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Jing H, Li X, Xu L, Gao L, Lin X, Zhang M, Wang N, Liu X, Wu S. Development of a Colloidal Gold Immunochromatographic Strip for the Rapid Detection of Channel Catfish Virus. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:1350-1354. [PMID: 33787893 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Channel catfish virus disease (CCVD) has resulted in great economic losses and has restricted the development of fisheries. There is therefore, a need for rapid and efficient diagnostic methods to control the spread of CCVD. OBJECTIVE A colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip has been developed for the detection of CCVD. METHODS In this study, a colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip for channel catfish virus (CCV) detection was developed using the monoclonal antibody 8B6 conjugated with colloidal gold as the detector antibody. A rabbit anti-CCV antibody was used as the capture complex at the test line, and a goat anti-mouse IgG antibody was used as the capture antibody at the control line. The strip was characterized in its specificity, sensitivity, and stability. In addition, an infection experiment was performed to test the applicability of the test strip. RESULT The strip was able to detect concentrations of the virus (104 tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)/mL) and showed analytical specificity when tested against other viral pathogens. The strips were still usable after 30 days of storage at 60°C. It was possible to detect CCV experimentally in infected fish within 10-15 min of using the strip. CONCLUSIONS The strip can be used as a rapid and convenient tool for on-site diagnosis to control outbreaks and the spread of CCVD. HIGHLIGHTS The immunochromatographic strip was the first to be developed and applied for the detection of CCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Jing
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Baoding Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Lipu Xu
- Beijing Aquatic Product Technology Promotion Department, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Longying Gao
- Shenzhen Customs District P.R. China, Shenzhen, 518026, China
| | - Xiangmei Lin
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Na Wang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Shaoqiang Wu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
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Fu Y, Pan Y, Li Z, Li Y. The Utility of Specific Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Laboratory Diagnosis. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:603058. [PMID: 33519745 PMCID: PMC7838213 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.603058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now become a global pandemic due to its high transmissibility. The unavoidable shortcomings of traditional diagnostic assay, including nucleic acid testing, diverse serological assays characterized by high-throughput and less workload, are playing a more and more crucial role to supplement the nucleic acid test. In this review, we summarize the dynamic change of the specific IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 as well as neutralizing antibodies and discuss the clinical utility and limitations of the different serological assays. SARS-CoV-2, a newly discovered virus, shows some unique pathogenetic and epidemiological characteristics that have not been completely understood so far. Currently, studies about the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 and the clinical utility of serological testing are increasing. It's well suggested that the combination of serological tests and nucleic acid tests can cohesively improve the testing efficiency for identifying COVID-19 suspected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunbao Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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3
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Yi W, Zhang X, Zeng K, Xie D, Song C, Tam K, Liu Z, Zhou T, Li W. Construction of a DNA vaccine and its protective effect on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) challenged with largemouth bass virus (LMBV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103-109. [PMID: 32721569 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Largemouth bass virus (LMBV) is the causative agent of a disease causing high mortality rates in largemouth bass during summer. However, there is little information available about the development of vaccines for LMBV disease. Hence, a DNA vaccine, named pCDNA3.1(+)-MCP-Flag, was constructed by inserting the cloned LMBV major capsid protein (MCP) gene into the pCDNA3.1(+)-Flag plasmid. The expression of the recombinant plasmid was confirmed by Western blot (WB) and RT-PCR. The WB result revealed that the MCP protein produced a band of approximately 53 kDa, consistent with the expected result. The RT-PCR results also confirmed that MCP was transcribed in the EPC cells transfected with the recombinant plasmid. The largemouth bass in the DNA vaccine group were immunized with the pCDNA3.1(+)-MCP-Flag plasmid by pectoral fin base injection, and the relative percent survival (RPS) of fish challenged with LMBV was 63%. The relative immunological analyses were as follows. Compared with the PBS and pCDNA3.1(+) groups, the DNA vaccine group showed significantly upregulated expression of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and Mx in the spleen, head kidney and liver. All largemouth bass immunized with the DNA vaccine produced a high titre of LMBV-specific neutralizing antibody during the immunization period. The titre was 1:375 ± 40 and peaked at 14 days post-vaccination. The expression of the recombinant plasmid was analysed in the tissues of the DNA vaccine group by RT-PCR. The recombinant plasmid was expressed in the spleen, head kidney and liver, and MCP protein was successfully expressed after vaccination. In conclusion, the recombinant plasmid expressing LMBV MCP induced significant immune responses in largemouth bass, and might represent a potential LMBV vaccine candidate for largemouth bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Yi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Zeng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - DaoFa Xie
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Kachon Tam
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - ZiJing Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianhong Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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Shen L, Wang C, Zhao J, Tang X, Shen Y, Lu M, Ding Z, Huang C, Zhang J, Li S, Lan J, Wong G, Zhu Y. Delayed specific IgM antibody responses observed among COVID-19 patients with severe progression. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1096-1101. [PMID: 32476607 PMCID: PMC8284968 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1766382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly worldwide since it was confirmed as the causative agent of COVID-19. Molecular diagnosis of the disease is typically performed via nucleic acid-based detection of the virus from swabs, sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). However, the positive rate from the commonly used specimens (swabs or sputum) was less than 75%. Immunological assays for SARS-CoV-2 are needed to accurately diagnose COVID-19. Sera were collected from patients or healthy people in a local hospital in Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China. The SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM antibodies were then detected using a SARS-CoV-2 IgM colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA). Results were analysed in combination with sera collection date and clinical information. The GICA was found to be positive with the detected 82.2% (37/45) of RT-qPCR confirmed COVID-19 cases, as well as 32.0% (8/25) of clinically confirmed, RT-qPCR negative patients (4–14 days after symptom onset). Investigation of IgM-negative, RT-qPCR-positive COVID-19 patients showed that half of them developed severe disease. The GICA was found to be a useful test to complement existing PCR-based assays for confirmation of COVID-19, and a delayed specific IgM antibody response was observed among COVID-19 patients with severe progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shen
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Zhao
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyong Tang
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shen
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqing Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Canping Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Li
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Lan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Gary Wong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Microbiology-Infectiology and Immunology, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Yufang Zhu
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, People's Republic of China
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Tian HF, Hu QM, Xiao HB, Zeng LB, Meng Y, Li Z. Genetic and codon usage bias analyses of major capsid protein gene in Ranavirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104379. [PMID: 32497680 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Ranavirus (one genus of Iridovidae family) is an emerging pathogen that infects fish, amphibian, and reptiles, and causes great economical loss and ecological threat to farmed and wild animals globally. The major capsid protein (MCP) has been used as genetic typing marker and as target to design vaccines. Herein, the codon usage pattern of 73 MCP genes of Ranavirus and Lymphocystivirus are studied by calculating effective number of codons (ENC), relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), codon adaptation index (CAI), and relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI), and similarity index (SiD). The Ranavirus are confirmed to be classified into five groups by using phylogenetic analysis, and varied nucleotide compositions and hierarchical cluster analysis based on RSCU. The results revealed different codon usage patterns among Lymphocystivirus and five groups of Ranavirus. Ranavirus had six over-represented codons ended with G/C nucleotide, while Lymphocystivirus had six over-represented codons ended with A/T nucleotide. A comparative analysis of parameters that define virus and host relatedness in terms of codon usage were analyzed indicated that Amphibian-like ranaviruses (ALRVs) seem to possess lower ENC values and higher CAIs in contrast to other ranaviruses isolated from fishes, and two groups (FV3-like and CMTV-like group) of them had received higher selection pressure from their hosts as having higher relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI) and similarity index (SiD). The correspondence analysis (COA) and Spearman's rank correlation analyses revealed that nucleotide compositions, relative dinucleotide frequency, mutation pressure, and natural translational selection shape the codon usage pattern in MCP genes and the ENC-GC3S and neutrality plots indicated that the natural selection is the predominant factor. These results contribute to understanding the evolution of Ranavirus and their adaptions to their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Tian
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Qiao-Mu Hu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Han-Bing Xiao
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Ling-Bing Zeng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Zhong Li
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
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Zhang Y, Xiao W, Kong H, Cheng J, Yan X, Zhang M, Wang Q, Qu H, Zhao Y. A Highly Sensitive Immunochromatographic Strip Test for Rapid and Quantitative Detection of Saikosaponin d. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020338. [PMID: 29415494 PMCID: PMC6017486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A quantitative lateral-flow immunoassay using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against saikosaponin d (SSd) was developed for the analysis of SSd. The AuNPs were prepared in our laboratory. The AuNPs were polyhedral, with an average diameter of approximately 18 nm. We used the conjugation between AuNPs and MAbs against SSd to prepare immunochromatographic strips (ICSs). For the quantitative experiment, the strips with the test results were scanned using a membrane strip reader, and a detection curve (regression equation, y = -0.113ln(x) + 1.5451, R² = 0.983), representing the averages of the scanned data, was obtained. This curve was linear from 96 ng/mL to 150 μg/mL, and the IC50 value was 10.39 μg/mL. In this study, we bring the concept ofPOCT (point-of-care testing) to the measurement of TCM compounds, and this is the first report of quantitative detection of SSd by an ICS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 58 Jiangning Industrial Park Kangyuan Road, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 210000, China.
| | - Hui Kong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jinjun Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xin Yan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qingguo Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Huihua Qu
- Centre of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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Vaccination with Recombinant Baculovirus Expressing Ranavirus Major Capsid Protein Induces Protective Immunity in Chinese Giant Salamander, Andrias davidianus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080195. [PMID: 28757575 PMCID: PMC5580452 DOI: 10.3390/v9080195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese giant salamander iridovirus (CGSIV), belonging to the genus Ranavirus in the family Iridoviridae, is the causative agent of an emerging infectious disease causing high mortality of more than 90% and economic losses in Chinese giant salamanders in China. In this study, a recombinant baculovirus-based vaccine expressing the CGSIV major capsid protein (MCP) was developed and its protective immunity in Chinese giant salamanders was evaluated. The recombinant Autographacalifornica nucleopolyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), expressing CGSIV MCP, designated as AcNPV-MCP, was generated with the highest titers of 1 × 10⁸ plaque forming units/mL (PFU/mL) and confirmed by Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assays. Western blot analysis revealed that the expressed MCP reacted with mouse anti-MCP monoclonal antibodies at the band of about 53 kDa. The results of IIF indicated that the MCP was expressed in the infected Spodoptera frugiperda 9 (Sf9) cells with the recombinant baculovirus, and the Chinese giant salamander muscle cells also transduced with the AcNPV-MCP. Immunization with the recombinant baculovirus of AcNPV-MCP elicited robust specific humoral immune responses detected by ELISA and neutralization assays and potent cellular immune responses in Chinese giant salamanders. Importantly, the effective immunization conferred highly protective immunity for Chinese giant salamanders against CGSIV challenge and produced a relative percent of survival rate of 84%. Thus, the recombinant baculovirus expressing CGSIV MCP can induce significant immune responses involving both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in Chinese giant salamanders and might represent a potential baculovirus based vaccine candidate for Chinese giant salamanders against CGSIV.
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You Q, Liu M, Liu Y, Zheng H, Hu Z, Zhou Y, Wang B. Lanthanide-Labeled Immunochromatographic Strip Assay for the On-Site Identification of Ancient Silk. ACS Sens 2017; 2:569-575. [PMID: 28723195 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The on-site identification of ancient silks has long been a key challenge in archeology. Therefore, a rapid, cost-effective, sensitive analytical approach is highly desirable. In this paper, a lanthanide-labeled immunochromatographic strip which is suitable for the on-site identification of ancient silks is described. Compared with the conventional colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip, this strip shows much higher analytical sensitivity and better quantitative discrimination. The limit of detection (LOD) of the strip for silk fibroin (SF) was calculated as 8.09 ng/mL, approximately 185 times lower than that of the colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip. No cross-reactions with other possible interfering antigens were observed. Moreover, the strip also shows good reproducibility, with a mean recovery of 94.15-102.55% and coefficient of variation of 5.22-17.57% in the repeated tests. Based on the advantages of portability and cost-effectiveness, as well as sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, the lanthanide-labeled immunochromatographic strip is a promising tool for on-site detection of ancient relics in archeological fieldwork.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hailing Zheng
- Key
Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration
for Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | | | - Yang Zhou
- Key
Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration
for Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou 310002, China
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Dillon MJ, Bowkett AE, Bungard MJ, Beckman KM, O'Brien MF, Bates K, Fisher MC, Stevens JR, Thornton CR. Tracking the amphibian pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans using a highly specific monoclonal antibody and lateral-flow technology. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:381-394. [PMID: 27995742 PMCID: PMC5328824 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) causes chytridiomycosis, a lethal epizootic disease of amphibians. Rapid identification of the pathogen and biosecurity is essential to prevent its spread, but current laboratory-based tests are time-consuming and require specialist equipment. Here, we describe the generation of an IgM monoclonal antibody (mAb), 5C4, specific to Bd as well as the related salamander and newt pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). The mAb, which binds to a glycoprotein antigen present on the surface of zoospores, sporangia and zoosporangia, was used to develop a lateral-flow assay (LFA) for rapid (15 min) detection of the pathogens. The LFA detects known lineages of Bd and also Bsal, as well as the closely related fungus Homolaphlyctis polyrhiza, but does not detect a wide range of related and unrelated fungi and oomycetes likely to be present in amphibian habitats. When combined with a simple swabbing procedure, the LFA was 100% accurate in detecting the water-soluble 5C4 antigen present in skin, foot and pelvic samples from frogs, newts and salamanders naturally infected with Bd or Bsal. Our results demonstrate the potential of the portable LFA as a rapid qualitative assay for tracking these amphibian pathogens and as an adjunct test to nucleic acid-based detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Dillon
- BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope BuildingExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Kieran Bates
- Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Matthew C. Fisher
- Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Jamie R. Stevens
- BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope BuildingExeterEX4 4QDUK
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