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Yadav AK, Verma D, Kumar A, Kumar P, Solanki PR. The perspectives of biomarker-based electrochemical immunosensors, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Medical Things toward COVID-19 diagnosis and management. MATERIALS TODAY. CHEMISTRY 2021; 20:100443. [PMID: 33615086 PMCID: PMC7877231 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2021.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the COVID-19 an international health emergency due to the severity of infection progression, which became more severe due to its continuous spread globally and the unavailability of appropriate therapy and diagnostics systems. Thus, there is a need for efficient devices to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection at an early stage. Nowadays, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique is being applied for detecting this virus around the globe; however, factors such as stringent expertise, long diagnostic times, invasive and painful screening, and high costs have restricted the use of RT-PCR methods for rapid diagnostics. Therefore, the development of cost-effective, portable, sensitive, prompt and selective sensing systems to detect SARS-CoV-2 in biofluids at fM/pM/nM concentrations would be a breakthrough in diagnostics. Immunosensors that show increased specificity and sensitivity are considerably fast and do not imply costly reagents or instruments, reducing the cost for COVID-19 detection. The current developments in immunosensors perhaps signify the most significant opportunity for a rapid assay to detect COVID-19, without the need of highly skilled professionals and specialized tools to interpret results. Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) can also be equipped with this immunosensing approach to investigate useful networking through database management, sharing, and analytics to prevent and manage COVID-19. Herein, we represent the collective concepts of biomarker-based immunosensors along with AI and IoMT as smart sensing strategies with bioinformatics approach to monitor non-invasive early stage SARS-CoV-2 development, with fast point-of-care (POC) diagnostics as the crucial goal. This approach should be implemented quickly and verified practicality for clinical samples before being set in the present times for mass-diagnostic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Yadav
- Special Center for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - D Verma
- Special Center for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - A Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - P Kumar
- Sri Aurobindo College, Delhi University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - P R Solanki
- Special Center for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Kim Y, Gonzales J, Zheng Y. Sensitivity-Enhancing Strategies in Optical Biosensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2004988. [PMID: 33369864 PMCID: PMC7884068 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
High-sensitivity detection of minute quantities or concentration variations of analytes of clinical importance is critical for biosensing to ensure accurate disease diagnostics and reliable health monitoring. A variety of sensitivity-improving concepts have been proposed from chemical, physical, and biological perspectives. In this review, elements that are responsible for sensitivity enhancement are classified and discussed in accordance with their operating steps in a typical biosensing workflow that runs through sampling, analyte recognition, and signal transduction. With a focus on optical biosensing, exemplary sensitivity-improving strategies are introduced, which can be developed into "plug-and-play" modules for many current and future sensors, and discuss their mechanisms to enhance biosensing performance. Three major strategies are covered: i) amplification of signal transduction by polymerization and nanocatalysts, ii) diffusion-limit-breaking systems for enhancing sensor-analyte contact and subsequent analyte recognition by fluid-mixing and analyte-concentrating, and iii) combined approaches that utilize renal concentration at the sampling and recognition steps and chemical signal amplification at the signal transduction step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsun Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - John Gonzales
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Everitt ML, Tillery A, David MG, Singh N, Borison A, White IM. A critical review of point-of-care diagnostic technologies to combat viral pandemics. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1146:184-199. [PMID: 33461715 PMCID: PMC7548029 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic of 2019-2020 pointedly revealed the lack of diagnostic solutions that are able to keep pace with the rapid spread of the virus. Despite the promise of decades of lab-on-a-chip research, no commercial products were available to deliver rapid results or enable testing in the field at the onset of the pandemic. In this critical review, we assess the current state of progress on the development of point-of-care technologies for the diagnosis of viral diseases that cause pandemics. While many previous reviews have reported on progress in various lab-on-a-chip technologies, here we address the literature from the perspective of the testing needs of a rapidly expanding pandemic. First, we recommend a set of requirements to heed when designing point-of-care diagnostic technologies to address the testing needs of a pandemic. We then review the current state of assay technologies with a focus on isothermal amplification and lateral-flow immunoassays. Though there is much progress on assay development, we argue that the largest roadblock to deployment exists in sample preparation. We summarize current approaches to automate sample preparation and discuss both the progress and shortcomings of these developments. Finally, we provide our recommendations to the field of specific challenges to address in order to prepare for the next pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela L Everitt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Alana Tillery
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Martha G David
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Nikita Singh
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Aviva Borison
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Ian M White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, United States.
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Wouters Y, Keyaerts E, Rector A, Van Even E, Vissers S, Koletzki D, Pattery T, Rousseau E, Van Ranst M, Laffut W. Comparison of the Idylla™ Respiratory (IFV-RSV) panel with the GeneXpert Xpert® Flu/RSV assay: a retrospective study with nasopharyngeal and midturbinate samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 94:33-37. [PMID: 30638655 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the performance of the Idylla™ Respiratory (IFV-RSV) panel to the GeneXpert Xpert® Flu/RSV assay and establish the performance of a midturbinate swab compared to nasopharyngeal sampling. Considering GeneXpert® assay as imperfect reference standard, a positive percentage agreement between both assays of 98-100% for influenza A and 96-99% for influenza B could be calculated when 354 nasopharyngeal and 325 midturbinate swabs were retrospectively analyzed. Comparing midturbinate samples to nasopharyngeal specimens of 321 subjects, positive percentage agreement varied from 42% to 94% depending on both target virus and assay used. Negative percentage agreements ranged from 98% to 100% for both methods and sample type comparison. The Idylla™ assay showed excellent performance compared to the GeneXpert® assay for the detection of influenza virus. The study also showed a slightly better performance for nasopharyngeal sampling compared to the use of a midturbinate swab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Wouters
- Department of Microbiology, Heilig Hart Hospital Lier, Mechelsestraat 24, 2500 Lier, Belgium
| | - Els Keyaerts
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annabel Rector
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Van Even
- Department of Microbiology, Heilig Hart Hospital Lier, Mechelsestraat 24, 2500 Lier, Belgium
| | - Steven Vissers
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Heilig Hart Hospital Lier, Mechelsestraat 24, 2500 Lier, Belgium
| | - Diana Koletzki
- Janssen Diagnostics a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Antwerpseweg 15, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Theresa Pattery
- Janssen Diagnostics a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Antwerpseweg 15, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Els Rousseau
- Janssen Diagnostics a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Antwerpseweg 15, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Laffut
- Department of Microbiology, Heilig Hart Hospital Lier, Mechelsestraat 24, 2500 Lier, Belgium.
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Vecino-Ortiz AI, Goldenberg SD, Douthwaite ST, Cheng CY, Glover RE, Mak C, Adams EJ. Impact of a multiplex PCR point-of-care test for influenza A/B and respiratory syncytial virus on an acute pediatric hospital ward. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 91:331-335. [PMID: 29706478 PMCID: PMC7125905 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with respiratory infections are often managed presumptively until confirmation of infection status. We assessed the impact of introducing the Enigma® MiniLab™ FluAB-RSV point-of-care test (POCT) on patients admitted with a suspected respiratory virus driven illness in an acute pediatric ward. This utilized a before and after design (respiratory viral seasons 2013/14 versus 2014/15). Following POCT implementation, oseltamivir prescribing increased in patients with influenza (OR = 12.7, P = 0.05, 95% CI [1.0, 153.8]). A reduction in the average reimbursement charges without a change in the length of stay was observed. Modeling suggested that laboratory test cost savings could be achieved if the POCT cost £30 and was used for screening, followed by the respiratory viral panel for RSV and influenza negative patients. A rapid POCT for influenza A/B and RSV infections in pediatric inpatients may improve oseltamivir prescribing, strengthen antimicrobial stewardship, reduce reimbursement charges and decrease laboratory costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres I Vecino-Ortiz
- Aquarius Population Health Limited, 58a Highgate High Street, London, N6 5HX, UK; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Simon D Goldenberg
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, King's College, London and Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK SE1 7EH
| | - Sam T Douthwaite
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, King's College, London and Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK SE1 7EH
| | - Chih-Yuan Cheng
- Aquarius Population Health Limited, 58a Highgate High Street, London, N6 5HX, UK
| | - Rebecca E Glover
- Aquarius Population Health Limited, 58a Highgate High Street, London, N6 5HX, UK
| | - Catherine Mak
- Aquarius Population Health Limited, 58a Highgate High Street, London, N6 5HX, UK
| | - Elisabeth J Adams
- Aquarius Population Health Limited, 58a Highgate High Street, London, N6 5HX, UK.
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Ko F, Drews SJ. The impact of commercial rapid respiratory virus diagnostic tests on patient outcomes and health system utilization. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:917-931. [PMID: 28841814 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1372195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute respiratory tract infections due to influenza A/B and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are major causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Rapid tests for detection of these pathogens include antigen detection point of care tests (POC) and newer easy to use molecular tests. From experience, these assays improve both laboratory workflow and assay interpretation issues. However, the question of the benefits of using rapid test technology compared to routine laboratory testing for respiratory viral pathogens is still often asked. Areas covered: Specifically, this review aims to; 1) identify clinical/patient indicators that can be measured prior to and following the implementation of rapid diagnostic test for influenza and RSV, 2) provide multiple perspectives on the extent of impact of a rapid diagnostic test, including direct and indirect outcomes, and 3) identify the technological advancements in the development of rapid testing, demonstrating a timeline that transitions from antigen-based assays to molecular assays. Expert commentary: Key benefits to the use of either antigen-based or molecular rapid tests for patient care, patient flow within institutions, as well as laboratory utilization are identified. Due to improved test characteristics, the authors feel that rapid molecular tests have greater benefits than antigen-based detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Ko
- a Diagnostic Virology, ProvLab Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Steven J Drews
- a Diagnostic Virology, ProvLab Alberta , Edmonton , Canada.,b Division of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
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Abstract
Acute upper and lower respiratory infections are a major public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. At greatest risk are young children, the elderly, the chronically ill, and those with suppressed or compromised immune systems. Viruses are the predominant cause of respiratory tract illnesses and include RNA viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, and coronavirus. Laboratory testing is required for a reliable diagnosis of viral respiratory infections, as a clinical diagnosis can be difficult since signs and symptoms are often overlapping and not specific for any one virus. Recent advances in technology have resulted in the development of newer diagnostic assays that offer great promise for rapid and accurate detection of respiratory viral infections. This chapter emphasizes the fundamental characteristics and clinical importance of the various RNA viruses that cause upper and lower respiratory tract diseases in the immunocompromised host. It highlights the laboratory methods that can be used to make a rapid and definitive diagnosis for the greatest impact on the care and management of ill patients, and the prevention and control of hospital-acquired infections and community outbreaks.
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9
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Simulated Respiratory Secretion for Use in the Development of Influenza Diagnostic Assays. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166800. [PMID: 27870895 PMCID: PMC5117718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many assays have been developed for the detection of influenza virus which is an important respiratory pathogen. Development of these assays commonly involves the use of human clinical samples for validation of their performance. However, clinical samples can be difficult to obtain, deteriorate over time, and be inconsistent in composition. The goal of this study was to develop a simulated respiratory secretion (SRS) that could act as a surrogate for clinical samples. To this end, we determined the effects major respiratory secretion components (Na+, K+, Ca2+, cells, albumin IgG, IgM, and mucin) have on the performance of influenza assays including both nucleic acid amplification and rapid antigen assays. Minimal effects on the molecular assays were observed for all of the components tested, except for serum derived human IgG, which suppressed the signal of the rapid antigen assays. Using dot blots we were able to show anti-influenza nucleoprotein IgG antibodies are common in human respiratory samples. We composed a SRS that contained mid-point levels of human respiratory sample components and studied its effect compared to phosphate buffered saline and virus negative clinical sample matrix on the Veritor, Sofia, CDC RT-PCR, Simplexa, cobas Liat, and Alere i influenza assays. Our results demonstrated that a SRS can interact with a variety of test methods in a similar manner to clinical samples with a similar impact on test performance.
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Effect of two-step hygiene management on the prevention of nosocomial influenza in a season with high influenza activity. J Hosp Infect 2016; 94:143-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Direct Comparison of Alere i and cobas Liat Influenza A and B Tests for Rapid Detection of Influenza Virus Infection. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:2763-2766. [PMID: 27582513 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01586-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared two rapid, point-of care nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of influenza A and B viruses (Alere i [Alere] and cobas Liat [Roche Diagnostics]) with the influenza A and B virus test components of the FilmArray respiratory panel (BioFire Diagnostics) using 129 respiratory specimens collected in universal viral transport medium (80 influenza A virus and 16 influenza B virus positive) from both adult and pediatric patients. The sensitivities of the Alere test were 71.3% for influenza A virus and 93.3% for influenza B virus, with specificities of 100% for both viruses. The sensitivities and specificities of the Liat test were 100% for both influenza A and B viruses. The poor sensitivity of the Alere test for detection of influenza A virus was likely due to a study set that included many low-positive samples that were below its limit of detection.
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Yi SY, Lee U, Chung BH, Jung J. A scanometric antibody probe for facile and sensitive immunoassays. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:8865-7. [PMID: 25926018 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02838h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a novel scanometric antibody probe for rapid, sensitive, and naked-eye-visible immunoassays. Using this probe, we clearly demonstrated the successful scanometric detection and identification of influenza A viruses on a microarray. In addition, the sensitivity of the scanometric immunoassay was comparable to that of the fluorescence-based method.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Yi
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 305-806, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Tan SK, Burgener EB, Waggoner JJ, Gajurel K, Gonzalez S, Chen SF, Pinsky BA. Molecular and Culture-Based Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Testing for the Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Pneumonitis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofv212. [PMID: 26885542 PMCID: PMC4752011 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, with CMV pneumonitis among the most severe manifestations of infection. Although bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples are frequently tested for CMV, the clinical utility of such testing remains uncertain. Methods. Retrospective analysis of adult patients undergoing BAL testing via CMV polymerase chain reaction (PCR), shell vial culture, and conventional viral culture between August 2008 and May 2011 was performed. Cytomegalovirus diagnostic methods were compared with a comprehensive definition of CMV pneumonitis that takes into account signs and symptoms, underlying host immunodeficiency, radiographic findings, and laboratory results. Results. Seven hundred five patients underwent 1077 bronchoscopy episodes with 1090 BAL specimens sent for CMV testing. Cytomegalovirus-positive patients were more likely to be hematopoietic cell transplant recipients (26% vs 8%, P < .0001) and less likely to have an underlying condition not typically associated with lung disease (3% vs 20%, P < .0001). Histopathology was performed in only 17.3% of CMV-positive bronchoscopy episodes. When CMV diagnostic methods were evaluated against the comprehensive definition, the sensitivity and specificity of PCR, shell vial culture, and conventional culture were 91.3% and 94.6%, 54.4% and 97.4%, and 28.3% and 96.5%, respectively. Compared with culture, PCR provided significantly higher sensitivity and negative predictive value (P ≤ .001), without significantly lower positive predictive value. Cytomegalovirus quantitation did not improve test performance, resulting in a receiver operating characteristic curve with an area under the curve of 0.53. Conclusions. Cytomegalovirus PCR combined with a comprehensive clinical definition provides a pragmatic approach for the diagnosis of CMV pneumonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K Tan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine
| | | | - Jesse J Waggoner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine
| | - Kiran Gajurel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine
| | - Sarah Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Sharon F Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Abraham MK, Perkins J, Vilke GM, Coyne CJ. Influenza in the Emergency Department: Vaccination, Diagnosis, and Treatment: Clinical Practice Paper Approved by American Academy of Emergency Medicine Clinical Guidelines Committee. J Emerg Med 2016; 50:536-42. [PMID: 26763858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is an acute respiratory virus that results in significant worldwide morbidity and mortality each year. As emergency physicians, we are often the first to encounter patients with seasonal influenza. It is therefore critical that we draw on the most recent and relevant research when we make clinical decisions regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of this disease. METHODS A MEDLINE literature search from August 2009 to August 2015 was performed using the keywords influenza vaccination efficacy AND systematic, influenza AND rapid antigen testing, and Oseltamivir AND systematic, while limiting the search to human studies written in the English language. General review articles and case reports were omitted. Each of the selected articles then underwent a structured review. RESULTS We identified 163 articles through our literature search, of which 68 were found to be relevant to our clinical questions. These studies then underwent a rigorous review from which recommendations were given. CONCLUSIONS Influenza vaccine efficacy continues to range between 40% and 80%. Vaccination has the potential to decrease disease severity and is recommended for individuals older than 6 months of age. If resources permit, vaccination can be offered to patients presenting to the emergency department. Rapid antigen detection for influenza is a simple bedside test with high specificity, but generally low sensitivity. If a patient presents with a syndrome consistent with influenza and has negative rapid antigen detection, they should either receive a confirmatory reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction or be treated as if they have influenza. Treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors can decrease the duration of influenza and is recommended in hospitalized patients, or in those with high risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Abraham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jack Perkins
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Gary M Vilke
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Christopher J Coyne
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
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Leonard DG. Respiratory Infections. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2016. [PMCID: PMC7123443 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-19674-9_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The majority of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are community acquired and are the single most common cause of physician office visits and among the most common causes of hospitalizations. The morbidity and mortality associated with RTIs are significant and the financial and social burden high due to lost time at work and school. The scope of clinical symptoms can significantly overlap among the respiratory pathogens, and the severity of disease can vary depending on patient age, underlying disease, and immune status, thereby leading to inaccurate presumptions about disease etiology. The rapid and accurate diagnosis of the causative agent of RTIs improves patient care, reduces morbidity and mortality, promotes effective hospital bed utilization and antibiotic stewardship, and reduces length of stay. This chapter focuses on the clinical utility, advantages, and disadvantages of viral and bacterial tests cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and new promising technologies for the detection of bacterial agents of pneumonia currently in development or in US FDA clinical trials are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra G.B. Leonard
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine and University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont USA
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16
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Microbiologic Diagnosis of Lung Infection. MURRAY AND NADEL'S TEXTBOOK OF RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2016. [PMCID: PMC7152380 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-3383-5.00017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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17
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Chen L, Tian Y, Chen S, Liesenfeld O. Performance of the Cobas(®) Influenza A/B Assay for Rapid Pcr-Based Detection of Influenza Compared to Prodesse ProFlu+ and Viral Culture. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2015; 5:236-45. [PMID: 26716012 PMCID: PMC4681351 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2015.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and accurate diagnosis of influenza is important for patient management and infection control. We determined the performance of the cobas® Influenza A/B assay, a rapid automated nucleic acid assay performed on the cobas® Liat System for qualitative detection of influenza A and influenza B from nasopharyngeal (NP) swab specimens. Retrospective frozen and prospectively collected NP swabs from patients with signs and symptoms of influenza collected in universal transport medium (UTM) were tested at multiple sites including CLIA-waived sites using the cobas® Influenza A/B assay. Results were compared to the Prodesse Pro-Flu+ assay and to viral culture. Compared to the Prodesse ProFlu+ Assay, sensitivities of the cobas® Influenza A/B assay for influenza A and B were 97.7 and 98.6%, respectively; specificity was 99.2 and 99.4%. Compared to viral culture, the cobas® Influenza A/B assay showed sensitivities of 97.5 and 96.9% for influenza virus A and B, respectively; specificities were 97.9% for both viruses. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/sequencing showed that the majority of viral culture negative but cobas® Influenza A/B positive results were true positive results, indicating that the cobas® Influenza A/B assay has higher sensitivity compared to viral culture. In conclusion, the excellent accuracy, rapid time to result, and remarkable ease of use make the cobas® Influenza A/B nucleic acid assay for use on the cobas® Liat System a highly suitable point-of-care solution for the management of patients with suspected influenza A and B infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Roche Molecular Systems , Marlborough 01752, MA, USA
| | - Y Tian
- Roche Molecular Systems , Marlborough 01752, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Roche Molecular Systems , Marlborough 01752, MA, USA
| | - O Liesenfeld
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Roche Molecular Systems , Pleasanton 94588, CA, USA
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Sanchez JL, Cooper MJ, Myers CA, Cummings JF, Vest KG, Russell KL, Sanchez JL, Hiser MJ, Gaydos CA. Respiratory Infections in the U.S. Military: Recent Experience and Control. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:743-800. [PMID: 26085551 PMCID: PMC4475643 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00039-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review outlines the impact of military-relevant respiratory infections, with special attention to recruit training environments, influenza pandemics in 1918 to 1919 and 2009 to 2010, and peacetime operations and conflicts in the past 25 years. Outbreaks and epidemiologic investigations of viral and bacterial infections among high-risk groups are presented, including (i) experience by recruits at training centers, (ii) impact on advanced trainees in special settings, (iii) morbidity sustained by shipboard personnel at sea, and (iv) experience of deployed personnel. Utilizing a pathogen-by-pathogen approach, we examine (i) epidemiology, (ii) impact in terms of morbidity and operational readiness, (iii) clinical presentation and outbreak potential, (iv) diagnostic modalities, (v) treatment approaches, and (vi) vaccine and other control measures. We also outline military-specific initiatives in (i) surveillance, (ii) vaccine development and policy, (iii) novel influenza and coronavirus diagnostic test development and surveillance methods, (iv) influenza virus transmission and severity prediction modeling efforts, and (v) evaluation and implementation of nonvaccine, nonpharmacologic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Sanchez
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Cooper
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - James F Cummings
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly G Vest
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin L Russell
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Joyce L Sanchez
- Mayo Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michelle J Hiser
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Postgraduate Research Participation Program, U.S. Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, USA
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- International STD, Respiratory, and Biothreat Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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19
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Goldenberg SD, Edgeworth JD. The Enigma ML FluAB-RSV assay: a fully automated molecular test for the rapid detection of influenza A, B and respiratory syncytial viruses in respiratory specimens. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:23-32. [PMID: 25399865 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.983477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Enigma(®) ML FluAB-RSV assay (Enigma Diagnostics, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK) is a CE-IVD marked multiplex molecular panel for the detection of influenza A, B and respiratory syncytial viruses in nasopharyngeal swabs. The assay runs on the fully automated Enigma ML platform without further specimen manipulation and provides a sample-to-answer result within 95 min. The reported sensitivity and specificity for influenza A are 100% (95% CI: 98.2-100) and 98.3% (95% CI: 95.5-99.4), respectively, for influenza B are 100% (95% CI: 98.2-100) and 98.7% (95% CI: 96-99.6), respectively, and for respiratory syncytial virus are 100% (95% CI: 98.2-100) and 99.4% (95% CI: 97.2-99.9), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Goldenberg
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
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20
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Evaluation of the Xpert Flu rapid PCR assay in high-risk emergency department patients. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:4353-5. [PMID: 25253792 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02343-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We prospectively evaluated the performance of Cepheid's GeneXpert Xpert Flu assay in a target population of 281 adults presenting to the emergency department with an acute respiratory illness who met Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria for recommended antiviral treatment. Compared with the Prodesse ProFlu+ assay, Xpert Flu had an overall sensitivity of 95.3% and specificity of 99.2%.
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21
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Abstract
Over the past several years a wide variety of molecular assays for the detection of respiratory viruses has reached the market. The tests described herein range from kits containing primers and probes detecting specific groups of viruses, to self-contained systems requiring specialized instruments that extract nucleic acids and perform the polymerase chain reaction with little operator input. Some of the tests target just the viruses involved in large yearly epidemics such as influenza, or specific groups of viruses such as the adenoviruses or parainfluenza viruses; others can detect most of the known respiratory viruses and some bacterial agents.
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22
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Salez N, Nougairede A, Ninove L, Zandotti C, de Lamballerie X, Charrel RN. Xpert Flu for point-of-care diagnosis of human influenza in industrialized countries. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:411-8. [PMID: 24707995 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.901152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections, particularly those caused by influenza viruses, represent the third-most important cause of death in the world due to infectious diseases. Nevertheless, despite the enormous publicity attracted by epidemics due to these viruses, laboratory diagnosis, documentation and recording of respiratory diseases is still unsatisfactory. Available diagnostic tests capable of providing results rapidly are either limited and insufficiently sensitive or highly sensitive and specific but insufficiently rapid. Considerable investment and research efforts have been made towards the development of new diagnostics for influenza A and B viruses and the Xpert(®) Flu assay (Cepheid(®), CA, USA) has emerged as one of the most promising. In this article, we review current knowledge of the Xpert Flu test, discuss its potential value as a point-of-care test and outline the potential leads for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Salez
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", and IHU Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille 13385, Marseille, France
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Sin MLY, Mach KE, Wong PK, Liao JC. Advances and challenges in biosensor-based diagnosis of infectious diseases. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:225-44. [PMID: 24524681 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.888313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases and timely initiation of appropriate treatment are critical determinants that promote optimal clinical outcomes and general public health. Conventional in vitro diagnostics for infectious diseases are time-consuming and require centralized laboratories, experienced personnel and bulky equipment. Recent advances in biosensor technologies have potential to deliver point-of-care diagnostics that match or surpass conventional standards in regards to time, accuracy and cost. Broadly classified as either label-free or labeled, modern biosensors exploit micro- and nanofabrication technologies and diverse sensing strategies including optical, electrical and mechanical transducers. Despite clinical need, translation of biosensors from research laboratories to clinical applications has remained limited to a few notable examples, such as the glucose sensor. Challenges to be overcome include sample preparation, matrix effects and system integration. We review the advances of biosensors for infectious disease diagnostics and discuss the critical challenges that need to be overcome in order to implement integrated diagnostic biosensors in real world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy L Y Sin
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA 94305-5118 , USA
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Comparison of the BD Veritor System for Flu A+B with the Alere BinaxNOW influenza A&B card for detection of influenza A and B viruses in respiratory specimens from pediatric patients. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:906-10. [PMID: 24391198 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02484-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance characteristics of two commercially available rapid tests for influenza, the BD Veritor System for Flu A+B (BD) and the Alere BinaxNOW influenza A&B card (BN), were evaluated using 200 frozen clinical specimens collected from January 2011 to June 2012 from pediatric patients. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was used as the gold standard to evaluate the results obtained by the two different assays. Of the 200 specimens tested, real-time RT-PCR assay detected influenza A or B virus in 116 samples, while BD detected 104 samples and BN detected 84 samples as positive. The overall sensitivity and specificity for detection of both influenza A and B virus in comparison to those of real-time RT-PCR were 89.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 82.2 to 94.3) and 98.8% (95% CI, 92.6 to 99.9) for BD Veritor and 72.4% (95% CI, 63.2 to 80.0) and 100% (95% CI, 94.5 to 100.0) for BinaxNOW. Workflow analysis indicated that overall processing times for a batch size of 10 specimens were virtually identical between both systems. Overall, these results indicate that the BD Veritor assay was more sensitive than the BinaxNOW assay in detection of influenza A and B viruses in respiratory specimens from pediatric patients.
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Improved sensitivity of the novel Xpert flu test for detection of influenza B virus. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:4277-8. [PMID: 24068015 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02125-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) accounts for major morbidity and mortality in the United States. With improved broad-spectrum antibiotics, the implementation of diagnostic studies has declined and most patients do not have an etiologic pathogen of CAP identified. To enhance the appropriate use of antiviral agents and prevent overuse of antibiotics, the successful management of CAP requires rapid and accurate diagnosis of the etiologic agent of CAP. This article provides an overview of the new rapid molecular tests for the diagnosis of influenza, other respiratory viruses, and bacteria compared with nonmolecular tests and how their use for directed therapy can enhance and improve the management of CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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