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Sanhueza N, Fuentes R, Aguilar A, Carnicero B, Vega K, Muñoz D, Contreras D, Moreno N, Troncoso E, Mercado L, Morales-Lange B, Boltana S. Behavioural Fever Promotes an Inflammatory Reflex Circuit in Ectotherms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168860. [PMID: 34445566 PMCID: PMC8396262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The communication between the brain and the immune system is a cornerstone in animal physiology. This interaction is mediated by immune factors acting in both health and pathogenesis, but it is unclear how these systems molecularly and mechanistically communicate under changing environmental conditions. Behavioural fever is a well-conserved immune response that promotes dramatic changes in gene expression patterns during ectotherms’ thermoregulatory adaptation, including those orchestrating inflammation. However, the molecular regulators activating the inflammatory reflex in ectotherms remain unidentified. Methods: We revisited behavioural fever by providing groups of fish a thermal gradient environment during infection. Our novel experimental setup created temperature ranges in which fish freely moved between different thermal gradients: (1) wide thermoregulatory range; T° = 6.4 °C; and (2) restricted thermoregulatory range; T° = 1.4 °C. The fish behaviour was investigated during 5-days post-viral infection. Blood, spleen, and brain samples were collected to determine plasmatic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. To characterize genes’ functioning during behavioural fever, we performed a transcriptomic profiling of the fish spleen. We also measured the activity of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine in brain and peripheral tissues. Results: We describe the first set of the neural components that control inflammatory modulation during behavioural fever. We identified a neuro-immune crosstalk as a potential mechanism promoting the fine regulation of inflammation. The development of behavioural fever upon viral infection triggers a robust inflammatory response in vivo, establishing an activation threshold after infection in several organs, including the brain. Thus, temperature shifts strongly impact on neural tissue, specifically on the inflammatory reflex network activation. At the molecular level, behavioural fever causes a significant increase in cholinergic neurotransmitters and their receptors’ activity and key anti-inflammatory factors such as cytokine Il10 and Tgfβ in target tissues. Conclusion: These results reveal a cholinergic neuronal-based mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory responses under induced fever. We performed the first molecular characterization of the behavioural fever response and inflammatory reflex activation in mobile ectotherms, identifying the role of key regulators of these processes. These findings provide genetic entry points for functional studies of the neural–immune adaptation to infection and its protective relevance in ectotherm organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Sanhueza
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
| | - Andrea Aguilar
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Beatriz Carnicero
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Karina Vega
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - David Muñoz
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - David Contreras
- Biotechnology Center, Renewable Resources Laboratory, University Campus, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (D.C.); (N.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Nataly Moreno
- Biotechnology Center, Renewable Resources Laboratory, University Campus, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (D.C.); (N.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Eduardo Troncoso
- Biotechnology Center, Renewable Resources Laboratory, University Campus, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (D.C.); (N.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (L.M.); (B.M.-L.)
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (L.M.); (B.M.-L.)
| | - Sebastian Boltana
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +56-41-266-16-17
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Levipan HA, Avendaño-Herrera R. Assessing the impacts of skin mucus from Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus mykiss on the growth and in vitro infectivity of the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:181-190. [PMID: 33006764 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis is a fish disease caused by the facultative intracellular bacterium, Piscirickettsia salmonis. Even though entry routes of P. salmonis in fish are not fully clear yet, the skin seems to be the main portal in some salmonid species. Despite the importance of fish mucous skin barrier in fighting waterborne pathogens, the interaction between salmonid skin mucus and the bacterium is unknown. This study seeks to determine the in vitro changes in the growth of two Chilean P. salmonis strains (LF-89-like and EM-90-like genotypes) and the type strain LF-89T under exposures to skin mucus from Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus mykiss, as well as changes in the cytotoxic effect of P. salmonis on the SHK-1 cells following exposures. The results suggest that the growth of three P. salmonis strains was not significantly negatively affected under exposures to skin mucus (adjusted at 100 μg total protein ml-1 ) of O. mykiss (69 ± 18 U lysozyme ml-1 ) and S. salar (48 ± 33 U lysozyme ml-1 ) over time. However, the cytotoxic effect of P. salmonis, pre-exposed to salmonid skin mucus, on the SHK-1 cell line was reliably identified only towards the end of the incubation period, suggesting that the mucus had a delaying effect on the cytotoxic response of the cell line to the bacterium. These results represent a baseline knowledge to open new avenues of research intended to understand how P. salmonis faces the fish mucous skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A Levipan
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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3
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Tapia D, Barría A, Kuznar J, Yáñez JM. Comparison of mortality and viral load in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) genogroups 1 and 5. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:139-146. [PMID: 31724200 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is the aetiological agent of a highly contagious disease that affects farmed salmonids. IPNV isolates have been phylogenetically classified into eight genogroups, of which two are present in Chile, genogroups 1 and 5. Here, we compare the mortality rate caused by isolates from both genogroups in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry to determine if there is an association between host susceptibility and phylogenetic characterization of IPNV. Fish were challenged by immersion with one of four isolates (two for each genogroup), and mortality curves were assessed after 30 days. Viral load was measured in all mortalities and in live fish sampled at 1, 7 and 20 days post-infection. Although mortality was low throughout the challenge, differences were found between fish infected with different isolates. Both isolates from genogroup 1 caused greater cumulative mortalities than either of the isolates from genogroup 5. When combined, the overall mortality rate of fish challenged with genogroup 1 isolates was significantly higher than those infected with genogroup 5. However, viral load was lower on trout infected with genogroup 1 isolates. These results suggest that rainbow trout are more susceptible to IPNV isolates from genogroup 1 than genogroup 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tapia
- Doctorado en Acuicultura, Programa Cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Agustín Barría
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Kuznar
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - José M Yáñez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Núcleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepción, Chile
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Chavan SG, Kim D, Hwang J, Choi Y, Hong JW, Kim J, Lee MH, Hwang MP, Choi J. Enhanced Detection of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus via Lateral Flow Chip and Fluorometric Biosensors Based on Self-Assembled Protein Nanoprobes. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2937-2944. [PMID: 31612712 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmon fish farmers face remarkable problems in fish rearing and handling due to the spread of disease by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Therefore, we developed a straightforward and sensitive technique to detect IPNV-based on recombinant human apoferritin heavy chain (hAFN-H) protein nanoparticles. In this study, the 24 subunits of the hAFN-H were genetically modified to express 6×His-tag and protein-G at their C-terminal site using Escherichia coli. We thus achieved a two-step signal amplifying strategy that utilizes a recombinant hAFN-H nanoprobe having a protein-G-binding site that targets the Fc region of monoclonal antibodies and a 6×His-tag that actively interacts with the functionalized Ni-NTA derivatives. In this study, we report a considerable advancement in magnetic bead-based detection systems that use Ni-NTA-Atto 550, reliably exhibiting detection limits of 1.02 TCID50/mL (50% tissue culture infective dose). Additionally, we propose a lateral flow chip-based detection method that uses the hAFN-H surface functionalized with 5 nm of the Ni-NTA-nanogold complex as a nanoprobe; the limit of detection towards IPNV was 0.88 TCID50/mL. The detection of IPNV by this recombinant hAFN-H nanoprobe was linear to virus titers in the range of 101-103 TCID50/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin G. Chavan
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangsun Hwang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wook Hong
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdeahak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Kim
- R&D Center, Bionote Corp., 22 Samseong 1-ro 4-gil, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Mintai P. Hwang
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Boltana S, Sanhueza N, Donoso A, Aguilar A, Crespo D, Vergara D, Arriagada G, Morales-Lange B, Mercado L, Rey S, Tort L, Mackenzie S. The expression of TRPV channels, prostaglandin E2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines during behavioural fever in fish. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 71:169-181. [PMID: 29574261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A fever, or increased body temperature, is a symptom of inflammation, which is a complex defence reaction of the organism to pathogenic infections. After pathogens enter the body, immune cells secrete a number of agents, the functions of which stimulate the body to develop a functional immune and fever response. In mammals it is known that PGE2 is the principal mediator of fever. The extent to which PGE2 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-1β could be involved in the induction of behavioural fever in fish remains to be clarified. Several members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels have been implicated as transducers of thermal stimuli, including TRPV1 and TRPV2, which are activated by heat. Here we show that members of the TRP family, TRPV1 and TRPV4, may participate in the coordination of temperature sensing during the behavioural fever. To examine the behavioral fever mechanism in Salmo salar an infection with IPNV, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, was carried out by an immersion challenge with 10 × 105 PFU/mL-1 of IPNV. Behavioural fever impacted upon the expression levels of both TRPV1 and TRPV4 mRNAs after the viral challenge and revealed a juxtaposed regulation of TRPV channels. Our results suggest that an increase in the mRNA abundance of TRPV1 is tightly correlated with a significant elevation in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and PGE2) in the Pre-Optic Area (POA) and cytokine release in plasma. Together, these data indicate that the reduction of TRPV4 expression during behavioural fever may contribute to the onset of behavioural fever influencing movement toward higher water temperatures. Our data also suggest an effect of TRPV channels in the regulation of behavioural fever through activation of EP3 receptors in the central nervous system by PGE2 induced by plasma-borne cytokines. These results highlight for first time in mobile ectotherms the key role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and TRPV channels in behavioural fever that likely involves a complex integration of prostaglandin induction, cytokine recognition and temperature sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Boltana
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile.
| | - Nataly Sanhueza
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrea Donoso
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrea Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Diego Crespo
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Kruyt Building, Room O809, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Vergara
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Gabriel Arriagada
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunologicos, Instituto de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunologicos, Instituto de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Sonia Rey
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simon Mackenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire FK9 4LA, UK
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Boltana S, Aguilar A, Sanhueza N, Donoso A, Mercado L, Imarai M, Mackenzie S. Behavioral Fever Drives Epigenetic Modulation of the Immune Response in Fish. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1241. [PMID: 29915591 PMCID: PMC5994863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectotherms choose the best thermal conditions to mount a successful immune response, a phenomenon known as behavioral fever. The cumulative evidence suggests that behavioral fever impacts positively upon lymphocyte proliferation, inflammatory cytokine expression, and other immune functions. In this study, we have explored how thermal choice during infection impacts upon underpinning molecular processes and how temperature increase is coupled to the immune response. Our results show that behavioral fever results in a widespread, plastic imprint on gene regulation, and lymphocyte proliferation. We further explored the possible contribution of histone modification and identified global associations between temperature and histone changes that suggest epigenetic remodeling as a result of behavioral fever. Together, these results highlight the critical importance of thermal choice in mobile ectotherms, particularly in response to an infection, and demonstrate the key role of epigenetic modification to orchestrate the thermocoupling of the immune response during behavioral fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Boltana
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrea Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nataly Sanhueza
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrea Donoso
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Monica Imarai
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simon Mackenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Villalba M, Pérez V, Herrera L, Stepke C, Maldonado N, Fredericksen F, Yáñez A, Olavarría VH. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus infection of fish cell lines: Preliminary analysis of gene expressions related to extracellular matrix remodeling and immunity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 193-194:10-17. [PMID: 29129223 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) causes high economic losses in fish farming. This virus can modulate several cellular processes during infection, but little is known about the infection mechanism. To investigate gene activation in response to IPNV, CHSE/F and SHK-1 cell line were infected with a cytopathic Sp field isolate of IPNV, and the expression profiles of proinflammatory, antiviral cytokine, and extracellular matrix markers were analyzed. IPNV induced the production of perlecan, fibulin-1, matrix metalloproteinase-2, 14-3-3β, interleukin-1β, Mx1, and interferon regulatory factors-1, -3, and -9. Interestingly, IPNV-mediated activity was blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of the NF-κB signaling pathway. These results, together with in silico analyses showing the presence of several regulatory consensus-target motifs, suggest that IPNV regulates gene expressions in fish through the activation of several key transcription factors. Collectively, these data indicate that IPNV is a viral regulator of expression for extracellular-matrix and immune markers, even during early infection. Finally, this is the first report in fish to find IPNV modulating the activation of interleukin-1β production primarily through the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Villalba
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Valeria Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Laura Herrera
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Cristopher Stepke
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nicolas Maldonado
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Fernanda Fredericksen
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandro Yáñez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Víctor H Olavarría
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile.
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8
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Hoferer M, Braun A, Skrypski J, Bock S, Thalheim S, Sting R. One-step cross-genogroup multiplex RT-qPCR with an internal control system for the detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). J Virol Methods 2017; 247:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Vázquez D, Cutrín JM, Olveira JG, Dopazo CP. Design and validation of a RT-qPCR procedure for diagnosis and quantification of most types of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus using a single pair of degenerated primers. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1155-1167. [PMID: 28026015 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is an important virus which affects the salmonid aquaculture industry worldwide; therefore, it is important to develop rapid and reliable methods of diagnosis to detect the disease at early stages. Nowadays, RT-qPCR is replacing other methods because it provides additional information on the viral load, which is important to have a better understanding of the virus replication level and of the stage of the infection and its risk level. The main problem stems from the high diversity of this virus, which can compromise the reliability of the diagnosis. In this study, we have designed an RT-qPCR procedure for diagnosis and quantification of IPNV based on a single pair of primers targeted to segment B. The procedure has been validated, in vitro and in vivo, testing two different types of standards against seven reference strains and 23 field isolates from different types. The procedure is reliable for the detection of any type, with a detection limit of 31 TCID50 mL-1 , 50 pfu mL-1 or 66 RNA copies mL-1 , depending on the standard. All the standard curves showed high reliability (R2 > 0.95). The results support the high reliability of this new procedure for the diagnosis and quantification of IPNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J M Cutrín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J G Olveira
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - C P Dopazo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Inter-laboratory ring trial to evaluate real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction methods used for detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Chile. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Manríquez RA, Vera T, Villalba MV, Mancilla A, Vakharia VN, Yañez AJ, Cárcamo JG. Molecular characterization of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus strains isolated from the three types of salmonids farmed in Chile. Virol J 2017; 14:17. [PMID: 28143585 PMCID: PMC5282824 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) causes significant economic losses in Chilean salmon farming. For effective sanitary management, the IPNV strains present in Chile need to be fully studied, characterized, and constantly updated at the molecular level. Methods In this study, 36 Chilean IPNV isolates collected over 6 years (2006–2011) from Salmo salar, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Oncorhynchus kisutch were genotypically characterized. Salmonid samples were obtained from freshwater, estuary, and seawater sources from central, southern, and the extreme-south of Chile (35° to 53°S). Results Sequence analysis of the VP2 gene classified 10 IPNV isolates as genogroup 1 and 26 as genogroup 5. Analyses indicated a preferential, but not obligate, relationship between genogroup 5 isolates and S. salar infection. Fifteen genogroup 5 and nine genogroup 1 isolates presented VP2 gene residues associated with high virulence (i.e. Thr, Ala, and Thr at positions 217, 221, and 247, respectively). Four genogroup 5 isolates presented an oddly long VP5 deduced amino acid sequence (29.6 kDa). Analysis of the VP2 amino acid motifs associated with clinical and subclinical infections identified the clinical fingerprint in only genogroup 5 isolates; in contrast, the genogroup 1 isolates presented sequences predominantly associated with the subclinical fingerprint. Predictive analysis of VP5 showed an absence of transmembrane domains and plasma membrane tropism signals. WebLogo analysis of the VP5 BH domains revealed high identities with the marine birnavirus Y-6 and Japanese IPNV strain E1-S. Sequence analysis for putative 25 kDa proteins, coded by the ORF between VP2 and VP4, exhibited three putative nuclear localization sequences and signals of mitochondrial tropism in two isolates. Conclusions This study provides important advances in updating the characterizations of IPNV strains present in Chile. The results from this study will help in identifying epidemiological links and generating specific biotechnological tools for controlling IPNV outbreaks in Chilean salmon farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- René A Manríquez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Tamara Vera
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Melina V Villalba
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandra Mancilla
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Vikram N Vakharia
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, 21202, USA
| | - Alejandro J Yañez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan G Cárcamo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile. .,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile.
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Sandoval C, Infante J, Abad J, Ferguson HW, Paredes E, Valdebenito S, Yáñez AJ, Ilardi P, Avendaño-Herrera R. Case Report: Strawberry Disease in Farmed Chilean Rainbow Trout. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2016; 28:1-10. [PMID: 26913369 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2015.1114534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry disease is a chronic, nonlethal skin condition that affects Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the United States and several European countries, where it is also known as red-mark syndrome. We provide the first identification and characterization of three strawberry disease outbreaks occurring at two aquaculture farms in southern Chile. Clinically affected fish weighing an average of 400 g presented multiple bright-red, usually raised, skin lesions on the flank, ventral surface, and dorsal surface. A PCR using Rickettsia-like-organism (RLO)-specific primers was performed on nine affected fish, and all skin samples were positive for the RLO 16S ribosomal RNA sequence. All PCR results for Flavobacterium psychrophilum and other bacterial and viral pathogens were negative. Histopathological examination of the skin lesions revealed extensive dermatitis, with severe lymphocytic infiltration in advanced cases. This report is the first to describe strawberry disease in farmed Chilean Rainbow Trout. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the risk for Rainbow Trout culture; fish challenge experiments should be performed to fulfill Koch's postulates and to demonstrate that RLO is the cause of this disease. Received December 27, 2014; accepted October 23, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sandoval
- a Veterquímica Sociedad Anónima, Research and Development Laboratory , Camino a Melipilla 5641, Cerrillos, Santiago , Chile
| | - Jorge Infante
- a Veterquímica Sociedad Anónima, Research and Development Laboratory , Camino a Melipilla 5641, Cerrillos, Santiago , Chile
| | - Jessica Abad
- a Veterquímica Sociedad Anónima, Research and Development Laboratory , Camino a Melipilla 5641, Cerrillos, Santiago , Chile
| | - Hugh W Ferguson
- b Marine Medicine Programme , School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University , Grenada , West Indies
| | - Enrique Paredes
- c Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias , Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
| | - Samuel Valdebenito
- a Veterquímica Sociedad Anónima, Research and Development Laboratory , Camino a Melipilla 5641, Cerrillos, Santiago , Chile
| | - Alejandro J Yáñez
- d Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile
- e Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research , Concepción , Chile
| | - Pedro Ilardi
- a Veterquímica Sociedad Anónima, Research and Development Laboratory , Camino a Melipilla 5641, Cerrillos, Santiago , Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- e Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research , Concepción , Chile
- f Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnologáa Acuácola , Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello , Viña del Mar , Chile
- g Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay , Quintay , Chile
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14
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Tapia D, Eissler Y, Torres P, Jorquera E, Espinoza JC, Kuznar J. Detection and phylogenetic analysis of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Chile. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 116:173-184. [PMID: 26503771 DOI: 10.3354/dao02912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is the etiological agent of a highly contagious disease that is endemic to salmon farming in Chile and causes great economic losses to the industry. Here we compared different diagnostic methods to detect IPNV in field samples, including 3 real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assays, cell culture isolation, and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Additionally, we performed a phylogenetic analysis to investigate the genogroups prevailing in Chile, as well as their geographic distribution and virulence. The 3 qRT-PCR assays used primers that targeted regions of the VP2 and VP1 genes of the virus and were tested in 46 samples, presenting a fair agreement within their results. All samples were positive for at least 2 of the qRT-PCR assays, 29 were positive for cell culture, and 23 for IFAT, showing less sensitivity for these latter 2 methods. For the phylogenetic analysis, portions of 1180 and 523 bp of the VP2 region of segment A were amplified by RT-PCR, sequenced and compared with sequences from reference strains and from isolates reported by previous studies carried out in Chile. Most of the sequenced isolates belonged to genogroup 5 (European origin), and 5 were classified within genogroup 1 (American origin). Chilean isolates formed clusters within each of the genogroups found, evidencing a clear differentiation from the reference strains. To our knowledge, this is the most extensive study completed for IPNV in Chile, covering isolates from sea- and freshwater salmon farms and showing a high prevalence of this virus in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tapia
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
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Alegría R, Arriagada G, Urcelay S, Hamilton-West C. Cross-sectional study to investigate the presence of salmon pancreas disease virus in wild and feral fish populations in 10 lakes, Los Lagos Region, Chile. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:113-119. [PMID: 24382013 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Alegría
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; PhD Program in Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Phylogenetic analysis of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Ireland reveals the spread of a virulent genogroup 5 subtype previously associated with imports. Arch Virol 2014; 160:817-24. [PMID: 25504359 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis is a significant disease of farmed salmonids resulting in direct economic losses due to high mortality and disease-management costs. Significant outbreaks of the disease occurred in farmed Atlantic salmon in Ireland between 2003 and 2007, associated with imported ova and smolts. As the virus was known to occur in the country since the development of aquaculture in the 1980s, this study examined archived samples to determine whether these older isolates were associated with virulent forms. The study showed that two genotypes of IPNV were present in the 1990s, genotype 3 and genotype 5. A more virulent subtype of the virus first appeared in 2003 associated with clinical outbreaks of IPN, and this subtype is now the most prevalent form of IPNV found in the country. The data also indicated that IPNV in Ireland is more closely related to Scottish and continental European isolates than to Norwegian, Chilean and Australasian genogroup 5 isolates.
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Kibenge FS, Godoy MG, Fast M, Workenhe S, Kibenge MJ. Countermeasures against viral diseases of farmed fish. Antiviral Res 2012; 95:257-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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