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Ogunbameru A, Gebretekle GB, Perryman A, Hassan M, Farrell A, Liu K, Mishra S, Sander B. Health and non-health benefits and equity impacts of individual-level economic relief programs during epidemics/pandemics in high income settings: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2106. [PMID: 39103834 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Economic relief programs are strategies designed to sustain societal welfare and population health during a regional or global scale infectious disease outbreak. While economic relief programmes are considered essential during a regional or global health crisis, there is no clear consensus in the literature about their health and non-health benefits and their impact on promoting equity. METHODS We conducted a scoping review, searching eight electronic databases from January 01, 2001, to April 3, 2023, using text words and subject headings for recent pathogens (coronavirus (COVID-19), Ebola, Influenza, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), HIV, West Nile, and Zika), and economic relief programs; but restricted eligibility to high-income countries and selected diseases due to volume. Title and abstract screening were conducted by trained reviewers and Distiller AI software. Data were extracted in duplicates by two trained reviewers using a pretested form, and key findings were charted using a narrative approach. RESULTS We identified 27,263 de-duplicated records, of which 50 were eligible. Included studies were on COVID-19 and Influenza, published between 2014 and 2023. Zero eligible studies were on MERS, SARS, Zika, Ebola, or West Nile Virus. We identified seven program types of which cash transfer (n = 12) and vaccination or testing incentive (n = 9) were most common. Individual-level economic relief programs were reported to have varying degrees of impact on public health measures, and sometimes affected population health outcomes. Expanding paid sick leave programs had the highest number of studies reporting health-related outcomes and positively impacted public health measures (isolation, vaccination uptake) and health outcomes (case counts and the utilization of healthcare services). Equity impact was most often reported for cash transfer programs and incentive for vaccination programs. Positive effects on general well-being and non-health outcomes included improved mental well-being and quality of life, food security, financial resilience, and job security. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that individual-level economic relief programs can have significant impacts on public health measures, population health outcomes and equity. As countries prepare for future pandemics, our findings provide evidence to stakeholders to recognize health equity as a fundamental public health goal when designing pandemic preparedness policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeteju Ogunbameru
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Gebremedhin Beedemariam Gebretekle
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adrianna Perryman
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- School of Global Health, York University - Keele Campus, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marian Hassan
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley Farrell
- Library & Information Services, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kuan Liu
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sharmistha Mishra
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre of Urban Health Solutions, St, Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Beate Sander
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Shen Y, Wang J, Wang J, Nicholas S, Maitland E, Lv M, Yin T, Zhu D. Effectiveness of financial incentives on influenza vaccination among older adults in China: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024; 30:911-916. [PMID: 38341143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the short-term and long-term effectiveness of different levels of financial incentives on increasing the willingness to vaccinate and vaccine uptake. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of financial incentives of three groups with monetary incentives (CNY 20, CNY 40, and CNY 60; 1 CNY = 0.13 EUR) vs. a control group-CNY 0-on influenza vaccine uptake among 720 older adults (≥60 years) in Beijing, China. The primary outcome was vaccine uptake, and the secondary outcomes were intention to vaccinate and length of time to immunization. RESULTS Financial incentive significantly promoted higher intention to influenza vaccination (120/178 [67.42%] vs. 442/542 [81.55%]; Relative Risk [RR], 1.21; 95% CI, 1.02-1.42) and higher vaccination participation (74/178 [41.57%] vs. 316/542 [58.30%]; RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.10-1.75). CNY 60 had the largest impact on the intention to vaccinate (15.00% vs. 13.48% and 13.90%) and vaccination uptake (19.42% vs. 14.05% and 16.67%) compared with CNY 20 and CNY 40. Time to vaccination was significantly lower among participants receiving incentives than those without ([37.21 days; 95% CI, 34.33-39.99] vs. [48.27 days; 95% CI, 43.47-53.07]; Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.57, 95% CI 1.22-2.03). We found no long-term influence of financial incentives on vaccination decisions in the following year (217/542, 40.04% vs. 65/178, 36.52%; RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.82-1.42). DISCUSSION Our study suggests that modest financial incentives will boost short-term influenza vaccination rates and shorten the length of time to immunization in China. No one single-time financial incentive had a long-term effect on future vaccination behaviours or helped establish regular vaccination behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Dong Fureng Institute of Economic and Social Development, Wuhan University, Beijing, China; Center for Health Economics and Management at School of Economics and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Stephen Nicholas
- Health Services Research and Workforce Innovation Centre, Newcastle Business School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Australian National Institite of Management and Commerce, Eveleigh, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Maitland
- School of Management, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Min Lv
- Institute for Immunization and Prevention, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.
| | - Tao Yin
- Department of Technology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.
| | - Dawei Zhu
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; International Research Center for Medicinal Administration (IRCMA), Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Tong WT, Seth A, Ng MPE, Tong SC, Lau A, Chen TYT, Ong SE, Yoong JSY. Factors Related to, and Effective Interventions for, Vaccination Uptake Among Older Adults in Two Asia-Pacific Countries: A Rapid Review. Asia Pac J Public Health 2024:10105395241258530. [PMID: 38869052 DOI: 10.1177/10105395241258530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
This rapid review aims to present a comprehensive overview of barriers, facilitators, and effective interventions that promote vaccination uptake by older adults in the Asia-Pacific region. Rapid review methodology was applied, using two databases (PubMed, Embase). Articles were included if studies were conducted in Australia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines; included human population ≥50 years of age, and was published from 2016 to August 2022. Related articles were not found from Indonesia and Philippines. A total of 23 articles met the inclusion criteria, with 19 reporting on barriers and facilitators, whereas, four articles reported effective interventions to promote vaccination uptake. Among the 19 studies that identified barriers and facilitators to vaccination uptake, the more common factors were social influences (n = 8/19), perceived benefits of vaccine (n = 7/19), and perceived vaccine safety (n = 6/19). Interventions that focused on supporting clinicians were found to be effective in leading them to recommend vaccinations among older adults, such as creating awareness on the low baseline vaccination rates among older adults, provision of structured health assessment, and nurse reminders. More studies are needed to ascertain the barriers and facilitators to uptake, as well as to identify effective interventions influencing vaccine uptake among older adults in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ting Tong
- Centre for Behavioural and Implementation Science Interventions, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ananta Seth
- Centre for Behavioural and Implementation Science Interventions, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
- Asia-Pacific Immunization Coalition, Singapore
| | - Mary Pei Ern Ng
- Centre for Behavioural and Implementation Science Interventions, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Shao Chuen Tong
- Centre for Behavioural and Implementation Science Interventions, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | | | - Tina Yen-Ting Chen
- Centre for Behavioural and Implementation Science Interventions, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | | | - Joanne Su-Yin Yoong
- Centre for Behavioural and Implementation Science Interventions, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
- Research for Impact, Singapore
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Du P, Jin S, Lu S, Wang L, Ma X, Wang J, Huang R, Luo Q, Yang S, Feng X. Strategies to increase the coverage of influenza and pneumonia vaccination in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Age Ageing 2024; 53:afae035. [PMID: 38476102 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is urgent to implement interventions to increase vaccination rates of influenza/pneumonia vaccines in older adults, yet the effectiveness of different intervention strategies has not been thoroughly evaluated. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the effectiveness of intervention strategies for increasing the coverage of influenza/pneumonia vaccination in older adults. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, China Biology Medicine disc, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang were searched from 1 January 2000 to 1 October 2022. RCTs that assessed any intervention strategies for increasing influenza/pneumonia vaccination coverage or willingness in older adults were included. A series of random-effects network meta-analysis was conducted by using frequentist frameworks. RESULTS Twenty-two RCTs involving 385,182 older participants were eligible for further analysis. Eight types of intervention strategies were evaluated. Compared with routine notification, health education (odds ratio [OR], 1.85 [95%CI, 1.19 to 2.88]), centralised reminder (OR, 1.63 [95%CI, 1.07 to 2.47]), health education + onsite vaccination (OR, 2.89 [95%CI, 1.30 to 6.39]), and health education + centralised reminder + onsite vaccination (OR, 20.76 [95%CI, 7.33 to 58.74]) could effectively improve the vaccination rate. The evidence grade was low or very low due to the substantial heterogeneity among studies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that health education + centralised reminder + onsite vaccination may potentially be an effective strategy regardless of cost, but the evidence level was low. More rigorous trials are needed to identify the association between strategies and vaccination rates among older adults and to integrate such evidence into clinical care to improve vaccination rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Du
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyan Jin
- Health Department, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuya Lu
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runting Huang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingyue Luo
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Yang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xixi Feng
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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Meriggi NF, Voors M, Levine M, Ramakrishna V, Kangbai DM, Rozelle M, Tyler E, Kallon S, Nabieu J, Cundy S, Mobarak AM. Last-mile delivery increases vaccine uptake in Sierra Leone. Nature 2024; 627:612-619. [PMID: 38480877 PMCID: PMC10954551 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07158-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Less than 30% of people in Africa received a dose of the COVID-19 vaccine even 18 months after vaccine development1. Here, motivated by the observation that residents of remote, rural areas of Sierra Leone faced severe access difficulties2, we conducted an intervention with last-mile delivery of doses and health professionals to the most inaccessible areas, along with community mobilization. A cluster randomized controlled trial in 150 communities showed that this intervention with mobile vaccination teams increased the immunization rate by about 26 percentage points within 48-72 h. Moreover, auxiliary populations visited our community vaccination points, which more than doubled the number of inoculations administered. The additional people vaccinated per intervention site translated to an implementation cost of US $33 per person vaccinated. Transportation to reach remote villages accounted for a large share of total intervention costs. Therefore, bundling multiple maternal and child health interventions in the same visit would further reduce costs per person treated. Current research on vaccine delivery maintains a large focus on individual behavioural issues such as hesitancy. Our study demonstrates that prioritizing mobile services to overcome access difficulties faced by remote populations in developing countries can generate increased returns in terms of uptake of health services3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò F Meriggi
- International Growth Centre, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Centre for the Study of African Economies, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Maarten Voors
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Michael Rozelle
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ella Tyler
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sellu Kallon
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Junisa Nabieu
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Eiden AL, Barratt J, Nyaku MK. A review of factors influencing vaccination policies and programs for older adults globally. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2157164. [PMID: 36656057 PMCID: PMC9980618 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2157164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Policies and programs to increase vaccine coverage rates among adults 50 years of age or older are limited and vaccine uptake is often suboptimal. Our review evaluated evidence on the effectiveness and success of adult-targeted vaccination interventions and identified literature gaps. Literature was retrieved (2021) from PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar databases. Outcomes assessed included data on an intervention's effectiveness and impact on vaccine uptake. Interventions were characterized thematically: affordability (n = 9), awareness (n = 25), and vaccination access (n = 6); and included influenza, pneumococcal, tetanus-containing, and herpes zoster vaccines. Interactive interventions directed toward patients, including provider-led educational initiatives and provider recommendations showed more positive associations than less interactive interventions, such as posters and reminder-recall letters. Provider interventions, including awareness campaigns, incentives, affordability efforts, or vaccination site expansion generally showed positive associations. Combining interventions was found to be successful across several studies. Barriers and interventions varied for population subgroups, therefore, tailoring programs is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Eiden
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Jane Barratt
- International Federation on Ageing, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mawuli K Nyaku
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
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7
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Malik AA, Ahmed N, Shafiq M, Elharake JA, James E, Nyhan K, Paintsil E, Melchinger HC, Team YBI, Malik FA, Omer SB. Behavioral interventions for vaccination uptake: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Policy 2023; 137:104894. [PMID: 37714082 PMCID: PMC10885629 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2023.104894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human behavior and more specifically behavioral insight-based approaches to vaccine uptake have often been overlooked. While there have been a few narrative reviews indexed in Medline on behavioral interventions to increase vaccine uptake, to our knowledge, none have been systematic reviews and meta-analyses covering not just high but also low-and-middle income countries. METHODS We included 613 studies from the Medline database in our systematic review and meta-analysis categorizing different behavioral interventions in 9 domains: education campaigns, on-site vaccination, incentives, free vaccination, institutional recommendation, provider recommendation, reminder and recall, message framing, and vaccine champion. Additionally, considering that there is variability in the acceptance of vaccines among different populations, we assessed studies from both high-income countries (HICs) and low- to middle-income countries (LMICs), separately. FINDINGS Our results showed that behavioral interventions can considerably improve vaccine uptake in most settings. All domains that we examined improved vaccine uptake with the highest effect size associated with provider recommendation (OR: 3.4 (95%CI: 2.5-4.6); Domain: motivation) and on-site vaccination (OR: 2.9 (95%CI: 2.3-3.7); Domain: practical issues). While the number of studies conducted in LMICs was smaller, the quality of studies was similar with those conducted in HICs. Nevertheless, there were variations in the observed effect sizes. INTERPRETATION Our findings indicate that "provider recommendation" and "on-site vaccination" along with other behavioral interventions can be employed to increase vaccination rates globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amyn A Malik
- Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Analysis Group, Inc, Boston, MA 02199, USA
| | - Noureen Ahmed
- UT Southwestern Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mehr Shafiq
- Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Columbia University School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jad A Elharake
- Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; UT Southwestern Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Erin James
- Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kate Nyhan
- Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Elliott Paintsil
- Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Columbia University Institute of Human Nutrition, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | - Fauzia A Malik
- UT Southwestern Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Saad B Omer
- UT Southwestern Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Factors Influencing the Uptake of Seasonal Influenza Vaccination among Community-Dwelling Older Adults during COVID-19: A Mixed Methods Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030641. [PMID: 36992225 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite making the influenza vaccine accessible and affordable, vaccination rates remained low among community-dwelling older adults. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the factors influencing vaccine uptake and the impact of COVID-19 on vaccine uptake among community-dwelling older adults in Singapore. Methods: A mixed methods study involving a survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted between September 2020 and July 2021. Community-dwelling older adults aged ≥ 65 years were recruited from 27 Community Nurse Posts. Data on participants’ demographics, health condition(s), vaccination status, attitudes towards influenza infections and vaccinations, willingness to pay, intention for future vaccination and source of information were collected via the survey. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to understand vaccination experiences, key enablers and barriers, and the impact of COVID-19 on vaccine uptake. All interviews were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and multinomial logistic regressions. Results: A total of 235 participants completed the survey. Living arrangement was a statistically significant contributing factor for influenza vaccine uptake (ꭓ2= −0.139; p = 0.03). Participants who lived alone were 2.5 times more likely to be vaccinated than those living with others (OR = 2.504, 95% CI: 1.294–4.842, p = 0.006). Avoidance of getting infected (82.5%), avoidance of transmission to others (84.7%), and advice from healthcare professionals to receive vaccination (83.4%) were key enablers, while concerns about possible side effects (41.2%), the effectiveness of the vaccine (42.6%), and not having enough information (48.1%) were barriers. Twenty participants were interviewed. The findings were congruent with the survey results. Five themes were identified as follows: (1) Perceived importance of influenza vaccination, (2) Sphere of influence, (3) Healthcare schemes and medical subsidies, (4) Psychological impediments, and (5) Inconsistent emphases at various touch points. Conclusions: Greater public health efforts are needed to reach out to the larger population of older adults of different living arrangements and those concerned about the possible side effects and effectiveness of the influenza vaccine. Healthcare professionals need to provide more information to address these concerns, especially during COVID-19, to encourage vaccine uptake.
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Bonner KE, Chyderiotis S, Sicsic J, Mueller JE, Ulrich AK, Toomey T, Horvath KJ, Neaton JD, Basta NE. What motivates adults to accept influenza vaccine? An assessment of incentives, ease of access, messaging, and sources of information using a discrete choice experiment. SSM Popul Health 2023; 22:101384. [PMID: 37008807 PMCID: PMC10060740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccination rates remain low, and contribute to preventable influenza cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in the US. While numerous interventions have been implemented to increase vaccine uptake, there is a need to determine which interventions contribute most to vaccine willingness, particularly among age groups with vaccination rates that have plateaued at suboptimal levels. This study aimed to quantify the relative effect of multiple interventions on vaccine willingness to receive influenza vaccine in three age groups using a series of hypothetical situations with different behavioral interventions. We assessed the relative impact of four categories of interventions: source of vaccine messages, type of vaccination messages, vaccination incentives, and ease of vaccine access using a discrete choice experiment. Within each category, we investigated the role of four different attributes to measure their relative contribution to willingness to be vaccinated by removing one option from each of the intervention categories. Among the 1,763 Minnesota residents who volunteered for our study, participants expressed vaccine willingness in over 80% of the scenarios presented. Easy access to drop-in vaccination sites had the greatest impact on vaccine willingness in all age groups. Among the younger age group, small financial incentives also contributed to high vaccine willingness. Our results suggest that public health programs and vaccination campaigns may improve their chances of successfully increasing vaccine willingness if they offer interventions preferred by adults, including facilitating convenient access to vaccination and offering small monetary incentives, particularly for young adults.
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Che X, Liu Y, Gu W, Wang F, Wang J, Jiang W, Du J, Zhang X, Xu Y, Zhang X, Wang J. Analysis on the intention and influencing factors of free influenza vaccination among the elderly people aged 70 and above in Hangzhou in 2022. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1052500. [PMID: 36684888 PMCID: PMC9853049 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1052500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although influenza vaccination is recommended for people aged 70 and above in Hangzhou, and the vaccine is provided free of charge, the elderly influenza vaccination rate is still low. The purpose of this study was to understand the barriers and motivations of older people in deciding to receive free influenza vaccine through questionnaires. Methods The method of stratified random sampling was adopted to take samples. A questionnaire survey was conducted among the elderly aged 70 years and above by face-to-face interview or telephone interview. Results A total of 11,663 elderly people aged 70-100 years were successfully and effectively interviewed. 85.98% of the respondent were willing to get the influenza shot, 8.91% were unwilling to get the influenza shot, and 5.11% were on vaccine hesitancy. The people of age of 70-79 years old (hesitancy: OR 70~79 = 0.668, 95%CI: 0.571 0.782, Unwilling: OR 70 - 79 = 0.755, 95%CI: 0.622 0.916), primary school degree or below (hesitancy: OR Secondary school degree or above = 1.467, 95%CI: 1.249 1.724, Unwilling: OR Secondary school degree or above = 1.255, 95%CI: 1.028 1.535), remote areas (hesitancy: OR near central urban area = 2.111, 95%CI: 1.604 2.778, OR central urban area = 2.957, 95%CI: 2.255 3.877, Unwilling: OR near central urban area = 1.687, 95%CI: 1.230 2.313. OR centralurbanarea = 2.218, 95%CI: 1.626 3.027), and convenient for movement (hesitancy: OR yes = 0.494, 95%CI: 0.420 0.580, Unwilling: OR yes = 0.585, 95%CI: 0.480 0.713), understanding of the free vaccine policy (hesitancy: OR understand = 0.204, 95%CI: 0.171 0.245, Unwilling: OR understand = 0.164, 95%CI: 0.128 0.210), influenza knowledge level≥ 13 points (hesitancy: OR ≥13points = 0.628, 95%CI: 0.533 0.739, Unwilling: OR ≥13points = 0.538, 95%CI: 0.437 0.662), influenza vaccine knowledge level≥ 12 points (hesitancy: OR ≥12points = 0.422, 95%CI: 0.350 0.508, Unwilling: OR ≥12points = 0.370, 95%CI: 0.290 0.472), and social trust level ≥ 12 points (hesitancy: OR ≥12points = 0.134, 95%CI: 0.112 0.160, Unwilling: OR ≥12points = 0.220, 95%CI: 0.180 0.269) are more willing to receive free influenza vaccine. Conclusion The proportion of elderly people aged 70 and above who are willing to receive free influenza vaccine is high in Hangzhou. But the level of knowledge about influenza, vaccine and trust in society is low. The government should continue to improve the elderly's awareness and trust in society through medical staff, family members, television and radio media, and guide the elderly to actively vaccinate against influenza. Effective publicity should be carried out through the above channels to guide the elderly to actively vaccinate against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinren Che
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenwen Gu
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangying Wang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuyang Xu
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuechao Zhang
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Expanded Program on Immunization, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Naeim A, Guerin RJ, Baxter-King R, Okun AH, Wenger N, Sepucha K, Stanton AL, Rudkin A, Holliday D, Rossell Hayes A, Vavreck L. Strategies to increase the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19: Findings from a nationally representative survey of US adults, October 2020 to October 2021. Vaccine 2022; 40:7571-7578. [PMID: 36357290 PMCID: PMC9464582 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined COVID-19 vaccination status, intention, and hesitancy and the effects of five strategies to increase the willingness of unvaccinated adults (≥18 years) to get a COVID vaccine. METHODS Online surveys were conducted between October 1-17, 2020 (N = 14,946), December 4-16, 2020 (N = 15,229), April 8-22, 2021 (N = 14,557), June 17-July 6, 2021 (N = 30,857), and September 3-October 4, 2021 (N = 33,088) with an internet-based, non-probability opt-in sample of U.S. adults matching demographic quotas. Respondents were asked about current COVID-19 vaccination status, intention and hesitancy to get vaccinated, and reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Unvaccinated respondents were assigned to treatment groups to test the effect of five strategies (endorsements, changing social restrictions, financial incentives, vaccine requirements for certain activities, and vaccine requirements for work). Chi-square tests of independence were performed to detect differences in the response distributions. RESULTS Willingness to be vaccinated (defined as being vaccinated or planning to be) increased over time from 47.6 % in October 2020 to 81.1 % in October 2021. By October 2021, across most demographic groups, over 75 % of survey respondents had been or planned to be vaccinated. In terms of strategies: (1) endorsements had no positive effect, (2) relaxing the need for masks and social distancing increased Intention to Get Vaccinated (IGV) by 6.4 % (p < 0.01), (3) offering financial incentives increased the IGV between 12.3 and 18.9 % (p <.001), (4) vaccine requirements for attending sporting events or traveling increased IGV by 7.8 % and 9.1 %, respectively (p = 0.02), and vaccine requirement for work increased IGV by 35.4 %. The leading causes (not mutually exclusive) for hesitancy were concerns regarding vaccine safety (52.5 %) or side effects (51.6 %), trust in the government's motives (41.0 %), and concerns about vaccine effectiveness (37.6 %). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that multiple strategies may be effective and needed to increase COVID-19 vaccination among hesitant adults during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Naeim
- Center for SMART Health, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Rebecca J Guerin
- Division of Science Integration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Ryan Baxter-King
- Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Andrea H Okun
- Division of Science Integration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Neil Wenger
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Sciences Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, United States
| | - Karen Sepucha
- Health Decision Sciences Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Annette L Stanton
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry/Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, United States
| | - Aaron Rudkin
- Departments of Political Science, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Derek Holliday
- Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | - Lynn Vavreck
- Departments of Political Science and Communication, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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12
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Schwalbe N, Hanbali L, Nunes MC, Lehtimaki S. Use of financial incentives to increase adult vaccination coverage: A narrative review of lessons learned from COVID-19 and other adult vaccination efforts. Vaccine X 2022; 12:100225. [PMID: 36217357 PMCID: PMC9535879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To encourage COVID-19 vaccination, governments have offered a wide range of incentives to their populations ranging from cash to cows. Often these programs were rolled out at scale before assessing potential effectiveness. To inform future policy, we conducted a narrative review to understand the evidence base informing these programs and the extent to which they are effective. While we found evidence on cash transfers increasing both the coverage and intention to be vaccinated for COVID-19 and other adult vaccines, improvements in coverage were limited. With mixed evidence, lottery programs did not appear to have a consistent meaningful impact on vaccination for COVID-19, and no evidence was identified on the positive effects of other non-cash incentives for COVID-19 or other adult vaccines. We conclude that the impact of cash transfers in incentivizing adult vaccination is marginal and their effectiveness in addressing vaccine hesitancy remains inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schwalbe
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,Spark Street Advisors, New York, NY, United States,Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States,Corresponding author at: 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | | - Marta C. Nunes
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases; and South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines & Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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13
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Sallam M, Ghazy RM, Al-Salahat K, Al-Mahzoum K, AlHadidi NM, Eid H, Kareem N, Al-Ajlouni E, Batarseh R, Ababneh NA, Sallam M, Alsanafi M, Umakanthan S, Al-Tammemi AB, Bakri FG, Harapan H, Mahafzah A, Al Awaidy ST. The Role of Psychological Factors and Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs in Influenza Vaccine Hesitancy and Uptake among Jordanian Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1355. [PMID: 36016243 PMCID: PMC9413675 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination to prevent influenza virus infection and to lessen its severity is recommended among healthcare workers (HCWs). Health professionals have a higher risk of exposure to viruses and could transmit the influenza virus to vulnerable patients who are prone to severe disease and mortality. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the levels of influenza vaccine acceptance and uptake as well as its determinants, among Jordanian HCWs over the last influenza season of 2021/2022. This study was based on a self-administered electronic survey that was distributed in March 2022. Psychological determinants of influenza vaccine acceptance and vaccine conspiracy beliefs were assessed using the previously validated 5C scale questionnaire (confidence, complacency, constraints, calculation and collective responsibility) and the vaccine conspiracy beliefs scale. The study sample comprised a total of 1218 HCWs: nurses (n = 412, 33.8%), physicians (n = 367, 30.1%), medical technicians (n = 182, 14.9%), pharmacists (n = 161, 13.2%) and dentists (n = 87, 7.1%), among others. About two-thirds of the study sample expressed willingness to receive influenza vaccination if provided free of charge (n = 807, 66.3%), whereas less than one-third were willing to pay for the vaccine (n = 388, 31.9%). The self-reported uptake of the influenza vaccine in the last influenza season was 62.8%. The following factors were significantly associated with higher acceptance of influenza vaccination if provided freely, as opposed to vaccine hesitancy/rejection: male sex; physicians and dentists among HCW categories; higher confidence and collective responsibility; and lower complacency, constraints and calculation. Higher influenza vaccine uptake was significantly correlated with nurses and physicians among HCW categories, older age, a higher monthly income, higher confidence and collective responsibility, lower complacency and constraints and lower embrace of general vaccine conspiracy beliefs. The results of the current study can provide helpful clues to improve influenza vaccine coverage among HCWs in Jordan. Consequently, this can help to protect vulnerable patient groups and reserve valuable resources in healthcare settings. Psychological determinants appeared to be the most significant factors for vaccine acceptance and uptake, whereas the embrace of general vaccine conspiracy beliefs was associated with lower rates of influenza vaccine uptake, which should be considered in educational and interventional measures aiming to promote influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ramy Mohamed Ghazy
- Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Khaled Al-Salahat
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Kholoud Al-Mahzoum
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Nadin Mohammad AlHadidi
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Huda Eid
- School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Nariman Kareem
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Eyad Al-Ajlouni
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Rawan Batarseh
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Nidaa A. Ababneh
- Cell Therapy Center (CTC), The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Sallam
- Department of Pharmacy, Mediclinic Welcare Hospital, Mediclinic Middle East, Dubai P.O. Box 31500, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mariam Alsanafi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 25210, Kuwait
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, College of Health Sciences, Safat 13092, Kuwait
| | - Srikanth Umakanthan
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine BB11000, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Ala’a B. Al-Tammemi
- Migration Health Division, International Organization for Migration (IOM), The UN Migration Agency, Amman 11953, Jordan
| | - Faris G. Bakri
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Azmi Mahafzah
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Salah T. Al Awaidy
- Office of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 393, Muscat 100, Oman
- Middle East, Eurasia and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network (ME’NA-ISN), Cape Town 7766, South Africa
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14
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Issues surrounding incentives and penalties for COVID-19 vaccination: The Israeli experience. Prev Med 2021; 153:106763. [PMID: 34352308 PMCID: PMC8327565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of COVID-19 vaccination in Israel and how these relate to different proposals made about benefits for those vaccinated, and to present the legal and ethical dilemmas surrounding these issues. A retrospective study of COVID-19 vaccination rates in Israel was conducted, with data obtained from the Ministry of Health (MOH). Information on benefits proposed or offered for vaccination and restrictions for non-vaccination were obtained from the MOH and presented in a timeline. By March 1st, 51% of the total population, and 91% of those aged 60 and over, had received their first COVID-19 vaccine. Exemption from quarantine was granted to vaccinated or recovered people from 17th January 2021. The 'green pass' incentive scheme, granting access to social, cultural and sporting events for those fully vaccinated or immune, was proposed in December 2020, and came into effect on February 21st 2021. Incentive schemes which impose limitations on those who choose not to vaccinate may motivate some people to take action. Policymakers should use a measured approach to protect public health, with minimum infringement on citizens' rights. Providing transparent and culturally appropriate information on immunization and ensuring maximal and equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines may help build trust.
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15
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Carpio CE, Coman IA, Sarasty O, García M. COVID-19 Vaccine Demand and Financial Incentives. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2021; 19:871-883. [PMID: 34608611 PMCID: PMC8489978 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-021-00687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public health experts estimate that only very high COVID-19 vaccine uptake levels can result in herd immunity. OBJECTIVE This study's main objective was to evaluate the impact of vaccine price levels, including payments, and the efficacy levels on COVID-19 vaccine demand. METHODS Data for this study were collected from an online survey of 2000 US individuals aged 18 years and older, which included a set of contingent valuation questions. Parametric and nonparametric procedures were used to estimate the distribution of willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-accept values for the vaccine and to assess its association with vaccine efficacy levels (50, 70, and 95%). RESULTS Most of the individuals (60%) indicated they were willing to pay a positive amount for the vaccine; 13.7% said they would only accept the vaccine if it were free; 14.1% were willing to take the vaccine only if they were paid; and 12.2% were not willing to accept the vaccine. The vaccine efficacy level was found to affect an individual's demand for the vaccine. Estimated mean willingness-to-pay values were: US$594, US$706, and US$723 for vaccines with efficacy levels of 50, 70, and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS US individuals highly value the COVID-19 vaccine, and about 88% of the US population would accept the vaccination; however, 14% indicated they would get vaccinated if compensated. Payments of about US$500 or more would be needed to sufficiently incentivize 50% or more of this group vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Carpio
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-2132, USA.
| | - Ioana A Coman
- Department of Public Relations, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Oscar Sarasty
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-2132, USA
| | - Manuel García
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-2132, USA
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16
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Rauh LD, Lathan HS, Masiello MM, Ratzan SC, Parker RM. A Select Bibliography of Actions to Promote Vaccine Literacy: A Resource for Health Communication. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2020; 25:843-858. [PMID: 33719890 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2021.1878312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this bibliography, the researchers provide an introduction to the available evidence base of actions to promote vaccine literacy. The research team organized interventions to create a tool that can inform health communicators and practitioners seeking a resource focused on strategy and implementation design for actions that support vaccine literacy. This scoping bibliography is honed specifically to respond to the urgency of the current pandemic, when supporting and increasing vaccine literacy offers promise for achieving the critically needed high levels of vaccination. Over the course of the coming months and year, this bibliography will be a dynamic and "living" document hosted and maintained on vaccineliteracy.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Rauh
- Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah S Lathan
- Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Scott C Ratzan
- Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth M Parker
- Division of General Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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