCID: PMC10889839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The human retina is a complex anatomical structure that has no regenerative capacity. The pathogenesis of most retinopathies can be attributed to inflammation, with the activation of the inflammasome protein platform, and to the impact of oxidative stress on the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy/mitophagy in retinal cells. In recent years, new therapeutic approaches to treat retinopathies have been investigated. Experimental data suggest that the secretome of mesenchymal cells could reduce oxidative stress, autophagy, and the apoptosis of retinal cells, and in turn, the secretome of the latter could induce changes in mesenchymal cells. Other studies have evidenced that noncoding (nc)RNAs might be new targets for retinopathy treatment and novel disease biomarkers since a correlation has been found between ncRNA levels and retinopathies. A new field to explore is the interaction observed between the ocular and intestinal microbiota; indeed, recent findings have shown that the alteration of gut microbiota seems to be linked to ocular diseases, suggesting a gut-eye axis. To explore new therapeutical strategies for retinopathies, it is important to use proper models that can mimic the complexity of the retina. In this context, retinal organoids represent a good model for the study of the pathophysiology of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Caruso
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Matteo Fields
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Erika Rimondi
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Annalisa Marcuzzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Maurizio Previati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Arianna Gonelli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Daniela Milani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
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Bohlen J, Gomez C, Zhou J, Martinez Guasch F, Wandvik C, Sunshine SB. Molecular Biomarkers in Ocular Graft-versus-Host Disease: A Systematic Review. Biomolecules 2024; 14:102. [PMID: 38254702 PMCID: PMC10813443 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD) affects ~50% of post-stem cell transplant patients and is the only form of GVHD diagnosed without a biopsy. As it must be distinguished from other dry eye diseases, there is a need to identify oGVHD biomarkers to improve diagnosis and treatment. We conducted a systematic review of 19 scholarly articles published from 2018 to 2023 including articles focused on adult patients diagnosed with oGVHD following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant and used biomarkers as the outcome measure. Articles that were not original investigations or were not published in English were excluded. These clinical investigations explored different molecular oGVHD biomarkers and were identified on 3 October 2023 from the Scopus, PubMed, and Embase databases by using search terms including ocular graft-versus-host disease, biomarkers, cytokines, proteomics, genomics, immune response, imaging techniques, and dry-eye-related key terms. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale for case-control studies was used to assess bias. From the 19 articles included, cytokine, proteomic, lipid, and leukocyte profiles were studied in tear film, as well as ocular surface microbiota and fluorescein staining. Our findings suggest that cytokine profiling is the most studied oGVHD biomarker. Additionally, variations correlating these biomarkers with disease state may lead to a more targeted diagnosis and therapeutic approach. Limitations include language bias, publication bias, and sampling bias, as well as a lack of appropriate controls for included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Brem Sunshine
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.B.); (C.G.); (J.Z.); (F.M.G.); (C.W.)
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Rodina ES, Fettser EI, Novikov IA. [Methods for assessing the microbiological diversity of the ocular surface]. Vestn Oftalmol 2024; 140:96-108. [PMID: 38962985 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma202414003196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
This review compares data from scientific studies on the microbial community of the ocular surface (OS) in conditionally healthy individuals using cultural methods (including culture-dependent diagnostic tests), microscopic and molecular genetic methods, and assesses the influence of research methods and sample preparation on the results. Concordance and discordance of the sets of identified microorganisms were analyzed using overlapping and non-overlapping methods of studying the microbial community of a healthy OS. The article presents tables showing the names of microorganisms that were identified in different sources. Cross-verification in taxa of different ranks helped confirm the following most frequently found microorganisms on healthy OS: coccomorphic microorganisms of the genera Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Kocuria, Streptococcus, Enterococcus; gram-positive spore-forming bacilli of the genera Bacillus and Paenibacillus; gram-positive non-spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria, including Corynebacterium, but excluding Propionibacterium and Microbacterium; gram-negative non-spore-forming rod-shaped microorganisms of the genera Moraxella and Serratia. The study also assessed the effect of wearing soft contact lenses on the composition of the microbial community of the OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Rodina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Fettser
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Krasnov Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Novikov
- Krasnov Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Clougher S, Severgnini M, Marangoni A, Consolandi C, Camboni T, Morselli S, Arpinati M, Bonifazi F, Dicataldo M, Lazzarotto T, Fontana L, Versura P. Longitudinal Changes of Ocular Surface Microbiome in Patients Undergoing Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT). J Clin Med 2023; 13:208. [PMID: 38202215 PMCID: PMC10779677 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate changes in the ocular surface microbiome (OSM) between pre- and post-haemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) in the same patient, and to assess the potential impact of these changes in ocular graft-versus-host disease (o)GVHD development. METHODS Lower fornix conjunctival swabs of 24 patients were obtained before and after HSCT and subjected to DNA extraction for amplification and sequencing of the V3-V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The obtained reads were reconstructed, filtered, and clustered into zero-radius operational taxonomic units (zOTUs) at 97% identity level before taxonomic assignment, and biodiversity indexes were calculated. Transplant characteristics were recorded, and dry eye was diagnosed and staged 1-4 according to the Dry Eye WorkShop (DEWS) score. RESULTS No significant difference in OSM alpha diversity between pre- and post-transplant was found. A significant difference in beta diversity was observed between patients with a DEWS score of 1 versus 3 (p = 0.035). Increased corneal damage between pre- and post-HSCT was significantly associated with a decrease in alpha diversity. The changes in OSM were not associated with oGVHD, nor with any transplant parameter. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study is the first study to analyse changes in the OSM before and after HSCT longitudinally. No trend in OSM biodiversity, microbial profile, or overall composition changes before and after HSCT was significant or associated with oGVHD onset. The great variability in the observed OSM profiles seems to suggest the absence of a patient-specific OSM "signature".
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Clougher
- Ophthalmology Unit, DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.C.); (L.F.)
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies—National Research Council, 20054 Segrate, Italy; (M.S.); (C.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Antonella Marangoni
- Microbiology Unit, DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (S.M.); (T.L.)
| | - Clarissa Consolandi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies—National Research Council, 20054 Segrate, Italy; (M.S.); (C.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Tania Camboni
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies—National Research Council, 20054 Segrate, Italy; (M.S.); (C.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Sara Morselli
- Microbiology Unit, DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (S.M.); (T.L.)
| | - Mario Arpinati
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.A.); (F.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Francesca Bonifazi
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.A.); (F.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Michele Dicataldo
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.A.); (F.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Tiziana Lazzarotto
- Microbiology Unit, DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.); (S.M.); (T.L.)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.A.); (F.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Ophthalmology Unit, DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.C.); (L.F.)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.A.); (F.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Piera Versura
- Ophthalmology Unit, DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.C.); (L.F.)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.A.); (F.B.); (M.D.)
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11
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Zilliox MJ, Bouchard CS. The Microbiome, Ocular Surface, and Corneal Disorders. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1648-1661. [PMID: 37236506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ocular surface microbiome is an emerging field of study that seeks to understand how the community of microorganisms found on the ocular surface may help maintain homeostasis or can potentially lead to disease and dysbiosis. Initial questions include whether the organisms detected on the ocular surface inhabit that ecological niche and, if so, whether there exists a core microbiome found in most or all healthy eyes. Many questions have emerged around whether novel organisms and/or a redistribution of organisms play a role in disease pathogenesis, response to therapies, or convalescence. Although there is much enthusiasm about this topic, the ocular surface microbiome is a new field with many technical challenges. These challenges are discussed in this review as well as a need for standardization to adequately compare studies and advance the field. In addition, this review summarizes the current research on the microbiome of various ocular surface diseases and how these findings may impact treatments and clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Zilliox
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Charles S Bouchard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois.
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12
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An Q, Zou H. Ocular surface microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the high prevalence of dry eye disease in diabetic patients. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:805-814. [PMID: 36409575 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2142090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
People with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at an increased risk for developing dry eye disease (DED). However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Recent studies have found that the ocular surface microbiota (OSM) differs significantly between patients with DED and healthy people, suggesting that OSM dysbiosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of DED. This hypothesis provides a new possible explanation for why diabetic patients have a higher prevalence of DED than healthy people. The high-glucose environment and the subsequent pathological changes on the ocular surface can cause OSM dysbiosis. The unbalanced microbiota then promotes ocular surface inflammation and alters tear composition, which disturbs the homeostasis of the ocular surface. This "high glucose-OSM dysbiosis" pathway in the pathogenesis of DED with DM (DM-DED) is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu An
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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13
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Chen Z, Xiao Y, Jia Y, Lin Q, Qian Y, Cui L, Xiang Z, Li M, Yang C, Zou H. Metagenomic analysis of microbiological changes on the ocular surface of diabetic children and adolescents with a dry eye. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:286. [PMID: 37803284 PMCID: PMC10557306 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiome changes on the ocular surface may cause dry eyes. A metagenome assay was used to compare the microbiome composition and function of the ocular surface between diabetic children and adolescents with dry eye, diabetic children and adolescents without dry eye, and normal children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty children and adolescents aged 8 to 16 with diabetes were selected from the Shanghai Children and Adolescent Diabetes Eye Study. Ten healthy children and adolescents belonging to the same age group were selected from the outpatient clinic during the same period. The participants were classified into the dry eye group (DM-DE group, n = 10), the non-dry eye group (DM-NDE group, n = 10) and the normal group (NDM group, n = 10). A conjunctival sac swab was collected for metagenomic sequencing, and the relationship between the microbiome composition and functional gene differences on the ocular surface with dry eye was studied. RESULTS The classification composition and metabolic function of the microorganisms on the ocular surface of children in the 3 groups were analyzed. It was found that children's ocular microbiota was composed of bacteria, viruses and fungi. There were significant differences in α diversity and β diversity of microbial composition of ocular surface between DM-DE group and NDM group(P<0.05). There were significant differences in α and β diversity of metabolic pathways between the two groups(P<0.05). The functional pathways of ocular surface microorganisms in diabetic children with dry eyes were mainly derived from human disease, antibiotic resistance genes, carbohydrate, coenzyme and lipid transport and metabolism-related functional genes; In normal children, the functional pathways were mainly derived from replication, recombination, repair, signal transduction and defense-related functional genes. CONCLUSION The DM-DE group have unique microbial composition and functional metabolic pathways. The dominant species and unique metabolic pathways of the ocular surface in the DM-DE group may be involved in the pathogenesis of dry eye in diabetic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangling Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiurong Lin
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lipu Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyu Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingfang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Haidong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Barrera B, Bustamante A, Marín-Cornuy M, Aguila-Torres P. Contact lenses and ocular dysbiosis, from the transitory to the pathological. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2023; 98:586-594. [PMID: 37648207 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Normal ocular microbiota is composed of different Gram-negative and positive bacterial communities that act as commensals on the ocular surface. An imbalance in the homeostasis of the native species or dysbiosis triggers functional alterations that can eventually lead to ocular conditions, indicating the use of contact lenses as the most relevant predisposing factor. Through a bibliographic review that added scientific articles published between 2018 and 2022, the relationship between healthy ocular microbiota and dysbiosis associated with the use of contact lenses that trigger ocular conditions was analyzed. The ocular microbiota in healthy individuals is mainly composed of bacteria from the phyla: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. These bacterial communities associated with the use of contact lenses develop dysbiosis, observing an increase in certain genera such as Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp., which under normal conditions are commensals of the ocular surface, but as their abundance is increased, they condition the appearance of various ocular conditions such as corneal infiltrative events, bacterial keratitis and corneal ulcer. These pathologies tend to evolve rapidly, which, added to late detection and treatment, can lead to a poor visual prognosis. It is suggested that professionals in the ophthalmology area learn about the composition of the communities of microorganisms that make up this ocular microbiota, in order to correctly distinguish and identify the causative agent, thereby providing a adequate and effective treatment to the user.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barrera
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - A Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - M Marín-Cornuy
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - P Aguila-Torres
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile.
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15
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Ozkan J, Majzoub ME, Coroneo M, Thomas T, Willcox M. Ocular microbiome changes in dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction. Exp Eye Res 2023; 235:109615. [PMID: 37586456 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The most common and chronic ocular problem of aging is dry eye disease (DED) and the associated condition of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). The resident ocular surface bacteria may have a role in maintaining homeostasis and perturbation may contribute to disease development. The aim of this study was to compare the microbiomes of the conjunctiva and eyelid margin in humans with mild and moderate DED and controls using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. The conjunctiva and lid margin of three cohorts (N = 60; MGD, MGD with lacrimal dysfunction [MGD + LD] and controls) were swabbed bilaterally three times over three months. Microbial communities were analysed by extracting DNA and sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16 S ribosomal RNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequences were quality filtered, clustered into amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) using UNOISE algorithm and taxonomically classified using a Bayesian Last Common Ancestor (BCLA) algorithm against the GTDB 2207 database. The overall microbial communities of the MGD, MGD + LD and control groups were significantly different from each other (P = 0.001). The MGD and MGD + LD dry eye groups showed greater variability between individuals compared to the control (PERMDISP, P < 0.01). There was decreased richness and diversity in females compared to males for the conjunctiva (P < 0.04) and eyelid margin (P < 0.018). The conjunctiva in the MGD + LD group had more abundant Pseudomonas azotoformans, P. oleovorans and Caballeronia zhejiangensis compared to MGD and control (P < 0.05), while the MGD group had more abundant Corynebacterium macginleyi and C. kroppenstedtii compared to control (P < 0.05). The lid margin in MGD was more abundant in C. macginleyi, C. accolens, and C. simulans compared to the MGD + LD and control (P < 0.05). There were differences in the overall microbial community composition and certain taxa, including increased levels of lipophilic bacteria, on the conjunctiva and eyelid margin in mild to moderate DED/MGD compared to controls. DED/MGD was also associated with a reduced bacterial richness and diversity in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Ozkan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Marine Science and Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Marwan E Majzoub
- Host-Microbiome Interactions Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Minas Coroneo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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16
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Herzog EL, Kreuzer M, Zinkernagel MS, Zysset-Burri DC. Challenges and insights in the exploration of the low abundance human ocular surface microbiome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1232147. [PMID: 37727808 PMCID: PMC10505673 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1232147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The low microbial abundance on the ocular surface results in challenges in the characterization of its microbiome. The purpose of this study was to reveal factors introducing bias in the pipeline from sample collection to data analysis of low-abundant microbiomes. Methods Lower conjunctiva and lower lid swabs were collected from six participants using either standard cotton or flocked nylon swabs. Microbial DNA was isolated with two different kits (with or without prior host DNA depletion and mechanical lysis), followed by whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing with a high sequencing depth set at 60 million reads per sample. The relative microbial compositions were generated using the two different tools MetaPhlan3 and Kraken2. Results The total amount of extracted DNA was increased by using nylon flocked swabs on the lower conjunctiva. In total, 269 microbial species were detected. The most abundant bacterial phyla were Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Depending on the DNA extraction kit and tool used for profiling, the microbial composition and the relative abundance of viruses varied. Conclusion The microbial composition on the ocular surface is not dependent on the swab type, but on the DNA extraction method and profiling tool. These factors have to be considered in further studies about the ocular surface microbiome and other sparsely colonized microbiomes in order to improve data reproducibility. Understanding challenges and biases in the characterization of the ocular surface microbiome may set the basis for microbiome-altering interventions for treatment of ocular surface associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio L. Herzog
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco Kreuzer
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin S. Zinkernagel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denise C. Zysset-Burri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Liao X, Wong ACC, Wong JOY, Jia R, Chen W, Wong HYM, Aljufairi FMAA, Lai KKH, Hu Z, Wei Y, Tham CCY, Pang CP, Chong KKL. Investigating the Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Dry Eye Parameters. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13091524. [PMID: 37174916 PMCID: PMC10177256 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13091524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to compare dry eye parameters before and after COVID-19 infection in dry eye patients. METHODS We included 44 dry eye patients (88 eyes) from our existing dry eye cohort, with 22 belonging to the post-COVID-19 group due to a prior COVID-19 infection and the other 22 forming the non-COVID-19 group as they had no history of COVID-19. We examined and compared the dry eye parameters of the post-COVID-19 group, including the ocular surface disease index (OSDI), Schirmer's test results (ST), non-invasive Keratography tear break-up time (NIKBUT), lipid layer thickness (LLT), Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), and the grading of papillae and follicles, both before and after the COVID-19 infection. We also compared the dry eye parameters difference of the post-COVID-19 group with the non-COVID-19 group. RESULTS The post-COVID-19 group was comprised of individuals with an average age of 38.36 ± 14.99 years, of which 82% were female. The time interval between the two tests was 16.92 ± 5.40 months, which did not differ significantly from the non-COVID-19 group. Compared to the pre-COVID-19 eyes, the post-COVID-19 eyes showed a significant decrease in the average LLT (52.86 ± 18.00 nm vs. 63.00 ± 22.40 nm, p < 0.001), as well as the maximum LLT (67.89 ± 20.81 nm vs. 78.48 ± 20.55 nm, p < 0.001). The MGD in both the upper (1.75 ± 0.84) and lower eyelids (1.43 ± 0.73) worsened after a COVID-19 infection. Additionally, the grading of papillae was worse following a COVID-19 infection (0.61 ± 0.69 vs. 0.16 ± 0.37, p < 0.001). The multivariate linear regression model revealed a negative association between COVID-19 infection and NIKBUT-average (β = -2.98, 95%CI: (-5.82, -0.15), p = 0.039), LLT-average (β = -14.12, 95%CI: (-22.66, -5.59), p = 0.001), and LLT max (β = -15.65, 95%CI: (-23.09, -8.20), p < 0.001). CONCLUSION From preliminary results, we concluded that dry eye patients who have been infected with COVID-19 appear to have a more severe dry eye condition, as evidenced by lower LLT, worse papillae and MGD, and shorter NIKBUT. It is important to raise awareness of this potential long-term symptom of COVID-19, especially among existing dry eye patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulin Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Arthur Chun Chi Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - June Oi Yau Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ruofan Jia
- Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wanxue Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hanson Yiu Man Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fatema Mohamed Ali Abdulla Aljufairi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Government Hospitals, Manama 435, Bahrain
| | - Kenneth Ka Hei Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tung Wah Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhichao Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Clement Chee Yung Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kelvin Kam Lung Chong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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18
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Lee DH, Margolis MS, Iovieno A, Ling J, Ng T, Djalilian AR, Yeung SN. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis: Update on pathophysiology and management. Ocul Surf 2023; 28:144-152. [PMID: 37011726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) is an under-recognized condition characterized by a final common pathologic presentation of superior conjunctival and limbal inflammation and staining. Existing literature attributes both microtrauma and local inflammation, frequently in the setting of tear film insufficiency, as the underlying mechanisms that lead to a self-perpetuating pathologic process dependent in on inflammatory cells and signaling. Effective treatments act by targeting inflammation and by mitigating mechanical stressors. This critical review discusses the latest in our understanding of the pathophysiology of SLK and how it guides our treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaA.
| | - Mathew S Margolis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alfonso Iovieno
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaA
| | - Jennifer Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaA
| | - Tony Ng
- Department Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ali R Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sonia N Yeung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaA
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19
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Leis ML. An Update on the Ocular Surface Bacterial Microbiota in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:299-318. [PMID: 36813387 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques have revolutionized the way we understand microbial communities in both research and clinical settings and are bringing new insights into what constitutes a healthy ocular surface (and a diseased one). As more diagnostic laboratories incorporate HTS into their technique repertoire, practitioners can expect this technology to become increasingly accessible for clinical practice, potentially becoming the new standard. However, particularly regarding ophthalmic microbiota, considerable research remains to render HTS accessible and applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Leis
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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20
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Tunç U, Çelebi AC, Ekren BY, Yıldırım Y, Kepez Yıldız B, Okullu SÖ, Sezerman OU. Corneal bacterial microbiome in patients with keratoconus using next-generation sequencing-based 16S rRNA gene analysis. Exp Eye Res 2023; 228:109402. [PMID: 36736649 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the corneal bacterial microbiome in patients with keratoconus using next-generation sequencing and develop a new perspective on the pathogenesis of the disease. METHODS This prospective observational study included 10 patients with keratoconus who underwent corneal crosslinking procedure and 10 healthy controls who underwent photorefractive keratectomy. Patients included in the study were aged 18 years or older. The demographic and clinical characteristics of participants were recorded. Corneal epithelial samples were collected between March 2021 and June 2021. Isolated bacterial DNA from corneal epithelial samples was analyzed using 16 S ribosomal RNA gene analysis. The relative abundance rates at the phylum and genus levels were calculated. Alpha diversity parameters were assessed. RESULTS Eleven phyla and 521 genera of bacteria were identified in all participants. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were most abundant in both groups. There were no statistical differences between the two groups except Bacteriodetes (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundance rates of twenty bacteria were significantly different between keratoconus and healthy corneas (p < 0.05). Aquabacterium was the most abundant genus in patients with keratoconus, while Shigella was the most abundant genus in healthy controls. Alpha diversity parameters were lower in patients with keratoconus, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary study revealed that there are similarities and differences in the corneal microbiome between keratoconus and healthy individuals. Further research is required on the relationship between the abnormal corneal microbiome composition and the pathogenesis of keratoconus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Tunç
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eyupsultan State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ar Cenk Çelebi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berkay Yekta Ekren
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yıldırım
- Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burçin Kepez Yıldız
- Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinem Öktem Okullu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Uğur Sezerman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Impact of Microplastics on the Ocular Surface. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043928. [PMID: 36835339 PMCID: PMC9962686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastics are synthetic materials made from organic polymers that are ubiquitous in daily living and are especially important in the healthcare setting. However, recent advances have revealed the pervasive nature of microplastics, which are formed by degradation of existing plastic products. Although the impact on human health has yet to be fully characterised, there is increasing evidence that microplastics can trigger inflammatory damage, microbial dysbiosis, and oxidative stress in humans. Although there are limited studies investigating their effect on the ocular surface, studies of microplastics on other organs provide some insights. The prevalence of plastic waste has also triggered public outcry, culminating in the development of legislation aimed at reducing microplastics in commercial products. We present a review outlining the possible sources of microplastics leading to ocular exposure, and analyse the possible mechanisms of ocular surface damage. Finally, we examine the utility and consequences of current legislation surrounding microplastic regulation.
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22
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Peter VG, Morandi SC, Herzog EL, Zinkernagel MS, Zysset-Burri DC. Investigating the Ocular Surface Microbiome: What Can It Tell Us? Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:259-271. [PMID: 36698849 PMCID: PMC9870096 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s359304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
While pathogens of the eye have been studied for a very long time, the existence of resident microbes on the surface of healthy eyes has gained interest only recently. It appears that commensal microbes are a normal feature of the healthy eye, whose role and properties are currently the subject of extensive research. This review provides an overview of studies that have used 16s rRNA gene sequencing and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing to characterize microbial communities associated with the healthy ocular surface from kingdom to genus level. Bacteria are the primary colonizers of the healthy ocular surface, with three predominant phyla: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, regardless of the host, environment, and method used. Refining the microbial classification to the genus level reveals a highly variable distribution from one individual and study to another. Factors accounting for this variability are intriguing - it is currently unknown to what extent this is attributable to the individuals and their environment and how much is artifactual. Clearly, it is technically challenging to accurately describe the microorganisms of the ocular surface because their abundance is relatively low, thus, permitting substantial contaminations. More research is needed, including better experimental standards to prevent biases, and the exploration of the ocular surface microbiome's role in a spectrum of healthy to pathological states. Outcomes from such research include the opportunity for therapeutic interventions targeting the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie G Peter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Correspondence: Virginie G Peter, Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, Bern, 3010, Switzerland, Email
| | - Sophia C Morandi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elio L Herzog
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin S Zinkernagel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denise C Zysset-Burri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Delbeke H, Casteels I, Joossens M. DNA extraction protocol impacts ocular surface microbiome profile. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128917. [PMID: 37152736 PMCID: PMC10157640 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study is to provide a reference frame to allow the comparison and interpretation of currently published studies on 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid amplicon sequencing of ocular microbiome samples using different DNA extraction protocols. Alongside, the quantitative and qualitative yield and the reproducibility of different protocols has been assessed. Methods Both eyes of 7 eligible volunteers were sampled. Five commercially available DNA extraction protocols were selected based on previous publications in the field of the ocular surface microbiome and 2 host DNA depletion protocols were added based on their reported effective host DNA depletion without significant reduction in bacterial DNA concentration. The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was targeted using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The DADA2 pipeline in R was used to perform the bio-informatic processing and taxonomical assignment was done using the SILVA v132 database. The Vegdist function was used to calculate Bray-Curtis distances and the Galaxy web application was used to identify potential metagenomic biomarkers via linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe). The R package Decontam was applied to control for potential contaminants. Results Samples analysed with PowerSoil, RNeasy and NucleoSpin had the highest DNA yield. The host DNA depletion kits showed a very low microbial DNA yield; and these samples were pooled per kit before sequencing. Despite pooling, 1 of both failed to construct a library.Looking at the beta-diversity, clear microbial compositional differences - dependent on the extraction protocol used - were observed and remained present after decontamination. Eighteen genera were consistently retrieved from the ocular surface of every volunteer by all non-pooled extraction kits and a comprehensive list of differentially abundant bacteria per extraction method was generated using LefSe analysis. Conclusion High-quality papers have been published in the field of the ocular surface microbiome but consensus on the importance of the extraction protocol used are lacking. Potential contaminants and discriminative genera per extraction protocol used, were introduced and a reference frame was built to facilitate both the interpretation of currently published papers and to ease future choice - making based on the research question at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Delbeke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Ophthalmology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Heleen Delbeke,
| | - Ingele Casteels
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Ophthalmology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Joossens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology (WE10), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Chen Z, Jia Y, Xiao Y, Lin Q, Qian Y, Xiang Z, Cui L, Qin X, Chen S, Yang C, Zou H. Microbiological Characteristics of Ocular Surface Associated With Dry Eye in Children and Adolescents With Diabetes Mellitus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:20. [PMID: 36538004 PMCID: PMC9769747 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.13.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the characteristics of ocular surface microbial composition in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus and dry eye (DE) by tear analysis. Methods We selected 65 children and adolescents aged 8 to 16 years with DE and non-DE diabetes mellitus and 33 healthy children in the same age group from the Shanghai Children and Adolescent Diabetes Eye Study. Tears were collected for high-throughput sequencing of the V3 and V4 region of 16S rRNA. The ocular surface microbiota in diabetic DE (DM-DE; n = 31), diabetic with non-DE (DM-NDE; n = 34), and healthy (NDM; n = 33) groups were studied. QIIME2 software was used to analyze the microbiota of each group. Results The DM-DE group had the highest amplicon sequence variants, and the differences in α-diversity and β-diversity of micro-organisms in the ocular surfaces of DM-DE, diabetic with non-DE, and healthy eyes were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Bacteroidetes (15.6%), Tenericutes (9.3%), Firmicutes (21.8%), and Lactococcus (7.9%), Bacteroides (7.8%), Acinetobacter (3.9%), Clostridium (0.8%), Lactobacillus (0.8%) and Streptococcus (0.2%) were the specific phyla and genera, respectively, in the DM-DE group. Conclusions Compared with the patients with non-DE and healthy children, the microbial diversity of the ocular surface in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus and DE was higher with unique bacterial phyla and genera composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangling Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiurong Lin
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyu Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lipu Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinran Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuli Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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25
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Tong L, Constancias F, Hou A, Chua SL, Drautz-Moses DI, Schuster SC, Yang L, Williams RBH, Kjelleberg S. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing analysis of ocular surface microbiome in Singapore residents with mild dry eye. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1034131. [PMID: 36438051 PMCID: PMC9684611 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1034131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface microbiome has implications for ocular surface inflammation and immunology. Previous shotgun metagenomics analyses were performed in China, showing results that differed according to environment and age. Patients with Sjogren's syndrome were reported to have altered conjunctival microbiome, but such studies have not been done in milder dry eye. The aim of this study is to describe the conjunctival microbiome in people with mild dry eye in Singapore. Samples were collected from 14 participants with mild dry eye and 10 age-matched comparison participants recruited from Singapore National Eye Centre (SNEC) clinics. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing analysis was employed to evaluate the conjunctival microbiome composition. Proteobacteria formed the predominant phylum in the conjunctiva. As in a study from a coastal city in China, Achromobacter spp. was numerically most abundant. Compared to age-matched controls, the conjunctival microbial composition in mild dry eye was similar. Several microorganisms, including Streptococcus spp. increased in representation with age, and the abundance of Staphylococcus correlated with Schirmer readings. In addition, when cultured corneal epithelial cells were exposed to three strains of Achromobacter xylosoxidans, cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 were upregulated in the cell lysates and supernatants. Ourresults suggest that age is an important factor that affects composition of the conjunctival microbiome, and relative abundance of specific microorganism may vary according to the environment of the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Tong
- Ocular Surface Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Corneal and External Eye Disease Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Eye-Academic Clinical Programme, Office of Clinical, Academic and Faculty Affairs, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Florentin Constancias
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aihua Hou
- Ocular Surface Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Eye-Academic Clinical Programme, Office of Clinical, Academic and Faculty Affairs, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Song Lin Chua
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniela I. Drautz-Moses
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephan Christoph Schuster
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rohan B. H. Williams
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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Inada N, Shoji J, Harata G, Miyazawa K, He F, Tomioka A, Hirota A, Tonozuka Y, Yamagami S. Dysbiosis of Ocular Surface Microbiota in Patients With Refractive Allergic Conjunctival Diseases. Cornea 2022; 41:1232-1241. [PMID: 34879043 PMCID: PMC9473710 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated ocular surface microbiota dysbiosis in patients with refractory allergic conjunctival diseases (ACDs; stratified into mild and severe groups) treated with topical tacrolimus. METHODS Patients (n = 21) with refractory ACDs (including vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis) actively treated with topical tacrolimus and 6 healthy controls were evaluated. Based on clinical scores and expression of specific cytokines on the ocular surface, patients with ACDs were divided into mild and severe groups using cluster analysis. The microbial composition of tear specimens collected from patients with mild and severe ACD and control subjects using the Schirmer test paper was determined through next-generation 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, patients with ACDs exhibited significantly decreased ocular surface microbiota α-diversity. Ocular surface microbiota mainly comprised members of the phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria in all groups. The relative abundance of ocular surface microbiota in patients with ACDs was increased for phylum Firmicutes and decreased for phylum Proteobacteria (compared with control subjects). The genera Blautia (vs. mild ACD group) and Morganella (vs. control group) exhibited significantly increased abundance only in the severe ACD group. CONCLUSIONS The ocular surface microbiota in patients with severe ACD exhibited decreased diversity and exacerbation of dysbiosis compared with that in patients with mild ACD and control subjects. Patients with mild refractory ACD also exhibited decreased diversity of these microbiota. These alterations in microbiota indicated a change in the ocular surface of patients with refractory ACD (be it because of disease pathogenesis or topical immunomodulatory treatment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Jun Shoji
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Gaku Harata
- Technical Research Laboratory, Takanashi Milk Products Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Kenji Miyazawa
- Technical Research Laboratory, Takanashi Milk Products Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Fang He
- Technical Research Laboratory, Takanashi Milk Products Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Akiko Tomioka
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Akira Hirota
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yukiko Tonozuka
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Satoru Yamagami
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
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Cavuoto KM, Zhu AY. The Role of the Ocular Surface Microbiome (OSM) in Diseases of the Anterior Segment and Ocular Surface. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40135-022-00294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Borroni D, Paytuví-Gallart A, Sanseverino W, Gómez-Huertas C, Bonci P, Romano V, Giannaccare G, Rechichi M, Meduri A, Oliverio GW, Rocha-de-Lossada C. Exploring the Healthy Eye Microbiota Niche in a Multicenter Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810229. [PMID: 36142138 PMCID: PMC9499403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to explore and characterize healthy eye microbiota. Methods: Healthy subjects older than 18 years were selected for this descriptive cross-sectional study. Samples were collected with an eSwab with 1 mL of Liquid Amies Medium (Copan Brescia, Italy). Following DNA extraction, libraries preparation, and amplification, PCR products were purified and end-repaired for barcode ligation. Libraries were pooled to a final concentration of 26 pM. Template preparation was performed with Ion Chef according to Ion 510, Ion 520, and Ion 530 Kit-Chef protocol. Sequencing of the amplicon libraries was carried out on a 520 or 530 chip using the Ion Torrent S5 system (Thermo Fisher; Waltham, MA, USA). Raw reads were analyzed with GAIA (v 2.02). Results: Healthy eye microbiota is a low-diversity microbiome. The vast majority of the 137 analyzed samples were highly enriched with Staphylococcus, whereas only in a few of them, other genera such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Corynebacterium predominate. We found an average of 88 genera with an average Shannon index of 0.65. Conclusion: We identified nine different ECSTs. A better understanding of healthy eye microbiota has the potential to improve disease diagnosis and personalized regimens to promote health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Borroni
- Department of Doctoral Studies, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Eyemetagenomics Ltd., 71–75, Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9JQ, UK
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Walter Sanseverino
- Sequentia Biotech SL, Carrer del Dr. Trueta, 179, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Gómez-Huertas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Paola Bonci
- Ospedale Civile di Ravenna, Banca Delle Cornee Della Regione Emilia-Romagna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Vito Romano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Specialties and Public Health, 9297 University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, 25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannaccare
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miguel Rechichi
- Centro Polispecialistico Mediterraneo, 88050 Sellia Marina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Meduri
- Biomedical Science Department, Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98146 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni William Oliverio
- Biomedical Science Department, Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98146 Messina, Italy
| | - Carlos Rocha-de-Lossada
- Eyemetagenomics Ltd., 71–75, Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9JQ, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qvision (Vithas Almeria), 04120 Almería, Spain
- Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
- Departamento de Cirugía, Área de Oftalmología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain
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Chiang MC, Chern E. Ocular surface microbiota: Ophthalmic infectious disease and probiotics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:952473. [PMID: 36060740 PMCID: PMC9437450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.952473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, increasing studies have emphasized the importance of commensal bacteria in humans, including microbiota in the oral cavity, gut, vagina, or skin. Ocular surface microbiota (OSM) is gaining great importance as new methodologies for bacteria DNA sequencing have been published. This review outlines the current understanding and investigation of OSM and introduces the new concept of the gut–eye axis. Moreover, we have collected current studies that focus on the relationship between ophthalmic infectious disease and alterations in the OSM or human gut microbiota. Finally, we discuss the current application of probiotics in ophthalmic infectious disease, its limitations to date, and futural directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Cheng Chiang
- niChe Lab for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Edward Chern
- niChe Lab for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Edward Chern
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Choudhry HS, Hosseini S, Choudhry HS, Fatahzadeh M, Khianey R, Dastjerdi MH. Updates in diagnostics, treatments, and correlations between oral and ocular manifestations of Sjogren's syndrome. Ocul Surf 2022; 26:75-87. [PMID: 35961534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is characterized as an autoimmune disorder targeting secretory glands, including the lacrimal and salivary glands, causing dry eye and dry mouth predominantly in women over the age of 40. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in SS diagnostics, treatments, and our understanding of correlations between oral and ocular manifestations of SS. Google Scholar and PubMed databases were utilized to search peer-reviewed papers since 2016 on SS diagnosis, treatment, and correlations between oral and ocular manifestations. For diagnostics, we discuss the updated SS classification criteria by the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR), new biomarkers, and compare studies of current diagnostic methods with alternative technologies. For treatments, we discuss topical, systemic, and surgical treatment developments in the management of oral and ocular symptoms of SS as there is still no cure for the disorder. Finally, we report studies that directly suggest correlations between the ocular surface disease and oral disease in SS, as well as shared abnormalities in the microbiome and cytokine expression that may be correlated. We conclude by stating limitations to our review as well as paths moving forward. Elucidating correlations between oral and ocular manifestations may be the key to furthering our understanding of SS pathogenesis as well as defining new standards for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassaam S Choudhry
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Shayan Hosseini
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Hannaan S Choudhry
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Mahnaz Fatahzadeh
- Department of Diagnostic Science, Division of Oral Medicine, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, 110 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Reena Khianey
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Mohammad H Dastjerdi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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Fu Y, Wu J, Wang D, Li T, Shi X, Li L, Zhu M, Zhang Z, Yu X, Dai Q. Metagenomic profiling of ocular surface microbiome changes in Demodex blepharitis patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:922753. [PMID: 35937693 PMCID: PMC9354880 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.922753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the ocular surface and meibum microbial communities of humans with Demodex Blepharitis (DB) and healthy controls. Methods Conjunctival sac and meibum samples from 25 DB patients and 11 healthy controls were analyzed using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Results The alpha-diversity of the conjunctival sac microbiome of the DB group (observed, Chao1, ACE) was lower than that of the control group, whereas all meibum diversity indicators were similar. In conjunctival samples, the relative abundance (RA) of the phylum Proteobacteria was significantly higher (p=0.023), and the RA of both phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes was significantly lower (p=0.002, 0.025, respectively) in the DB group than that in the control group. In meibum samples, the RA of the phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were similar, whereas that of the phylum Firmicutes was significantly lower in the DB group (p=0.019) than that in the control group. Linear discriminant analysis with effect size measurement of the conjunctival and meibum microbiomes showed that Sphingobium sp. YG1 and Acinetobacter guillouiae were enriched in the DB group. Sphingobium sp. YG1, Acinetobacter guillouiae and Pseudomonas putida in the DB group were related to more severe ocular surface clinical parameters. Discriminative genera’s principal coordinate analysis separated all control and DB microbiomes into two distinct clusters. Conclusions Proteobacteria’s increased prevalence may indicate ocular microbial community instability. The species Sphingobium sp. YG1 and Acinetobacter guillouiae are potentially pathogenic bacterial biomarkers in DB. Demodex infection mainly affects the ocular surface microbiome rather than penetrating deeper into the meibomian gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Fu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Ophthalmology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tiankun Li
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinwei Shi
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lu Li
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Minying Zhu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zuhui Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Yu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qi Dai
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- College of Mathematical Medicine, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Dai,
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Petrillo F, Petrillo A, Marrapodi M, Capristo C, Gicchino MF, Montaldo P, Caredda E, Reibaldi M, Boatti LMV, Dell’Annunziata F, Folliero V, Galdiero M. Characterization and Comparison of Ocular Surface Microbiome in Newborns. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071390. [PMID: 35889110 PMCID: PMC9320102 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular microbiome is of fundamental importance for immune eye homeostasis, and its alteration would lead to an impairment of ocular functionality. Little evidence is reported on the composition of the ocular microbiota of term infants and on the impact of antibiotic prophylaxis. Methods: A total of 20 conjunctival swabs were collected from newborns at birth and after antibiotic treatment. Samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing via system MiSeq Illumina. The data were processed with the MicrobAT software and statistical analysis were performed using two-way ANOVA. Results: Antibiotic prophylaxis with gentamicin altered the composition of the microbiota. In detail, a 1.5- and 2.01-fold reduction was recorded for Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and Massilia timonae (M. timonae), respectively, whereas an increase in Staphylococcus spp. of 6.5 times occurred after antibiotic exposure. Conclusions: Antibiotic prophylaxis altered the ocular microbiota whose understanding could avoid adverse effects on eye health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Petrillo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic Section, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (F.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Arianna Petrillo
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS “Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore-Policlinico”, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Maddalena Marrapodi
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (M.F.G.)
| | - Carlo Capristo
- Department of Neonatology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Maria Francesca Gicchino
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (M.F.G.)
| | - Paolo Montaldo
- Department of Neonatology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Caredda
- Department of Neonatology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (P.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic Section, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (F.P.); (M.R.)
| | | | - Federica Dell’Annunziata
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.D.); (V.F.)
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.D.); (V.F.)
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.D.); (V.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Li J, Liang Q, Huang F, Liao Y, Zhao W, Yang J, Wen X, Li X, Chen T, Guo S, Liang J, Wei L, Liang L. Metagenomic Profiling of the Ocular Surface Microbiome in Patients after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Ocular surface microbial dysbiosis and oGVHD. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 242:144-155. [PMID: 35551905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the characteristics of the ocular surface microbiome in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and the associations between the microbial dysbiosis and chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Ocular surface samples from 48 healthy subjects and 76 patients after allo-HSCT, including 50 patients with chronic oGVHD and 26 patients without oGVHD were collected. Species-level composition of the ocular surface microbiome was surveyed via metagenomic shotgun sequencing. OGVHD was diagnosed and graded according to the International Chronic Ocular GVHD (ICO) Consensus Group criteria. RESULTS The α-diversity of the microbiota was significantly decreased in patients after allo-HSCT. Nevertheless, we detected more types of viral species in the allo-HSCT group than the healthy group, especially anelloviruses. The mismatch of donor-recipient sex was only negatively associated with the α-diversity in male but not female recipients. Moreover, the microbiome of oGVHD patients was distinct from non-oGVHD patients. Gordonia bronchialis and Pseudomonas parafulva were enriched in oGVHD patients and positively associated with ICO score. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the ocular surface microbiome after allo-HSCT is characterized by a loss of diversity. Furthermore, the microbial dysbiosis at the ocular surface is associated with the status and severity of chronic oGVHD. These results lay the groundwork for future investigations of the potential microbial mechanism for oGVHD.
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Singh N, Diebold Y, Sahu SK, Leonardi A. Epithelial barrier dysfunction in ocular allergy. Allergy 2022; 77:1360-1372. [PMID: 34757631 PMCID: PMC9300009 DOI: 10.1111/all.15174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial barrier is the first line of defense that forms a protective barrier against pathogens, pollutants, and allergens. Epithelial barrier dysfunction has been recently implicated in the development of allergic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and rhinitis. However, there is limited knowledge on epithelial barrier dysfunction in ocular allergy (OA). Since the ocular surface is directly exposed to the environment, it is important to understand the role of ocular epithelia and their dysfunction in OA. Impaired epithelial barrier enhances allergen uptake, which lead to activation of immune responses and development of chronic inflammation as seen in allergies. Abnormal expression of tight junction proteins that helps to maintain epithelial integrity has been reported in OA but sufficient data not available in chronic atopic (AKC) and vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), the pathophysiology of which is not just complex, but also the current treatments are not completely effective. This review provides an overview of studies, which indicates the role of barrier dysfunction in OA, and highlights how ocular barrier dysfunction possibly contributes to the disease pathogenesis. The review also explores the potential of ocular epithelial barrier repair strategies as preventive and therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Singh
- ProCyto Labs Pvt. Ltd. KIIT‐TBI KIIT University Patia, Bhubaneswar India
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Ocular Surface Group Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA) Universidad de Valladolid Valladolid Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN) Valladolid Spain
| | - Srikant K. Sahu
- LV Prasad Eye Institute, Cornea and Anterior Segment, MTC Campus Patia, Bhubaneswar India
| | - Andrea Leonardi
- Ophthalmology Unit Department of Neuroscience University of Padova Padova Italy
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Song H, Xiao K, Chen Z, Long Q. Analysis of Conjunctival Sac Microbiome in Dry Eye Patients With and Without Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:841112. [PMID: 35350577 PMCID: PMC8957797 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.841112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the conjunctival sac microbial communities in patients with Sjögren's syndrome-associated dry eyes (SSDE) and non-Sjögren's syndrome-associated dry eyes (NSSDE), compared with normal controls (NC). Methods Conjunctival sac swab samples from 23 eyes of SSDE, 36 eyes of NSSDE, and 39 eyes of NC were collected. The V3–V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene high-throughput sequencing was performed on an Illumina MiSeq platform and analyzed using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME). Alpha diversity was employed to analyze microbiome diversity through Chao1 and Shannon indexes. Beta diversity was demonstrated by the principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and Partial Least Squares Discrimination Analysis (PLS-DA). The relative abundance was bioinformatically analyzed at the phylum and genus levels. Results The alpha diversity was lower in patients with dry eye disease (Shannon index: NC vs. SSDE: P = 0.020, NC vs. NSSDE: P = 0.029). The beta diversity showed divergent microbiome composition in different groups (NC vs. SSDE: P = 0.001, NC vs. NSSDE: P = 0.001, NSSDE vs. SSDE: P = 0.005). The top 5 abundant phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, and Cyanobacteria in all three groups. The top five abundant genera included Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1. The relative microbiome abundance was different between groups. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was 6.42, 7.31, and 9.71 in the NC, NSSDE, and SSDE groups, respectively (NC vs. SSDE: P = 0.038, NC vs. NSSDE: P = 0.991, SSDE vs. NSSDE: P = 0.048). Conclusion The diversity of conjunctival sac microbiome in patients with NSSDE and SSDE was diminished compared with NC. The main microbiome at the phylum and genus level were similar between groups, but the relative abundance had variations. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was higher in the SSDE group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Long
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Characterization of Conjunctival Sac Microbiome from Patients with Allergic Conjunctivitis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11041130. [PMID: 35207407 PMCID: PMC8875969 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11041130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctival sac microbiome alterations have been reported to be closely associated with many ocular diseases. However, the characteristic of conjunctival sac microbiome in allergic conjunctivitis (AC) was scarcely described. In this study, we aimed to identify the differences of the conjunctival sac microbiome composition in AC patients compared with normal controls (NCs) using high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing metagenomic analysis. The conjunctival sac microbiome samples from 28 AC patients and 39 NC patients were collected. The V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing was performed on the illumina MiSeq platform. Alpha diversity, beta diversity and the relative abundance at the phylum and genus levels were analyzed using QIIME. Alpha diversity demonstrated by Chao1, Observed_species and PD_whole_tree indexes did not show significant difference between the AC and NC groups, while the Shannon index was higher in the AC group. Beta diversity showed divergent microbiome composition in different groups (p < 0.005). The top five abundant phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota and Cyanobacteria in both groups. The top five abundant genera were Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter and Ralstonia in the AC group and Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Corynebacterium and Geobacillus in the NC group. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio at the phylum level was similar between groups (p = 0.144). The Bacillus/Acinetobacter (B/A) ratio at the genus level was higher in the AC group (p = 0.021). The dysbiosis detected in this study might provide further evidence to investigate the mechanism and treatment methods for allergic conjunctivitis.
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37
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Messmer EM. Pathophysiology of dry eye disease and novel therapeutic targets. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Liang Q, Li J, Zou Y, Hu X, Deng X, Zou B, Liu Y, Wei L, Liang L, Wen X. Metagenomic Analysis Reveals the Heterogeneity of Conjunctival Microbiota Dysbiosis in Dry Eye Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731867. [PMID: 34900990 PMCID: PMC8657412 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial inflammatory disease of the ocular surface. It is hypothesized that dysbiosis of the conjunctival microbiota contributes to the development of DED. However, species-level compositions of the conjunctival microbiota in DED and the potential dysbiosis involving microorganisms other than bacteria remain largely uncharacterized. Methods: We collected conjunctival impression samples from a cohort of 95 individuals, including 47 patients with DED and 48 healthy subjects. We examined the conjunctival microbiota of these samples using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and analyzed microbial dysbiosis in DED at the species level. Results: The conjunctival microbiota in DED exhibited a decreased α-diversity and an increased inter-individual variation. The α-diversity of female patients with DED was higher than that of male patients. Despite a decreased prevalence in DED, 23 microbial species were identified to show abnormally high abundance in DED samples positive for the species. Among these species, a fungal species Malassezia globosa was enriched female patients. In addition, distinct patterns of associations with disease status were observed for different species of the same genus. For DED subtypes, Staphylococcus aureus and S. capitis were associated with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), whereas S. hominis was enriched in patients solely with aqueous tear deficiency (ATD). The microbiota of patients with a mixed type of diagnosis was more similar to MGD patients than ATD patients. Conclusion: We demonstrated that the conjunctival microbiota dysbiosis in DED is characterized by significant heterogeneity. Microbial signatures may offer novel insights into the complicated etiology of DED and potentially promote the development of personalized treatment for DED in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Foshan Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Sahu DK, Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Kar B, Ghosh G, Rath G. Recent trends in nanocarrier based approach in the management of dry eye disease. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Xue W, Li JJ, Zou Y, Zou B, Wei L. Microbiota and Ocular Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:759333. [PMID: 34746029 PMCID: PMC8566696 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.759333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have identified significant associations between the composition and function of the gut microbiota and various disorders in organ systems other than the digestive tract. Utilizing next-generation sequencing and multiomics approaches, the microbial community that possibly impacts ocular disease has been identified. This review provides an overview of the literature on approaches to microbiota analysis and the roles of commensal microbes in ophthalmic diseases, including autoimmune uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and other ocular disorders. In addition, this review discusses the hypothesis of the "gut-eye axis" and evaluates the therapeutic potential of targeting commensal microbiota to alleviate ocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Foshan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Qi Y, Wan Y, Li T, Zhang M, Song Y, Hu Y, Sun Y, Li L. Comparison of the Ocular Microbiomes of Dry Eye Patients With and Without Autoimmune Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:716867. [PMID: 34631599 PMCID: PMC8493086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.716867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The pathogenesis of dry eye concomitant with autoimmune disease is different from that of dry eye without autoimmune disease. The aim of this study was to explore differences in the microbiota diversity and composition in dry eye with and without autoimmune disease. Methods Swab samples from the inferior fornix of the conjunctival sac were obtained from dry eye patients without autoimmune disease (n = 49, dry eye group) and from those with autoimmune disease (n = 38, immdry eye group). Isolated bacterial DNAs from swabs were analyzed with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results Analysis of the alpha diversity revealed no significant differences between subjects in the dry eye and immdry eye groups. Those in the immdry eye group had a distinct microbial composition compared with those in the dry eye group. The combination of the genera Corynebacterium and Pelomonas distinguished subjects in the immdry eye group from those in the dry eye group, with an area under the curve of 0.73 (95% CI = 0.62-0.84). For the same bacteria, the correlations between microbe abundance and the ocular surface parameters were different in the two groups. In addition, the functions of the microbial communities were altered in the two groups. Conclusions Our study demonstrates changes in the composition and function of the ocular microbiome between subjects in the immdry eye and dry eye groups, which suggests that the potential pathogenesis is different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Wan
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianhui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaguang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yining Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Zhang Z, Zou X, Xue W, Zhang P, Wang S, Zou H. Ocular Surface Microbiota in Diabetic Patients With Dry Eye Disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:13. [PMID: 34524384 PMCID: PMC8444464 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the ocular surface (OS) commensal bacteria profiles of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and dry eye disease (DED). Methods In the present study, subjects were assigned to four groups: 37 to the diabetic mellitus with dry eye disease (DM with DED) group, 22 to the diabetes mellitus (DM)-only group, 34 to the dry eye disease (DED)-only group, and 22 to the control group. Tear fluid was collected using Schirmer's tear secretion test paper. 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequencing was used to analyze the bacterial microbiota. Results The DM with DED group showed the highest operational taxonomic unit (OTU) numbers and alpha diversity and the most different beta diversity. The groups shared the four most abundant phyla, accounting for over 96% of the total abundance. At the genus level, there were 10 types of overlap in the core microbiota in the groups. They showed significant differences between the groups. Additionally, the DM with DED group and the control group showed four unique core genera, respectively. Unclassified Clostridiales and Lactobacillus were the core microbiota members of the DM with DED group, the DM-only group, and the DED-only group, but not the control group. Conclusions In the present study, our results showed that the patients in the DM with DED group had a more complex and comprehensive ocular surface microbial composition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal the microbial profile of dry eye disease in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Centre for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Centre for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinrong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fengcheng Hospital, Fengxian District, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Xue
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Centre, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Gonghui Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Centre for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Centre for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Centre, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Centre for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Centre for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Ocular Surface Microbiota in Contact Lens Users and Contact-Lens-Associated Bacterial Keratitis. Vision (Basel) 2021; 5:vision5020027. [PMID: 34205001 PMCID: PMC8293334 DOI: 10.3390/vision5020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objectives were to investigate whether the conjunctival microbiota is altered by contact lens wear and/or bacterial keratitis and to explore the hypothesis that commensals of conjunctival microbiota contribute to bacterial keratitis. Swab samples from both eyes were collected separately from the inferior fornix of the conjunctiva of non-contact-lens users (nparticipants = 28) and contact lens users (nparticipants = 26) and from patients with contact-lens-associated bacterial keratitis (nparticipants = 9). DNA from conjunctival swab samples was analyzed with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Pathogens from the corneal infiltrates were identified by cultivation. In total, we identified 19 phyla and 283 genera; the four most abundant genera were Pseudomonas, Enhydrobacter, Staphylococcus, and Cutibacterium. Several pathogens related to bacterial keratitis were identified in the conjunctival microbiota of the whole study population, and the same bacteria were identified by both methods in the conjunctiva and cornea for four patients with contact-lens-associated bacterial keratitis. The overall conjunctival microbiota profile was not altered by contact lens wear or bacterial keratitis; thus, it does not appear to contribute to the development of bacterial keratitis in contact lens users. However, in some individuals, conjunctival microbiota may harbor opportunistic pathogens causing contact-lens-associated bacterial keratitis.
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Hollingsworth BA, Cassatt DR, DiCarlo AL, Rios CI, Satyamitra MM, Winters TA, Taliaferro LP. Acute Radiation Syndrome and the Microbiome: Impact and Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:643283. [PMID: 34084131 PMCID: PMC8167050 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of the human microbiota has been a centuries-long endeavor, but since the inception of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Human Microbiome Project in 2007, research has greatly expanded, including the space involving radiation injury. As acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is multisystemic, the microbiome niches across all areas of the body may be affected. This review highlights advances in radiation research examining the effect of irradiation on the microbiome and its potential use as a target for medical countermeasures or biodosimetry approaches, or as a medical countermeasure itself. The authors also address animal model considerations for designing studies, and the potential to use the microbiome as a biomarker to assess radiation exposure and predict outcome. Recent research has shown that the microbiome holds enormous potential for mitigation of radiation injury, in the context of both radiotherapy and radiological/nuclear public health emergencies. Gaps still exist, but the field is moving forward with much promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynn A Hollingsworth
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - David R Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Andrea L DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Carmen I Rios
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Merriline M Satyamitra
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Thomas A Winters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Lanyn P Taliaferro
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
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Galletti JG, de Paiva CS. The ocular surface immune system through the eyes of aging. Ocul Surf 2021; 20:139-162. [PMID: 33621658 PMCID: PMC8113112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the last century, advances in healthcare, housing, and education have led to an increase in life expectancy. Longevity is accompanied by a higher prevalence of age-related diseases, such as cancer, autoimmunity, diabetes, and infection, and part of this increase in disease incidence relates to the significant changes that aging brings about in the immune system. The eye is not spared by aging either, presenting with age-related disorders of its own, and interestingly, many of these diseases have immune pathophysiology. Being delicate organs that must be exposed to the environment in order to capture light, the eyes are endowed with a mucosal environment that protects them, the so-called ocular surface. As in other mucosal sites, immune responses at the ocular surface need to be swift and potent to eliminate threats but are at the same time tightly controlled to prevent excessive inflammation and bystander damage. This review will detail how aging affects the mucosal immune response of the ocular surface as a whole and how this process relates to the higher incidence of ocular surface disease in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias G Galletti
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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