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Capper-Parkin KL, Nichol T, Smith TJ, Lacey MM, Forbes S. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic synergism of biocides and quorum-sensing inhibitors against uropathogenic Escherichiacoli. J Hosp Infect 2023; 134:138-146. [PMID: 36801429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are a primary cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), often forming mature recalcitrant biofilms on the catheter surface. Anti-infective catheter coatings containing single biocides have been developed but display limited antimicrobial activity due to the selection of biocide-resistant bacterial populations. Furthermore, biocides often display cytotoxicity at concentrations required to eradicate biofilms, limiting their antiseptic potential. Quorum-sensing inhibitors (QSIs) provide a novel anti-infective approach to disrupt biofilm formation on the catheter surface and help prevent CAUTIs. AIM To evaluate the combinatorial impact of biocides and QSIs at bacteriostatic, bactericidal and biofilm eradication concentrations in parallel to assessing cytotoxicity in a bladder smooth muscle (BSM) cell line. METHODS Checkerboard assays were performed to determine fractional inhibitory, bactericidal, and biofilm eradication concentrations of test combinations in UPEC and combined cytotoxic effects in BSM cells. FINDINGS Synergistic antimicrobial activity was observed between polyhexamethylene biguanide, benzalkonium chloride or silver nitrate in combination with either cinnamaldehyde or furanone-C30 against UPEC biofilms. However, furanone-C30 was cytotoxic at concentrations below those required even for bacteriostatic activity. A dose-dependent cytotoxicity profile was observed for cinnamaldehyde when in combination with BAC, PHMB or silver nitrate. Both PHMB and silver nitrate displayed combined bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity below the half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50). Triclosan in combination with both QSIs displayed antagonistic activity in both UPEC and BSM cells. CONCLUSION PHMB and silver in combination with cinnamaldehyde display synergistic antimicrobial activity in UPEC at non-cytotoxic concentrations, suggesting potential as anti-infective catheter-coating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Capper-Parkin
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - T Nichol
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - T J Smith
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - M M Lacey
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Forbes
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
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Kim Y, Kim S, Cho KH, Lee JH, Lee J. Antibiofilm Activities of Cinnamaldehyde Analogs against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137225. [PMID: 35806244 PMCID: PMC9267110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm formation is a major cause of drug resistance and bacterial persistence; thus, controlling pathogenic biofilms is an important component of strategies targeting infectious bacterial diseases. Cinnamaldehyde (CNMA) has broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. In this study, we investigated the antibiofilm effects of ten CNMA derivatives and trans-CNMA against Gram-negative uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Among the CNMA analogs tested, 4-nitrocinnamaldehyde (4-nitroCNMA) showed antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against UPEC and S. aureus with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for cell growth of 100 µg/mL, which were much more active than those of trans-CNMA. 4-NitroCNMA inhibited UPEC swimming motility, and both trans-CNMA and 4-nitroCNMA reduced extracellular polymeric substance production by UPEC. Furthermore, 4-nitroCNMA inhibited the formation of mixed UPEC/S. aureus biofilms. Collectively, our observations indicate that trans-CNMA and 4-nitroCNMA potently inhibit biofilm formation by UPEC and S. aureus. We suggest efforts be made to determine the therapeutic scope of CNMA analogs, as our results suggest CNMA derivatives have potential therapeutic use for biofilm-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeseul Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (Y.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sanghun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (Y.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Kiu-Hyung Cho
- Gyeongbuk Institute for Bioindustry, Andong 36618, Korea;
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (Y.K.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-H.L.); (J.L.); Tel.: +82-53-810-3812 (J.-H.L.); +82-53-810-2533 (J.L.)
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (Y.K.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-H.L.); (J.L.); Tel.: +82-53-810-3812 (J.-H.L.); +82-53-810-2533 (J.L.)
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Targeting the Holy Triangle of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061239. [PMID: 35744757 PMCID: PMC9228545 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono- or multi-species cultures of bacteria/fungi embedded in an extracellular matrix produced by the microorganisms. Biofilm formation is, among others, regulated by quorum sensing (QS) which is an interbacterial communication system usually composed of two-component systems (TCSs) of secreted autoinducer compounds that activate signal transduction pathways through interaction with their respective receptors. Embedded in the biofilms, the bacteria are protected from environmental stress stimuli, and they often show reduced responses to antibiotics, making it difficult to eradicate the bacterial infection. Besides reduced penetration of antibiotics through the intricate structure of the biofilms, the sessile biofilm-embedded bacteria show reduced metabolic activity making them intrinsically less sensitive to antibiotics. Moreover, they frequently express elevated levels of efflux pumps that extrude antibiotics, thereby reducing their intracellular levels. Some efflux pumps are involved in the secretion of QS compounds and biofilm-related materials, besides being important for removing toxic substances from the bacteria. Some efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) have been shown to both prevent biofilm formation and sensitize the bacteria to antibiotics, suggesting a relationship between these processes. Additionally, QS inhibitors or quenchers may affect antibiotic susceptibility. Thus, targeting elements that regulate QS and biofilm formation might be a promising approach to combat antibiotic-resistant biofilm-related bacterial infections.
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Marouf R, Mbarga JM, Ermolaev A, Podoprigora I, Smirnova I, Yashina N, Zhigunova A, Martynenkova A. Antibacterial activity of medicinal plants against uropathogenic Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2022; 14:1-12. [PMID: 35784103 PMCID: PMC9245916 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_124_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) being the most prevalent causative agent in both complicated and uncomplicated UTIs. Antibiotic resistance among UPEC has been already demonstrated against a wide variety of antibiotics and the situation is continuing to deteriorate increasing the rate of recurrence and the difficulty of treatment and prophylaxis. Recently, a big attention has been paid to non-antibiotic approaches as an alternative to conventional antibiotics. Among many strategies, phytotherapy has gained a special attention worldwide. Herbal remedies have been used in traditional medicine since ancient times and they are well known for their effectiveness in treating many health conditions including UTIs. Researches are conducted continuously to validate the use of many medicinal plants against UPEC, investigate their mechanisms of action, and determine their active constituents. Our extensive review of the recent literature revealed that many phytochemicals are shown to target and inhibit a wide variety of bioprocesses in UPEC, such as adhesion, motility, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing. Such natural approaches are very promising in confronting the antibiotic resistance of UPEC and can be further used to develop plant-based strategies and pharmaceutical products to treat and prevent UTIs caused by UPEC.
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Shen C, Zhu Q, Dong F, Wang W, Fan B, Li K, Chen J, Hu S, He Z, Li X. Identifying Two Novel Clusters in Calcium Oxalate Stones With Urinary Tract Infection Using 16S rDNA Sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:723781. [PMID: 34869053 PMCID: PMC8635737 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.723781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary stones and urinary tract infection (UTI) are the most common diseases in urology and they are characterized by high incidence and high recurrence rate in China. Previous studies have shown that urinary stones are closely associated with gut or urine microbiota. Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of urinary stones. However, the profile of urinary tract microorganisms of calcium oxalate stones with UTI is not clear. In this research, we firstly found two novel clusters in patients with calcium oxalate stones (OA) that were associated with the WBC/HP (white blood cells per high-power field) level in urine. Two clusters in the OA group (OA1 and OA2) were distinguished by the key microbiota Firmicutes and Enterobacteriaceae. We found that Enterobacteriaceae enriched in OA1 cluster was positively correlated with several infection-related pathways and negatively correlated with a few antibiotics-related pathways. Meantime, some probiotics with higher abundance in OA2 cluster such as Bifidobacterium were positively correlated with antibiotics-related pathways, and some common pathogens with higher abundance in OA2 cluster such as Enterococcus were positively correlated with infection-related pathways. Therefore, we speculated that as a sub-type of OA disease, OA1 was caused by Enterobacteriaceae and the lack of probiotics compared with OA2 cluster. Moreover, we also sequenced urine samples of healthy individuals (CK), patients with UTI (I), patients with uric acid stones (UA), and patients with infection stones (IS). We identified the differentially abundant taxa among all groups. We hope the findings will be helpful for clinical treatment and diagnosis of urinary stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shen
- Departmant of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qianhui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Departmant of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bo Fan
- Departmant of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kexin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Songnian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zilong He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Interdisciplinary Innovation Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiancheng Li
- Departmant of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Current strategies in inhibiting biofilm formation for combating urinary tract infections: Special focus on peptides, nano-particles and phytochemicals. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pycnogenol® Supplementation Prevents Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections/Inflammation and Interstitial Cystitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9976299. [PMID: 34257695 PMCID: PMC8249140 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9976299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This open pilot registry study aimed to evaluate and compare the prophylactic effects of Pycnogenol® or cranberry extract in subjects with previous, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) or interstitial cystitis (IC). Methods. Inclusion criteria were recurrent UTI or IC. One subject group was supplemented with 150 mg/day Pycnogenol®, another with 400 mg/day cranberry extract, and a group served as a control in a 2-month open follow-up. Results. 64 subjects with recurrent UTI/IC completed the study. The 3 groups of subjects were comparable at baseline. All subjects had significant symptoms (minor pain, stranguria, repeated need for urination, and lower, anterior abdominal pain) at inclusion. In the course of the study, the subjects reported no tolerability problems or side effects. The incidence of UTI symptoms, in comparison with the period before inclusion in the standard management (SM) group, decreased significantly; there was a more pronounced decrease in the rate of recurrent infections in the Pycnogenol® group (p < 0.05). The improvement in patients supplemented with Pycnogenol® was significantly superior to the effects of cranberry. At the end of the study, all subjects in the Pycnogenol® group were infection-free (p < 0.05vs. cranberry). Significantly, more subjects were completely symptom-free after 2 months of management with Pycnogenol® (20/22) than with SM (18/22) and cranberry (16/20). Conclusions. This pilot registry suggests that 60 days of Pycnogenol® supplementation possibly decrease the occurrence of UTIs and IC without side effects and with an efficacy superior to cranberry.
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Henly EL, Norris K, Rawson K, Zoulias N, Jaques L, Chirila PG, Parkin KL, Kadirvel M, Whiteoak C, Lacey MM, Smith TJ, Forbes S. Impact of long-term quorum sensing inhibition on uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:909-919. [PMID: 33406232 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quorum sensing is an extracellular bacterial communication system used in the density-dependent regulation of gene expression and development of biofilms. Biofilm formation has been implicated in the establishment of catheter-associated urinary tract infections and therefore quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) have been suggested as anti-biofilm catheter coating agents. The long-term effects of QSIs in uropathogens is, however, not clearly understood. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effects of repeated exposure to the QSIs cinnamaldehyde, (Z)-4-bromo-5(bromomethylene)-2(5H)-furanone-C30 (furanone-C30) and 4-fluoro-5-hydroxypentane-2,3-dione (F-DPD) on antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation and relative pathogenicity in eight uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolates. METHODS MICs, MBCs and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations and antibiotic susceptibility were determined. Biofilm formation was quantified using crystal violet. Relative pathogenicity was assessed in a Galleria mellonella model. To correlate changes in phenotype to gene expression, transcriptomic profiles were created through RNA sequencing and variant analysis of genomes was performed in strain EC958. RESULTS Cinnamaldehyde and furanone-C30 led to increases in susceptibility in planktonic and biofilm-associated UPEC. Relative pathogenicity increased after cinnamaldehyde exposure (4/8 isolates), decreased after furanone-C30 exposure (6/8 isolates) and varied after F-DPD exposure (one increased and one decreased). A total of 9/96 cases of putative antibiotic cross-resistance were generated. Exposure to cinnamaldehyde or F-DPD reduced expression of genes associated with locomotion, whilst cinnamaldehyde caused an increase in genes encoding fimbrial and afimbrial-like adhesins. Furanone-C30 caused a reduction in genes involved in cellular biosynthetic processes, likely though impaired ribonucleoprotein assembly. CONCLUSIONS The multiple phenotypic adaptations induced during QSI exposure in UPEC should be considered when selecting an anti-infective catheter coating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Henly
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Norris
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Rawson
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - N Zoulias
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - L Jaques
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - P G Chirila
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - K L Parkin
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Kadirvel
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - C Whiteoak
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - M M Lacey
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - T J Smith
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Forbes
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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9
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Das S. Natural therapeutics for urinary tract infections-a review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020; 6:64. [PMID: 33215041 PMCID: PMC7498302 DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recurrence of the urinary tract infections (UTI), following the antibiotic treatments suggests the pathogen’s resistance to conventional antibiotics. This calls for the exploration of an alternative therapy. Main body The anti-uropathogenic and bactericidal activity of many plant extracts was reported by many researchers, which involves only preliminary antibacterial studies using different basic techniques like disk diffusion, agar well diffusion, or minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the crude plant extracts, but reports on the specific action of the phytoconstituents against uropathogens are limited. Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton (cranberry) is the best-studied home remedy for UTI. Some evidences suggest that proanthocyanins present in cranberry, prevent bacteria from adhering to the walls of the urinary tract, subsequently blocking the further steps of uropathogenesis. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are beneficial microorganisms that may act by the competitive exclusion principle to defend against infections in the urogenital tracts. Reports on potential vaccine agents and antibodies targeting the different toxins and effecter proteins are still obscure except uropathogenic E. coli. Conclusion This review highlights some of the medicinal herbs used by aborigines to prevent or treat acute or chronic urinary tract infections, botanicals with established urobactericidal activity, clinical trials undertaken to compare the efficacy of cranberry products in UTI prevention, and other natural therapeutics reported for UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Das
- Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur, Orissa 760007 India
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AlSheikh HMA, Sultan I, Kumar V, Rather IA, Al-Sheikh H, Tasleem Jan A, Haq QMR. Plant-Based Phytochemicals as Possible Alternative to Antibiotics in Combating Bacterial Drug Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E480. [PMID: 32759771 PMCID: PMC7460449 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented use of antibiotics that led to development of resistance affect human health worldwide. Prescription of antibiotics imprudently and irrationally in different diseases progressed with the acquisition and as such development of antibiotic resistant microbes that led to the resurgence of pathogenic strains harboring enhanced armors against existing therapeutics. Compromised the treatment regime of a broad range of antibiotics, rise in resistance has threatened human health and increased the treatment cost of diseases. Diverse on metabolic, genetic and physiological fronts, rapid progression of resistant microbes and the lack of a strategic management plan have led researchers to consider plant-derived substances (PDS) as alternative or in complementing antibiotics against the diseases. Considering the quantitative characteristics of plant constituents that attribute health beneficial effects, analytical procedures for their isolation, characterization and phytochemical testing for elucidating ethnopharmacological effects has being worked out for employment in the treatment of different diseases. With an immense potential to combat bacterial infections, PDSs such as polyphenols, alkaloids and tannins, present a great potential for use, either as antimicrobials or as antibiotic resistance modifiers. The present study focuses on the mechanisms by which PDSs help overcome the surge in resistance, approaches for screening different phytochemicals, methods employed in the identification of bioactive components and their testing and strategies that could be adopted for counteracting the lethal consequences of multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Mohammed Al AlSheikh
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kind Saud University, Riyadh P.O. BOX 145111, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Insha Sultan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India;
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea;
| | - Irfan A. Rather
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah P.O. BOX 80200, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hashem Al-Sheikh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, India
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Wagle BR, Donoghue AM, Shrestha S, Upadhyaya I, Arsi K, Gupta A, Liyanage R, Rath NC, Donoghue DJ, Upadhyay A. Carvacrol attenuates Campylobacter jejuni colonization factors and proteome critical for persistence in the chicken gut. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4566-4577. [PMID: 32868001 PMCID: PMC7598144 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major foodborne pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans. Chickens act as the reservoir host for C. jejuni, wherein the pathogen asymptomatically colonizes the ceca leading to contamination of carcasses during slaughter. The major colonization factors in C. jejuni include motility, intestinal epithelial attachment, acid/bile tolerance, and quorum sensing. Reducing the expression of the aforementioned factors could potentially reduce C. jejuni colonization in chickens. This study investigated the efficacy of subinhibitory concentration (SIC; compound concentration not inhibiting bacterial growth) of carvacrol in reducing the expression of C. jejuni colonization factors in vitro. Moreover, the effect of carvacrol on the expression of C. jejuni proteome was investigated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The motility assay was conducted at 42°C, and the motility zone was measured after 24 h of incubation. For the adhesion assay, monolayers of primary chicken enterocytes (∼105 cells/well) were inoculated with C. jejuni (6 log cfu/well) either in the presence or absence of carvacrol, and the adhered C. jejuni were enumerated after 90 min of incubation at 42°C. The effect of carvacrol on C. jejuni quorum sensing and susceptibility to acid/bile stress was investigated using a bioluminescence assay and an acid–bile survival assay, respectively. The SIC (0.002%) of carvacrol reduced the motility of C. jejuni strains S-8 and NCTC 81-176 by ∼50 and 35%, respectively (P < 0.05). Carvacrol inhibited C. jejuni S-8 and NCTC 81-176 adhesion to chicken enterocytes by ∼0.8 and 1.5 log cfu/mL, respectively (P < 0.05). Moreover, carvacrol reduced autoinducer-2 activity and increased the susceptibility of C. jejuni to acid and bile in both the strains (P < 0.05). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed that the SIC of carvacrol reduced the expression of selected C. jejuni colonization proteins critical for motility (methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein), adhesion (GroL), growth and metabolism (AspA, AcnB, Icd, Fba, Ppa, AnsA, Ldh, Eno, PurB-1), and anaerobic respiration (NapB, HydB, SdhA, NrfA) (P < 0.05). Results suggest the mechanisms by which carvacrol could reduce C. jejuni colonization in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Wagle
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - A M Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, United State Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Station, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - S Shrestha
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - I Upadhyaya
- Department of Extension, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - K Arsi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - A Gupta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - R Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - N C Rath
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, United State Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Station, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - D J Donoghue
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - A Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Anti-Adhesive Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles Against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Bladder Epithelial Cell Cultures and on fimH Gene Expression. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.86885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Yuan W, Yuk HG. Effects of Sublethal Thymol, Carvacrol, and trans-Cinnamaldehyde Adaptation on Virulence Properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00271-19. [PMID: 31076428 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00271-19/format/epub] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have demonstrated wide-spectrum antimicrobial activities and have been actively studied for their application in foods as alternative natural preservatives. However, information regarding microbial adaptive responses and changes in virulence properties following sublethal EO exposure is still scarce. The present study investigated the effect of sublethal thymol (Thy), carvacrol (Car), or trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) adaptation on virulence gene expression and virulence properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7. The results demonstrated that E. coli O157:H7 grown to the early stationary phase in the presence of sublethal EO showed significantly (P < 0.05) reduced motility (reversible after stress removal), biofilm-forming ability, and efflux pump activity, with no induction of antibiotic resistance and no significant changes to its adhesion and invasion ability on a human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell line. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR revealed reduced expression of relevant virulence genes, including those encoding flagellar biosynthesis and function, biofilm formation regulators, multidrug efflux pumps, and type III secretion system components. This study demonstrated that Thy, Car, and TC at sublethal concentrations did not potentiate virulence in adapted E. coli O157:H7, which could benefit to their application in the food industry.IMPORTANCE The present study was conducted to evaluate changes in virulence properties in Escherichia coli O157:H7 adapted to sublethal essential oils (EOs). The results demonstrated reduced motility, biofilm-forming ability, and efflux pump activities in EO-adapted E. coli O157:H7, with no induction of antibiotic resistance or infection (adhesion and invasion) on Caco-2 cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR results revealed changes in the expression of related virulence genes. Thus, the present study provides new insights into microbial virulence behavior following EO adaptation and suggests that Thy, Car, and TC sublethal exposure did not constitute a significant risk in inducing microbial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Yuan
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hyun-Gyun Yuk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Effects of Sublethal Thymol, Carvacrol, and trans-Cinnamaldehyde Adaptation on Virulence Properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00271-19. [PMID: 31076428 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00271-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have demonstrated wide-spectrum antimicrobial activities and have been actively studied for their application in foods as alternative natural preservatives. However, information regarding microbial adaptive responses and changes in virulence properties following sublethal EO exposure is still scarce. The present study investigated the effect of sublethal thymol (Thy), carvacrol (Car), or trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) adaptation on virulence gene expression and virulence properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7. The results demonstrated that E. coli O157:H7 grown to the early stationary phase in the presence of sublethal EO showed significantly (P < 0.05) reduced motility (reversible after stress removal), biofilm-forming ability, and efflux pump activity, with no induction of antibiotic resistance and no significant changes to its adhesion and invasion ability on a human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell line. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR revealed reduced expression of relevant virulence genes, including those encoding flagellar biosynthesis and function, biofilm formation regulators, multidrug efflux pumps, and type III secretion system components. This study demonstrated that Thy, Car, and TC at sublethal concentrations did not potentiate virulence in adapted E. coli O157:H7, which could benefit to their application in the food industry.IMPORTANCE The present study was conducted to evaluate changes in virulence properties in Escherichia coli O157:H7 adapted to sublethal essential oils (EOs). The results demonstrated reduced motility, biofilm-forming ability, and efflux pump activities in EO-adapted E. coli O157:H7, with no induction of antibiotic resistance or infection (adhesion and invasion) on Caco-2 cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR results revealed changes in the expression of related virulence genes. Thus, the present study provides new insights into microbial virulence behavior following EO adaptation and suggests that Thy, Car, and TC sublethal exposure did not constitute a significant risk in inducing microbial virulence.
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Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are among the most common infectious diseases in humans. Due to their frequent occurrence in the community and nosocomial settings, as well as the development of resistance to the commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents, an enormous financial burden is placed on healthcare systems around the world. Therefore, novel approaches to the prevention and treatment of UTIs are needed. Although UPEC may harbour a plethora of virulence factors, type I fimbriae and P pili are two of the most studied adhesive organelles, since the attachment to host cells in the urinary tract is a crucial step towards infection. Design of receptor analogues that competitively bind to UPEC surface adhesins placed at the top of pili organelles led to the development of anti-adhesive drugs that are increasingly recognized as important and promising alternatives to antibiotic treatment of UTIs.
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Narayanan A, Nair MS, Muyyarikkandy MS, Amalaradjou MA. Inhibition and Inactivation of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Biofilms on Urinary Catheters by Sodium Selenite. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061703. [PMID: 29880781 PMCID: PMC6032314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common hospital-acquired infections in humans and are caused primarily by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Indwelling urinary catheters become encrusted with UPEC biofilms that are resistant to common antibiotics, resulting in chronic infections. Therefore, it is important to control UPEC biofilms on catheters to reduce the risk for UTIs. This study investigated the efficacy of selenium for inhibiting and inactivating UPEC biofilms on urinary catheters. Urinary catheters were inoculated with UPEC and treated with 0 and 35 mM selenium at 37 °C for 5 days for the biofilm inhibition assay. In addition, catheters with preformed UPEC biofilms were treated with 0, 45, 60, and 85 mM selenium and incubated at 37 °C. Biofilm-associated UPEC counts on catheters were enumerated on days 0, 1, 3, and 5 of incubation. Additionally, the effect of selenium on exopolysacchride (EPS) production and expression of UPEC biofilm-associated genes was evaluated. Selenium at 35 mM concentration was effective in preventing UPEC biofilm formation on catheters compared to controls (p < 0.05). Further, this inhibitory effect was associated with a reduction in EPS production and UPEC gene expression. Moreover, at higher concentrations, selenium was effective in inactivating preformed UPEC biofilms on catheters as early as day 3 of incubation. Results suggest that selenium could be potentially used in the control of UPEC biofilms on urinary catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amoolya Narayanan
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Meera S Nair
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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17
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Sheen S, Huang CY, Ramos R, Chien SY, Scullen OJ, Sommers C. Lethality Prediction for Escherichia Coli O157:H7 and Uropathogenic E. coli in Ground Chicken Treated with High Pressure Processing and Trans-Cinnamaldehyde. J Food Sci 2018; 83:740-749. [PMID: 29411883 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pathogenic Escherichia coli, intestinal (O157:H7) as well as extraintestinal types (for example, Uropathogenic E. coli [UPEC]) are commonly found in many foods including raw chicken meat. The resistance of E. coli O157:H7 to UPEC in chicken meat under the stresses of high hydrostatic Pressure (HHP, also known as HPP-high pressure processing) and trans-cinnamaldehyde (an essential oil) was investigated and compared. UPEC was found slightly less resistant than O157:H7 in our test parameter ranges. With the addition of trans-cinnamaldehyde as an antimicrobial to meat, HPP lethality enhanced both O157:H7 and UPEC inactivation. To facilitate the predictive model development, a central composite design (CCD) was used to assess the 3-parameter effects, that is, pressure (300 to 400 MPa), trans-cinnamaldehyde dose (0.2 to 0.5%, w/w), and pressure-holding time (15 to 25 min), on the inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 and UPEC in ground chicken. Linear models were developed to estimate the lethality of E. coli O157:H7 (R2 = 0.86) and UPEC (R2 = 0.85), as well as dimensionless nonlinear models. All models were validated with data obtained from separated CCD combinations. Because linear models of O157:H7 and UPEC had similar R2 and the significant lethality difference of CCD points was only 9 in 20; all data were combined to generate models to include both O157:H7 and UPEC. The results provide useful information/tool to predict how pathogenic E. coli may survive HPP in the presence of trans-cinnamaldehyde and to achieve a great than 5 log CFU/g reduction in chicken meat. The models may be used for process optimization, product development and to assist the microbial risk assessment. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The study provided an effective means to reduce the high hydrostatic pressure level with incorporation of antimicrobial compound to achieve a 5-log reduction of pathogenic E. coli without damaging the raw meat quality. The developed models may be used to predict the high pressure processing lethality (and process optimization), product development (ingredient selection), and to assist the microbial risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiowshuh Sheen
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, U.S.A
| | - Chi-Yun Huang
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, U.S.A
- Inst. of Food Science and Technology, Natl. Taiwan Univ., Taiwan
| | - Rommel Ramos
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, U.S.A
| | - Shih-Yung Chien
- Inst. of Food Science and Technology, Natl. Taiwan Univ., Taiwan
| | - O Joseph Scullen
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, U.S.A
| | - Christopher Sommers
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, U.S.A
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Lee JH, Kim YG, Lee J. Carvacrol-rich oregano oil and thymol-rich thyme red oil inhibit biofilm formation and the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1420-1428. [PMID: 28980415 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Urinary tract infections are caused primarily by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), and indwelling catheters are usually colonized by UPEC biofilms tolerant to common antibiotics. Hence, UPEC biofilms pose a substantial challenge, and there is an urgent need for effective control strategies. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, 79 essential oils were screened for antibiofilm ability against UPEC. Components of active oils were identified, and their antibiofilm activities were also investigated using 96-well plates with crystal violet assay, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Oregano oil and thyme red oil and their major common constituents, carvacrol and thymol, significantly inhibited UPEC biofilm formation at subinhibitory concentrations (<0·01%). These findings were supported by observations that carvacrol and thymol reduced fimbriae production and the swarming motility of UPEC. Furthermore, carvacrol and thymol markedly decreased the hemagglutinating ability of UPEC, and UPEC was more easily killed by human whole blood in the presence of carvacrol and thymol. CONCLUSIONS Carvacrol-rich oregano oil and thymol-rich thyme red oil have high antibiofilm and antivirulence activities against UPEC. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY In the wake of rising antimicrobial resistance, we envisage that carvacrol and thymol could be used to prevent biofilm formation by UPEC and to reduce its virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Y-G Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - J Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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19
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Terlizzi ME, Gribaudo G, Maffei ME. UroPathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) Infections: Virulence Factors, Bladder Responses, Antibiotic, and Non-antibiotic Antimicrobial Strategies. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1566. [PMID: 28861072 PMCID: PMC5559502 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common pathological conditions in both community and hospital settings. It has been estimated that about 150 million people worldwide develop UTI each year, with high social costs in terms of hospitalizations and medical expenses. Among the common uropathogens associated to UTIs development, UroPathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary cause. UPEC strains possess a plethora of both structural (as fimbriae, pili, curli, flagella) and secreted (toxins, iron-acquisition systems) virulence factors that contribute to their capacity to cause disease, although the ability to adhere to host epithelial cells in the urinary tract represents the most important determinant of pathogenicity. On the opposite side, the bladder epithelium shows a multifaceted array of host defenses including the urine flow and the secretion of antimicrobial substances, which represent useful tools to counteract bacterial infections. The fascinating and intricate dynamics between these players determine a complex interaction system that needs to be revealed. This review will focus on the most relevant components of UPEC arsenal of pathogenicity together with the major host responses to infection, the current approved treatment and the emergence of resistant UPEC strains, the vaccine strategies, the natural antimicrobial compounds along with innovative anti-adhesive and prophylactic approaches to prevent UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Massimo E. Maffei
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTorino, Italy
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Liu K, Wang X, Sha K, Zhang F, Xiong F, Wang X, Chen J, Li J, Churilov LP, Chen S, Wang Y, Huang N. Nuclear protein HMGN2 attenuates pyocyanin-induced oxidative stress via Nrf2 signaling and inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa internalization in A549 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:404-417. [PMID: 28408162 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyocyanin (PCN, 1-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenazine) is one of the most essential virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) to cause various cytotoxic effects in long-term lung infectious diseases, however the early effect of this bacterial toxin during PA infection and subsequent autonomous immune response in host cells have not been fully understood yet. Our results display that early onset of PCN stimulates Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 adhesion and invasion in A549 cells via ROS production. Non-histone nuclear protein HMGN2 is found to be involved in the regulation of PCN-induced oxidative stress by promoting intracellular ROS clearance. Mechanistically, HMGN2 facilitates nuclear translocation of transcription factor Nrf2 upon PCN stimulation and in turn elevates antioxidant gene expression. We also found that actin cytoskeleton dynamics is targeted by ROS, which is to be exploited by PAO1 for host cell internalization. HMGN2 regulates actin skeleton rearrangement in both PCN-dependent and independent manners and specifically attenuates PCN-mediated PAO1 infection via ROS elimination. These results uncover a novel link between nuclear protein HMGN2 and Nrf2-mediated cellular redox circumstance and suggest roles of HMGN2 in autonomous immune response to PA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyun Liu
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaihui Sha
- School of Nursing, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Fumei Zhang
- Experimental Center, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junli Chen
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Leonid P Churilov
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; Saint Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Saint Petersburg 191036, Russia
| | - Shanze Chen
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ning Huang
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Bhattaram V, Upadhyay A, Yin HB, Mooyottu S, Venkitanarayanan K. Effect of Dietary Minerals on Virulence Attributes of Vibrio cholerae. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:911. [PMID: 28579983 PMCID: PMC5437166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a water-borne pathogen responsible for causing a toxin-mediated profuse diarrhea in humans, leading to severe dehydration and death in unattended patients. With increasing reports of antibiotic resistance in V. cholerae, there is a need for alternate interventional strategies for controlling cholera. A potential new strategy for treating infectious diseases involves targeting bacterial virulence rather than growth, where a pathogen’s specific mechanisms critical for causing infection in hosts are inhibited. Since bacterial motility, intestinal colonization and cholera toxin are critical components in V. cholerae pathogenesis, attenuating these virulence factors could potentially control cholera in humans. In this study, the efficacy of sub-inhibitory concentration (SIC, highest concentration not inhibiting bacterial growth) of essential minerals, zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and manganese (Mn) in reducing V. cholerae motility and adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2), cholera toxin production, and toxin binding to the ganglioside receptor (GM1) was investigated. Additionally, V. cholerae attachment and toxin production in an ex vivo mouse intestine model was determined. Further, the effect of Zn, Se and Mn on V. cholerae virulence genes, ctxAB (toxin production), fliA (motility), tcpA (intestinal colonization), and toxR (master regulon) was determined using real-time quantitative PCR. All three minerals significantly reduced V. cholerae motility, adhesion to Caco-2 cells, and cholera toxin production in vitro, and decreased adhesion and toxin production in mouse intestine ex vivo (P < 0.05). In addition, Zn, Se, and Mn down-regulated the transcription of virulence genes, ctxAB, fliA, and toxR. Results suggest that Zn, Se, and Mn could be potentially used to reduce V. cholerae virulence. However, in vivo studies in an animal model are necessary to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varunkumar Bhattaram
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, StorrsCT, United States
| | - Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, StorrsCT, United States.,Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, FayettevilleAR, United States
| | - Hsin-Bai Yin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, StorrsCT, United States
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, StorrsCT, United States
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Upadhyay A, Arsi K, Wagle BR, Upadhyaya I, Shrestha S, Donoghue AM, Donoghue DJ. Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Carvacrol, and Eugenol Reduce Campylobacter jejuni Colonization Factors and Expression of Virulence Genes in Vitro. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:713. [PMID: 28487683 PMCID: PMC5403884 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major foodborne pathogen that causes severe gastroenteritis in humans characterized by fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. In the human gut, Campylobacter adheres and invades the intestinal epithelium followed by cytolethal distending toxin mediated cell death, and enteritis. Reducing the attachment and invasion of Campylobacter to intestinal epithelium and expression of its virulence factors such as motility and cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) production could potentially reduce infection in humans. This study investigated the efficacy of sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs, concentration not inhibiting bacterial growth) of three GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status phytochemicals namely trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC; 0.005, 0.01%), carvacrol (CR; 0.001, 0.002%), and eugenol (EG; 0.005, 0.01%) in reducing the attachment, invasion, and translocation of C. jejuni on human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Additionally, the effect of these phytochemicals on Campylobacter motility and CDT production was studied using standard bioassays and gene expression analysis. All experiments had duplicate samples and were replicated three times on three strains (wild type S-8, NCTC 11168, 81-176) of C. jejuni. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with GraphPad ver. 6. Differences between the means were considered significantly different at P < 0.05. The majority of phytochemical treatments reduced C. jejuni adhesion, invasion, and translocation of Caco-2 cells (P < 0.05). In addition, the phytochemicals reduced pathogen motility and production of CDT in S-8 and NCTC 11168 (P < 0.05). Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that phytochemicals reduced the transcription of select C. jejuni genes critical for infection in humans (P < 0.05). Results suggest that TC, CR, and EG could potentially be used to control C. jejuni infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Poultry Science, University of ArkansasFayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Komala Arsi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of ArkansasFayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Basanta R Wagle
- Department of Poultry Science, University of ArkansasFayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Indu Upadhyaya
- Department of Poultry Science, University of ArkansasFayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Sandip Shrestha
- Department of Poultry Science, University of ArkansasFayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Ann M Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (USDA)Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Dan J Donoghue
- Department of Poultry Science, University of ArkansasFayetteville, AR, USA
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Narayanan A, Muyyarikkandy MS, Mooyottu S, Venkitanarayanan K, Amalaradjou MAR. Oral supplementation of trans-cinnamaldehyde reduces uropathogenic Escherichia coli colonization in a mouse model. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 64:192-197. [PMID: 28063174 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the United States result in more than 7 million hospital visits per year. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is responsible for more than 80% of UTIs. Although antibiotics are the drug of choice to control UTIs, their repeated use has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant UPEC. Thus, there is a need for effective alternate strategies to control UPEC infections. This study investigated the efficacy of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), a food-grade molecule present in cinnamon, in reducing UPEC colonization and pathogenesis in the lower UTI. Female C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks old) were fed ad libitum with 0, 0·1, 0·2 and 0·4% TC containing mouse chow for 10 days. Following TC supplementation, animals were experimentally infected with UPEC by transurethral catheterization. Mice were euthanized on days 1, 2 and 4 postinfection, and the bladder, urethra and urine were collected for bacterial enumeration. Prophylactic TC supplementation significantly (P ≤ 0·05) reduced UPEC colonization in the urinary bladder and urethra compared to the control. Results indicate that TC could potentially be used as an oral supplement to control UPEC-associated lower UTIs, however, follow-up clinical trials are warranted. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In this study, we have demonstrated that oral supplementation of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) reduced uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)-associated lower urinary tract infection (UTI) in mice. Specifically, in-feed supplementation of TC significantly decreased UPEC populations in the urethra and bladder, thereby reducing the infectious load. These findings are particularly significant given the increase in incidence and prevalence of antibiotic-resistant UTIs. Our study offers new insights into the potential use of natural antimicrobials including TC, the active ingredient in cinnamon, as a nonantibiotic-based natural dietary intervention in the prophylaxis of lower UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Narayanan
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - M S Muyyarikkandy
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - S Mooyottu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - K Venkitanarayanan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - M A R Amalaradjou
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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24
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Cinnamon Oil Inhibits Shiga Toxin Type 2 Phage Induction and Shiga Toxin Type 2 Production in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6531-6540. [PMID: 27590808 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01702-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of cinnamon oil against Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin (Stx) production and further explored the underlying mechanisms. The MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of cinnamon oil against E. coli O157:H7 were 0.025% and 0.05% (vol/vol), respectively. Cinnamon oil significantly reduced Stx2 production and the stx2 mRNA expression that is associated with diminished Vero cell cytotoxicity. Consistently, induction of the Stx-converting phage where the stx2 gene is located, along with the total number of phages, decreased proportionally to cinnamon oil concentration. In line with decreased Stx2 phage induction, cinnamon oil at 0.75× and 1.0× MIC eliminated RecA, a key mediator of SOS response, polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), and poly(A) polymerase (PAP I), which positively regulate Stx-converting phages, contributing to reduced Stx-converting phage induction and Stx production. Furthermore, cinnamon oil at 0.75× and 1.0× MIC strongly inhibited the qseBC and luxS expression associated with decreased AI-2 production, a universal quorum sensing signaling molecule. However, the expression of oxidative stress response genes oxyR, soxR, and rpoS was increased in response to cinnamon oil at 0.25× or 0.5× MIC, which may contribute to stunted bacterial growth and reduced Stx2 phage induction and Stx2 production due to the inhibitory effect of OxyR on prophage activation. Collectively, cinnamon oil inhibits Stx2 production and Stx2 phage induction in E. coli O157:H7 in multiple ways. IMPORTANCE This study reports the inhibitory effect of cinnamon oil on Shiga toxin 2 phage induction and Shiga toxin 2 production. Subinhibitory concentrations (concentrations below the MIC) of cinnamon oil reduced Stx2 production, stx2 mRNA expression, and cytotoxicity on Vero cells. Subinhibitory concentrations of cinnamon oil also dramatically reduced both the Stx2 phage and total phage induction in E. coli O157:H7, which may be due to the suppression of RNA polyadenylation enzyme PNPase at 0.25× to 1.0× MIC and the downregulation of bacterial SOS response key regulator RecA and RNA polyadenylation enzyme PAP I at 0.75× or 1.0× MIC. Cinnamon oil at higher levels (0.75× and 1.0× MIC) eliminated quorum sensing and oxidative stress. Therefore, cinnamon oil has potential applications as a therapeutic to control E. coli O157:H7 infection through inhibition of bacterial growth and virulence factors.
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Upadhyay A, Upadhyaya I, Mooyottu S, Venkitanarayanan K. Eugenol in combination with lactic acid bacteria attenuates Listeria monocytogenes virulence in vitro and in invertebrate model Galleria mellonella. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:443-455. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Indu Upadhyaya
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Anti-Adhesive Activity of Cranberry Phenolic Compounds and Their Microbial-Derived Metabolites against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Bladder Epithelial Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12119-30. [PMID: 26023719 PMCID: PMC4490433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranberry consumption has shown prophylactic effects against urinary tract infections (UTI), although the mechanisms involved are not completely understood. In this paper, cranberry phenolic compounds and their potential microbial-derived metabolites (such as simple phenols and benzoic, phenylacetic and phenylpropionic acids) were tested for their capacity to inhibit the adherence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) ATCC®53503™ to T24 epithelial bladder cells. Catechol, benzoic acid, vanillic acid, phenylacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid showed anti-adhesive activity against UPEC in a concentration-dependent manner from 100–500 µM, whereas procyanidin A2, widely reported as an inhibitor of UPEC adherence on uroepithelium, was only statistically significant (p < 0.05) at 500 µM (51.3% inhibition). The results proved for the first time the anti-adhesive activity of some cranberry-derived phenolic metabolites against UPEC in vitro, suggesting that their presence in the urine could reduce bacterial colonization and progression of UTI.
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Liu Q, Niu H, Zhang W, Mu H, Sun C, Duan J. Synergy among thymol, eugenol, berberine, cinnamaldehyde and streptomycin against planktonic and biofilm-associated food-borne pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 60:421-30. [PMID: 25661823 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Essential oils have been found to exert antibacterial, antifungal, spasmolytic, and antiplasmodial activity and therapeutic effect in cancer treatment. In this study, the antibacterial activities of four main essential oils' components (thymol (Thy), eugenol (Eug), berberine (Ber), and cinnamaldehyde (Cin)) were evaluated against two food-borne pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium, either alone or in combination with streptomycin. Checkerboard assay demonstrated that Thy and Cin elicited a synergistic effect with streptomycin against L. monocytogenes, while a synergy existed between Cin or Eug and streptomycin against Salm. Typhimurium. Further experiments showed that this synergy was sufficient to eradicate biofilms formed by these two bacteria. Thus, our data highlighted that the combinations of specific components from essential oils and streptomycin were useful for the treatment of food-borne pathogens, which might help prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance through improving antibiotic effectiveness. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study has shown the synergistic effect of four components of essential oil (thymol, eugenol, berberine and cinnamaldehyde) combined with streptomycin on planktonic and biofilm-associated food-borne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium. These findings indicate that combination of specific components of essential oils with streptomycin may provide alternative methods to overcome the problem of food-borne bacteria both in suspension and in biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Liu
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Mith H, Clinquart A, Zhiri A, Daube G, Delcenserie V. The impact of oregano (Origanum heracleoticum) essential oil and carvacrol on virulence gene transcription by Escherichia coli O157:H7. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:1-7. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnu021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Xu Y, Li G, Zhang B, Wu Q, Wang X, Xia X. Tannin-rich pomegranate rind extracts reduce adhesion to and invasion of Caco-2 Cells by Listeria monocytogenes and decrease its expression of virulence genes. J Food Prot 2015; 78:128-33. [PMID: 25581187 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pomegranate rind is rich in tannins that have remarkable antimicrobial activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a tannin-rich fraction from pomegranate rind (TFPR) on Listeria monocytogenes virulence gene expression and on the pathogen's interaction with human epithelial cells. Growth curves were monitored to determine the effect of TFPR on L. monocytogenes growth. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and fluorescence staining assays were used to examine the cytotoxicity of TFPR. The effects of TFPR on L. monocytogenes adhesion to and invasion of epithelial cells were investigated using Caco-2 cells. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis was conducted to quantify mRNA levels of three virulence genes in L. monocytogenes. Results showed that a MIC of TFPR against L. monocytogenes was 5 mg/ml in this study. TFPR exhibited cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cells when the concentration was 2.5 mg/ml. Subinhibitory concentrations of TFPR significantly reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, adhesion to and invasion of Caco-2 cells by L. monocytogenes. When L. monocytogenes was grown in the presence of 2.5 mg/ml TFPR, the transcriptional levels of prfA, inlA, and hly decreased by 17-, 34-, and 28-fold, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Baigang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
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Upadhyay A, Upadhyaya I, Kollanoor-Johny A, Venkitanarayanan K. Combating pathogenic microorganisms using plant-derived antimicrobials: a minireview of the mechanistic basis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:761741. [PMID: 25298964 PMCID: PMC4178913 DOI: 10.1155/2014/761741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria has led to renewed interest in exploring the potential of plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs) as an alternative therapeutic strategy to combat microbial infections. Historically, plant extracts have been used as a safe, effective, and natural remedy for ailments and diseases in traditional medicine. Extensive research in the last two decades has identified a plethora of PDAs with a wide spectrum of activity against a variety of fungal and bacterial pathogens causing infections in humans and animals. Active components of many plant extracts have been characterized and are commercially available; however, research delineating the mechanistic basis of their antimicrobial action is scanty. This review highlights the potential of various plant-derived compounds to control pathogenic bacteria, especially the diverse effects exerted by plant compounds on various virulence factors that are critical for pathogenicity inside the host. In addition, the potential effect of PDAs on gut microbiota is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Indu Upadhyaya
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Anup Kollanoor-Johny
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kumar Venkitanarayanan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Mooyottu S, Kollanoor-Johny A, Flock G, Bouillaut L, Upadhyay A, Sonenshein AL, Venkitanarayanan K. Carvacrol and trans-cinnamaldehyde reduce Clostridium difficile toxin production and cytotoxicity in vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4415-30. [PMID: 24625665 PMCID: PMC3975404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that causes a serious toxin-mediated enteric disease in humans. Reducing C. difficile toxin production could significantly minimize its pathogenicity and improve disease outcomes in humans. This study investigated the efficacy of two, food-grade, plant-derived compounds, namely trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) and carvacrol (CR) in reducing C. difficile toxin production and cytotoxicity in vitro. Three hypervirulent C. difficile isolates were grown with or without the sub-inhibitory concentrations of TC or CR, and the culture supernatant and the bacterial pellet were collected for total toxin quantitation, Vero cell cytotoxicity assay and RT-qPCR analysis of toxin-encoding genes. The effect of CR and TC on a codY mutant and wild type C. difficile was also investigated. Carvacrol and TC substantially reduced C. difficile toxin production and cytotoxicity on Vero cells. The plant compounds also significantly down-regulated toxin production genes. Carvacrol and TC did not inhibit toxin production in the codY mutant of C. difficile, suggesting a potential codY-mediated anti-toxigenic mechanism of the plant compounds. The antitoxigenic concentrations of CR and TC did not inhibit the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. Our results suggest that CR and TC could potentially be used to control C. difficile, and warrant future studies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horse Barn Hill Road Ext., Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Anup Kollanoor-Johny
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horse Barn Hill Road Ext., Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Genevieve Flock
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horse Barn Hill Road Ext., Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Laurent Bouillaut
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horse Barn Hill Road Ext., Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Abraham L Sonenshein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Kumar Venkitanarayanan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horse Barn Hill Road Ext., Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Martínez-Abad A, Sánchez G, Fuster V, Lagaron J, Ocio M. Antibacterial performance of solvent cast polycaprolactone (PCL) films containing essential oils. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Burleigh AE, Benck SM, McAchran SE, Reed JD, Krueger CG, Hopkins WJ. Consumption of sweetened, dried cranberries may reduce urinary tract infection incidence in susceptible women--a modified observational study. Nutr J 2013; 12:139. [PMID: 24139545 PMCID: PMC3853585 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections, and over 50% of women will have a UTI during their lifetimes. Antibiotics are used for prophylaxis of recurrent UTIs but can lead to emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, it is reasonable to investigate nutritional strategies for prevention of UTIs. Cranberry juices and supplements have been used for UTI prophylaxis, but with variable efficacy. Because dried cranberries may contain a different spectrum of polyphenolics than juice, consuming berries may or may not be more beneficial than juice in decreasing the incidence of UTIs in susceptible women. The primary objectives of this study were to determine if consumption of sweetened, dried cranberries (SDC) decreases recurrent UTIs and whether this intervention would alter the heterogeneity, virulence factor (VF) profiles, or numbers of intestinal E. coli. Methods Twenty women with recurrent UTIs were enrolled in the trial and consumed one serving of SDC daily for two weeks. Clinical efficacy was determined by two criteria, a decrease in the six-month UTI rates pre- and post-consumption and increased time until the first UTI since beginning the study. Strain heterogeneity and virulence factor profiles of intestinal E. coli isolated from rectal swabs were determined by DNA fingerprinting and muliplex PCR, respectively. The numbers of intestinal E. coli eluted from rectal swabs pre- and post-consumption were also quantified. Results Over one-half of the patients did not experience a UTI within six months of SDC consumption, and the mean UTI rate per six months decreased significantly. Kaplan-Meier analysis of infection incidence in women consuming SDC compared to patients in a previous control group showed a significant reduction in time until first UTI within six months. The heterogeneity, VF profiles, and prevalence of intestinal E. coli strains were not significantly different after cranberry consumption. Conclusions Results of this study indicate a beneficial effect from consuming SDC to reduce the number of UTIs in susceptible women. Because there were no changes in the heterogeneity or VF profiles of E. coli, additional studies are needed to determine the mechanism of action of SDC for reduction of UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Walter J Hopkins
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Upadhyaya I, Upadhyay A, Kollanoor-Johny A, Darre MJ, Venkitanarayanan K. Effect of plant derived antimicrobials on Salmonella enteritidis adhesion to and invasion of primary chicken oviduct epithelial cells in vitro and virulence gene expression. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10608-25. [PMID: 23698782 PMCID: PMC3676857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is a major foodborne pathogen in the United States and one of the most frequently reported Salmonella serotypes globally. Eggs are the most common food product associated with SE infections in humans. The pathogen colonizes the intestinal tract in layers, and migrates to reproductive organs systemically. Since adhesion to and invasion of chicken oviduct epithelial cells (COEC) is critical for SE colonization in reproductive tract, reducing these virulence factors could potentially decrease egg yolk contamination. This study investigated the efficacy of sub-inhibitory concentrations of three plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs), namely carvacrol, thymol and eugenol in reducing SE adhesion to and invasion of COEC, and survival in chicken macrophages. In addition, the effect of PDAs on SE genes critical for oviduct colonization and macrophage survival was determined using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). All PDAs significantly reduced SE adhesion to and invasion of COEC (p < 0.001). The PDAs, except thymol consistently decreased SE survival in macrophages (p < 0.001). RT-qPCR results revealed down-regulation in the expression of genes involved in SE colonization and macrophage survival (p < 0.001). The results indicate that PDAs could potentially be used to control SE colonization in chicken reproductive tract; however, in vivo studies validating these results are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Upadhyaya
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Upadhyay A, Johny AK, Amalaradjou MAR, Ananda Baskaran S, Kim KS, Venkitanarayanan K. Plant-derived antimicrobials reduce Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors in vitro, and down-regulate expression of virulence genes. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 157:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Study on carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde polymeric films: mechanical properties, release kinetics and antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:1029-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Reduction of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis colonization in 20-day-old broiler chickens by the plant-derived compounds trans-cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:2981-7. [PMID: 22327574 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07643-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacies of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) and eugenol (EG) for reducing Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization in broiler chickens were investigated. In three experiments for each compound, 1-day-old chicks (n = 75/experiment) were randomly assigned to five treatment groups (n = 15/treatment group): negative control (-ve S. Enteritidis, -ve TC, or EG), compound control (-ve S. Enteritidis, +ve 0.75% [vol/wt] TC or 1% [vol/wt] EG), positive control (+ve S. Enteritidis, -ve TC, or EG), low-dose treatment (+ve S. Enteritidis, +ve 0.5% TC, or 0.75% EG), and high-dose treatment (+ve S. Enteritidis, +ve 0.75% TC, or 1% EG). On day 0, birds were tested for the presence of any inherent Salmonella (n = 5/experiment). On day 8, birds were inoculated with ∼8.0 log(10) CFU S. Enteritidis, and cecal colonization by S. Enteritidis was ascertained (n = 10 chicks/experiment) after 24 h (day 9). Six birds from each treatment group were euthanized on days 7 and 10 after inoculation, and cecal S. Enteritidis numbers were determined. TC at 0.5 or 0.75% and EG at 0.75 or 1% consistently reduced (P < 0.05) S. Enteritidis in the cecum (≥3 log(10) CFU/g) after 10 days of infection in all experiments. Feed intake and body weight were not different for TC treatments (P > 0.05); however, EG supplementation led to significantly lower (P < 0.05) body weights. Follow-up in vitro experiments revealed that the subinhibitory concentrations (SICs, the concentrations that did not inhibit Salmonella growth) of TC and EG reduced the motility and invasive abilities of S. Enteritidis and downregulated expression of the motility genes flhC and motA and invasion genes hilA, hilD, and invF. The results suggest that supplementation with TC and EG through feed can reduce S. Enteritidis colonization in chickens.
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