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Hausdorff WP, Madhi SA, Kang G, Kaboré L, Tufet Bayona M, Giersing BK. Facilitating the development of urgently required combination vaccines. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e1059-e1067. [PMID: 38636529 PMCID: PMC11099297 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The essence of a vaccine lies in its ability to elicit a set of immune responses specifically directed at a particular pathogen. Accordingly, vaccines were historically designed, developed, registered, recommended, procured, and administered as monopathogen formulations. Nonetheless, the control and elimination of an astonishing number of diseases was realised only after several once-separate vaccines were provided as combinations. Unfortunately, the current superabundance of recommended and pipeline vaccines is now at odds with the number of acceptable vaccine administrations and feasible health-care visits for vaccine recipients and health-care providers. Yet, few new combinations are in development because, in addition to the scientific and manufacturing hurdles intrinsic to coformulation, developers face a gauntlet of regulatory, policy, and commercialisation obstacles in a milieu still largely designed for monopathogen vaccines. We argue here that national policy makers and public health agencies should prospectively identify and advocate for the development of new multipathogen combination vaccines, and suggest ways to accelerate the regulatory pathways to licensure of combinations and other concrete, innovative steps to mitigate current obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Hausdorff
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington, DC, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Lassané Kaboré
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Dakar, Senegal; Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Birgitte K Giersing
- WHO Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Wahl B, Pitzer VE. Expanded Programme on Immunization at 50 years: its legacy and future. Lancet 2024; 403:2265-2267. [PMID: 38796196 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00982-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wahl
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases and the Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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Wang Y, Fekadu G, You JHS. Cost-Effectiveness Analyses of Digital Health Technology for Improving the Uptake of Vaccination Programs: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e45493. [PMID: 37184916 DOI: 10.2196/45493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination is the most effective strategy to prevent infectious diseases, yet vaccination coverage has not reached the target level. To promote vaccination uptake, digital health interventions (DHIs) have been used in various vaccination programs. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to perform a systematic review of the cost-effectiveness analyses of DHIs for the improvement of the uptake of vaccination programs. METHODS A literature review was conducted in MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), APA PsycINFO (Ovid), Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL Ultimate (EBSCOhost), Center for Review and Dissemination, and Institute for IEEE Xplore up to October 2022. Health economic evaluations that met the following inclusion criteria were included: (1) adult or pediatric vaccination programs; (2) interventions delivered through digital technology; (3) full-scale health economic analyses including cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, cost-benefit, or cost-consequence analyses; and (4) evaluations conducted by model-based or trial-based analyses. The quality of each included study was evaluated using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS). RESULTS The systematic review included 7 studies. Four of the cost-effectiveness studies were conducted by model-based analyses, and 3 were trial-based analyses. One study reported the additional cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained, whereas 6 studies reported the additional cost per individual vaccinated (or return case). The vaccines targeted the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, influenza vaccination, measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, and children immunization at different ages. The DHIs were delivered by television campaign, web-based decision aid, SMS text message, telephone, and computer-generated recall letters. The studies were classified as very good (n=5) and good (n=2) qualities. One study concluded that the DHI was cost-saving, and 6 studies concluded that the DHI was cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first systematic review on cost-effectiveness analyses of DHIs to improve vaccination uptake. All included studies have good to very good quality on study assessment and reported the DHIs to be cost-saving or cost-effective in the improvement of vaccination uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Ginenus Fekadu
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Joyce Hoi-Sze You
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (Hong Kong)
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Memirie ST, Tolla MT, Rumpler E, Sato R, Bolongaita S, Tefera YL, Tesfaye L, Tadesse MZ, Getnet F, Mengistu T, Verguet S. Out-of-pocket expenditures and financial risks associated with treatment of vaccine-preventable diseases in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional costing analysis. PLoS Med 2023; 20:e1004198. [PMID: 36897870 PMCID: PMC10004560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) remain major causes of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Universal access to vaccination, besides improved health outcomes, would substantially reduce VPD-related out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures and associated financial risks. This paper aims to estimate the extent of OOP expenditures and the magnitude of the associated catastrophic health expenditures (CHEs) for selected VPDs in Ethiopia. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a cross-sectional costing analysis, from the household (patient) perspective, of care-seeking for VPDs in children aged under 5 years for pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, and pertussis, and in children aged under 15 years for meningitis. Data on OOP direct medical and nonmedical expenditures (2021 USD) and household consumption expenditures were collected from 995 households (1 child per household) in 54 health facilities nationwide between May 1 and July 31, 2021. We used descriptive statistics to measure the main outcomes: magnitude of OOP expenditures, along with the associated CHE within households. Drivers of CHE were assessed using a logistic regression model. The mean OOP expenditures per disease episode for outpatient care for diarrhea, pneumonia, pertussis, and measles were $5·6 (95% confidence interval (CI): $4·3, 6·8), $7·8 ($5·3, 10·3), $9·0 ($6·4, 11·6), and $7·4 ($3·0, 11·9), respectively. The mean OOP expenditures were higher for inpatient care, ranging from $40·6 (95% CI: $12·9, 68·3) for severe measles to $101·7 ($88·5, 114·8) for meningitis. Direct medical expenditures, particularly drug and supply expenses, were the major cost drivers. Among those who sought inpatient care (345 households), about 13·3% suffered CHE, at a 10% threshold of annual consumption expenditures. The type of facility visited, receiving inpatient care, and wealth were significant predictors of CHE (p-value < 0·001) while adjusting for area of residence (urban/rural), diagnosis, age of respondent, and household family size. Limitations include inadequate number of measles and pertussis cases. CONCLUSIONS The OOP expenditures induced by VPDs are substantial in Ethiopia and disproportionately impact those with low income and those requiring inpatient care. Expanding equitable access to vaccines cannot be overemphasized, for both health and economic reasons. Such realization requires the government's commitment toward increasing and sustaining vaccine financing in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tessema Memirie
- Addis Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mieraf Taddesse Tolla
- Addis Center for Ethics and Priority Setting, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eva Rumpler
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ryoko Sato
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Bolongaita
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Latera Tesfaye
- National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Fentabil Getnet
- National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Stéphane Verguet
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Budigan Ni H, de Broucker G, Patenaude BN, Dudley MZ, Hampton LM, Salmon DA. Economic impact of vaccine safety incident in Ukraine: The economic case for safety system investment. Vaccine 2023; 41:219-225. [PMID: 36435704 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine confidence and coverage decreased following a death temporally but not causally related to measles vaccination in Ukraine in 2008. Large measles outbreaks including international exportations followed. Herein we characterize this experience including associated costs. METHODS Mixed-methods were used to characterize this vaccine safety incident and quantify health and economic costs. Qualitative interviews illuminate the incident, social climate, and corruption that influenced vaccine confidence in Ukraine. A literature review explored attitudes toward vaccines in the USSR and post-independence Ukraine. Infectious disease incidence was examined before and after the vaccine safety incident. An economic analysis estimated associated healthcare costs, including prevention and outbreak control measures, additional vaccination activities due to failure of the 2008 campaign, treatment costs for new cases domestically and foreign exportation, and productivity loss from treatment time and mortality for new cases. FINDINGS Vaccine hesitancy and distrust in government and public health programs due to corruption existed in Ukraine before the vaccine safety incident. The mishandling of the 2008 incident catalyzed the decline of vaccine confidence and prompted poor procurement decisions, leading to a drop in infant vaccination coverage, increased domestic measles cases, and exportation of measles. The estimated cost of this incident was approximately $140 million from 2008 to 2018. INTERPRETATION Absent a rapid and credible vaccine safety response, a coincidental death following immunization resulted in major outbreaks of measles with substantial economic costs. Adequate investments in a post-licensure safety system may help avoid similar future incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Budigan Ni
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Office of Health Equity, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy, Unit F175, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Gatien de Broucker
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bryan N Patenaude
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Matthew Z Dudley
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lee M Hampton
- Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Global Health Campus, Chemin du Pommier 40, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex, Switzerland
| | - Daniel A Salmon
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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6
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Frew PM, Schamel JT, Randall LA, King AR, Spaulding AC, Wu E, Holloway IW. Vaccine confidence among people who use drugs: A cross-sectional survey. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2123201. [PMID: 36170655 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2123201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult immunization coverage remains low in the US, particularly for people who use drugs (PWUD), a population that experiences a disproportionate burden of vaccine-preventable diseases. The extent of and characteristics associated with vaccine confidence (VC) held by PWUD is poorly understood. As VC strongly correlates with vaccine uptake, this cross-sectional study identifies mutable factors associated with VC and quantifies its relationship to immunization status within a highly vulnerable, underimmunized population of PWUD. Using a community-engaged research strategy with select partner organizations hosting syringe exchange programs in Atlanta, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas, USA, we surveyed participants ages 18-69 years served by these organizations from 2019 to 2020. Survey measures included sociodemographics, health behavior including immunization receipt, and vaccine confidence in adult vaccinations using a modified Emory Vaccine Confidence Index (EVCI). The findings reflect relatively low VC among the 1,127 recruited participants, with 56% expressing low VC (EVCI 0-12), 35% medium (EVCI 13-20) and 10% high (EVCI 21-24). EVCI varied by city, with lowest confidence in Atlanta and highest in Las Vegas. VC was associated with past receipt of specific vaccines, including hepatitis A, MMR, Tdap, and influenza. VC varied by specific sociodemographic correlates such as housing insecurity (reduced confidence) and receipt of public benefits or disability (increased confidence). This study identified correlates associated with VC based on site and sociodemographic characteristics for this priority population, highlighting the need for specific interventions to raise VC among PWUD, especially among those experiencing housing insecurity and without public benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Frew
- Schools of Public Health, Medicine, and Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Population Health & Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jay T Schamel
- Schools of Public Health, Medicine, and Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Population Health & Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Laura A Randall
- Schools of Public Health, Medicine, and Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Population Health & Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Adrian R King
- Schools of Public Health, Medicine, and Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Population Health & Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Anne C Spaulding
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wu
- Department of Social Welfare, UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Southern California HIV/AIDS Policy Research Center, UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Hub for Health Intervention, Policy, and Practice, UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ian W Holloway
- Department of Social Welfare, UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Southern California HIV/AIDS Policy Research Center, UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Hub for Health Intervention, Policy, and Practice, UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Nandi A, Counts N, Chen S, Seligman B, Tortorice D, Vigo D, Bloom DE. Global and regional projections of the economic burden of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias from 2019 to 2050: A value of statistical life approach. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 51:101580. [PMID: 35898316 PMCID: PMC9310134 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRDs) is expected to grow rapidly with population aging, especially in low- and middle-income countries, in the next few decades. We used a willingness-to-pay approach to project the global, regional, and national economic burden of ADRDs from 2019 to 2050 under status quo. Methods We projected age group and country-specific disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost to ADRDs in future years based on historical growth in disease burden and available population projections. We used country-specific extrapolations of the value of a statistical life (VSL) year and its future projections based on historical income growth to estimate the economic burden - measured in terms of the value of lost DALYs - of ADRDs. A probabilistic uncertainty analysis was used to calculate point estimates and 95% uncertainty bounds of the economic burden. Findings In 2019, the global VSL-based economic burden of ADRDs was an estimated $2.8 trillion. The burden was projected to increase to $4.7 trillion (95% uncertainty bound: $4 trillion-$5.5 trillion) in 2030, $8.5 trillion ($6.8 trillion-$10.8 trillion) in 2040, and $16.9 trillion ($11.3 trillion-$27.3 trillion) in 2050. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) would account for 65% of the global VSL-based economic burden in 2050, as compared with only 18% in 2019. Within LMICs, upper-middle income countries would carry the largest VSL-based economic burden by 2050 (92% of LMICs burden and 60% of global burden). Interpretation ADRDs have a large and inequitable projected future VSL-based economic burden. Funding The Davos Alzheimer's Collaborative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Nandi
- The Population Council, New York, NY, USA
- One Health Trust, Washington DC, USA
| | - Nathaniel Counts
- Mental Health America, New York, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Seligman
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles VA Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Vigo
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David E. Bloom
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Nghiem S, Campbell J, Walker RM, Byrnes J, Chaboyer W. Pressure injuries in Australian public hospitals: A cost of illness study. Int J Nurs Stud 2022; 130:104191. [PMID: 35436596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pressure injuries are a leading hospital adverse event, yet they are mostly preventable. Understanding their financial costs will help to appreciate the burden they place on the health system and assist in better planning and management of health expenditures to prevent pressure injuries. OBJECTIVE To estimate the cost of pressure injuries in Australian public hospitals in 2020 demonstrating its economic burden in a well-resourced health system. METHODS A cost of illness study with a 12-month time horizon was conducted. Resource use for the treatment of pressure injuries and productivity loss due to pressure injuries were derived using a bottom-up approach. Parameters of the cost estimates were obtained from secondary sources and literature syntheses. A simulation with 10,000 draws was used to generate statistical properties of the cost estimates. RESULTS Based on a prevalence of 12.9%, the total cost of pressure injuries in Australian public hospitals was $9.11 billion [95% confidence intervals: 9.02, 9.21]. The two largest shares of costs were accounted for by the opportunity cost of excess length of stay of $3.60 billion [3.52, 3.68] and treatment costs of $3.59 billion [3.57, 3.60]. Productivity loss associated with pressure injuries amounts to $493 million [482, 504]. Hospital-acquired pressure injuries account for a total of $5.50 billion [5.44, 5.56], whereas pressure injuries present on admissions costed $3.71 billion [3.70, 3.72]. In terms of severity, Stage 2 pressure injuries contributed the most to total treatment costs, total excessive length of stay, and total loss of healthy life years. Australian society is willing to pay $1.43 billion [1.40, 1.45] to save 6,701 [6,595; 6,807] healthy life years lost by pressure injury. CONCLUSIONS Reducing preventable pressure injuries and stopping the progression of Stage 1 pressure injuries will likely result in an immense cost-saving for Australia and will likely have similar benefits for other countries with comparable profiles. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Australian public hospital study provides comprehensive analysis of the cost of pressure injury, including estimates of direct and indirect medical costs, and indirect non-medical costs - such as productivity and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Nghiem
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Jill Campbell
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Wiser Wound Care
| | - Rachel M Walker
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Wiser Wound Care; Division of Surgery, Metro South Health, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Josh Byrnes
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Wendy Chaboyer
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Wiser Wound Care; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Alghamdi S. The role of vaccines in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:7505-7510. [PMID: 34867055 PMCID: PMC8626314 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pathogens have developed an intrinsic capacity to thrive by developing resistance to antimicrobial compounds utilized in treatment. Antimicrobial resistance arises when microbial agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites alter their behaviour to make current conventional medicines inefficient. Vaccination is one of the most effective strategies to fight antimicrobial resistance. Vaccines, unlike drugs, are less likely to produce resistance since they are precise to their target illnesses. Vaccines against infectious agents such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae have already been shown to reduce tolerance to antimicrobial medications; however, vaccines against some antimicrobial-resistant pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, nosocomial infections, and pulmonary and diarrheal disease viruses require more research and development. This paper describes vaccine roles in combatting antimicrobial resistance, quantifies the overall advantages of vaccination as an anti-antimicrobial resistance approach, analyzes existing antimicrobial vaccines and those currently under development, and emphasizes some of the obstacles and prospects of vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicne Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Lindstrand A, Cherian T, Chang-Blanc D, Feikin D, O'Brien KL. The World of Immunization: Achievements, Challenges, and Strategic Vision for the Next Decade. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:S452-S467. [PMID: 34590130 PMCID: PMC8482029 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization is among the most cost-effective public health interventions available and is estimated to have averted at least 37 million deaths between 2000 and 2019. Since the establishment of the Expanded Programme on Immunization in 1974, global vaccination coverage increased and the coverage gap between rich and poor countries decreased. Creation of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, in 2000 allowed the poorest countries in the world to benefit from new, life-saving vaccines and expand the breadth of protection against an increasing number of vaccine-preventable diseases. Despite this progress, inequities in access to and uptake of vaccines persist. Opportunities to realize the full potential of vaccines are within reach but require focused, tailored and committed action by Governments and immunization stakeholders. The Immunization Agenda 2030 provides a framework for action during the next decade to attain a world where everyone, everywhere, at every age fully benefits from vaccines for good health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Lindstrand
- Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Diana Chang-Blanc
- Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Feikin
- Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katherine L O'Brien
- Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Yin H, Brauer M, Zhang JJ, Cai W, Navrud S, Burnett R, Howard C, Deng Z, Kammen DM, Schellnhuber HJ, Chen K, Kan H, Chen ZM, Chen B, Zhang N, Mi Z, Coffman D, Cohen AJ, Guan D, Zhang Q, Gong P, Liu Z. Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM 2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e356-e367. [PMID: 34119010 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health impacts of ambient air pollution impose large costs on society. Although all people are exposed to air pollution, the older population (ie, those aged ≥60 years) tends to be disproportionally affected. As a result, there is growing concern about the health impacts of air pollution as many countries undergo rapid population ageing. We investigated the spatial and temporal variation in the economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient air pollution and its interaction with population ageing from 2000 to 2016 at global and regional levels. METHODS In this global analysis, we developed an age-adjusted measure of the value of a statistical life-year (VSLY) to estimate the economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution using Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 data and country-level socioeconomic information. First, we estimated the global age-specific and cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) attributable to PM2·5 pollution using the global exposure mortality model and global estimates of exposure at 0·1° × 0·1° (about 11 km × 11 km at the equator) resolution. Second, for each year between 2000 and 2016, we translated the YLLs within each age group into a health-related cost using a country-specific, age-adjusted measure of VSLY. Third, we decomposed the major driving factors that contributed to the temporal change in health costs related to PM2·5. Finally, we did a sensitivity test to analyse the variability of the estimated health costs to four alternative valuation measures. We identified the uncertainty intervals (UIs) from 1000 draws of the parameters and concentration-response functions by age, cause, country, and year. All economic values are reported in 2011 purchasing power parity-adjusted US dollars. All simulations were done with R, version 3.6.0. FINDINGS Globally, in 2016, PM2·5 was estimated to have caused 8·42 million (95% UI 6·50-10·52) attributable deaths, which was associated with 163·68 million (116·03-219·44) YLLs. In 2016, the global economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution for the older population was US$2·40 trillion (1·89-2·93) accounting for 59% (59-60) of the cost for the total population ($4·09 trillion [3·19-5·05]). The economic cost per capita for the older population was $2739 (2160-3345) in 2016, which was 10 times that of the younger population (ie, those aged <60 years). By assessing the factors that contributed to economic costs, we found that increases in these factors changed the total economic cost by 77% for gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, 21% for population ageing, 16% for population growth, -41% for age-specific mortality, and -0·4% for PM2·5 exposure. INTERPRETATION The economic cost of ambient PM2·5 borne by the older population almost doubled between 2000 and 2016, driven primarily by GDP growth, population ageing, and population growth. Compared with younger people, air pollution leads to disproportionately higher health costs among older people, even after accounting for their relatively shorter life expectancy and increased disability. As the world's population is ageing, the disproportionate health cost attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution potentially widens the health inequities for older people. Countries with severe air pollution and rapid ageing rates need to take immediate actions to improve air quality. In addition, strategies aimed at enhancing health-care services, especially targeting the older population, could be beneficial for reducing the health costs of ambient air pollution. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, and Qiushi Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USAxs
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjia Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ståle Navrud
- School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Richard Burnett
- Population Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Courtney Howard
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Planetary Health, Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhu Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel M Kammen
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Kai Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Ming Chen
- Department of Energy Economics, School of Economics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Blue and Green Development, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Zhifu Mi
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London, UK
| | - D'Maris Coffman
- The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aaron J Cohen
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USAxs; Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dabo Guan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London, UK
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Boersma C, Postma MJ. Health Economics of Vaccines: From Current Practice to Future Perspectives. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2021; 24:1-2. [PMID: 33431140 PMCID: PMC7733792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Boersma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Management Sciences, Open University The Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands; Health-Ecore Ltd, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Postma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; Health-Ecore Ltd, Zeist, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Economics, Econometrics and Finance, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.
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