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Aherne M, Borgarelli M, Menciotti G, Lahmers SM, Abbott JA. Evaluation of right ventricular function using conventional and real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in healthy dogs and dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Cardiol 2024; 56:8-22. [PMID: 39278151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2024.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES To compare conventional and three-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic indices of right ventricular (RV) systolic function in dogs with various stages of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), classified according to the 2009 guidelines of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM), with those from normal dogs. ANIMALS Seventy-eight unsedated dogs (22 healthy controls, 23 ACVIM stage B1 MMVD, 20 ACVIM stage B2 MMVD, and 13 ACVIM stage C MMVD) were included in the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS All dogs underwent conventional and 3D echocardiography. Three-dimensional RV end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF) were recorded. Right ventricular EDV, ESV, and SV were indexed to bodyweight. Echocardiographic variables were compared across groups using a Kruskal-Wallis test with subsequent post hoc analysis using Dunn's method for multiple comparisons between groups. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Right ventricular EDV was smaller in stage B1 (P=0.012), stage B2 (P=0.035), and stage C (P=0.004) dogs than in controls. Stage B2 (P=0.003) and stage C (P<0.001) dogs had smaller RV ESV than controls. Stage B1 dogs had smaller RV SV than controls (P=0.012). Right ventricular EF was greater in stage C dogs than in controls (P=0.003) and in stage B1 (P=0.017) dogs. CONCLUSIONS Several 3D echocardiographic indices of RV systolic function differ between dogs with advanced MMVD when compared with normal dogs. Further investigation is required to determine if these differences have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aherne
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - M Borgarelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - G Menciotti
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - S M Lahmers
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - J A Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Mederska E, Stephenson H, Maddox TW, Dukes-McEwan J. Assessment of right ventricular function in healthy Great Danes and in Great Danes with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Vet Cardiol 2024; 54:44-56. [PMID: 39013250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is a significant negative prognostic indicator in human dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Many RV indices are weight-dependent, and there is a lack of reference values for the right heart in giant breed dogs (over 50 kg), including Great Danes (GDs). This study aimed to compare indices of RV function in echocardiographically normal GDs, those with preclinical DCM (PC-DCM), and those with DCM and congestive heart failure (DCM-CHF). ANIMALS A total of 116 client-owned adult GDs: 74 normal, 31 with PC-DCM, and 11 with DCM-CHF. METHODS A retrospective, single-center cohort study assessed RV function using free-wall RV longitudinal strain (RVLS), strain rate, fractional area change (FAC), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging-derived systolic myocardial velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus (TDI S'). Relationships between DCM status and RV function indices were analyzed. RESULTS RV function, measured by TAPSE (P=0.001), FAC (P<0.001), and TDI S' (P<0.001), decreased in dogs with PC-DCM and DCM-CHF compared to healthy dogs, with FAC being lower in DCM-CHF compared to PC-DCM (P=0.048). RVLS impairment was more significant in the DCM-CHF group than in the PC-DCM group (P=0.048). RVLS had the highest area under the curve (0.899) for differentiating between normal and DCM-CHF dogs. CONCLUSION As DCM progresses, echocardiographic variables of RV function, including TAPSE, FAC, TDI S', RVLS, and strain rate, worsen, indicating impaired RV systolic function in GDs affected by DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mederska
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - H Stephenson
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK; HS Cardiology Ltd, Dalton House, 9 Dalton Square, Lancaster LA1 1WD, UK
| | - T W Maddox
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Dukes-McEwan
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
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3
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Corda A, Corda F, Pentcheva P, Puci M, Mollica A, Gomez Ochoa P, Dabbagh T, Pinna Parpaglia ML. The echocardiographic pulmonary to left atrial ratio: A noninvasive variable for the hemodynamic classification of pulmonary hypertension in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2064-2075. [PMID: 38715386 PMCID: PMC11256189 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemodynamic classification of pulmonary hypertension (PH) has important clinical implications. However, only a few echocardiographic variables have been used to hemodynamically classify PH in dogs. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the echocardiographic pulmonary to left atrial ratio index (ePLAR) in dogs with PH. ANIMALS Forty-six dogs with intermediate to high probability of PH. METHODS Cross-sectional study. Variables were compared between dogs with precapillary PH [PrePH (n = 24)] vs postcapillary PH [PostPH (n = 22)], and with combined PH [CombPH (n = 14)] vs isolated PH [IsoPH (n = 8)] using the t-, Mann-Whitney, Pearson's Chi, or Fisher's exact test. The receiver operating characteristic curve and Youden index were used to identify the optimal ePLAR cutoff value to differentiate among the groups, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to determine the reliability of measurements. RESULTS The mean (SD) ePLAR of the PrePH was higher than that of the PostPH group [0.36 (0.13) vs 0.26 (0.09), respectively; P = .005]. The median (interquartile range) ePLAR of the CombPH was higher than that of the IsoPH subgroup [0.29 (0.24-0.38), vs 0.20 (0.16-0.23), respectively; P = .001]. The best cutoff value of ePLAR for identifying IsoPH was <0.245 [AUC at cutoff point = 0.86; sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI]) = 0.71 (0.47-0.95); specificity (95% CI) = 1 (0.76-1)]. The ICC analysis indicated a high degree of reliability. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE ePLAR can be considered a valid noninvasive variable to hemodynamically classify PH in dogs with an intermediate to high probability of PH. Assessment of ePLAR can be useful in the therapeutic management of PH in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corda
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Francesca Corda
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Plamena Pentcheva
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Mariangela Puci
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and PharmacyUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Alessandra Mollica
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | | | - Thouraya Dabbagh
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
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Horikawa R, Suzuki R, Yuchi Y, Satomi S, Saito T, Teshima T, Matsumoto H. Pulmonary thrombotic pulmonary hypertension managed using antithrombotic and pulmonary vasodilator treatment. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2333-2338. [PMID: 38662965 PMCID: PMC11256183 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
An 8-year-old Leonberger receiving immunosuppressive treatment with clinical signs of acute dyspnea, cyanosis, and difficulty standing was referred to our institution (Day 1). Treatment including oxygen, clopidogrel, and low-molecular-weight heparin was initiated for suspected pulmonary thrombosis. However, exertional dyspnea persisted until Day 10, and increased tricuspid regurgitation velocity, pulmonary vascular resistance, and McConnell's signs also were observed. Thus, beraprost sodium was administered PO on Day 11 to treat suspected pulmonary hypertension. On Day 13, contrast-enhanced computed tomography identified extensive contrast defects in the pulmonary arteries, and IV monteplase was administered on Days 14 and 18, with marked improvement in respiratory status and exertional dyspnea on Day 20. Right ventricular function and McConnell signs also improved, and tricuspid regurgitation velocity and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased. On Day 250, echocardiography indicated further improvement in pulmonary hypertension pathophysiology. The patient was still progressing well with antithrombotic and pulmonary vasodilator treatment 400 days later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Horikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
- Takahashi Animal HospitalSaitamaJapan
| | - Ryohei Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yunosuke Yuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Shuji Satomi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Takahiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
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Maffei A, Pariaut R, Perego M, Santilli RA. Use of combined cutting balloon and high-pressure balloon technique for the treatment of double-chambered right ventricle or primary infundibular stenosis: a case series. J Vet Cardiol 2024; 53:6-12. [PMID: 38555707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Five dogs and two cats with a diagnosis of double-chambered right ventricle or primary infundibular stenosis were referred to undergo a combined cutting balloon and high-pressure balloon technique. At admission five cases were asymptomatic, one had a history of syncope and one had signs of right-sided congestive heart failure. Each patient underwent a complete transthoracic echocardiogram, thoracic radiographs, an angiogram and the combined interventional procedure. Median diameter of the right mid-ventricular stenosis was 4 mm (range 2-8.7 mm) in dogs, and it measured 1.9 and 2 mm in cats. Under general anesthesia initial dilation with an 8-mm × 2-cm cutting balloon was performed from a left external jugular vein approach followed by dilation with a high-pressure balloon (1.5:1 balloon diameter-right outflow tract diameter ratio). In one dog and the two cats the procedure was not completed due to technical issues. In the other four dogs the median intracavitary proximal chamber pressure decreased from 100 mmHg (range 70-150 mmHg) before the procedure to 57 mmHg (range 45-70 mmHg) post-dilation. Long-term follow-up (from six months to two years) showed complete or partial reverse remodeling of the proximal chamber with a median residual pressure gradient below 80 mmHg (range 46-75 mmHg) for all four dogs. This case series shows that this procedure should be considered in dogs with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. In cats, the procedure might be feasible, if additional guidewire inventory were available.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maffei
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, AniCura, Viale Marconi 27, 21017 Samarate, Varese, Italy
| | - R Pariaut
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M Perego
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, AniCura, Viale Marconi 27, 21017 Samarate, Varese, Italy
| | - R A Santilli
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, AniCura, Viale Marconi 27, 21017 Samarate, Varese, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Wolf M, Lucina SB, Silva VBC, Silveira MF, Silva VG, Sarraff AP, Custódio CC, Sousa MG. Assessment of left and right ventricular systolic function in dogs with multicentric lymphoma. Top Companion Anim Med 2024; 60:100858. [PMID: 38527726 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2024.100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myocardial dysfunction in cardio-oncology is generally thought to be related to the cardiotoxicity of chemotherapy treatment. However, it is known that some tumors have direct effects on myocardial function. These effects have already been studied in man, but there are no publications of these of the effects in dogs. Novel advanced echocardiographic techniques may allow early detection of myocardial dysfunction when compared to conventional echocardiographic techniques. This study aims to assess myocardial systolic function in dogs with multicentric lymphoma prior to initiation of chemotherapy. ANIMALS Fifteen dogs with multicentric lymphoma and nineteen healthy dogs. METHODS Case-control study. Dogs with multicentric lymphoma and healthy control dogs underwent physical examination, electrocardiography, systolic blood pressure measurement, standard and speckle tracking echocardiography to assess biventricular systolic function. RESULTS There were no differences between groups in terms of ejection fraction, fractional shortening, left ventricular systolic and diastolic diameter, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, mitral annular plane systolic excursion and fractional area change of the right ventricle (RV). However, there was a reduction in the values of global circumferential strain (p = 0.0003), RV strain (p = 0.01) and RV tissue motion annular displacement (p < 0.05) in the dogs with lymphoma when compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Speckle tracking techniques appear to demonstrate early systolic dysfunction, primarily affecting the RV, in dogs with lymphoma prior to chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Stephany B Lucina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vinícius B C Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Matheus F Silveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victória G Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana P Sarraff
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba campus, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Marlos G Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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7
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Yuchi Y, Suzuki R, Ishida N, Satomi S, Saito T, Teshima T, Matsumoto H. Comparative Study of Cardiovascular Effects of Selected Pulmonary Vasodilators in Canine Models of Mitral Valve Disease. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:311. [PMID: 38785793 PMCID: PMC11118215 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that various oral pulmonary vasodilators are effective against canine pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, no studies have compared their hemodynamic effects. We aimed to compare the hemodynamic effects of 15 µg/kg beraprost sodium, 1.0 mg/kg sildenafil, and their combination, in dogs with experimentally induced mitral regurgitation. This experimental crossover study evaluated the hemodynamic and functional effects of oral pulmonary vasodilators by application of right-sided heart catheterization and echocardiography. Beraprost significantly decreased pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance. Additionally, beraprost increased right-ventricular stroke volume and left-ventricular cardiac output without worsening left-heart size and left-atrial pressure. The pulmonary vasodilatory effects of sildenafil were stronger, and its systemic vasodilatory effects were weaker than those of beraprost. However, sildenafil significantly increased the left-ventricular volume, left-atrial pressure indicator, and right-ventricular cardiac output. Combination therapy resulted in the strongest pulmonary and systemic vasodilating effects without worsening the left-heart size and left-atrial pressure indicators. Both beraprost and sildenafil were effective against canine PH; however, sildenafil was associated with the risk of worsening left-heart loading. Combination therapy with beraprost and sildenafil synergistically dilated pulmonary and systemic vessels, indicating a more potent treatment option for severe PH cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Yuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (T.T.); (H.M.)
- Garden Veterinary Hospital, Tokyo 153-0063, Japan
| | - Ryohei Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (T.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Narumi Ishida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (T.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Shuji Satomi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (T.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Takahiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (T.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (T.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (T.T.); (H.M.)
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Matos JI, García-Rodríguez SN, Costa-Rodríguez N, Caro-Vadillo A, Carretón E, Montoya-Alonso JA. Right Ventricle Strain Assessed by 2-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (2D-STE) to Evaluate Pulmonary Hypertension in Dogs with Dirofilaria immitis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:26. [PMID: 38200757 PMCID: PMC10778325 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Echocardiographic assessment of the right ventricle is helpful for analysing the pathophysiology of heartworm disease and detecting pulmonary hypertension (PH) in dogs. In veterinary cardiology, the study of myocardial deformation using two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-STE) echocardiography has become increasingly acknowledged as useful for quantifying right ventricular function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of myocardial deformation strain of the right ventricular free wall (FWS), global deformation strain of the right ventricle, including the interventricular septum (GS), and tissue motion annular displacement of the tricuspid valve (TMAD) in a cohort of dogs with heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) disease and to determine cut-off values for detecting the presence of PH. Out of the 93 dogs tested, 71% were diagnosed with heartworm infection. PH was identified in 41% of the infected dogs following the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) guidelines, based on the peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity to calculate the tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG), while other routine measurements were used, including the right pulmonary artery distensibility index (RPADi). The 2D-STE mode measurements were determined using Right Ventricular Automated Function Imaging (RV AFI®) software. The statistical analysis showed significant differences in the studied parameters among dogs with and without PH. Additionally, sensitivity (sen) and specificity (sp) cut-off values were obtained (GS ≥ -21.25%, sen 96%, sp 86.4%; FWS ≥ -21.95%, sen 92.56%, sp 95.5%; TMAD ≤ 0.85 cm, sen 70.4%, sp 83.3%). These results demonstrated that GS, FWS, and TMAD could be used as supplementary and alternative variables to conventional echocardiographic measurements when detecting PH in dogs with heartworm disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Isidoro Matos
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (J.I.M.); (S.N.G.-R.); (J.A.M.-A.)
| | - Sara Nieves García-Rodríguez
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (J.I.M.); (S.N.G.-R.); (J.A.M.-A.)
| | - Noelia Costa-Rodríguez
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (J.I.M.); (S.N.G.-R.); (J.A.M.-A.)
| | - Alicia Caro-Vadillo
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (J.I.M.); (S.N.G.-R.); (J.A.M.-A.)
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Carretón
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (J.I.M.); (S.N.G.-R.); (J.A.M.-A.)
| | - José Alberto Montoya-Alonso
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (J.I.M.); (S.N.G.-R.); (J.A.M.-A.)
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9
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Yuchi Y, Suzuki R, Saito T, Yasumura Y, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. Echocardiographic characteristics of dogs with pulmonary hypertension secondary to respiratory diseases. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1656-1666. [PMID: 37593765 PMCID: PMC10472999 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) secondary to respiratory disease is caused by pulmonary vascular remodeling and hypoxia. Severe PH can induce various clinical signs, including syncope and right-sided heart failure. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To investigate the echocardiographic characteristics in dogs with PH secondary to respiratory diseases. ANIMALS Thirty-one dogs with respiratory diseases with or without PH and 15 healthy dogs. METHODS Prospective cross-sectional study. Dogs were classified according to respiratory disease (obstructive airway/lung disease [OALD] or restrictive lung disease [RLD]) and PH-relevant signs. The association between echocardiographic variables and PH (classified by respiratory disease and PH-relevant signs) was investigated. RESULTS Twenty-one dogs were diagnosed with PH; of these, 11 showed PH-related signs (OALD, n = 2; RLD, n = 9), 14 had right ventricular hypertrophy, and 19 had pulmonary arterial enlargement. Right ventricular dysfunction and dilatation were observed only in dogs with PH-related signs (n = 10). Left and right ventricular stroke volumes were significantly lower in dogs with PH (median [interquartile range]: 17.2 [12.4-20.8] and 16.8 [15.3-29.5] mL/m2 , respectively). Dogs with RLD had higher echocardiography-estimated pulmonary vascular resistance than those with OALD (median [interquartile range]: 3.1 [1.9-3.3] and 1.6 [1.3-2.2], respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Pulmonary arterial enlargement was the most common echocardiographic finding in dogs with PH secondary to respiratory diseases. Right ventricular dysfunction, dilatation, and decreased left and right ventricular stroke volume were significantly associated with the PH-related signs, indicating that comprehensive echocardiography is recommended in dogs with respiratory disease. Restricted lung disease might induce more severe PH than OALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Yuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Ryohei Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Takahiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yuyo Yasumura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hidekazu Koyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary ScienceNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
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Agarwal D, Côté E, O'Sullivan L, Meurs KM, Steiner J. Investigation of the cardiac effects of exercise testing on apparently healthy Boxer dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1667-1678. [PMID: 37578273 PMCID: PMC10472998 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holter electrocardiographic monitoring is a cornerstone of diagnostic testing for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) in Boxer dogs, but physical activity during monitoring is not controlled. In humans, exercise testing (ExT) can identify latent tachyarrhythmias associated with cardiomyopathy, and exercise increases serum cardiac troponin-I concentrations ([hs-cTnI]). These effects have not yet been investigated in Boxer dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Subjecting Boxer dogs to brief, moderate-intensity ExT can identify changes in Holter recordings and [hs-cTnI] compared to baseline results. ANIMALS Thirty overtly healthy, client-owned Boxer dogs. METHODS Prospective interventional study. Dogs underwent baseline diagnostic testing including 24-hour Holter monitoring and [hs-cTnI], followed by brief ExT (accompanied, brisk stair-climbing and -descending for <5 minutes). RESULTS Eleven dogs (37%) had >100 premature ventricular complexes (PVCs)/24 hours at baseline (3), ExT (3), or both (5). After ExT, these dogs had more PVCs/24 hours and greater increases in [hs-cTnI] compared to those with ≤100 PVCs/24 hours. Dogs with the striatin mutation had more PVCs/24 hours and a greater increase in [hs-cTnI] after ExT than did dogs without the striatin mutation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Exercise testing may improve the binary classification of Boxer dogs with or without ACM by increasing the number of PVCs and [hs-cTnI] in affected dogs to a greater degree than in unaffected dogs. This effect also is associated with presence or absence of the striatin mutation. Exercise should be a controlled variable when screening Boxer dogs for ACM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepmala Agarwal
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary CollegeUniversity of Prince Edward Island, 550 University AvenueCharlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3Canada
| | - Etienne Côté
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary CollegeUniversity of Prince Edward Island, 550 University AvenueCharlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3Canada
| | - Lynne O'Sullivan
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary CollegeUniversity of Prince Edward Island, 550 University AvenueCharlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3Canada
| | - Kathryn M. Meurs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore DriveRaleigh, North Carolina 27607USA
| | - Jörg Steiner
- Gastrointestinal LaboratorySchool of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, TAMU 4474, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas 77843‐4474USA
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11
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Brložnik M, Nemec Svete A, Erjavec V, Domanjko Petrič A. Echocardiographic analysis of dogs before and after surgical treatment of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1148288. [PMID: 37215476 PMCID: PMC10192610 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1148288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachycephalic dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) are a valuable animal model for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in humans. Clinical signs of upper airway obstruction improve after surgical treatment of BOAS, but the impact of surgery on morphology and function of the heart has not been studied. Therefore, we aimed to compare the echocardiographic variables of dogs before and after surgical treatment of BOAS. We included 18 client-owned dogs with BOAS (7 French Bulldogs, 6 Boston Terriers, and 5 Pugs) scheduled for surgical correction. We performed a complete echocardiographic examination before and 6 to 12 (median 9) months after surgery. Seven non-brachycephalic dogs were included in the control group. After surgery, BOAS patients had a significantly (p < 0.05) larger left atrium to aortic ratio (LA/Ao), left atrium in the long axis index, and thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall in diastole index. They also had a higher late diastolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum (Am) and increased global right ventricular strain and left ventricular global strain in the apical 4-chamber view, as well as a higher caudal vena cava collapsibility index (CVCCI). Before surgery, BOAS patients had a significantly lower CVCCI, Am, peak systolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum (Si), and early diastolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum (Ei) compared to non-brachycephalic dogs. After surgery, BOAS patients had a smaller right ventricular internal diameter at base index, right ventricular area in systole index, mitral annular plane systolic excursion index, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion index, as well as lower values of Am, Si, Ei, and late diastolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum, and a larger LA/Ao compared to non-brachycephalic dogs. Significant differences between BOAS patients and non-brachycephalic dogs indicate higher right heart pressures and decreased systolic and diastolic ventricular function in BOAS dogs, which is in accordance with the results of studies in OSA patients. In parallel with the marked clinical improvement, right heart pressures decreased, and right ventricular systolic and diastolic function improved after surgery.
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12
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Yuchi Y, Suzuki R, Satomi S, Saito T, Teshima T, Matsumoto H. Cardiovascular Effect of Epoprostenol and Intravenous Cardiac Drugs for Acute Heart Failure on Canine Pulmonary Hypertension. Vet Sci 2023; 10:302. [PMID: 37104457 PMCID: PMC10144573 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening complication in dogs with cardiopulmonary disease. Epoprostenol is an intravenous pulmonary vasodilator used to treat PH in humans; however, its efficacy in dogs remains unknown. We investigated the cardiovascular effects of epoprostenol and several cardiac agents for acute heart failure in canine models of chronic PH. Six dogs with chronic PH were anesthetized and underwent right heart catheterization and echocardiography before and after infusion of epoprostenol, dobutamine, dopamine and pimobendane. (The drug administration order was the same for all dogs). High-dose epoprostenol (15-20 ng/kg/min) tended to decrease pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) while significantly decreasing pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance and increasing left and right ventricular (LV and RV, respectively) function. Pimobendan significantly increased LV and RV functions without increasing PAP. Conversely, dobutamine and dopamine significantly increased LV and RV function as well as PAP. This study revealed the efficacy of epoprostenol in treating canine PH through its pulmonary and systemic vasodilating effects. Although catecholamines improve LV and RV function, they might worsen PH pathophysiology, and careful monitoring may be necessary when using these drugs. Pimobendan improved LV and RV function without increasing PAP; however, a stronger vasodilating effect was observed with epoprostenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Yuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (T.T.); (H.M.)
- Garden Veterinary Hospital, Tokyo 153-0063, Japan
| | - Ryohei Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (T.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Shuji Satomi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (T.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Takahiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (T.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (T.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (T.T.); (H.M.)
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13
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Morey AGN, Lamb KE, Karnia JJ, Wiggen KE, Lyons BM, Nafe LA, Leach SB. N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin-I, and point-of-care ultrasound in dogs with cardiac and noncardiac causes of nonhemorrhagic ascites. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:900-909. [PMID: 37060291 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonhemorrhagic ascites (NHA) can be caused by cardiac diseases (cNHA) and noncardiac diseases (ncNHA). N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cardiac troponin-I (cTnI), and point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) may differentiate between cNHA and ncNHA. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We compared NT-proBNP and cTnI concentrations as well as POCUS findings in dogs presented with cNHA and ncNHA. ANIMALS Dogs (n = 60) were enrolled based on identification of NHA with an effusion packed cell volume < 10%. METHODS Blood samples were collected and POCUS was performed on all dogs. Dogs were diagnosed with cNHA (n = 28) or ncNHA (n = 32) based on echocardiography. The cNHA group was subdivided into cardiac non-pericardial disease (n = 17) and pericardial disease (n = 11). RESULTS The NT-proBNP concentration (median; range pmol/L) was significantly higher in the cNHA group (4510; 250-10 000) compared to the ncNHA group (739.5; 250-10 000; P = .01), with a sensitivity of 53.8% and specificity of 85.7% using a cut-off of 4092 pmol/L. The NT-proBNP concentrations were significantly higher in the cardiac non-pericardial disease group (8339; 282-10 000) compared with the pericardial disease group (692.5; 250-4928; P = .002). A significant difference in cTnI concentration (median; range ng/L) between the cNHA group (300; 23-112 612) and ncNHA group (181; 17-37 549) was not detected (P = .41). A significantly higher number of dogs had hepatic venous and caudal vena cava distension in the cNHA group compared to the ncNHA group, respectively (18/28 vs 3/29, P < .0001 and 13/27 vs 2/29, P < .001). Gall bladder wall edema was not significantly different between groups (4/28 vs 3/29, P = .74). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE NT-proBNP concentration and POCUS help distinguish between cNHA and ncNHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice G N Morey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - James J Karnia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kelly E Wiggen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Bridget M Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Laura A Nafe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Stacey B Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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14
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Keating S, Eberhard J, Friederich J, Wess G. Systolic function in dogs with pulmonic stenosis of different severities and the effect of balloon valvuloplasty. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 46:40-54. [PMID: 37058905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Pulmonic stenosis (PS) is one of the most common congenital heart diseases in dogs leading to right ventricular (RV) pressure overload, myocardial remodeling, and potential RV dysfunction. Our objectives were to investigate the extent of RV systolic dysfunction in canine PS and to examine the immediate influence of balloon valvuloplasty (BV) on systolic function. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study evaluated 72 dogs with PS and 86 healthy dogs. Echocardiographic parameters of systolic function included normalized tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (N-TAPSE), normalized systolic myocardial tissue Doppler velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus (N-RVFW-S'), fractional area change, and speckle-tracking longitudinal endocardial RV strain. Forty-four dogs underwent BV and were re-examined after surgery. RESULTS Systolic function at the basal segment of the RV was significantly lower in the PS group when compared to healthy dogs (mean N-TAPSE 4.29 ± standard deviation 1.18 mm/kg0.285 vs. 5.60 ± 1.29 mm/kg0.285; median N-RVFW-S' 5.28 [lower-upper 25% quantile 4.35-6.43 cm/s/kg0.186] vs. 7.82 [6.73-8.79 cm/s/kg0.186]; all P<0.001). Global longitudinal RV endocardial strain showed no significant difference between the two groups (-28.50 ± 6.23% vs. 28.61 ± 4.64%; P=0.886), but segmental strain analyses revealed basal hypo- and potential compensatory hyperkinesis of the apical RVFW. Furthermore, BV affected most parameters of systolic function, but not the segmental strain values and N-TAPSE. CONCLUSIONS Right ventricular basal longitudinal systolic function is decreased in dogs with PS in comparison to a healthy cohort. Regional and global function does not necessarily coincide.
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15
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Brložnik M, Nemec Svete A, Erjavec V, Domanjko Petrič A. Echocardiographic parameters in French Bulldogs, Pugs and Boston Terriers with brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:49. [PMID: 36793024 PMCID: PMC9930355 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this prospective study, we hypothesized that dogs with signs of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) would show differences in left and right heart echocardiographic parameters compared with brachycephalic dogs without signs of BOAS and non-brachycephalic dogs. RESULTS We included 57 brachycephalic (30 French Bulldogs 15 Pugs, and 12 Boston Terriers) and 10 non-brachycephalic control dogs. Brachycephalic dogs had significantly higher ratios of the left atrium to aorta and mitral early wave velocity to early diastolic septal annular velocity; smaller left ventricular (LV) diastolic internal diameter index; and lower tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion index, late diastolic annular velocity of the LV free wall, peak systolic septal annular velocity, late diastolic septal annular velocitiy, and right ventricular global strain than non-brachycephalic dogs. French Bulldogs with signs of BOAS had a smaller diameter of the left atrium index and right ventricular systolic area index; higher caudal vena cava at inspiration index; and lower caudal vena cava collapsibility index, late diastolic annular velocity of the LV free wall, and peak systolic annular velocity of the interventricular septum than non-brachycephalic dogs. CONCLUSIONS The differences in echocardiographic parameters between brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dogs, brachycephalic dogs with signs of BOAS and non-brachycephalic dogs, and brachycephalic dogs with and without signs of BOAS indicate higher right heart diastolic pressures affecting right heart function in brachycephalic dogs and those with signs of BOAS. Most changes in cardiac morphology and function can be attributed to anatomic changes in brachycephalic dogs alone and not to the symptomatic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Brložnik
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A. Nemec Svete
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - V. Erjavec
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A. Domanjko Petrič
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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Owens EJ, LeBlanc NL, Freeman LM, Scollan KF. Comparison of echocardiographic measurements and cardiac biomarkers in healthy dogs eating nontraditional or traditional diets. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 37:37-46. [PMID: 36482834 PMCID: PMC9889624 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a recent association between nontraditional diets and development of diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To compare echocardiographic measurements and cardiac biomarkers between healthy dogs eating nontraditional vs traditional diets. We hypothesized that dogs eating nontraditional diets would have lower measures of systolic myocardial performance compared to dogs eating traditional diets. ANIMALS Forty-six healthy dogs: 23 eating nontraditional diets and 23 eating traditional diets. METHODS Prospective, cross-sectional study. Dogs were divided into groups based on diet ingredients. Dogs underwent 2-dimensional (2D), 3-dimensional (3D), and Doppler echocardiographic examinations and analysis of plasma N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide, serum cardiac troponin I, and whole blood and plasma taurine concentrations. RESULTS Mean 2D ejection fraction (EF) was lower for dogs eating nontraditional diets (48.65 ± 7.42%) vs dogs eating traditional diets (56.65 ± 4.63%; P < .001; mean difference 8.0% [4.0%-12.0%] 95% confidence interval [CI]). Mean 3D EF was lower for dogs eating nontraditional diets (45.38 ± 7.35%) vs dogs eating traditional diets (57.58 ± 4.84%; P < .001; 12.0% [8.0%-16.0%] 95% CI). Mean 2D left ventricular end-systolic volumes, indexed to body weight, were significantly higher in dogs eating nontraditional diets (1.46 ± 0.08 mL/kg) vs dogs eating traditional diets (1.06 ± 0.08 mL/kg; P = .002; 0.4 mL/kg [0.18-0.62 mL/kg] 95% CI). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Healthy dogs eating nontraditional diets had lower indices of systolic function and larger left ventricular volumes compared to dogs eating traditional diets. Screening of apparently healthy dogs eating nontraditional diets might allow for early detection of diet-associated DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Owens
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State University, 700 SW 30th StreetCorvallisOregonUSA,Present address:
Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, 8042 Katy FreewayHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Nicole L. LeBlanc
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State University, 700 SW 30th StreetCorvallisOregonUSA,Present address:
Summit Veterinary Referral Center, 2505 S 80th StreetTacomaWashingtonUSA
| | - Lisa M. Freeman
- Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts University, 200 Westboro RoadNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Katherine F. Scollan
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State University, 700 SW 30th StreetCorvallisOregonUSA
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Feldhütter EK, Domenech O, Vezzosi T, Tognetti R, Eberhard J, Friederich J, Wess G. Right ventricular size and function evaluated by various echocardiographic indices in dogs with pulmonary hypertension. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1882-1891. [PMID: 36168939 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography and 2-dimensional (2D) strain measurements of the right ventricle (RV) are important indices in humans with pulmonary hypertension (PH) and need further evaluation in dogs with PH. OBJECTIVES To evaluate various RV size and function indices in dogs with PH and to examine differences between pre- and postcapillary PH. ANIMALS A total of 311 client-owned dogs: 100 dogs with PH, 31 with postcapillary and 69 with precapillary PH, and 211 healthy control dogs. METHODS Retro- and prospective, multicenter study. Size and function of the RV was determined using several indices, derived using dedicated RV software, including 3D RV end-diastolic volume (EDVn), end-systolic volume (ESVn), ejection fraction, 2D global and free wall RV longitudinal strain (RVLS), end-diastolic area, end-systolic area, fractional area change, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and tissue Doppler imaging-derived systolic myocardial velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus (S'n). RESULTS The EDVn (1.8 vs 2.5 mL/kg0.942 , P < .01) and ESVn (0.8 vs 1.2 mL/kg0.962 , P < .001) were significantly larger in the PH group compared to healthy controls. Free wall RVLS was decreased in dogs with severe PH compared to controls (-24% vs -29.6%, P < .001). Dogs with precapillary PH had worse RV systolic function than dogs with postcapillary PH. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional echocardiography of the RV is a promising tool to detect RV changes in dogs with PH. Also, 2D strain measurements are able to detect decreased RV function and offer several advantages compared to conventional indices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tommaso Vezzosi
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Novara, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosalba Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jenny Eberhard
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Friederich
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
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Suzuki R, Yuchi Y, Saito T, Yasumura Y, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. Beraprost Sodium for Pulmonary Hypertension in Dogs: Effect on Hemodynamics and Cardiac Function. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162078. [PMID: 36009668 PMCID: PMC9405226 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pulmonary hypertension is a potentially life-threatening disease among dogs that is characterized by increased pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. In veterinary medicine, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor such as sildenafil is the most common drug used to treat pulmonary hypertension. However, the availability of sildenafil is limited because of its high cost, difficulty in obtaining the drug in some areas, and potential inter-individual variability in the response to sildenafil therapy. Beraprost sodium is one of the most common drugs used to treat pulmonary hypertension in humans. However, little is known about its efficacy in dogs with pulmonary hypertension. In this study, beraprost sodium showed significant pulmonary and systemic vasodilation without any adverse effects in sixteen dogs with pulmonary hypertension. Additionally, echocardiographic improvements in cardiac function and pulmonary and systemic circulation were observed. These results emphasize the potential efficacy of beraprost sodium in treating canine pulmonary hypertension. Abstract Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal condition that affects many dogs. In humans, PH is often treated with beraprost sodium (BPS). However, the effectiveness of BPS for canine PH has not been established. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and cardiovascular response of BPS in canine patients with PH of various causes. Sixteen dogs with PH (post-capillary PH, n = 8; pre-capillary PH, n = 8) were included. BPS was continuously administered twice daily at 15 µg/kg. All dogs underwent echocardiography, including speckle-tracking analysis and blood pressure measurement, before and after BPS administration. Continuous BPS administration (range: 13.2–22.0 µg/kg) significantly decreased the pulmonary and systemic vascular impedance and increased left and right ventricular myocardial strain. In dogs with post-capillary PH, BPS administration caused no significant worsening of the left atrial pressure indicators. No side effects of BPS were observed in any dog. BPS also improved cardiac function and pulmonary circulation through pulmonary vasodilation, suggesting that BPS may be an additional treatment option for canine PH of various causes. Particularly, BPS increased left ventricular function and systemic circulation without worsening the left heart loading condition in dogs with post-capillary PH.
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Wiegel PS, Nolte I, Mach R, Freise F, Bach JP. Reference ranges for standard-echocardiography in pugs and impact of clinical severity of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) on echocardiographic parameters. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:282. [PMID: 35854376 PMCID: PMC9297600 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiographic measurements may be influenced by breed-specific characteristics. Therefore, this study aims to establish reference values for standard echocardiographic measurements in pugs by investigating the influence of age, sex, heart rate, body weight and Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS). Sixty-two privately owned pugs underwent physical examination, blood sample collection, non-invasive blood pressure measurements and echocardiography. Influences of independent variables on echocardiographic measurements were examined using a multiple linear regression analysis model. For the entire study population, 95% prediction intervals were generated. Further, reference ranges for subcategories of clinical severities of BOAS were provided. Selected echocardiographic measurements of pugs were compared to reference values of previous studies generated from various breeds. RESULTS In the study, a total of fifty-one privately owned pugs aged between two and 10 years were included for establishing reference ranges. Mainly body weight, but also age, sex and heart rate had influence on several echocardiographic parameters. The clinical grading of BOAS was conducted in 42 pugs. Except for pulmonic peak velocity (Pvel), which declined with increasing severity of BOAS, clinical symptoms of upper airway disease did not have significant impact on echocardiographic measurement results. Significant deviations, however, of left ventricular (LV) internal dimension (LVID), interventricular septum (IVS), LV posterior wall (LVPW), and tricuspid annular plane systolic motion excursion (TAPSE) compared to interbreed reference values were observed. CONCLUSIONS Breed-specific reference ranges for echocardiographic values with special regard to BOAS are provided to enable a more accurate assessment of cardiac health in pugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Saskia Wiegel
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Rebekka Mach
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fritjof Freise
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Bach
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Donati PA, Tarragona L, Sandez Cordero I, Alzate D, Otero PE. Relationship between tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, fluid responsiveness and volume status in hospitalised dogs with circulatory abnormalities. N Z Vet J 2022; 70:326-331. [PMID: 35719118 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2022.2091676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the echocardiographic variable tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion normalised to body weight (TAPSEnorm) as a predictor of fluid responsiveness in hospitalised dogs with haemodynamic and tissue perfusion alterations and to investigate the association of left ventricular internal diameter in diastole normalised to body weight (LVIDdN) and aortic velocity time integral (VTIAo) with TAPSEnorm. METHODS A single-centre, prospective study was carried out in a cohort of spontaneously breathing dogs, hospitalised for any reason, with severe haemodynamic and tissue perfusion alterations. The echocardiographic variables TAPSEnorm, LVIDdN, and VTIAO were measured. A bolus of 30 mL/kg of lactated Ringer's solution was administered and then VTIAo was subsequently remeasured. Patients were classified as fluid responsive if VTIAo increased by ≥15% after fluid expansion, or non-responsive if VTIAo increased by <15% after fluid expansion. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was generated to evaluate the ability of TAPSE to predict fluid responsiveness. Simple regression models were used to assess the linear relationship between TAPSEnorm and LVIDdN or VTIAO. RESULTS TAPSEnorm was lower in fluid responsive dog (mean 0.57 (95% CI=0.50-0.64) cm/kg) compared to non-responders (mean 0.76 (95% CI=0.62-0.90) cm/kg). The AUROC for TAPSEnorm was 0.827 (95% CI=0.65-1.00). The optimal cut-off point was 0.76 with sensitivity of 80 (95% CI=28.4-99.5)% and specificity of 86.7 (95% CI=69.3-99.2)%, positive predictive value of 50 (95% CI=15.7-84.3)% and negative predictive value of 96.3 (95% CI=81-99.9)%. A monotonic linear relationship was observed between TAPSEnorm and LVIDdN (p<0.001) and between TAPSEnorm and VTIAo (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE TAPSEnorm could be useful in determining those dogs that are likely to respond to a fluid bolus from those that are likely to be non-responsive. Additionally, a positive linear association between the LVIDdN and the TAPSEnorm suggests that TAPSEnorm decreases at lower preload values. The present study results suggest that TAPSEnorm could be a valuable tool for evaluating blood volume status and fluid responsiveness in hospitalised dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Donati
- UCIcoop, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Anestesiología y Algiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Tarragona
- Cátedra de Anestesiología y Algiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - D Alzate
- Hospital Veterinario Caninos y Felinos, Medellín, Colombia
| | - P E Otero
- Cátedra de Anestesiología y Algiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Yuchi Y, Suzuki R, Kanno H, Saito T, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. Influence of heart rate on right ventricular function assessed by right heart catheterization and echocardiography in healthy anesthetized dogs. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:166. [PMID: 35524303 PMCID: PMC9074250 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Right ventricular (RV) functional assessment has received considerable attention in veterinary medicine since various diseases, such as cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, and neoplastic disease, may affect RV function. Heart rate (HR) is an important factor that can influence RV function through changes in loading condition and contractility. However, no study has yet evaluated the association between HR and RV function in the same individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of elevated HR on RV function using right heart catheterization and echocardiography, and investigate the association between right heart catheterization and echocardiographic indices. Results Right atrial pacing was performed in eight dogs at 120, 140, 160, and 180 bpm. With an increase in HR, the RV systolic volume, RV diastolic volume, and stroke volume significantly decreased; however, the cardiac output, end-systolic elastance (Ees), and effective arterial elastance (Ea) significantly increased. Significant changes were not observed in RV pressure and Ees/Ea. The RV area normalized by body weight, RV fractional area change normalized by body weight (RV FACn), and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion normalized by body weight (TAPSEn) significantly decreased with increased HR. Peak systolic myocardial velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus (RV s’), RV strain, and RV strain rate of only the RV free wall analysis (RV-SrL3seg) showed no significant changes with the increase in HR; however, there was an increase in the RV strain rate of the RV global analysis (RV-SrL6seg). Multiple regression analysis revealed that HR, RV FACn, and RV- SrL6seg had significant associations with the Ees, and the TAPSEn and RV-SrL3seg with Ees/Ea. Conclusions Decreased venous return and shortened relaxation time decreased the RV FAC, TAPSE, RV s’, and RV strain, and might underestimate the RV function. Ees increased with the increase in HR, reflecting the myocardial force-frequency relation; as a result, RV-SrL6seg could be a useful tool for Ees estimation. Additionally, the RV-SrL3seg could detect RV performance, reflecting the balance between RV contractility and RV afterload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Yuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Ryohei Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Haruka Kanno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Takahiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Koyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
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Suzuki R, Yuchi Y, Saito T, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. Investigation of Beraprost Sodium on Cardiac Function and Hemodynamics in Canine Models of Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:876178. [PMID: 35498754 PMCID: PMC9048895 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.876178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening disease in dogs characterized by increased pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and/or pulmonary vascular resistance. No study has evaluated the utility of Beraprost sodium (BPS) in dogs with PH. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of BPS on cardiac function and hemodynamics and examine the optimal dose of BPS in canine models of chronic embolic PH. In this prospective crossover study, three doses of BPS (5, 15, and 25 μg/kg, twice a day) were examined in eight canine models of chronic embolic PH. All model dogs underwent invasive PAP measurement, echocardiography, and non-invasive systemic blood pressure measurement before and after continuous administration of oral BPS for 1 week. No side effects of BPS were observed in any dog during the study. All doses of BPS significantly decreased systolic PAP and pulmonary vascular impedance. Additionally, systemic vascular impedance significantly decreased with 15 and 25 μg/kg of BPS. The right ventricular stroke volume and longitudinal strain significantly decreased with all doses of BPS. The left ventricular stroke volume and circumferential strain decreased with 15 μg/kg BPS. BPS was well-tolerated in this study. A dose-dependent vasodilating effect on pulmonary vessels was observed in canine models of chronic PH. Additionally, 15 μg/kg BPS showed a balanced vasodilating effect on systemic and pulmonary vessels. Furthermore, with a decrease in systemic and pulmonary vascular impedance, the left and right ventricular functions were significantly improved. Our results suggest that BPS may be useful in the treatment of canine PH.
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Yuchi Y, Suzuki R, Higuchi R, Saito T, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. Utility of Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography for the Assessment of Right Ventricular Morphology and Function in Large Animal Models. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11072001. [PMID: 35407609 PMCID: PMC9000076 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11072001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) enables a noninvasive assessment of right ventricular (RV) morphology. However, no study has evaluated the relationship between RV function obtained by RT3DE and RV pressure-volume loops. This hypothesis-driven, experimental study aimed to assess the utility of RT3DE in the evaluation of RV morphology and function. Ten anesthetized beagle dogs sequentially underwent dobutamine infusion, acute infusion of lactated Ringer’s solution, and furosemide administration to alter RV contractility and loading conditions. RV pressure-volume loop-derived hemodynamic measurements and echocardiography, including two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography and RT3DE, were performed in each study protocol. Bland−Altman analysis showed strong agreement in RV volume, ejection fraction, and stroke volume obtained by right heart catheterization and RT3DE. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the peak myocardial velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus (RV s’) and global RV longitudinal strain rate were significantly associated with end-systolic elastance (adjusted r2 = 0.66, p < 0.001). RV s’, RV free wall longitudinal strain, and RT3DE-derived stroke volume/end-systolic RV volume ratio were associated with RV pressure-volume loops-derived end-systolic/arterial elastance ratio (adjusted r2 = 0.34, p < 0.001). RT3DE could detect the changes in catheterization-derived RV volume with a strong agreement and might be useful in estimating RV-pulmonary arterial coupling.
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Petchdee S, Yalong M, Kaewnet M, Ithisariyanont B, Padawong T. Assessment of Right Ventricular Function, Blood Lactate Levels, and Serum Peptidomics Profiles Associated With Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:789137. [PMID: 35127880 PMCID: PMC8811185 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.789137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Degenerative mitral valve disease is a common heart problem in dogs. The aims are to evaluate the relationships between right and left ventricular function, and blood lactate concentrations, assess prognostic contribution, and investigate whether serum peptidomics profile could reveal markers or determine the stage in dogs with valve degeneration. Materials and Methods Ninety-three dogs were evaluated in this study. Thirty-nine dogs' serum was collected and analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. The Kaplan–Meier curve was used to predict the outcomes of mitral valve disease. Follow-up was obtained by a questionnaire or telephone to determine a survival time. Results The BUN/creatinine ratio, vertebral heart score, and left atrium/aorta ratio were the independent predictors of cardiac mortality. Right ventricular systolic dysfunction was found in 50% of dogs with mitral valve disease. Dogs with right ventricular dysfunction had a significantly higher incidence of lower fractional shortening and larger right ventricular dimensions. The occurrence of right-sided dysfunction is proportionate to age and the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. High blood lactate concentrations were investigated in dogs with mitral valve disease stage C compared with stage B. The peptides such as mitogen-activated protein kinase, kallikrein, and tenascin-C appeared in the heart disease progression group. Conclusion Right-hearted function assessment, blood lactate levels, and peptidomics analysis may help early detection and prognosis of this disease in dogs. Peptidomics profiles from this study demonstrate the possibility for prognosis indicators of heart valve degeneration.
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Feldhütter EK, Domenech O, Vezzosi T, Tognetti R, Sauter N, Bauer A, Eberhard J, Friederich J, Wess G. Echocardiographic reference intervals for right ventricular indices, including 3-dimensional volume and 2-dimensional strain measurements in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 36:8-19. [PMID: 34874066 PMCID: PMC8783368 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently a lack of reference intervals (RIs) for the novel measures like 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography or speckle-tracking strain for assessment of right ventricular (RV) structure and function. OBJECTIVES To generate RIs and to determine the influence of age, heart rate, and body weight (BW) on various RV function indices using a dedicated RV software for 3D RV end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), global and free wall RV longitudinal strain (RVLS), end-diastolic area (RVEDA), end-systolic area (RVESA), fractional area change (FAC), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and tissue Doppler imaging (TVI)-derived systolic myocardial velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus (S'). ANIMALS Healthy adult client-owned dogs (n = 211) of various breeds and ages. METHODS Prospective study. Reference intervals were estimated as statistical prediction intervals using allometric scaling for BW-dependent variables. Right-sided (upper limit) or left-sided (lower limit) 95% RIs were calculated for every variable. Inter- and intraobserver variability was determined. RESULTS Most variables showed clinically acceptable repeatability with coefficient of variation less than 10. Upper or respectively lower RI after allometric scaling to normalize for different BWs were: EDVn ≤ 2.5 mL/kg0.942 , ESVn ≤ 1.2 mL/kg0.962 , TAPSEn ≥ 4.5 mm0.285 , RVEDAn ≤ 1.4 cm2 /kg0.665 , RVESAn ≤ 0.8 cm2 /kg0.695 , and TVI S'n ≥ 5.6 cm/s/kg0.186 . The calculated limits for indices without allometric normalization were: EF > 42.1%, FAC > 30.0%, free wall RVLS < -20.8%, and global RVLS < -18.3%. CONCLUSIONS Echocardiographic RIs for RV structure and function are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tommaso Vezzosi
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Novara, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosalba Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nadja Sauter
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jenny Eberhard
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Friederich
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
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Suzuki R, Yuchi Y, Kanno H, Saito T, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Estimated by Echocardiography in Dogs With Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension Probability. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:771726. [PMID: 34765671 PMCID: PMC8576378 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.771726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-capillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening complication in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). An increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is associated with post-capillary PH progression. In humans, PVR estimated by echocardiography (PVRecho) enables the non-invasive assessment of PVR in patients with PH. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of PVRecho in dogs with MMVD, PH probability, and right-sided congestive heart failure (R-CHF). Dogs with MMVD and detectable tricuspid valve regurgitation were included in the study. Dogs were classified into three PH probability groups (low/intermediate/high) and according to the presence or absence of R-CHF. All dogs underwent echocardiographic measurements for right ventricular (RV) morphology and function. PVRecho was calculated by two methods using tricuspid valve regurgitation velocity and velocity–time integral of the pulmonary artery flow (PVRecho and PVRecho2). RV size indicators were significantly higher with a higher probability of PH. RV strain and velocity–time integral of the pulmonary artery flow in the high probability group were significantly lower than those in the other groups. Tricuspid valve regurgitation velocity, PVRecho, and PVRecho2 were significantly higher with an increase in PH probability. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between the presence of R-CHF and increased PVRecho2 and end-diastolic RV internal dimension normalized by body weight. PVRecho and PVRecho2 showed significant differences among the PH probability groups. These non-invasive variables may be useful for the diagnosis and stratification of PH and the determination of the presence of R-CHF in dogs with MMVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Yunosuke Yuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Haruka Kanno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Takahiro Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Koyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
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Yuchi Y, Suzuki R, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. Right ventricular systolic and diastolic function assessed by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1918-1927. [PMID: 34732606 PMCID: PMC8762426 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common comorbidity in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve
disease (MMVD), and can induce various changes in the right heart, such as right
ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, dilatation, and dysfunction. We hypothesized that RV
function, not only systolic function but also diastolic function, could be worsened with
PH progression. We aimed to compare RV systolic and diastolic function in dogs with MMVD.
Twenty healthy dogs and sixty-eight dogs with MMVD were enrolled. Dogs with MMVD were
classified into the probability of PH. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic
indices for right heart and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography indices were
measured. The morphological indicators of the right heart were significantly higher only
in the high probability of PH group. The RV strain, early-diastolic and systolic strain
rates were significantly lower in the high probability of PH group than those in the low
and intermediate probability of PH groups. Multivariate analysis showed that increased RV
internal dimension normalized by body weight and RV myocardial performance index were
significantly associated with the presence of right-sided congestive heart failure.
Speckle tracking echocardiography-derived RV systolic and diastolic function were
activated in the low and intermediate probability of PH groups. However, dogs with high
probability of PH showed RV myocardial dysfunction and dilatation. Increased RV myocardial
performance index and end-diastolic RV internal dimension normalized by body weight were
significantly associated with the presence of right-sided congestive heart failure in dogs
with MMVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Yuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Ryohei Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Hidekazu Koyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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Yuchi Y, Suzuki R, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. Investigation of the influence of manual ventilation-controlled respiration on right ventricular pressure-volume loops and echocardiographic variables in healthy anesthetized dogs. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:865-871. [PMID: 34669489 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.11.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of manual ventilation-controlled respiration on right ventricular (RV) pressure-volume loop-derived and echocardiographic variables in dogs. ANIMALS 8 healthy, anesthetized Beagles. PROCEDURES In a prospective experimental study, pressure-volume catheters were percutaneously inserted into the right ventricle of each dog, and manual ventilation was performed; RV pressure-volume loop (hemodynamic) data and conventional echocardiographic variables were assessed. Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography-derived RV strain (RVS) and RV systolic strain rate (RVSR) were obtained with RV free wall-only analysis (free wall) and RV global analysis (RVGA; interventricular septum). Variables were compared between end-inspiratory and end-expiratory phases of respiration by statistical methods. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess associations between selected hemodynamic and echocardiographic variables. RESULTS The RV pressure significantly increased, and RV volume, stroke volume, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, RV fractional area change, peak myocardial systolic velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus, and RV free wall only-assessed RVS and RVSR significantly decreased in the inspiratory phase, compared with the expiratory phase. There were no significant differences in end-systolic elastance or RVGA-assessed RVS or RVSR between respiratory phases. The RVGA-assessed RVSR was significantly associated with stroke volume and end-systolic elastance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Specific RV echocardiographic variables were significantly affected by respiration. In contrast, RVS and RVSR determined with RVGA were not affected by respiration and were associated with hemodynamic indicators of RV contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Yuchi
- From the Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Ryohei Suzuki
- From the Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- From the Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- From the Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Koyama
- From the Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
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Yuchi Y, Suzuki R, Kanno H, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. Right Ventricular Myocardial Adaptation Assessed by Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Canine Models of Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:727155. [PMID: 34485446 PMCID: PMC8415444 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.727155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening disease in dogs characterized by an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and/or pulmonary vascular resistance. Right ventricle adapts to its pressure overload through various right ventricular (RV) compensative mechanisms: adaptive and maladaptive remodeling. The former is characterized by concentric hypertrophy and increased compensatory myocardial contractility, whereas the latter is distinguished by eccentric hypertrophy associated with impaired myocardial function. Objectives: To evaluate the RV adaptation associated with the increase of PAP using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Animals: Seven experimentally induced PH models. Methods: Dogs were anesthetized and then a pulmonary artery catheter was placed via the right jugular vein. Canine models of PH were induced by the repeated injection of microspheres through the catheter and monitored pulmonary artery pressure. Dogs were performed echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements in a conscious state when baseline and systolic PAP (sPAP) rose to 30, 40, 50 mmHg, and chronic phase. The chronic phase was defined that the sPAP was maintained at 50 mmHg or more for 4 weeks without injection of microspheres. Results: Pulmonary artery to aortic diameter ratio, RV area, end-diastolic RV wall thickness, and RV myocardial performance index were significantly increased in the chronic phase compared with that in the baseline. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was significantly decreased in the chronic phase compared with that in the baseline. The RV longitudinal strain was significantly decreased in the sPAP30 phase, increased in the sPAP40 and sPAP50 phases, and decreased in the chronic phase. Conclusions: Changes in two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography-derived RV longitudinal strain might reflect the intrinsic RV myocardial contractility during the PH progression, which could not be detected by conventional echocardiographic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Yuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Ryohei Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Haruka Kanno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Koyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Japan
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Role of Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Early Detection of Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082361. [PMID: 34438818 PMCID: PMC8388726 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography represents an advanced imaging technique that allows the analysis of global and regional myocardial function, cardiac rotation and synchronicity using deformation imaging. It has gained growing importance over the last decade, especially in human medicine as a method of evaluating myocardial function. This review aims to give an overview of the current understanding of this technique and its clinical applicability in the field of veterinary medicine with a focus on early detection of left ventricular dysfunction in dogs. Abstract Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D–STE) is an advanced echocardiographic technique based on deformation imaging that allows comprehensive evaluation of the myocardial function. Clinical application of 2D–STE holds great potential for its ability to provide valuable information on both global and regional myocardial function and to quantify cardiac rotation and synchronicity, which are not readily possible with the conventional echocardiography. It has gained growing importance over the past decade, especially in human medicine, and its application includes assessment of myocardial function, detection of subclinical myocardial dysfunction and serving as a prognostic indicator. This review illustrates the fundamental concepts of deformation analysis and gives an overview of the current understanding and its clinical application of this technique in veterinary medicine, with a focus on early detection of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in dogs.
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Ware WA, Cheney AB, Murphy S. Biventricular Pulsus Alternans in a Dog with Pulmonic Stenosis and Sepsis. CASE 2021; 5:105-109. [PMID: 33937597 PMCID: PMC8071959 DOI: 10.1016/j.case.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pulsus alternans is characterized by beat-to-beat variability in cardiac contractile strength. Besides severe LV failure, hypovolemia and tachycardia can provoke pulsus alternans. Right ventricular or biventricular alternans is reported only sporadically in people. The first biventricular pulsus alternans in the veterinary clinical literature is presented.
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Morita T, Nakamura K, Osuga T, Takiguchi M. Repeatability, reproducibility, and reference intervals for indices of right atrial longitudinal strain derived from speckle-tracking echocardiography in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:274-279. [PMID: 33764827 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.4.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine repeatability, reproducibility, and reference intervals of indices of right atrial longitudinal strain (RALS) derived from speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) in dogs without heart disease. ANIMALS 110 client-owned dogs and 10 laboratory Beagles. PROCEDURES To determine intraobserver within-day (repeatability) and interobserver (reproducibility) coefficients of variation, RALS during ventricular systole (ϵS), ventricular early diastole (ϵE), and atrial systole (ϵA), as derived with STE, were obtained by 2 investigators for 5 randomly selected client-owned dogs and analyzed by linear regression. Reference intervals were estimated from the results of all dogs. Correlations between RALS indices (ϵS, ϵE, and ϵA) and sex, age, body weight, heart rate, and blood pressure were determined. RESULTS RALS derived from STE showed good intraobserver within-day repeatability and interobserver reproducibility, with coefficients of variation of < 20%. Both ϵS and ϵE were significantly negatively correlated with age, but ϵA was not correlated with age. Indices were not correlated with sex, body weight, or blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE RALS indices derived from STE were repeatable and reproducible and were affected by the age of dogs without heart disease. Age should be considered in the interpretation of RALS indices in clinical settings. Further studies are needed to apply RALS indices for assessing dogs with heart disease.
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Sanford J, Morgan KRS, Stauthammer CD, Gruenstein DH. Left pulmonary arterial branch interruption with concurrent coarctation of the right pulmonary artery in a dog. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 34:105-111. [PMID: 33676364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This case report describes a rare disorder of a left pulmonary artery interruption with concurrent coarctation of the right pulmonary artery in a dog. A 5-year-old, male neutered, mixed-breed dog presented for evaluation of an asymptomatic heart murmur. Echocardiography and computed tomography revealed complete interruption of the proximal left pulmonary artery and coarctation of the right pulmonary artery. Collateral circulation to the left lung field was provided by a dilated bronchoesophageal artery with evidence of left pulmonary hypoplasia. Pulmonary artery interruption and coarctation is rarely reported in the veterinary literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sanford
- University of Minnesota, Veterinary Medical Center, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - K R S Morgan
- University of Minnesota, Veterinary Medical Center, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | - C D Stauthammer
- University of Minnesota, Veterinary Medical Center, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Baron Toaldo M, Glaus T, Campagna I, Novo Matos J, Dennler M. Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular systolic function in healthy Beagle dogs compared to high field cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Vet J 2021; 271:105653. [PMID: 33840484 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ten healthy Beagle dogs were used to compare selected echocardiographic parameters of right ventricular (RV) systolic function with high field cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All dogs underwent complete transthoracic echocardiography before and during anesthesia, as well as cardiac MRI with determination of morphology-based ejection fraction, and phase contrast angiography-derived stroke volume. A correlation analysis was carried out between echocardiographic and MRI parameters. The values of fractional area change, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, tissue Doppler imaging derived peak velocity of the isovolumic contraction wave and systolic wave of the lateral tricuspid valve annulus showed lower values under general anesthesia. Of all echocardiographic parameters of RV systolic function, only fractional area change (r = 0.671, P = 0.034) and tissue Doppler imaging derived peak velocity of the systolic wave of the lateral tricuspid valve annulus (r = 0.768; P = 0.01), showed a significant correlation with MRI derived stroke volume. None of the echocardiographic parameters correlated with MRI derived ejection fraction. When evaluating the RV echocardiographically, fractional area change and peak velocity of the systolic wave of the lateral tricuspid valve annulus appear to be the most reliable predictors of RV systolic function when compared to MRI under anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baron Toaldo
- Department for Small Animals, Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - T Glaus
- Department for Small Animals, Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I Campagna
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Section of Anesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Novo Matos
- Department for Small Animals, Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Dennler
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Barros Filho ACL, Moreira HT, Dias BP, Ribeiro FFF, Tanaka DM, Schmidt A, Maciel BC, Simões MV, Marin-Neto JA, Romano MMD. Feasibility and reference intervals assessed by conventional and speckle-tracking echocardiography in normal hamsters. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14776. [PMID: 33650789 PMCID: PMC7923569 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine feasibility, reference intervals, and reproducibility of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) in adult Syrian hamsters. BACKGROUND Syrian hamster is an experimental model for several heart diseases. Echocardiography allows the evaluation of structure and function with bidimensional conventional techniques and STE. However, there is no data regarding reference values for bidimensional LVEF and myocardial strain in hamsters. METHODS A total of 135 female Syrian hamsters were anesthetized and studied with a small animal dedicated echocardiography system. Echocardiography measurements were obtained from M-mode and B-mode images. Feasibility and 95% reference intervals were obtained for LVEF using three different approaches: LVEF_Teichholz (from M-mode linear measurements), LVEF_BMode (from area-length method), and LVEF_ STE (from strain), and for global longitudinal (GLS), circumferential (GCS), and radial (GRS) endocardial strain. Reproducibility was assessed as intra-class correlation coefficients. RESULTS Feasibility of LVEF and endocardial strain was high (95% in FEVE_Teichholz, 93% in the LVEF_BMode, 84% in the LVEF_STE, 84% from PSLAX, and 80% from PSSAX). Values of LVEF_Teichholz were significantly higher than values of LVEF_BMode, and LVEF_STE-derived methods (59.0 ± 5.8, 53.8 ± 4.7, 46.3 ± 5.7, p < 0.0001). The 95% reference intervals for GLS, GCS, and GRS were respectively -13.6(-7.5;-20.4)%, -20.5 ± 3.1%, and + 34,7 ± 7.0%. Intra-class correlation coefficients were 0.49 - 0.91 for LVEF measurements, 0.73 - 0.92 for STE, with better results for LVEF_Teichholz and GLS. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of LVEF by several methods and STE parameters is feasible in hamsters. Reference intervals for LVEF and STE obtained for this experimental animal model can be applied at future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C L Barros Filho
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique T Moreira
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz P Dias
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando F F Ribeiro
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise M Tanaka
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Schmidt
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedito C Maciel
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus V Simões
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A Marin-Neto
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Minna M D Romano
- Cardiology Center of the Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Greet V, Bode EF, Dukes-McEwan J, Oliveira P, Connolly DJ, Sargent J. Clinical features and outcome of dogs and cats with bidirectional and continuous right-to-left shunting patent ductus arteriosus. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:780-788. [PMID: 33634497 PMCID: PMC7995355 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies describing the clinical progression of animals with reverse patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) are lacking. Objectives To describe the signalment, presenting signs, echocardiographic features, and survival in a group of dogs and cats with bidirectional and continuous right‐to‐left PDA. Animals Forty‐six client‐owned animals included, comprising 43 dogs and 3 cats with bidirectional or continuous right‐to‐left PDA. Methods Retrospective multicenter study. Medical records and echocardiographic findings reviewed from animals diagnosed with bidirectional or continuous right‐to‐left PDA. Impact of ductal morphology, spectral Doppler flow profile, PCV, sildenafil treatment at presentation, sildenafil dose, severity of pulmonary hypertension, general anesthesia with or without surgery and the presence of right‐sided congestive heart failure (R‐CHF) on crude mortality rate were evaluated via Mantel‐Cox log rank comparison of Kaplan‐Meier survival curves. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed, and hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence intervals [CI]) was presented. Results Hindlimb collapse was the most common presenting sign in dogs (n = 16). Clinical signs in cats were variable. Median survival time was 626 days in dogs (range 1‐3628 days). Dogs with R‐CHF had a shorter median survival time (58 days vs 1839 days, P = .03). Dogs treated with sildenafil at initial presentation survived longer (1839 days vs 302 days, P = .03), which was the only independent predictor of survival (HR 0.35, CI 0.15‐0.86, P = 0.021). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs and cats with reverse PDA have a variable clinical presentation and prognosis. Survival time was longer in animals prescribed sildenafil at diagnosis. Dogs with R‐CHF at presentation have a worse overall outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Greet
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, Unit 6 Forest Corner Farm, UK
| | - Elizabeth F Bode
- CVS Referrals, ChesterGates Veterinary Specialists, E&F Telford Court, Chester, UK
| | - Joanna Dukes-McEwan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester, UK
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - David J Connolly
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Julia Sargent
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
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Fujioka T, Nakamura K, Minamoto T, Tsuzuki N, Yamaguchi J, Hidaka Y. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the caudal vena cava in dogs with right-sided heart disease. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 34:80-92. [PMID: 33626419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES In humans with impaired right-sided cardiac function, the caudal vena cava (CVC) diameter serves as a marker of venous congestion. This study aimed to investigate whether ultrasonographic CVC variables could identify the presence of right-sided congestive heart failure (R-CHF) in dogs with right-sided heart disease (RHD). ANIMALS Fifty client-owned control dogs and 67 dogs with RHD were enrolled. The dogs with RHD were subdivided into the non-R-CHF (n = 43) and R-CHF (n = 24) groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured and compared the ultrasonographic CVC variables and echocardiographic variables among the groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the variables at optimal cutoff values. RESULTS We obtained the highest accuracies of the ratio of the shortest diameter (SD) of the minimal CVC area to the aorta diameter (Ao) during inspiration [SD(min)/Ao] and of the ratio of SD(min) to the longest diameter of the minimal CVC area during inspiration [LD(min),SD/LD(min)], with high sensitivities, specificities, and an area under the ROC curve greater than 0.925. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the echocardiographic assessment of right-sided cardiac function, the CVC variables in this study, especially SD(min)/Ao and SD/LD(min), would be useful diagnostic indices for identifying R-CHF in dogs with RHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fujioka
- Asap Animal Clinic, 3597-1 Ganda, Nogata, Fukuoka 822-0001, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - K Nakamura
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen, Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - T Minamoto
- Evergreen Vet Research & Publication, 2-10-2 Hanaike, Ichinomiya, Aichi 491-0914, Japan
| | - N Tsuzuki
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - J Yamaguchi
- Asap Animal Clinic, 3597-1 Ganda, Nogata, Fukuoka 822-0001, Japan
| | - Y Hidaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
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Yuchi Y, Suzuki R, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. Utility of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion normalized by right ventricular size indices in dogs with postcapillary pulmonary hypertension. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:107-119. [PMID: 33277735 PMCID: PMC7848373 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) is a common right ventricular (RV) function indicator. However, TAPSE was not decreased in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) because of its load, angle, and body weight dependency, and TAPSE was considered a preload‐dependent index. Objectives To evaluate the utility of TAPSE normalized by RV size in dogs with postcapillary PH. Animals Twenty healthy dogs and 71 MMVD dogs with or without PH. Methods In this prospective observational study, end‐diastolic RV internal dimension (RVIDd), end‐diastolic and end‐systolic RV area, and end‐diastolic RV wall thickness were measured as RV size indices. The TAPSE was measured using B‐mode and M‐mode methods. Normalized TAPSE was calculated by dividing TAPSE by each RV size index. The RV strain was obtained as the detailed RV function using 2‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. All indices were compared among the PH severity groups and in the presence of right‐sided congestive heart failure (R‐CHF). Results Although nonnormalized TAPSE was higher with PH severity progression, each normalized TAPSE showed a significant decrease in the severe PH group (P < .05). The TAPSEB‐mode/RVIDd ratio had high area under the curve to predict R‐CHF and had moderate correlation with RV strain (P < .05). The TAPSEB‐mode/RVIDd and left atrial‐to‐aortic diameter ratios were independent predictors for R‐CHF. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Normalized TAPSE could reflect RV systolic dysfunction in dogs with severe PH, which could not be detected by nonnormalized TAPSE. The TAPSEB‐mode/RVIDd ratio might predict R‐CHF with high sensitivity and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Yuchi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Suzuki
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Koyama
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Stoner CH, Saunders AB. Cardiac Manifestations of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in a Domestic Dog. CASE (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2020; 4:410-414. [PMID: 33117940 PMCID: PMC7581647 DOI: 10.1016/j.case.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis manifests as myocardial dysfunction with arrhythmias in dogs. Arrhythmias in this dog prompted further evaluation with echocardiography. Echocardiography confirms cardiac enlargement and dysfunction in Chagas myocarditis. Bundle branch block and ventricular aneurysms are features of Chagas disease. These features are more frequently described in humans than in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin H Stoner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Ashley B Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Silva VBC, Wolf M, Lucina SB, Sarraff-Lopes AP, Sousa MG. Assessment of right ventricular systolic function by tissue motion annular displacement in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 32:40-48. [PMID: 33137658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES There are few parameters for assessment of right ventricular (RV) systolic function on echocardiographic examination. Morphofunctional studies are limited by the irregular shape of the RV. Recently, tissue motion annular displacement (TMAD), a technique that evaluates valve annulus displacement toward the cardiac apex, has shown a good correlation with left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) in healthy dogs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the longitudinal systolic function of the RV of healthy dogs using TMAD. ANIMALS A hundred healthy client-owned dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study. Physical examination, electrocardiogram, blood pressure measurement, and echocardiography were recorded. The systolic function of the RV was evaluated by GLS free wall and TMAD. Data were compared with those derived from conventional echocardiography. RESULTS TMAD values varied according to body weight. There was a correlation of TMAD in millimeters with all indices of RV systolic function, including GLS free wall (R:-0.239; p:0.017). TMAD had a correlation with age and heart rate; whereas there was no relationship with sex and blood pressure. The coefficient of variation for the intraobserver evaluation was lower for the TMAD in millimeters (9.9%) compared with the GLS free wall (17.9%). In addition, the mean time to perform TMAD (8.1 s) was lower than that of the GLS free wall (37.7 s). CONCLUSIONS TMAD is a fast, reproducible, and promising method for assessing RV systolic function in healthy dogs. However, further studies are needed to understand the applicability of this technique in patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B C Silva
- Laboratory of Comparative Cardiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Rua dos Funcionários 1540, Curitiba, 80035-050, Brazil.
| | - M Wolf
- Laboratory of Comparative Cardiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Rua dos Funcionários 1540, Curitiba, 80035-050, Brazil
| | - S B Lucina
- Laboratory of Comparative Cardiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Rua dos Funcionários 1540, Curitiba, 80035-050, Brazil
| | - A P Sarraff-Lopes
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUC-PR), Rua Rockfeller 1311, Curitiba, 80230-130, Brazil
| | - M G Sousa
- Laboratory of Comparative Cardiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Rua dos Funcionários 1540, Curitiba, 80035-050, Brazil
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Benito M, Boutigny L. Cardiovascular Clinical Assessment in Greyster Dogs in Bikejöring Training. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091635. [PMID: 32932929 PMCID: PMC7552292 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Regular intense exercise is known to induce cardiac hypertrophy in some dogs engaged in different physical activities, but the cardiovascular response in dogs that routinely carry out aerobic exercise in the form of bikejöring (a form of dryland mushing) is unknown. The pre- and post-competition clinical examinations usually carried out in canine athletes include an electrocardiogram due to its diagnostic value, but some cardiac structural disturbances may go unnoticed at rest, especially in the early stages of disease. In our study, changes in systolic, mean and pulse pressure were detected after exercise, while diastolic blood pressure remained stable. Numerous changes in echocardiographic variables (LVFS-left ventricle fractional shortening, LVEF-left ventricle ejection fraction, EPSS-E-point to septal separation, CO-cardiac output, CI-cardiac index, PWd-posterior wall thickness at end-diastole and major/minor axis ratio) were also found. No association was found between the sex of the animals and the differences in the data. Our findings lead us to recommend theLVF introduction of echocardiograms for the clinical evaluation of canine athletes competing in this form of mushing. Furthermore, by including echocardiograms in clinical examinations during physical training, knowledge of the individual cardiovascular response after exercise can be improved. Abstract Bikejöring is a type of dryland mushing requiring high-intensity aerobic effort, with speed peaks close to 42 km/h. Greysters (crosses between the German Shorthaired Pointer and the Greyhound) often participate in such events and perform well. The objective of this comparative study was to evaluate the clinical use of non-invasive methods in assessing the cardiovascular health of 22 Greyster dogs in physical training, by determining the differences between different cardiovascular parameters before and after physical training. Blood pressure, heart rate and echocardiographic results were compared. The mean age of the dogs was 4.4 years ± 1.8% and 54.5% were female. All participating dogs regularly participated in bikejöring. Post-exercise increases were observed in systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MBP) and pulse pressure (SBPD), with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) remaining stable. Changes of clinical interest were observed in numerous echocardiographic variables such as left ventricle fractional shortening (LVFS), left ventricule ejection fraction (LVEF), E-point to septal separation (EPSS), cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), posterior wall thickness at end-diastole (PWd) and major/minor axis ratio (MA/ma), including a decrease in the shortening fraction and an increase in EPSS after exercise. These clinical findings were observed in both males and females; they do not appear to be associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, but rather with a cardiovascular response to physical training. This study derives from the real interest of clinical veterinarians who care for highly trained canine athletes. It contributes to an increase in knowledge of the different cardiac adaptations of such dogs after intense exercise and serves to differentiate these from pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Benito
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Canine Sports Medicine Service, Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-961-369-000
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Aoki T, Doiguchi M. Effects of Right Atrioventricular Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Path Graft Reconstruction on Arrhythmogenicity and Ventricular Function in Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2020; 55:231-237. [PMID: 31433222 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Right atrioventricular pericardial autografts, including the coronary groove, may cause myocardial ischemia. Our aim was to explore the effects of this procedure using an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) patch on arrhythmogenicity and right ventricular function. Four healthy beagles and one client-owned golden retriever with recurrent cardiac tamponade as a result of hemangiosarcoma were included. The four healthy dogs underwent right atrioventricular ePTFE patch graft reconstruction after complete resection of the right auricle. Right ventricular function and arrhythmia were evaluated using tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and tissue Doppler imaging on echocardiography and Holter electrocardiography, respectively, before and after surgery. The golden retriever underwent right atrioventricular ePTFE patch graft reconstruction followed by resection of the cardiac mass. None of the echocardiographic values, not involving systolic function, changed after surgery in the four healthy dogs. Transient arrhythmias tended to increase 1 day after surgery. The dog with recurrent cardiac tamponade exhibited more severe arrhythmia and required transient antiarrhythmic treatment for 3 days and survived the cardiac tamponade for 434 days after surgery. We showed that an ePTFE patch can serve as a suitable alternative material for right atrioventricular patch graft reconstruction, although transient arrhythmias may occur following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Aoki
- From the Laboratory of Surgery 1, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Doiguchi
- From the Laboratory of Surgery 1, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Tokyo, Japan
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Nguyen‐Truong M, Liu W, Boon J, Nelson B, Easley J, Monnet E, Wang Z. Establishment of adult right ventricle failure in ovine using a graded, animal-specific pulmonary artery constriction model. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:182-192. [PMID: 32613177 PMCID: PMC7323700 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricle failure (RVF) is associated with serious cardiac and pulmonary diseases that contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of patients. Currently, the mechanisms of RVF are not fully understood and it is partly due to the lack of large animal models in adult RVF. In this study, we aim to establish a model of RVF in adult ovine and examine the structure and function relations in the RV. METHODS RV pressure overload was induced in adult male sheep by revised pulmonary artery constriction (PAC). Briefly, an adjustable hydraulic occluder was placed around the main pulmonary artery trunk. Then, repeated saline injection was performed at weeks 0, 1, and 4, where the amount of saline was determined in an animal-specific manner. Healthy, age-matched male sheep were used as additional controls. Echocardiography was performed bi-weekly and on week 11 post-PAC, hemodynamic and biological measurements were obtained. RESULTS This PAC methodology resulted in a marked increase in RV systolic pressure and decreases in stroke volume and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, indicating signs of RVF. Significant increases in RV chamber size, wall thickness, and Fulton's index were observed. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and collagen accumulation (particularly type III collagen) were evident, and these structural changes were correlated with RV dysfunction. CONCLUSION In summary, the animal-specific, repeated PAC provided a robust approach to induce adult RVF, and this ovine model will offer a useful tool to study the progression and treatment of adult RVF that is translatable to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - June Boon
- Veterinary Teaching HospitalColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Brad Nelson
- Veterinary Teaching HospitalColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Jeremiah Easley
- Veterinary Teaching HospitalColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Eric Monnet
- Veterinary Teaching HospitalColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Zhijie Wang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
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Caivano D, Rishniw M, Birettoni F, Petrescu VF, Porciello F. Transverse Right Ventricle Strain and Strain Rate Assessed by 2-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Dogs with Pulmonary Hypertension. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E19. [PMID: 32046130 PMCID: PMC7157588 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) strain analysis using 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D STE) permits practitioners to assess regional and global deformation of the myocardium. Recently, assessment of the longitudinal right ventricle (RV) strain and strain rate using 2D STE has been reported in dogs. Although longitudinal deformation is the dominant component of the RV systole, RV myocardial fibers of the superficial layer are oriented circumferentially and these contribute to the RV pump function (radial deformation). Because this strain component has not been investigated in dogs, we have assessed radial RV strain and strain rate using 2D STE in healthy dogs and dogs with pulmonary hypertension (PH). We have recruited 74 dogs (40 healthy dogs and 34 dogs with PH) in which we have analyzed radial RV free wall strain and strain rate using XstrainTM software. We have used the left apical 4-chamber view optimized for the RV for analysis of the radial strain and strain rate variables (XstrainTM software denoted radial strain as "transverse"). Seven dogs were excluded during the analysis for low quality images. Transverse strain and strain rate obtained in healthy dogs showed no relationship with heart rate, body weight or age (r2 < 0.09 and p > 0.05 for all variables). Moreover, no relationship between transverse strain/strain rate variables and left atrial-to-aortic ratios was observed (r2 < 0.06 and p = 0.2, for both). Transverse strain and strain rate obtained in dogs with PH, showed weak negative relationships with tricuspid regurgitation velocity (r2 < 0.25 and p = 0.006, for both). Transverse RV strain and strain rate using 2D STE is feasible in most dogs and decrease with worsening of the PH, but these advanced echocardiographic indices do not help in identifying dogs with PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Caivano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (V.-F.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Mark Rishniw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Francesco Birettoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (V.-F.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Vasilica-Flory Petrescu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (V.-F.P.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesco Porciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (V.-F.P.); (F.P.)
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Silva VBC, Rodrigues Froes T, Gil EMU, Wolf M, Lucina SB, Sousa MG. Characterization of Doppler spectrum of hepatic veins and correlation with structural and functional variables of the right ventricle in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:45-52. [PMID: 31875342 PMCID: PMC6979083 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spectral Doppler assessment of hepatic veins may provide information on heart function. Hypothesis/Objectives To assess the normal pattern of hepatic venous flow using spectral Doppler ultrasound examination; to correlate this information with structural and functional variables of the right ventricle (RV), and to analyze the impact of age, sex, body weight quartiles, heart rate, cardiac rhythm, and systolic arterial pressure on the results in healthy dogs. Animals Sixty‐five healthy dogs. Methods Cross‐sectional observational study. The direction and maximum velocity of each of the 4 possible components of venous flow were determined from pulsed‐wave Doppler examination of the hepatic veins. In addition, structural and functional parameters (TAPSE, longitudinal strain, FAC%, S′, Et/At, and E′t/ A′t) of the RV were evaluated. Results The same phase patterns for different waves were seen in all animals: A and V were retrograde waves, and S and D were anterograde waves. The velocity of the spectral waves increased with body weight (P < .05) and could be correlated with functional indices of the RV. A significant difference was found when comparing morphometric indices with body weight quartiles (P < .05). In addition, intra‐and inter‐observer assessments showed low variability. The mean duration of the examinations was 5.2 minutes. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Hepatic spectral Doppler findings can be correlated with systolic and diastolic indices of the RV and vary with body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcela Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Stephany Buba Lucina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Visser LC, Nishimura S, Oldach MS, Bélanger C, Gunther-Harrington CT, Stern JA, Hsue W. Echocardiographic assessment of right heart size and function in dogs with pulmonary valve stenosis. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 26:19-28. [PMID: 31794914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of right heart remodeling and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in dogs with pulmonary valve stenosis (PS). We also sought to evaluate repeatability of several measurements of severity of PS, right heart size, and RV function in dogs with PS. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS Several indices of right atrial (RA) size and RV size and function were prospectively evaluated in 48 dogs with PS. Regression analysis was used to determine if indices of right heart size and function were independently associated with maximum transpulmonary pressure gradient (max PG) and adverse clinical findings (exercise intolerance, syncope, or right heart failure). Eight dogs underwent a second echocardiogram performed by the same operator to assess repeatability of the echocardiographic indices, which was quantified by coefficient of variation (CV) and repeatability coefficient. RESULTS Increased RA size (81%), increased RV wall thickness (83%), and decreased tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE [81%]) were common. Right atrial size, end-diastolic RV area, and RV wall thickness were independently associated with max PG. Decreased TAPSE was independently associated with adverse clinical findings. All indices except RA area (18.6%) and RV systolic velocity (20.7%) had CVs <15%. Repeatability coefficients are available to help distinguish a true change versus measurement variability during serially obtained exams. CONCLUSIONS Right heart remodeling and RV dysfunction are common in dogs with PS and are associated with echocardiographic and clinical severity. Results support the quantitative assessment of right heart size and function in dogs with PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Visser
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - S Nishimura
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - M S Oldach
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - C Bélanger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - C T Gunther-Harrington
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - J A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - W Hsue
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Treseder JR, LeBlanc NL, Scollan KF. Inotropic and chronotropic effects of sotalol in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 25:14-24. [PMID: 31442634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sotalol is an anti-arrhythmic drug commonly used for the treatment of pathologic tachyarrhythmias in dogs. The β-adrenergic blockade associated with sotalol administration may result in reduced myocardial contractility, which is clinically relevant for treating dogs with arrhythmias and concurrent myocardial dysfunction. The inotropic properties of sotalol are not well characterized in dogs. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS Ten healthy, adult, large breed dogs were prospectively enrolled. All dogs underwent physical examination, blood pressure measurement, electrocardiography, 24-h Holter monitoring, and echocardiography including three-dimensional left ventricular volume measurements. Dogs were subsequently administered sotalol (1-2 mg/kg) orally twice daily for 12-16 days, and the same diagnostic tests were performed. Paired statistical analysis was used to compare parameters at baseline and after treatment with sotalol. RESULTS Standard echocardiographic parameters of systolic function were reduced on sotalol compared to baseline, including ejection fraction via Simpson's method of disks which was 5.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.77-8.83%, p = 0.002) lower post-treatment. Maximum heart rate on Holter monitor was 17 bpm (95% CI: 9-37 bpm, p = 0.002) lower post-treatment than at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Sotalol has a mild negative inotropic effect in healthy dogs based on standard echocardiographic measurements. There is also a negative chronotropic effect at higher heart rates based on 24-h Holter monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Treseder
- Oregon State University, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 105 Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - N L LeBlanc
- Oregon State University, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 105 Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.
| | - K F Scollan
- Oregon State University, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 105 Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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Dermlim A, Nakamura K, Morita T, Osuga T, Nisa K, Sasaoka K, Leela-Arporn R, Sasaki N, Ohta H, Takiguchi M. The Repeatability and Left Atrial Strain Analysis Obtained via Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in healthy Dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 23:69-80. [PMID: 31174731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In left atrial (LA) strain-derived two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography, the reference intervals in healthy dogs can provide useful information to evaluate the LA function in dogs with heart disease. ANIMALS Six laboratory beagles and 120 privately owned dogs without cardiac diseases were recruited. MATERIALS AND METHODS The LA strain and strain rate (SR) and echocardiographic indices were obtained in dogs who underwent standard echocardiography and offline analysis for LA strain and SR measurement by speckle tracking echocardiography. RESULTS The intra-observer within-day variations of strain variables showed adequate repeatability (coefficient of variation <20%). The mean values of strain were 25.37 for the LA reservoir function, 11.06 for the LA conduit function, and 14.17 for the LA booster-pump function; the strain was significantly correlated with the LA fractional volume change at each phasic function. The left atrial longitudinal strain during early ventricular diastole showed moderate correlation with the peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow (r = 0.5560) and ratio of peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow to peak velocity of late transmitral flow (r = 0.5515). In multiple regression analysis, only age was significantly related to the strain/SR and volumetric change indices, indicating conduit function. CONCLUSIONS Left atrial speckle tracking echocardiographic analysis provided useful information to assess the LA function in healthy dogs. The influencing factors on strain and SR variables including the age, body weight, and heart rate should be considered in interpretation of these parameters in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dermlim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Nakamura
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - T Morita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - T Osuga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Nisa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Sasaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - R Leela-Arporn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - N Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - H Ohta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - M Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a mature dog. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 21:10-17. [PMID: 30797440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year 10-month, male neutered, crossbreed dog presented for evaluation of cyanosis and exercise intolerance. Doppler echocardiography revealed severe dilation of the right atrium and right ventricle with moderate pulmonary hypertension. Right-to-left shunting across a large ostium secundum atrial septal defect was confirmed by contrast echocardiography. Thoracic radiography revealed a vascular pattern together with cardiomegaly. Computed tomography angiography identified an anomalous pulmonary venous connection in which all pulmonary veins, apart from the right middle vein, coalesced into a single, large aneurysmal vein that then drained into the right atrium via the cranial vena cava. The distal opening of the right middle pulmonary vein could not be determined. A presumptive diagnosis of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection was made. The dog was medically managed with sildenafil (1.5 mg/kg by mouth [PO] every 8 h) and remained clinically stable for 2 months before euthanasia due to worsening exercise intolerance. On postmortem examination, all pulmonary veins, including the right middle vein, were shown to communicate with a single, large central vein. This large vein then connected with the right atrium via the cranial vena cava, consistent with a total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. This case report describes a rare congenital abnormality which has not been previously reported in a mature dog.
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Right ventricular function and dyssynchrony measured by echocardiography in dogs with precapillary pulmonary hypertension. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 23:1-14. [PMID: 31174719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessment of the right ventricular (RV) function by echocardiography is important in dogs with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Few reports are available on RV function and dyssynchrony in dogs, especially in the context of precapillary PH. ANIMALS The study included 79 client-owned dogs: 25 dogs with precapillary PH and 54 control dogs. METHODS Dogs with precapillary PH were prospectively enrolled between December 2013 and February 2017. The echocardiographic indices of RV function, including RV strain and the dyssynchrony index by speckle-tracking echocardiography, were measured. Multivariate analysis was used to determine independent predictors of the RV dyssynchrony index. RESULTS Dogs with precapillary PH showed RV dilation, hypertrophy and right atrial dilation. Impaired echocardiographic indices of RV function, including RV strain, were observed. In addition, RV dyssynchrony occurred in dogs with precapillary PH. Multivariate analysis revealed that tricuspid regurgitation velocity and RV dilation were independent predictors of the RV dyssynchrony index. CONCLUSIONS Echocardiographic RV function indices are impaired in dogs with precapillary PH. In addition, RV dilation and elevated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure estimated by echocardiography are associated with RV dyssynchrony.
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