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Hata J, Harigane Y, Matsuoka K, Akaihata H, Yaginuma K, Meguro S, Hoshi S, Sato Y, Ogawa S, Uemura M, Kojima Y. Mechanism of Androgen-Independent Stromal Proliferation in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11634. [PMID: 37511400 PMCID: PMC10380833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a chronic proliferative disease showing stromal-dominant proliferation. However, the detailed proliferation mechanism has remained unclear. Although aging and androgen have been reported as definitive risk factors for BPH, recent studies have focused on the involvement of androgen-independent factors. Androgen-independent factors include ischemia, oxidative stress, metabolic syndrome, infection, autoimmune reactions, and inflammation, with inflammation in BPH tissues playing a central role in the BPH proliferative process. Inflammation in BPH tissues by various factors finally leads to tissue remodeling and stromal proliferation through the wound healing process of the prostate. To elucidate the proliferative mechanism of BPH, a study using whole-genome gene expression analysis in a stromal-dominant BPH rat model was performed and showed that immune response-related pathways and complement classical pathways are activated. Furthermore, expression analysis using this BPH rat model showed that the autoimmune reaction triggered complement pathway activation in the proliferative process of BPH. BPH is a multifactorial disease, and understanding the role of androgen-independent factors including immune responses contributes to elucidating the pathogenesis of BPH. Androgen-independent factors may lead to new therapeutic targets for BPH, and further development of this research is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Hata
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 9601295, Japan
| | - Yuki Harigane
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 9601295, Japan
| | - Kanako Matsuoka
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 9601295, Japan
| | - Hidenori Akaihata
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 9601295, Japan
| | - Kei Yaginuma
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 9601295, Japan
| | - Satoru Meguro
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 9601295, Japan
| | - Seiji Hoshi
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 9601295, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sato
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 9601295, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 9601295, Japan
| | - Motohide Uemura
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 9601295, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kojima
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 9601295, Japan
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2
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Lahmar Z, Ahmed E, Fort A, Vachier I, Bourdin A, Bergougnoux A. Hedgehog pathway and its inhibitors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108295. [PMID: 36191777 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
COPD affects millions of people and is now ranked as the third leading cause of death worldwide. This largely untreatable chronic airway disease results in irreversible destruction of lung architecture. The small lung hypothesis is now supported by epidemiological, physiological and clinical studies. Accordingly, the early and severe COPD phenotype carries the most dreadful prognosis and finds its roots during lung growth. Pathophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood and implicate individual susceptibility (genetics), a large part of environmental factors (viral infections, tobacco consumption, air pollution) and the combined effects of those triggers on gene expression. Genetic susceptibility is most likely involved as the disease is severe and starts early in life. The latter observation led to the identification of Mendelian inheritance via disease-causing variants of SERPINA1 - known as the basis for alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency, and TERT. In the last two decades multiple genome wide association studies (GWAS) identified many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with COPD. High significance SNPs are located in 4q31 near HHIP which encodes an evolutionarily highly conserved physiological inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway (HH). HHIP is critical to several in utero developmental lung processes. It is also implicated in homeostasis, injury response, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor resistance to apoptosis. A few studies have reported decreased HHIP RNA and protein levels in human adult COPD lungs. HHIP+/- murine models led to emphysema. HH pathway inhibitors, such as vismodegib and sonidegib, are already validated in oncology, whereas other drugs have evidenced in vitro effects. Targeting the Hedgehog pathway could lead to a new therapeutic avenue in COPD. In this review, we focused on the early and severe COPD phenotype and the small lung hypothesis by exploring genetic susceptibility traits that are potentially treatable, thus summarizing promising therapeutics for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lahmar
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Ahmed
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, Inserm U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - A Fort
- PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, Inserm U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - I Vachier
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, Inserm U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - A Bourdin
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, Inserm U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - A Bergougnoux
- PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, Inserm U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et de Cytogénomique, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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3
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Burleson M, Deng JJ, Qin T, Duong TM, Yan Y, Gu X, Das D, Easley A, Liss MA, Yew PR, Bedolla R, Kumar AP, Huang THM, Zou Y, Chen Y, Chen CL, Huang H, Sun LZ, Boyer TG. GLI3 Is Stabilized by SPOP Mutations and Promotes Castration Resistance via Functional Cooperation with Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:62-76. [PMID: 34610962 PMCID: PMC9258906 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway has been implicated in promoting malignant phenotypes of prostate cancer, details on how it is activated and exerts its oncogenic role during prostate cancer development and progression is less clear. Here, we show that GLI3, a key SHH pathway effector, is transcriptionally upregulated during androgen deprivation and posttranslationally stabilized in prostate cancer cells by mutation of speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP). GLI3 is a substrate of SPOP-mediated proteasomal degradation in prostate cancer cells and prostate cancer driver mutations in SPOP abrogate GLI3 degradation. Functionally, GLI3 is necessary and sufficient for the growth and migration of androgen receptor (AR)-positive prostate cancer cells, particularly under androgen-depleted conditions. Importantly, we demonstrate that GLI3 physically interacts and functionally cooperates with AR to enrich an AR-dependent gene expression program leading to castration-resistant growth of xenografted prostate tumors. Finally, we identify an AR/GLI3 coregulated gene signature that is highly correlated with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer and predictive of disease recurrence. Together, these findings reveal that hyperactivated GLI3 promotes castration-resistant growth of prostate cancer and provide a rationale for therapeutic targeting of GLI3 in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). IMPLICATIONS: We describe two clinically relevant mechanisms leading to hyperactivated GLI3 signaling and enhanced AR/GLI3 cross-talk, suggesting that GLI3-specific inhibitors might prove effective to block prostate cancer development or delay CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Burleson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Janice J Deng
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Tai Qin
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Thu Minh Duong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yuqian Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xiang Gu
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Debodipta Das
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Acarizia Easley
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Michael A Liss
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - P Renee Yew
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Roble Bedolla
- Department of Urology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Tim Hui-Ming Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yi Zou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
| | - Thomas G Boyer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
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Crowley F, Sterpi M, Buckley C, Margetich L, Handa S, Dovey Z. A Review of the Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Res Rep Urol 2021; 13:457-472. [PMID: 34235102 PMCID: PMC8256377 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s264722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy or ADT is one of the cornerstones of management of locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer, alongside radiation therapy. However, despite early response, most advanced prostate cancers progress into an androgen unresponsive or castrate resistant state, which hitherto remains an incurable entity and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men in the US. Recent advances have uncovered multiple complex and intermingled mechanisms underlying this transformation. While most of these mechanisms revolve around androgen receptor (AR) signaling, novel pathways which act independently of the androgen axis are also being discovered. The aim of this article is to review the pathophysiological mechanisms that help bypass the apoptotic effects of ADT to create castrate resistance. The article discusses castrate resistance mechanisms under two categories: 1. Direct AR dependent pathways such as amplification or gain of function mutations in AR, development of functional splice variants, posttranslational regulation, and pro-oncogenic modulation in the expression of coactivators vs corepressors of AR. 2. Ancillary pathways involving RAS/MAP kinase, TGF-beta/SMAD pathway, FGF signaling, JAK/STAT pathway, Wnt-Beta catenin and hedgehog signaling as well as the role of cell adhesion molecules and G-protein coupled receptors. miRNAs are also briefly discussed. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer is paramount to the development of targeted agents to overcome these mechanisms. A number of targeted agents are currently in development. As we strive for more personalized treatment across oncology care, treatment regimens will need to be tailored based on the type of CRPC and the underlying mechanism of castration resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionnuala Crowley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Sterpi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Conor Buckley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Margetich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shivani Handa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zach Dovey
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Liu J, Yin J, Chen P, Liu D, He W, Li Y, Li M, Fu X, Zeng G, Guo Y, Wang X, DiSanto ME, Zhang X. Smoothened inhibition leads to decreased cell proliferation and suppressed tissue fibrosis in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:115. [PMID: 34006832 PMCID: PMC8131753 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in aging males. It has been proven that the Hedgehog (HH) is implied as an effective and fundamental regulatory growth factor signal for organogenesis, homeostasis, and regeneration. Smoothened (SMO), as the major control point of HH signals, activates aberrantly in most human solid tumors. However, the specific function of SMO and its downstream glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) family in BPH has not been well understood. Here, we first revealed that the SMO cascade was upregulated in BPH tissues and was localized in both the stromal and the epithelium compartments of human prostate tissues. Cyclopamine, as a specific SMO inhibitor, was incubated with BPH-1 and WPMY-1, and intraperitoneally injected into a BPH rat model established by castration with testosterone supplementation. SMO inhibition could induce cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, and a reduction of tissue fibrosis markers, both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, a tissue microarray, containing 104 BPH specimens, was constructed to analyze the correlations between the expression of SMO cascade and clinical parameters. The GLI2 was correlated positively with nocturia and negatively with fPSA. The GLI3 was in a positive relationship with International Prostate Symptom Score and nocturia. In conclusion, our study suggested that SMO cascade could play important roles in the development of BPH and it might be rediscovered as a promising therapeutic target for BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daoquan Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weixiang He
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xun Fu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang Zeng
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael E DiSanto
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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6
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Yuan YF, Zhu WX, Liu T, He JQ, Zhou Q, Zhou X, Zhang X, Yang J. Cyclopamine functions as a suppressor of benign prostatic hyperplasia by inhibiting epithelial and stromal cell proliferation via suppression of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:311-319. [PMID: 32319534 PMCID: PMC7255449 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal-epithelial interaction serves a pivotal role in normal prostate growth, as well as the onset of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The present study aimed to explore the role of cyclopamine in the proliferation and apoptosis of epithelial and stromal cells in rats with BPH by blocking the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Cyclopamine (an inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway) was administered in a rat model of BPH, and the expression of Ki67 (proliferation factor) was determined by immunohistochemistry. In addition, epithelial and stromal cells were separated and cultured in order to investigate the role of cyclopamine in the progression of BPH. The expression of Hedgehog signaling pathway- and apoptosis-related genes, including basic fibroblastic growth factor (b-FGF) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), was evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed using an MTT assay and flow cytometry. We identified upregulated Ki67 expression and activated Hedgehog signaling pathway in rats with BPH. Cyclopamine inhibited the activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In response to cyclopamine treatment, epithelial and stromal cell proliferation was inhibited; this was concomitant with decreased Ki67, TGF-β, and b-FGF expression. On the other hand, epithelial cell apoptosis was enhanced, which was associated with increased Bax and reduced Bcl-2 expression. Based on these findings, we proposed that cyclopamine may serve as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of BPH. Cyclopamine could inhibit epithelial and stromal cell proliferation, and induce epithelial cell apoptosis by suppressing the Hedgehog signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Yuan
- Department of Andrology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhu
- Department of Andrology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Andrology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Ju-Qiao He
- Department of Andrology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Andrology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Andrology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
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7
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Le V, He Y, Aldahl J, Hooker E, Yu EJ, Olson A, Kim WK, Lee DH, Wong M, Sheng R, Mi J, Geradts J, Cunha GR, Sun Z. Loss of androgen signaling in mesenchymal sonic hedgehog responsive cells diminishes prostate development, growth, and regeneration. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008588. [PMID: 31929563 PMCID: PMC6980684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate embryonic development, pubertal and adult growth, maintenance, and regeneration are regulated through androgen signaling-mediated mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. Specifically, the essential role of mesenchymal androgen signaling in the development of prostate epithelium has been observed for over 30 years. However, the identity of the mesenchymal cells responsible for this paracrine regulation and related mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we provide the first demonstration of an indispensable role of the androgen receptor (AR) in sonic hedgehog (SHH) responsive Gli1-expressing cells, in regulating prostate development, growth, and regeneration. Selective deletion of AR expression in Gli1-expressing cells during embryogenesis disrupts prostatic budding and impairs prostate development and formation. Tissue recombination assays showed that urogenital mesenchyme (UGM) containing AR-deficient mesenchymal Gli1-expressing cells combined with wildtype urogenital epithelium (UGE) failed to develop normal prostate tissue in the presence of androgens, revealing the decisive role of AR in mesenchymal SHH responsive cells in prostate development. Prepubescent deletion of AR expression in Gli1-expressing cells resulted in severe impairment of androgen-induced prostate growth and regeneration. RNA-sequencing analysis showed significant alterations in signaling pathways related to prostate development, stem cells, and organ morphogenesis in AR-deficient Gli1-expressing cells. Among these altered pathways, the transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) pathway was up-regulated in AR-deficient Gli1-expressing cells. We further demonstrated the activation of TGFβ1 signaling in AR-deleted prostatic Gli1-expressing cells, which inhibits prostate epithelium growth through paracrine regulation. These data demonstrate a novel role of the AR in the Gli1-expressing cellular niche for regulating prostatic cell fate, morphogenesis, and renewal, and elucidate the mechanism by which mesenchymal androgen-signaling through SHH-responsive cells elicits the growth and regeneration of prostate epithelium. Prostate formation, growth, and regeneration, as well as tumorigenesis, depend on androgens and androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling pathways. Tissue recombination assays done more than 30 years ago demonstrated a decisive role for stromal androgen signaling in prostatic epithelium development. However, in the intervening time, the identity of the mesenchymal cells in the urogenital sinus mesenchyme that convey androgen signaling and control prostate epithelium development, morphogenesis, and regeneration has not been determined. In this study, using mouse genetic tools, we demonstrate for the first time that selective deletion of AR in mesenchymal Gli1-expressing cells abolishes early development of prostate tissue and normal prostate formation, and diminishes prostate pubertal growth and regeneration. In addition, using tissue recombination assays, we directly determined an essential requirement for AR expression in mesenchymal Gli1-expressing cells during prostate epithelium development. Our results not only resolve a 30-year-old scientific puzzle by identifying the mesenchymal cell properties of androgen-responsive cells that elicit development of the embryonic prostate epithelium, but also explore a new regulatory mechanism for androgen and Shh signaling-mediated cellular niches in regulating prostatic cell fate, growth, and renewal through paracrine regulation. Given the importance of sex hormone and hedgehog signaling pathways in human development and tumorigenesis, this study extends beyond the field of prostate biology, raising new questions underlying sex hormone and SHH signaling in development and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vien Le
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Yongfeng He
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Aldahl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Erika Hooker
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Eun-Jeong Yu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Adam Olson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Won Kyung Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Dong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Monica Wong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Ruoyu Sheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Jiaqi Mi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Geradts
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Gerald R. Cunha
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zijie Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Montano M, Bushman W. Morphoregulatory pathways in prostate ductal development. Dev Dyn 2018; 246:89-99. [PMID: 27884054 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse prostate is a male sex-accessory gland comprised of a branched ductal network arranged into three separate bilateral lobes: the anterior, dorsolateral, and ventral lobes. Prostate ductal development is the primary morphogenetic event in prostate development and requires a complex regulation of spatiotemporal factors. This review provides an overview of prostate development and the major genetic regulators and signaling pathways involved. To identify new areas for further study, we briefly highlight the likely important, but relatively understudied, role of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Finally, we point out the potential importance of the ECM in influencing the behavior and prognosis of prostate cancer. Developmental Dynamics 246:89-99, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Montano
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Urology, Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Madison, Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Madison, Carbone Cancer Center, Clinical Sciences Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Wade Bushman
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Urology, Madison, Wisconsin.,University of Wisconsin Madison, Carbone Cancer Center, Clinical Sciences Center, Madison, Wisconsin
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9
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Strömvall K, Thysell E, Halin Bergström S, Bergh A. Aggressive rat prostate tumors reprogram the benign parts of the prostate and regional lymph nodes prior to metastasis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176679. [PMID: 28472073 PMCID: PMC5417597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to grow and spread tumors need to interact with adjacent tissues. We therefore hypothesized that small but aggressive prostate cancers influence the rest of the prostate and regional lymph nodes differently than tumors that are more indolent. Poorly metastatic (Dunning AT1) or highly metastatic (Dunning MLL) rat prostate tumor cells were injected into the ventral prostate lobe of immunocompetent rats. After 10 days—when the tumors occupied about 30% of the prostate lobe and lymph node metastases were undetectable—the global gene expression in tumors, benign parts of the prostate, and regional iliac lymph nodes were examined to define tumor-induced changes related to preparation for future metastasis. The tumors induced profound effects on the gene expression profiles in the benign parts of the prostate and these were strikingly different in the two tumor models. Gene ontology enrichment analysis suggested that tumors with high metastatic capacity were more successful than less metastatic tumors in inducing tumor-promoting changes and suppressing anti-tumor immune responses in the entire prostate. Some of these differences such as altered angiogenesis, nerve density, accumulation of T-cells and macrophages were verified by immunohistochemistry. Gene expression alterations in the regional lymph nodes suggested decreased quantity and activation of immune cells in MLL-lymph nodes that were also verified by immunostaining. In summary, even when small highly metastatic prostate tumors can affect the entire tumor-bearing organ and pre-metastatic lymph nodes differently than less metastatic tumors. When the kinetics of these extratumoral influences (by us named TINT = tumor instructed normal tissue) are more precisely defined they could potentially be used as markers of disease aggressiveness and become therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Strömvall
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Elin Thysell
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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10
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Ohashi T. Discovery of Novel Hedgehog Signaling Inhibitor. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2017. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.75.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ohashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Limited
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11
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Yang Z, Peng YC, Gopalan A, Gao D, Chen Y, Joyner AL. Stromal hedgehog signaling maintains smooth muscle and hampers micro-invasive prostate cancer. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:39-52. [PMID: 27935821 PMCID: PMC5278527 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely appreciated that reactive stroma or carcinoma-associated fibroblasts can influence epithelial tumor progression. In prostate cancer (PCa), the second most common male malignancy worldwide, the amount of reactive stroma is variable and has predictive value for tumor recurrence. By analyzing human PCa protein and RNA expression databases, we found smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are decreased in advanced tumors, whereas fibroblasts are maintained. In three mouse models of PCa, PB-MYC, ERG/PTEN and TRAMP, we found the composition of the stroma is distinct. SMCs are greatly depleted in advanced PB-MYC tumors and locally reduced in ERG/PTEN prostates, whereas in TRAMP tumors the SMC layers are increased. In addition, interductal fibroblast-like cells expand in PB-MYC and ERG/PTEN tumors, whereas in TRAMP PCa they expand little and stromal cells invade into intraductal adenomas. Fate mapping of SMCs showed that in PB-MYC tumors the cells are depleted, whereas they expand in TRAMP tumors and interestingly contribute to the stromal cells in intraductal adenomas. Hedgehog (HH) ligands secreted by epithelial cells are known to regulate prostate mesenchyme expansion differentially during development and regeneration. Any possible role of HH signaling in stromal cells during PCa progression is poorly understood. We found that HH signaling is high in SMCs and fibroblasts near tumor cells in all models, and epithelial Shh expression is decreased whereas Ihh and Dhh are increased. In human primary PCa, expression of IHH is the highest of the three HH genes, and elevated HH signaling correlates with high stromal gene expression. Moreover, increasing HH signaling in the stroma of PB-MYC PCa resulted in more intact SMC layers and decreased tumor progression (micro-invasive carcinoma). Thus, we propose HH signaling restrains tumor progression by maintaining the smooth muscle and preventing invasion by tumor cells. Our studies highlight the importance of understanding how HH signaling and stromal composition impact on PCa to optimize drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Yang
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yu-Ching Peng
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anuradha Gopalan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dong Gao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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12
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Pan T, Wu R, Liu B, Wen H, Tu Z, Guo J, Yang J, Shen G. PBOV1 promotes prostate cancer proliferation by promoting G1/S transition. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:787-95. [PMID: 26937201 PMCID: PMC4762445 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s92682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in men, and thus, finding new regulators is critical for PC therapy. Prostate and breast cancer overexpressed 1 (PBOV1) is overexpressed in breast, prostate, and bladder cancers, as it is upregulated in the serum of patients with PC, but the role of PBOV1 in PC has not been studied. In this article, we found that PBOV1 was indeed overexpressed in PC cells; PBOV1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation and colony formation ability and arrested cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and tumorigenicity ability in vitro, whereas knockdown of PBOV1 reduced these effects. Further analysis of PBOV1 overexpression inhibited cell cycle inhibitors, P21 and P27, and increased the phosphorylation level of Rb and cyclin D1 expression, suggesting that PBOV1 promoted cell proliferation through promoting G1/S transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Pan
- Department of Urology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongpei Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Urology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Handong Wen
- Department of Urology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Tu
- Department of Urology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Urology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarong Yang
- Department of Urology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiu Shen
- Department of Urology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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13
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Synthesis and evaluation of hedgehog signaling inhibitor with novel core system. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4777-4791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Hedgehog signaling in prostate epithelial-mesenchymal growth regulation. Dev Biol 2015; 400:94-104. [PMID: 25641695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prostate gland plays an important role in male reproduction, and is also an organ prone to diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. The prostate consists of ducts with an inner layer of epithelium surrounded by stroma. Reciprocal signaling between these two cell compartments is instrumental to normal prostatic development, homeostasis, regeneration, as well as tumor formation. Hedgehog (HH) signaling is a master regulator in numerous developmental processes. In many organs, HH plays a key role in epithelial-mesenchymal signaling that regulates organ growth and tissue differentiation, and abnormal HH signaling has been implicated in the progression of various epithelial carcinomas. In this review, we focus on recent studies exploring the multipotency of endogenous postnatal and adult epithelial and stromal stem cells and studies addressing the role of HH in prostate development and cancer. We discuss the implications of the results for a new understanding of prostate development and disease. Insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying epithelial-mesenchymal growth regulation should provide a basis for devising innovative therapies to combat diseases of the prostate.
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15
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Petrova R, Joyner AL. Roles for Hedgehog signaling in adult organ homeostasis and repair. Development 2014; 141:3445-57. [PMID: 25183867 DOI: 10.1242/dev.083691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog (HH) pathway is well known for its mitogenic and morphogenic functions during development, and HH signaling continues in discrete populations of cells within many adult mammalian tissues. Growing evidence indicates that HH regulates diverse quiescent stem cell populations, but the exact roles that HH signaling plays in adult organ homeostasis and regeneration remain poorly understood. Here, we review recently identified functions of HH in modulating the behavior of tissue-specific adult stem and progenitor cells during homeostasis, regeneration and disease. We conclude that HH signaling is a key factor in the regulation of adult tissue homeostasis and repair, acting via multiple different routes to regulate distinct cellular outcomes, including maintenance of plasticity, in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralitsa Petrova
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA BCMB Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA BCMB Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
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16
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Zhao C. Paracrine signaling in stem cell renewal and in neoplastic tumor growth. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:571-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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Atala A. Re: Differential stage-dependent regulation of prostatic epithelial morphogenesis by Hedgehog signaling. J Urol 2014; 191:1181-2. [PMID: 24703156 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Atala A. Re: Protease Nexin 1 Inhibits Hedgehog Signaling in Prostate Adenocarcinoma. J Urol 2013; 189:2391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Expression of the glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (gli1) in advanced serous ovarian cancer is associated with unfavorable overall survival. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60145. [PMID: 23555905 PMCID: PMC3610749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence links aberrant activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling with the pathogenesis of several cancers including medulloblastoma, glioblastoma, melanoma as well as pancreas, colorectal, and prostate carcinomas. Here we investigated the role of the transcription factor Gli1 in ovarian cancer. To this end, the expression profile of Gli1 was examined in normal ovaries, ovarian tumors, and ovarian cancer cell lines, and the in vitro effects of a specific Hh-pathway blocker, KAAD-cyclopamine, or a specific Gli1 inhibitor (GANT58) on cell proliferation and on Hh target gene expression were also assessed. Results obtained showed that epithelial cells in ovarian cancer tissue express significantly higher levels of nuclear Gli1 than in normal ovarian tissue, where the protein was almost undetectable. In addition, multivariate analysis showed that nuclear Gli1 was independently associated to poor survival in advanced serous ovarian cancer patients (HR = 2.2, 95%CI 1.0–5.1, p = 0.04). In vitro experiments demonstrated Gli1 expression in the three ovarian carcinoma cell lines tested, A2780, SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3. Remarkably, although KAAD-cyclopamine led to decreased cell proliferation, this treatment did not inhibit hedgehog target gene expression in any of the three ovarian cancer cell lines, suggesting that the inhibition of cell proliferation was a nonspecific or toxic effect. In line with these data, no differences on cell proliferation were observed when cell lines were treated with GANT58. Overall, our clinical data support the role of Gli1 as a prognostic marker in advanced serous ovarian cancer and as a possible therapeutic target in this disease. However, our in vitro findings draw attention to the need for selection of appropriate experimental models that accurately represent human tumor for testing future therapies involving Hh pathway inhibitors.
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20
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Discovery of pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline-4-one derivatives as novel hedgehog signaling inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5496-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Hedgehog signaling plays roles in epithelial cell proliferation in neonatal mouse uterus and vagina. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 348:239-47. [PMID: 22388655 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Both the uterus and vagina develop from the Müllerian duct but are quite distinct in morphology and function. To investigate factors controlling epithelial differentiation and cell proliferation in neonatal uterus and vagina, we focused on Hedgehog (HH) signaling. In neonatal mice, Sonic hh (Shh) was localized in the vaginal epithelium and Indian hh (Ihh) was slightly expressed in the uterus and vagina, whereas all Glioma-associated oncogene homolog (Gli) genes were mainly expressed in the stroma. The expression of target genes of HH signaling was high in the neonatal vagina and in the uterus, it increased with growth. Thus, in neonatal mice, Shh in the vaginal epithelium and Ihh in the uterus and vagina activated HH signaling in the stroma. Tissue recombinants showed that vaginal Shh expression was inhibited by the vaginal stroma and uterine Ihh expression was stimulated by the uterine stroma. Addition of a HH signaling inhibitor decreased epithelial cell proliferation in organ-cultured uterus and vagina and increased stromal cell proliferation in organ-cultured uterus. However, it did not affect epithelial differentiation or the expression of growth factors in organ-cultured uterus and vagina. Thus, activated HH signaling stimulates epithelial cell proliferation in neonatal uterus and vagina but inhibits stromal cell proliferation in neonatal uterus.
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22
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Hurtado RR, Harney AS, Heffern MC, Holbrook RJ, Holmgren RA, Meade TJ. Specific inhibition of the transcription factor Ci by a cobalt(III) Schiff base-DNA conjugate. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:325-33. [PMID: 22214326 DOI: 10.1021/mp2005577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe the use of Co(III) Schiff base-DNA conjugates, a versatile class of research tools that target C2H2 transcription factors, to inhibit the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. In developing mammalian embryos, Hh signaling is critical for the formation and development of many tissues and organs. Inappropriate activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has been implicated in a variety of cancers including medulloblastomas and basal cell carcinomas. It is well-known that Hh regulates the activity of the Gli family of C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors in mammals. In Drosophila the function of the Gli proteins is performed by a single transcription factor with an identical DNA binding consensus sequence, Cubitus Interruptus (Ci). We have demonstrated previously that conjugation of a specific 17 base-pair oligonucleotide to a Co(III) Schiff base complex results in a targeted inhibitor of the Snail family C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors. Modification of the oligonucleotide sequence in the Co(III) Schiff base-DNA conjugate to that of Ci's consensus sequence (Co(III)-Ci) generates an equally selective inhibitor of Ci. Co(III)-Ci irreversibly binds the Ci zinc finger domain and prevents it from binding DNA in vitro. In a Ci responsive tissue culture reporter gene assay, Co(III)-Ci reduces the transcriptional activity of Ci in a concentration dependent manner. In addition, injection of wild-type Drosophila embryos with Co(III)-Ci phenocopies a Ci loss of function phenotype, demonstrating effectiveness in vivo. This study provides evidence that Co(III) Schiff base-DNA conjugates are a versatile class of specific and potent tools for studying zinc finger domain proteins and have potential applications as customizable anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Hurtado
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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23
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Timms BG, Hofkamp LE. Prostate development and growth in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Differentiation 2011; 82:173-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tzelepi V, Karlou M, Wen S, Hoang A, Logothetis C, Troncoso P, Efstathiou E. Expression of hedgehog pathway components in prostate carcinoma microenvironment: shifting the balance towards autocrine signalling. Histopathology 2011; 58:1037-47. [PMID: 21707705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis and aggressiveness of prostate cancer through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. The aim of this study was to elucidate the cell-type partitioned expression of the Hh pathway biomarkers in the non-neoplastic and tumour microenvironments and to correlate it with the grade and stage of prostate cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of the Hh pathway components (Shh, Smo, Ptch, Gli1) in the microenvironment of non-neoplastic peripheral zone (n = 119), hormone-naive primary prostate carcinoma (n = 141) and castrate-resistant bone marrow metastases (n = 53) was analysed using immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays and bone marrow sections. Results showed that epithelial Shh, Smo and Ptch expression was up-regulated, whereas stromal Smo, Ptch, and Gli1 expression was down-regulated in prostate carcinomas compared to non-neoplastic peripheral zone tissue. Ptch expression was modulated further in high-grade and high-stage primary tumours and in bone marrow metastases. Hh signalling correlated with ki67 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) but not with CD31 expression. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the importance of Hh-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the non-neoplastic prostate and imply that shifting the balance from paracrine towards autocrine signalling is important in the pathogenesis and progression of prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Tzelepi
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA
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Kim TJ, Lee JY, Hwang TK, Kang CS, Choi YJ. Hedgehog signaling protein expression and its association with prognostic parameters in prostate cancer: a retrospective study from the view point of new 2010 anatomic stage/prognostic groups. J Surg Oncol 2011; 104:472-9. [PMID: 21656527 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway in prostate cancer is well-known but its clinicopathologic role has not been elucidated well. METHODS Prostatectomy cases of prostate cancer (n=155) were prepared and assessed by clinicopathologic parameters including new 2010 anatomic stage/prognostic groups (ASPG) of prostate cancer. The expression of five Hh signaling proteins including Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Patched, Smoothened, and GLIoma-associated oncogene, in addition with Suppressor of fused (Su(fu)) were analyzed immunohistochemically. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to assess the mRNA expression status. RESULTS The expression of each Hh signaling protein was significantly correlated with poor prognostic parameters such as larger tumor size, high pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA), high Gleason score, perineural invasion and new ASPG. Among Hh signaling proteins, Sonic hedgehog and Smoothened expressions tend to have a significantly higher risk of PSA recurrence (P<0.001 and P=0.011, respectively). Multivariate analysis proved Shh expression as independent prognostic factors of PSA recurrence along with Gleason score, ASPG, tumor volume, and pretreatment PSA. CONCLUSIONS Hh signaling activity is significantly associated with worse prognostic parameters. Shh can be regarded as a poor prognostic factor for PSA recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jung Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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GLI1 confers profound phenotypic changes upon LNCaP prostate cancer cells that include the acquisition of a hormone independent state. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20271. [PMID: 21633508 PMCID: PMC3102098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The GLI (GLI1/GLI2) transcription factors have been implicated in the development and progression of prostate cancer although our understanding of how they actually contribute to the biology of these common tumours is limited. We observed that GLI reporter activity was higher in normal (PNT-2) and tumourigenic (DU145 and PC-3) androgen-independent cells compared to androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells and, accordingly, GLI mRNA levels were also elevated. Ectopic expression of GLI1 or the constitutively active ΔNGLI2 mutant induced a distinct cobblestone-like morphology in LNCaP cells that, regarding the former, correlated with increased GLI2 as well as expression of the basal/stem-like markers CD44, β1-integrin, ΔNp63 and BMI1, and decreased expression of the luminal marker AR (androgen receptor). LNCaP-GLI1 cells were viable in the presence of the AR inhibitor bicalutamide and gene expression profiling revealed that the transcriptome of LNCaP-GLI1 cells was significantly closer to DU145 and PC-3 cells than to control LNCaP-pBP (empty vector) cells, as well as identifying LCN2/NGAL as a highly induced transcript which is associated with hormone independence in breast and prostate cancer. Functionally, LNCaP-GLI1 cells displayed greater clonal growth and were more invasive than control cells but they did not form colonies in soft agar or prostaspheres in suspension suggesting that they do not possess inherent stem cell properties. Moreover, targeted suppression of GLI1 or GLI2 with siRNA did not reverse the transformed phenotype of LNCaP-GLI1 cells nor did double GLI1/GLI2 knockdowns activate AR expression in DU145 or PC-3 cells. As such, early targeting of the GLI oncoproteins may hinder progression to a hormone independent state but a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms that maintain this phenotype is required to determine if their inhibition will enhance the efficacy of anti-hormonal therapy through the induction of a luminal phenotype and increased dependency upon AR function.
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Tzelepi V, Efstathiou E, Wen S, Troncoso P, Karlou M, Pettaway CA, Pisters LL, Hoang A, Logothetis CJ, Pagliaro LC. Persistent, biologically meaningful prostate cancer after 1 year of androgen ablation and docetaxel treatment. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:2574-81. [PMID: 21606419 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.33.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinicians are increasingly willing to treat prostate cancer within the primary site in the presence of regional lymph node or even limited distant metastases. However, no formal study on the merits of this approach has been reported. We used a preoperative clinical discovery platform to prioritize pathways for assessment as therapeutic targets and to test the hypothesis that the primary site harbors potentially lethal tumors after aggressive treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with locally advanced or lymph node-metastatic prostate cancer underwent 1 year of androgen ablation and three cycles of docetaxel therapy, followed by prostatectomy. All specimens were characterized for stage by accepted criteria. Expression of select molecular markers implicated in disease progression and therapy resistance was determined immunohistochemically and compared with that in 30 archived specimens from untreated patients with high-grade prostate cancer. Marker expression was divided into three groups: intracellular signaling pathways, stromal-epithelial interaction pathways, and angiogenesis. RESULTS Forty patients were enrolled, 30 (75%) of whom underwent prostatectomy and two (5%) who underwent cystoprostatectomy. Twenty-nine specimens contained sufficient residual tumor for inclusion in a tissue microarray. Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased epithelial and stromal expression of CYP17, SRD5A1, and Hedgehog pathway components, and modulations of the insulin-like growth factor I pathway. CONCLUSION A network of molecular pathways reportedly linked to prostate cancer progression is activated after 1 year of therapy; biomarker expression suggests that potentially lethal cancers persist in the primary tumor and may contribute to progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Tzelepi
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler St, Houston, TX 77030-3721, USA
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Patra SK, Deb M, Patra A. Molecular marks for epigenetic identification of developmental and cancer stem cells. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:27-53. [PMID: 22704268 PMCID: PMC3365374 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-010-0016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epigenetic regulations of genes by reversible methylation of DNA (at the carbon-5 of cytosine) and numerous reversible modifications of histones play important roles in normal physiology and development, and epigenetic deregulations are associated with developmental disorders and various disease states, including cancer. Stem cells have the capacity to self-renew indefinitely. Similar to stem cells, some malignant cells have the capacity to divide indefinitely and are referred to as cancer stem cells. In recent times, direct correlation between epigenetic modifications and reprogramming of stem cell and cancer stem cell is emerging. Major discoveries were made with investigations on reprogramming gene products, also known as master regulators of totipotency and inducer of pluoripotency, namely, OCT4, NANOG, cMYC, SOX2, Klf4, and LIN28. The challenge to induce pluripotency is the insertion of four reprogramming genes (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) into the genome. There are always risks of silencing of these genes by epigenetic modifications in the host cells, particularly, when introduced through retroviral techniques. In this contribution, we will discuss some of the major discoveries on epigenetic modifications within the chromatin of various genes associated with cancer progression and cancer stem cells in comparison to normal development of stem cell. These modifications may be considered as molecular signatures for predicting disorders of development and for identifying disease states. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13148-010-0016-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Orissa 769008 India
| | - Moonmoon Deb
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Orissa 769008 India
| | - Aditi Patra
- Department of Animal Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal India
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Slusarz A, Shenouda NS, Sakla MS, Drenkhahn SK, Narula AS, MacDonald RS, Besch-Williford CL, Lubahn DB. Common botanical compounds inhibit the hedgehog signaling pathway in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3382-90. [PMID: 20395211 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many botanical compounds have been proposed to prevent cancer. We investigated the cancer treatment and prevention abilities of apigenin, baicalein, curcumin, epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), genistein, quercetin, and resveratrol both in vivo in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice as well as in vitro in prostate cancer cell lines. In our experiments, these seven compounds act similarly to the Hedgehog antagonist cyclopamine, a teratogenic plant alkaloid, which had been previously shown to "cure" prostate cancer in a mouse xenograft model. With IC(50) values ranging from <1 to 25 mumol/L, these compounds can inhibit Gli1 mRNA concentration by up to 95% and downregulate Gli reporter activity by 80%. We show that four compounds, genistein, curcumin, EGCG, and resveratrol, inhibit Hedgehog signaling as monitored by real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis of Gli1 mRNA concentration or by Gli reporter activity. Three compounds, apigenin, baicalein, and quercetin, decreased Gli1 mRNA concentration but not Gli reporter activity. Our results show that these compounds are also able to reduce or delay prostate cancer in vivo in TRAMP mice. All seven compounds, when fed in combination as pure compounds or as crude plant extracts, inhibit well-differentiated carcinoma of the prostate by 58% and 81%, respectively. In vitro, we show that all seven compounds also inhibit growth in human and mouse prostate cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, we propose the Hedgehog signaling pathway to be a direct or indirect target of these compounds. These botanicals at pharmacologic concentrations are potentially safer and less expensive alternatives to cyclopamine and its pharmaceutical analogues for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Slusarz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Love HD, Booton SE, Boone BE, Breyer JP, Koyama T, Revelo MP, Shappell SB, Smith JR, Hayward SW. Androgen regulated genes in human prostate xenografts in mice: relation to BPH and prostate cancer. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8384. [PMID: 20027305 PMCID: PMC2793011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate carcinoma (CaP) are linked to aging and the presence of androgens, suggesting that androgen regulated genes play a major role in these common diseases. Androgen regulation of prostate growth and development depends on the presence of intact epithelial-stromal interactions. Further, the prostatic stroma is implicated in BPH. This suggests that epithelial cell lines are inadequate to identify androgen regulated genes that could contribute to BPH and CaP and which could serve as potential clinical biomarkers. In this study, we used a human prostate xenograft model to define a profile of genes regulated in vivo by androgens, with an emphasis on identifying candidate biomarkers. Benign transition zone (TZ) human prostate tissue from radical prostatectomies was grafted to the sub-renal capsule site of intact or castrated male immunodeficient mice, followed by the removal or addition of androgens, respectively. Microarray analysis of RNA from these tissues was used to identify genes that were; 1) highly expressed in prostate, 2) had significant expression changes in response to androgens, and, 3) encode extracellular proteins. A total of 95 genes meeting these criteria were selected for analysis and validation of expression in patient prostate tissues using quantitative real-time PCR. Expression levels of these genes were measured in pooled RNAs from human prostate tissues with varying severity of BPH pathologic changes and CaP of varying Gleason score. A number of androgen regulated genes were identified. Additionally, a subset of these genes were over-expressed in RNA from clinical BPH tissues, and the levels of many were found to correlate with disease status. Our results demonstrate the feasibility, and some of the problems, of using a mouse xenograft model to characterize the androgen regulated expression profiles of intact human prostate tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D. Love
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - S. Erin Booton
- Dermatology Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Braden E. Boone
- Vanderbilt Microarray Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Joan P. Breyer
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tatsuki Koyama
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Monica P. Revelo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Scott B. Shappell
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Avero Diagnostics, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Smith
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Medical Research Service, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Moreno CS. The Sex-determining region Y-box 4 and homeobox C6 transcriptional networks in prostate cancer progression: crosstalk with the Wnt, Notch, and PI3K pathways. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:518-27. [PMID: 20019190 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta, Hedgehog, Notch, and Wnt signaling pathways all play critical roles in the development and progression of prostate cancer. It is becoming increasingly apparent that these pathways may intersect with developmentally important transcription factors such as the sex-determining region Y-box 4 (SOX4), homeobox C6, enhancer of zeste 2, and ETS-related gene, which are up-regulated in prostate cancers. For example, identification of the downstream targets of SOX4 and homeobox C6 suggests that these factors may cooperate to activate the Notch pathway and the PI3K/AKT pathway, possibly in response to Wnt signals. PI3K/AKT activation likely occurs indirectly via up-regulation of growth factor receptors, while Notch activation is secondary to up-regulation of Notch pathway components. In addition, SOX4 may affect terminal differentiation via regulation of other transcription factors such as NKX3.1 and MLL, and regulation of components of the microRNA pathway such as Dicer and Argonaute 1. The evidence supporting activation of these pathways in prostate cancer progression suggests that combinations of compounds targeting them may be of benefit to patients with aggressive, metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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O'Toole SA, Swarbrick A, Sutherland RL. The Hedgehog signalling pathway as a therapeutic target in early breast cancer development. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:1095-103. [PMID: 19659449 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903130612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway is a highly conserved developmental pathway, which plays critical roles in patterning of the embryo through epithelial to mesenchymal signalling and the maintenance of stem cells in the adult organism. There is increasing evidence that this pathway is dysregulated in many malignancies, including breast cancer. While there has been a significant decrease in mortality from breast cancer, a number of treatment challenges remain, particularly in those tumours which develop resistance to endocrine-based therapy, or which lack expression of hormone or c-erbB2/HER2 receptors. Therapeutic manipulation of the Hh pathway as a potential cancer therapy is attracting great interest, with preclinical studies and clinical trials underway in a range of malignancies. This review highlights important recent developments that affect the potential of the Hh pathway as a novel therapeutic target in early breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A O'Toole
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Cancer Research Program, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia
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Hedgehog pathway responsiveness correlates with the presence of primary cilia on prostate stromal cells. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:50. [PMID: 19811645 PMCID: PMC2767347 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-9-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Hedgehog (Hh) signaling from the urogenital sinus (UGS) epithelium to the surrounding mesenchyme plays a critical role in regulating ductal formation and growth during prostate development. The primary cilium, a feature of most interphase vertebrate cell types, serves as a required localization domain for Hh signaling transducing proteins. Results Immunostaining revealed the presence of primary cilia in mesenchymal cells of the developing prostate. Cell-based assays of a urongenital sinus mesenchymal cell line (UGSM-2) revealed that proliferation-limiting (serum starvation and/or confluence) growth conditions promoted cilia formation and correlated with pathway activation associated with accumulation of Smoothened in primary cilia. The prostate cancer cell lines PC-3, LNCaP, and 22RV1, previously shown to lack demonstrable autocrine Hh signaling capacity, did not exhibit primary cilia even under proliferation-limiting growth conditions. Conclusion We conclude that paracrine Hedgehog signaling activity in the prostate is associated with the presence of primary cilia on stromal cells but that a role in autocrine Hh signaling remains speculative.
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Du P, Ye HR, Gao J, Chen W, Wang ZC, Jiang HH, Xu J, Zhang JW, Zhang JC, Cui L. Methylation of PTCH1a gene in a subset of gastric cancers. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:3799-806. [PMID: 19673023 PMCID: PMC2726460 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To establish if PTCH1a transcriptional regulation region (TRR) is methylated in gastric cancer and its influence in gastric tumorigenesis.
METHODS: The CpG islands in PTCH1a TRR were analyzed by Methyl Primer Express v1.0 software. The region from -643 to -355 bp (the transcription initiation site of PTCH1a was designated as 0) that contained 19 CpG sites was chosen for bisulfite-sequencing PCR (BSP) and methylation-specific PCR (MSP) detection. The gastric cancer cell line AGS was treated with 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC; 1 μmol/L) for 3 d. Alterations in PTCH1a TRR methylation in treated AGS cells was measured through BSP clone sequences, and their PTCH1 expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. The cell cycle and apoptosis were observed with flow cytometry through propidium iodide (PI) staining or annexin V/PI double staining. The prevalence of PTCH1a TRR methylation was investigated in 170 gastric cancer tissue samples and the adjacent normal tissues by MSP. The correlation of PTCH1a TRR methylation with PTCH1 expression or with patients’ clinical features was analyzed.
RESULTS: Methylation of PTCH1a TRR was observed in AGS cells and a subset of gastric cancer tissues (32%, 55/170), while no methylation amplification products were observed in any normal tissues by MSP. The methylation of PTCH1a TRR was correlated negatively with PTCH1 expression (Spearman’s r = -0.380, P = 0.000). However, methylation of PTCH1a TRR was not related to the gastric cancer patients’ clinical features, such as sex, age of onset, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis or histological grade. The methylation of PTCH1a TRR in AGS cells was almost converted to non-methylation after 5-Aza-dC treatment, which increased PTCH1 expression (5.3 ± 2.5 times; n = 3) and apoptosis rate (3.0 ± 0.26 times; P < 0.05; n = 3).
CONCLUSION: Methylation of PTCH1a TRR is present in a subset of gastric cancers and correlated negatively with PTCH1 expression. This may be an early event in gastric tumorigenesis and a new treatment target.
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Medina V, Calvo MB, Díaz-Prado S, Espada J. Hedgehog signalling as a target in cancer stem cells. Clin Transl Oncol 2009; 11:199-207. [PMID: 19380296 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-009-0341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) is one of the most important signalling pathways. Together with the Wnt, TGF-Beta/BMP and Notch pathways, it is involved in both embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. This is because Hh plays a central role in the proliferative control and differentiation of both embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. In this way, an alteration in the Hh pathway, either by misexpression of components of that pathway or by changes in the expression of other cellular components that interfere with the Hh signalling system, may trigger the development of several types of cancer. This occurs because normal stem cells or their intermediaries toward differentiated mature cells are not part of the normal proliferative/ differentiation balance and begin to expand without control, triggering the generation of the so-called cancer stem cells. In this review, we will focus on the molecular aspects and the role of Hh signalling in normal tissues and in tumour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Medina
- Oncology Research Unit, University Hospital A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
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36
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Pang LY, Argyle DJ. Using naturally occurring tumours in dogs and cats to study telomerase and cancer stem cell biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:380-91. [PMID: 19254761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The recently described cancer stem cell theory opens up many new challenges and opportunities to identify targets for therapeutic intervention. However, the majority of cancer related therapeutic studies rely upon rodent models of human cancer that rarely translate into clinical success in human patients. Naturally occurring cancers in dogs, cats and humans share biological features, including molecular targets, telomerase biology and tumour genetics. Studying cancer stem cell biology and telomere/telomerase dynamics in the cancer bearing pet population may offer the opportunity to develop a greater understanding of cancer biology in the natural setting and evaluate the development of novel therapies targeted at these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y Pang
- University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
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Yu M, Gipp J, Yoon JW, Iannaccone P, Walterhouse D, Bushman W. Sonic hedgehog-responsive genes in the fetal prostate. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:5620-9. [PMID: 19095649 PMCID: PMC2645820 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809172200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an important role in prostate development and appears to play an equally important role in promoting growth of advanced prostate cancer. During prostate development, epithelial cells in the urogenital sinus (UGS) express Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and secrete Shh peptide. The secreted Hh peptide acts on adjacent mesenchymal cells to activate the Hh signal transduction pathway and elicit paracrine effects on epithelial proliferation and differentiation. To identify mesenchymal targets of Shh signaling, we performed microarray analysis on a Shh-responsive, immortalized urogential sinus mesenchymal cell line. We found 68 genes that were up-regulated by Shh and 21 genes that were down-regulated. Eighteen of those were selected for further study with Ptc1 and Gli1 serving as reference controls. We found 10 of 18 were also Hh-regulated in primary UGS mesenchymal cells and 13 of 18 in the cultured UGS. Seven of 18 exhibited Shh-regulated expression in both assays (Igfbp-6, Igfbp-3, Fbn2, Ntrk3, Agpt4, Dmp1, and Mmp13). Three of the 18 genes contained putative Gli binding motifs that bound Gli1 peptide in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. With the exception of Tiam1, target gene expression generally showed no differences in the concentration dependence of ligand-induced expression, but we observed strikingly different responses to direct pathway activation by transfection with activated Smo, Gli1, and Gli2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- University of Wisconsin Medical School, Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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38
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Hedgehog Signalling in Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2008; 54:1333-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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"Cancer stem cells"-lessons from Hercules to fight the Hydra. Urol Oncol 2008; 26:581-9. [PMID: 18818107 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Following the initial identification of hematopoietic tumor stem cells, such cells were also found in several solid tumor types. In urology, cancer stem cells have only been found in prostate tumors so far. The concept and detection of tumor stem cells rely heavily on findings derived from stem cell research. Therefore, in addition to identifying and characterizing urologic tumor stem cells, research in uro-oncology should also aim at better understanding the stem-cell biology of urologic organs. Insights in similarities and differences gleaned from these studies could be used to develop strategies for targeted destruction of tumor stem cells while sparing the physiological stem cells. The main target of future curative therapies in uro-oncology must therefore be the central, immortal head of the Hydra, the tumor stem cell.
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40
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Abstract
Androgen refractory prostate cancer metastasis is a major clinical challenge. Mechanism-based approaches to treating prostate cancer metastasis require an understanding of the developmental origin of the metastasis-initiating cell. Properties of prostate cancer metastases such as plasticity with respect to differentiated phenotype and androgen independence are consistent with the transformation of a prostate epithelial progenitor or stem cell leading to metastasis. This review focuses upon current evidence and concepts addressing the identification and properties of normal prostate stem or progenitor cells and their transformed counterparts.
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41
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Abstract
Prostate gland development is a complex process that involves coordination of multiple signaling pathways including endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, juxtacrine and transcription factors. To put this into proper context, the present manuscript will begin with a brief overview of the stages of prostate development and a summary of androgenic signaling in the developing prostate, which is essential for prostate formation. This will be followed by a detailed description of other transcription factors and secreted morphogens directly involved in prostate formation and branching morphogenesis. Except where otherwise indicated, results from rodent models will be presented since studies that examine molecular signaling in the developing human prostate gland are sparse at the present time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL 606012, USA.
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42
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McCarthy FRK, Brown AJ. Autonomous Hedgehog signalling is undetectable in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 373:109-12. [PMID: 18544338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signalling pathway has been implicated in the development of prostate cancer, although this area remains controversial. Some but not all studies have noted relatively high Hedgehog pathway activity in commonly used prostate cancer cell lines. We aimed to evaluate the widely used PC-3 cell line as a model to investigate Hedgehog signalling in a prostate cancer setting. Using a sensitive Hedgehog inducible luciferase reporter assay, we found no evidence of autonomous Hedgehog signalling in PC-3 cells, irrespective of passage number. In addition, manipulations that should either increase (an oxysterol) or decrease (cyclopamine) Hedgehog pathway activity had no effect on reporter activity, and cyclopamine treatment did not affect PC-3 cell viability. Therefore, our findings contradict some earlier reports and caution against the use of PC-3 cells to investigate the Hedgehog pathway in a prostate cancer setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R K McCarthy
- BABS, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Biosciences Building D26, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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43
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Adrenal cortex. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:284-299. [PMID: 18438178 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283040e80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sachidanandan C, Yeh JRJ, Peterson QP, Peterson RT. Identification of a novel retinoid by small molecule screening with zebrafish embryos. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1947. [PMID: 18398471 PMCID: PMC2275795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecules have played an important role in delineating molecular pathways involved in embryonic development and disease pathology. The need for novel small molecule modulators of biological processes has driven a number of targeted screens on large diverse libraries. However, due to the specific focus of such screens, the majority of the bioactive potential of these libraries remains unharnessed. In order to identify a higher proportion of compounds with interesting biological activities, we screened a diverse synthetic library for compounds that perturb the development of any of the multiple organs in zebrafish embryos. We identified small molecules that affect the development of a variety of structures such as heart, vasculature, brain, and body-axis. We utilized the previously known role of retinoic acid in anterior-posterior (A-P) patterning to identify the target of DTAB, a compound that caused A-P axis shortening in the zebrafish embryo. We show that DTAB is a retinoid with selective activity towards retinoic acid receptors gamma and beta. Thus, conducting zebrafish developmental screens using small molecules will not only enable the identification of compounds with diverse biological activities in a large chemical library but may also facilitate the identification of the target pathways of these biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetana Sachidanandan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jing-Ruey J. Yeh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Quinn P. Peterson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Randall T. Peterson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Mimeault M, Mehta PP, Hauke R, Batra SK. Functions of normal and malignant prostatic stem/progenitor cells in tissue regeneration and cancer progression and novel targeting therapies. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:234-52. [PMID: 18292464 PMCID: PMC2528844 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent advancements that have improved our understanding of the functions of prostatic stem/progenitor cells in maintaining homeostasis of the prostate gland. We also describe the oncogenic events that may contribute to their malignant transformation into prostatic cancer stem/progenitor cells during cancer initiation and progression to metastatic disease stages. The molecular mechanisms that may contribute to the intrinsic or the acquisition of a resistant phenotype by the prostatic cancer stem/progenitor cells and their differentiated progenies with a luminal phenotype to the current therapies and disease relapse are also reviewed. The emphasis is on the critical functions of distinct tumorigenic signaling cascades induced through the epidermal growth factor system, hedgehog, Wnt/beta-catenin, and/or stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXC chemokine receptor-4 pathways as well as the deregulated apoptotic signaling elements and ATP-binding cassette multidrug transporter. Of particular therapeutic interest, we also discuss the potential beneficial effects associated with the targeting of these signaling elements to overcome the resistance to current treatments and prostate cancer recurrence. The combined targeted strategies toward distinct oncogenic signaling cascades in prostatic cancer stem/progenitor cells and their progenies as well as their local microenvironment, which could improve the efficacy of current clinical chemotherapeutic treatments against incurable, androgen-independent, and metastatic prostate cancers, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Mimeault
- and Surinder K. Batra, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
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46
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Chen BY, Liu JY, Chang HH, Chang CP, Lo WY, Kuo WH, Yang CR, Lin DPC. Hedgehog is involved in prostate basal cell hyperplasia formation and its progressing towards tumorigenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 357:1084-9. [PMID: 17466949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of Hedgehog signaling in human basal cell hyperplasia formation and its progressing towards tumorigenesis was investigated. Hedgehog signaling members including PTCH1, GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3 were found co-localized with p63 expression in most hyperplastic basal cells, but rarely in normal basal cells, suggesting Hedgehog involvement in basal cell hyperplasia formation. Both CK-14 and CK-8 markers were found co-localized in the majority of hyperplastic basal cells, but relatively few in the normal basal cells, indicating a Hedgehog-promoted transitory differentiation. Furthermore, CK-14 and PTCH1 were found co-localized with CD44 in the hyerplastic basal cells, in a way similar to the CD44 co-localization with PTCH1 and GLI1 in the cancer cells. Together, the present study indicated Hedgehog involvement in forming basal cell hyperplasia and its progressing towards cancer, presumably by transforming the normal basal stem cells into the cancer stem cells where persistent Hedgehog activation might be mandatory for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yie Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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47
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Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 2007; 1785:156-81. [PMID: 17237035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, the American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival based on incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. This report considers incidence data through 2003 and mortality data through 2004. Incidence and death rates are age-standardized to the 2000 US standard million population. A total of 1,444,920 new cancer cases and 559,650 deaths for cancers are projected to occur in the United States in 2007. Notable trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates include stabilization of the age-standardized, delay-adjusted incidence rates for all cancers combined in men from 1995 through 2003; a continuing increase in the incidence rate by 0.3% per year in women; and a 13.6% total decrease in age-standardized cancer death rates among men and women combined between 1991 and 2004. This report also examines cancer incidence, mortality, and survival by site, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic area, and calendar year, as well as the proportionate contribution of selected sites to the overall trends. While the absolute number of cancer deaths decreased for the second consecutive year in the United States (by more than 3,000 from 2003 to 2004) and much progress has been made in reducing mortality rates and improving survival, cancer still accounts for more deaths than heart disease in persons under age 85 years. Further progress can be accelerated by supporting new discoveries and by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmedin Jemal
- Cancer Occurrence, Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Gipp J, Gu G, Crylen C, Kasper S, Bushman W. Hedgehog pathway activity in the LADY prostate tumor model. Mol Cancer 2007; 6:19. [PMID: 17343742 PMCID: PMC1820793 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robust Hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been implicated as a common feature of human prostate cancer and an important stimulus of tumor growth. The role of Hh signaling has been studied in several xenograft tumor models, however, the role of Hh in tumor development in a transgenic prostate cancer model has never been examined. RESULTS We analyzed expression of Hh pathway components and conserved Hh target genes along with progenitor cell markers and selected markers of epithelial differentiation during tumor development in the LADY transgenic mouse model. Tumor development was associated with a selective increase in Ihh expression. In contrast Shh expression was decreased. Expression of the Hh target Patched (Ptc) was significantly decreased while Gli1 expression was not significantly altered. A survey of other relevant genes revealed significant increases in expression of Notch-1 and Nestin together with decreased expression of HNF3a/FoxA1, NPDC-1 and probasin. CONCLUSION Our study shows no evidence for a generalized increase in Hh signaling during tumor development in the LADY mouse. It does reveal a selective increase in Ihh expression that is associated with increased expression of progenitor cell markers and decreased expression of terminal differentiation markers. These data suggest that Ihh expression may be a feature of a progenitor cell population that is involved in tumor development.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Androgen-Binding Protein/biosynthesis
- Androgen-Binding Protein/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/physiology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hedgehog Proteins/biosynthesis
- Hedgehog Proteins/genetics
- Hedgehog Proteins/physiology
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-alpha/analysis
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-alpha/biosynthesis
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-alpha/genetics
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta/biosynthesis
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta/genetics
- Intermediate Filament Proteins/biosynthesis
- Intermediate Filament Proteins/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nestin
- Patched Receptors
- Patched-1 Receptor
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Notch1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Notch1/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Stem Cells/pathology
- Time Factors
- Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Gipp
- University of Wisconsin Medical School, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, 600 Highland Ave., K6-562 Clinical Sciences Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Guangyu Gu
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Urologic Surgery, AA-1315 MCN, 1161 21Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Curtis Crylen
- University of Wisconsin Medical School, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, 600 Highland Ave., K6-562 Clinical Sciences Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Susan Kasper
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Urologic Surgery, AA-1315 MCN, 1161 21Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Wade Bushman
- University of Wisconsin Medical School, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, 600 Highland Ave., K6-562 Clinical Sciences Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Zhang J, Lipinski R, Shaw A, Gipp J, Bushman W. Lack of Demonstrable Autocrine Hedgehog Signaling in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. J Urol 2007; 177:1179-85. [PMID: 17296441 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several recent reports highlighted the role of hedgehog signaling in prostate cancer. However, the relative contributions of autocrine and paracrine hedgehog signaling to tumor growth and progression are unclear. Efforts to model autocrine signaling for drug development have been hampered by conflicting reports of the presence or absence of autocrine signaling in established human prostate cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS We comprehensively characterized the expression of hedgehog pathway genes in the 3 prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, PC3 and 22RV1 (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia). We also examined their response to Shh ligand and to the hedgehog pathway inhibitor cyclopamine (Toronto Research Chemicals, Toronto, Ontario, Canada). RESULTS Expression of hedgehog ligand, patched and Gli1 in all 3 cell lines was lower than the expression level in normal human prostate tissue. All 3 cell lines showed hedgehog target gene activation when transfected with an activated form of Gli2 but none showed a detectable transcriptional response to hedgehog ligand or to transfection with an activated form of smoothened. Furthermore, treatment with the hedgehog pathway inhibitor cyclopamine did not inhibit hedgehog target gene expression in any of the 3 prostate cancer cell lines, although cyclopamine inhibited proliferation in culture. CONCLUSIONS LNCaP, PC3 and 22RV1 show no evidence of autocrine signaling by ligand dependent mechanisms and cyclopamine mediated inhibition of growth in culture occurs without of any discernible effect on canonical hedgehog pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Zhang
- Department of Surgery and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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