High hepatitis C viral load and genotype 2 are strong predictors of chronic kidney disease

Hepatitis B virus infection as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Currently, several studies have observed that chronic hepatitis B virus infection is associated with the pathogenesis of kidney disease. However, the extent of the correlation between hepatitis B virus infection and the chronic kidney disease risk remains controversial.

METHODS

In the present study, we searched all eligible literature in seven databases in English and Chinese. The random effects model was used to conduct a meta-analysis. Quality of included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Scale.

RESULTS

In this analysis, a total of 31 studies reporting the association between hepatitis B virus infection and chronic kidney disease risk were included. The results showed a significant positive association between hepatitis B virus infection and the risk of chronic kidney disease (pooled OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.12-1.29), which means that hepatitis B virus increases the risk of developing chronic kidney disease.

CONCLUSION

This study found that hepatitis B virus infection was associated with a significantly increased risk of chronic kidney disease. However, the current study still cannot directly determine this causal relationship. Thus, more comprehensive prospective longitudinal studies are needed in the future to provide further exploration and explanation of the association between hepatitis B virus and the risk of developing chronic kidney disease.

Hepatitis C virus antibody seropositivity is associated with albuminuria but not peripheral artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We aimed to investigate whether HCV antibody (Ab) seropositivity is associated with diabetic micro- and macro-vascular diseases. In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, we retrospectively collected data from patients who participated in the diabetes pay-for-performance program and underwent HCV Ab screening in the annual comprehensive assessment between January 2021 and March 2022. We examined the relationships of HCV Ab seropositivity with the spot urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) in patients aged ≥ 50 years with type 2 DM. A total of 1758 patients were enrolled, and 85 (4.83%) of the enrolled patients had HCV Ab seropositivity. Multivariable regression analyses revealed that albuminuria showed a dose-dependent association with HCV Ab seropositivity (UACR [30-299 mg/g]: odds ratio [OR] = 1.463, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.872‒2.456); UACR [≥ 300 mg/g]: OR = 2.300, 95% CI 1.160‒4.562; P for trend = 0.015) when compared with normal albuminuria (UACR < 30 mg/g). However, the proportion of patients with peripheral arterial disease, defined as an ABI ≤ 0.9, was not significantly different between the groups with and without HCV Ab seropositivity (3.5% vs. 3.9%, P = 0.999). In conclusion, severely increased albuminuria, but not the ABI, showed a significant association with HCV Ab seropositivity in patients aged ≥ 50 years with type 2 DM.

TASL, TADE, and DAROC consensus for the screening and management of hepatitis C in patients with diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are prevalent diseases globally and emerging evidence demonstrates the bidirectional association between the two diseases. Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for HCV have a high treatment success rate and can significantly reduce the risks of short and long-term complications of HCV infection. However, despite the evidence of the association between diabetes and HCV and the benefits of anti-HCV treatment, previously published guidelines did not focus on the universal HCV screening for patients with diabetes and their subsequent management once confirmed as having HCV viremia. Nonetheless, screening for HCV among patients with diabetes will contribute to the eradication of HCV infection. Thus, the three major Taiwan medical associations of diabetes and liver diseases endorsed a total of 14 experts in the fields of gastroenterology, hepatology, diabetology, and epidemiology to convene and formulate a consensus statement on HCV screening and management among patients with diabetes. Based on recent studies and guidelines as well as from real-world clinical experiences, the Taiwan experts reached a consensus that provides a straightforward approach to HCV screening, treatment, and monitoring of patients with diabetes.

Long-term Evolution of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients With Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus Infection

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Data regarding the long-term evolution of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients receiving antiviral treatment for hepatitis C virus are limited.

METHODS

A total of 1987 patients with eGFR ≥15 mL/min/1.73m² who received interferon or direct-acting antiviral treatment were prospectively enrolled in this cohort study. The eGFR was assessed biannually by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation from the time point of sustained virologic response (SVR₁₂). Multivariate generalized estimated equation was used to assess the association between the factors of interest and evolution of eGFR following antiviral treatment. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to assess the relative risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), defined as an eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73m².

RESULTS

Patients who achieved SVR₁₂ (adjusted slope coefficient difference: 2.36 mL/min/1.73 m²/year; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50 to 3.32; P < .001) were associated with eGFR improvement, compared with those who did not achieve SVR₁₂. Among patients who achieved SVR₁₂, the eGFR evolution was comparable (adjusted slope coefficient difference: 0.31 mL/min/1.73m²/year; 95% CI, -0.34 to 0.96; P = .35) in those treated with interferon or direct-acting antiviral. The incidence rates of ESRD in patients who achieved and did not achieve SVR₁₂ were 0.06 per 100 person-years and 0.37 per 100 person-years. Patients who achieved SVR₁₂ were associated with a lower risk of ESRD (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.05-0.68; P = .021).

CONCLUSIONS

The long-term eGFR evolution and risk of ESRD are significantly improved in patients who achieve SVR₁₂ with anti- hepatitis C virus treatment.

From Bench to Bedside: Clinical and Biomedical Investigations on Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Genotypes and Risk Factors for Albuminuria

An extrahepatic manifestation of nephropathies can be a feature of the chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Albuminuria is a major risk factor for nephropathies and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The correlation between HCV genotypes and albuminuria is still unclear. In this study, investigations have been done for the biomedical tools and methodologies used in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) public database. We searched the 2007−2016 NHANES public database to retrieve data regarding the different HCV genotypes and clinical scenarios. This study attempted to investigate the impacts of HCV genetic diversity, associated comorbidities, and racial differences on albuminuria. The urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) was the primary endpoint. Among 40,856 participants, 336 participants with positive and 237 with negative HCV RNA tests were analyzed, excluding 14,454 participants with negative HCV antibodies and 25,828 which were missed. After controlling for sex, race, education level, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis B, alcohol use, and body mass index (BMI) with a generalized linear equation, HCV genotype 2 was more likely than any other genotype to cause albuminuria based on the urine ACR (p < 0.001). The generalized linear equation also demonstrated a significantly higher urine ACR, including hepatitis B (p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001), and smoking (p = 0.026). In summary, the patients with HCV genotype 2 presented with increased albuminuria in comparison with other HCV genotypes in this 10-year retrospective analysis. HCV infection could be a risk factor of CKD; early diagnosis and appropriate treatment may improve clinical outcomes.

Pan-genotypic direct-acting antivirals for patients with hepatitis C virus infection and chronic kidney disease stage 4 or 5

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem with significant clinical and economic burdens in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 4 or 5. Current guidelines recommend pan-genotypic direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) to be the first-line treatment of choice for HCV. This review summarizes the updated knowledge regarding the epidemiology, natural history, public health perspectives of HCV in patients with CKD stage 4 or 5, including those on maintenance dialysis, and the performance of pan-genotypic DAAs in these patients. The prevalence and incidence of HCV are much higher in patients with CKD stage 4 or 5 than in the general population. The prognosis is compromised if HCV patients are left untreated regardless of kidney transplantation (KT). Following treatment-induced HCV eradication, patient can improve the health-related outcomes by maintaining a long-term aviremic state. The sustained virologic response (SVR₁₂) rates and safety profiles of pan-genotypic DAAs against HCV are excellent irrespective of KT. No dose adjustment of pan-genotypic DAAs is required across CKD stages. Assessing drug–drug interactions (DDIs) before HCV treatment is vital to secure on-treatment safety. The use of prophylactic or preemptive pan-genotypic DAAs in HCV-negative recipients who receive HCV-positive kidneys has shown promise in shortening KT waiting time, achieving excellent on-treatment efficacy and safety, and maintaining post-KT patient and graft survival. HCV elimination is highly feasible through multifaceted interventions, including mass screening, treatment scale-up, universal precautions, and post-SVR₁₂ reinfection surveillance.

Association of hepatitis C virus infection status and genotype with kidney disease risk: A population-based cross-sectional study

Background

Whether there is difference in kidney disease risk between chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and resolved HCV infection remains inconclusive. Additionally, the impact of different HCV genotypes on kidney disease risk is relatively unknown. Accordingly, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional study to investigate the association of HCV infection status and genotype on kidney disease risk.

Methods

The study population were adult participants of 1999–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the United States. Chronic and resolved infection were defined as HCV seropositivity with and without detectable HCV RNA, respectively. HCV genotypes were classified into genotype 1, genotype 2, and other genotypes. Prevalent estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² or urinary albumin creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g was defined as kidney disease.

Results

The average age of study population (n = 44,998) was 46.7±17.0 years with 49.8% being males. Compared with individuals without HCV infection (n = 44,157), those with resolved (n = 255) or chronic HCV infection (n = 586) had higher prevalence of kidney disease: 14.8%, 23.5%, and 20.1%, respectively (p<0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that both resolved (adjusted OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.02–1.93) and chronic HCV infection (adjusted OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.01–1.57) correlated to increased kidney disease risk compared with no HCV infection. Additionally, individuals with HCV genotype 1 (adjusted OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.09–1.82) but not genotype 2 or other genotypes had greater kidney disease risk compared with no HCV infection. Furthermore, we observed that genotype 1 had 2-fold higher kidney disease risk (adjusted OR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.07–4.53) compared with non-genotype 1 HCV infection.

Conclusion

Both resolved and chronic HCV infection, particularly genotype 1, were associated with higher kidney disease risk.

Impact of direct-acting antiviral regimens on hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common cause of liver disease and is associated with various extrahepatic manifestations (EHMs). This mini-review outlines the currently available treatments for HCV infection and their prognostic effect on hepatic manifestations and EHMs. Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens are considered pan-genotypic as they achieve a sustained virological response (SVR) > 85% after 12 wk through all the major HCV genotypes, with high percentages of SVR even in advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. The risk factors for DAA failure include old males, cirrhosis, and the presence of resistance-associated substitutions (RAS) in the region targeted by the received DAAs. The effectiveness of DAA regimens is reduced in HCV genotype 3 with baseline RAS like A30K, Y93H, and P53del. Moreover, the European Association for the Study of the Liver recommended the identification of baseline RAS for HCV genotype 1a. The higher rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after DAA therapy may be related to the fact that DAA regimens are offered to patients with advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, where interferon was contraindicated to those patients. The change in the growth of pre-existing subclinical, undetectable HCC upon DAA treatment might be also a cause. Furthermore, after DAA therapy, the T cell-dependent immune response is much weaker upon HCV clearance, and the down-regulation of TNF-α or the elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio might increase the risk of HCC. DAAs can result in reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in HCV co-infected patients. DAAs are effective in treating HCV-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia, with clinical and immunological responses, and have rapid and high effectiveness in thrombocytopenia. DAAs improve insulin resistance in 90% of patients, increase glomerular filtration rate, and decrease proteinuria, hematuria and articular manifestations. HCV clearance by DAAs allows a significant improvement in atherosclerosis and metabolic and immunological conditions, with a reduction of major cardiovascular events. They also improve physical function, fatigue, cognitive impairment, and quality of life. Early therapeutic approach with DAAs is recommended as it cure many of the EHMs that are still in a reversible stage and can prevent others that can develop due to delayed treatment.

Hepatitis C infection and chronic kidney disease among Hispanics/Latinos

ABSTRACT

Viral infections, including hepatitis C, can cause secondary glomerular nephropathies. Studies suggest that hepatitis C virus infection (HCV+) is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) but evidence of this relationship is lacking among Hispanics/Latinos. We examined the association between HCV+ and incident CKD in a prospective cohort of Hispanics/Latinos enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. HCV+ was defined by detectable HCV antibodies with additional confirmation through HCV RNA or recombinant immunoblot assay testing. Incident CKD was defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or sex-specific threshold for albuminuria measured during follow-up. We used Poisson regression to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) of CKD and changes in eGFR- or albuminuria-based risk stages, separately. We used linear regression to estimate associations with continuous, annualized changes in eGFR and albuminuria.Over a follow-up period of 5.9 years, 712 incident CKD events occurred among 10,430 participants. After adjustment for demographic characteristics and comorbidities, HCV+ was not associated with incident CKD, defined by eGFR and albuminuria thresholds (IRR 1.29, 95% Confidence Interval 0.61, 2.73). HCV+ was significantly associated with higher eGFR risk stages (IRR 2.39, 95% CI 1.47, 3.61) with most participants transitioning from stage G1 to G2. HCV+ was associated with a continuous, annualized eGFR decline of -0.69 mL/min/m2/year (95% CI -1.23, -0.16). This large, cohort study did not find evidence of a strong association between HCV+ and new-onset CKD among Hispanics/Latinos. HCV infection may not be associated with risk of CKD among Hispanics/Latinos, although treatment with direct-acting antivirals is recommended for all HCV+ individuals, including those with established CKD or end-stage kidney disease.

Renal function trajectories in hepatitis C infection: differences between renal healthy and chronic kidney disease individuals

Associations between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been reported; however, differences of renal progression between general and CKD population remain to be elucidated in prospective studies. A total of 1179 participants, who have tested for anti-HCV antibody, were enrolled and prospectively followed for 3 years. The risks associated with HCV infection, in terms of incidence of CKD, annual estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) changes and 50% decline of eGFR at 3-year from baseline, were compared between normal renal function subjects and CKD patients. Overall, 111 of 233 (47.6%) CKD patients and 167 of 946 (17.7%) non-CKD subjects had HCV infection. The crude incidence rates of CKD were 226.9 per 1000 person-years and 14.8 per 1000 person-years in in HCV and non-HCV infected patients, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio of HCV infection for incident CKD was 7.9 (95% CI 5-12.7). The HCV-infected normal renal function subjects were independently associated with increased risks of eGFR decline in the 1-year, 2-year and 3-year, respectively. The risk associations remained significant in 50% decline of eGFR at 3 years models and in different subgroup analyses. The increases of risks of eGFR decline were also notorious among overall HCV-infected CKD patients. However, the risk associations were less prominent in subgroup analyses (elderly, women and diabetic patients). The findings highlighted the importance of viral diagnosis with not only prognostic but also public health implications for preserving kidney function.

The association between hepatitis C virus infection and renal function

BACKGROUND

The association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and chronic kidney disease (CKD) still remains controversial. We aimed to investigate whether HCV really affects renal function, and to analyze the association between clinical effects of CHC and decreased kidney function (assessed by glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) level).

METHODS

An estimated 3360 patients with HCV infection and 3360 age- and sex-matched community-based control individuals without HCV were enrolled (1:1, case and control ratio) in this study between 2004 and 2016. We used the modification of diet in renal diseases to calculate eGFR. Demographic and laboratory parameters were assessed, and appropriate statistical methods were performed for the analysis.

RESULTS

Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that serum alanine aminotransferase level (odds ratio [OR] 0.998; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.997-0.999; P = 0.001), platelet count (OR 0.997; 95% CI 0.995-0.999; p = 0.002), and hypertension (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.03-1.66; P = 0.027) were significantly associated with HCV infection and serum triglyceride levels (OR 1.001; 95% CI 1.00-1.002; p = 0.005), platelet count (OR 0.996; 95% CI 0.995-0.997; p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) >25 (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.23-1.67; p < 0.001), hypertension (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.42-1.99; p < 0.001), hyperlipidemia (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.02-1.71; p = 0.035), and diabetes (OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.03-1.71; p = 0.032) were significantly associated with a low eGFR (<90 mL/min/m3) in control subjects. The BMI >25 kg/m2, hypertension, and diabetes were found to be associated with low eGFR interaction with the HCV infection, via a multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

Our study found that the patients with HCV infection are associated with a low eGFR compared with non-HCV-infected patients. This association is consistent in obese, diabetic, and hypertensive patients.

HBV infection is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) as a risk factor for the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been clarified.

AIM

We evaluated the impact of infection with HBV on the risk of CKD in the general population.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We carried out a systematic review of the published medical literature to assess whether a relationship between hepatitis B infection and an increased risk of CKD in the adult general population occurs. We adopted the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird to provide a summary estimate of the risk of chronic kidney disease (defined by lowered glomerular filtration rate and/or detectable proteinuria) with HBV infection across the published studies. Meta-regression and stratified analyses were also performed.

RESULTS

We retrieved 33 studies (n = 7,849,849 patients) published in 26 different articles, and separate meta-analyses were performed according to the outcome. Pooling results from cohort studies (11 studies, n = 1,056,645 patients) demonstrated a relationship between positive HBV serologic status and increased incidence of CKD, the summary estimate for adjusted HR with HBV across the surveys, 1.40 (95% CI, 1.16-1.69) (P < .001). Between-study heterogeneity was noted (Q value, 49.5, P < .0001). No relationship between HBV and prevalence of CKD was noted in the subset of cross-sectional studies (10 studies; n = 3,222,545 patients), adjusted OR, 1.04 (95% IC 0.90-1.218; P = .5). Meta-regression analysis reported a relationship between positive HBsAg status and incidence of CKD in the general population (P < .015).

CONCLUSIONS

It appears that exposure to HBV infection seems to be associated with an increased risk of developing CKD in the adult general population. Studies aimed to understand the mechanisms responsible of such association are under way.

Hepatitis c virus and chronic kidney disease

INTRODUCTION

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with an increased incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), as well as higher mortality in CKD and renal transplant patients. Direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) have revolutionized the treatment of HCV, with viral eradication attained in 90-100% of treated patients. DAAs have an excellent safety and tolerability profile in CKD and renal transplant patients.

AREAS COVERED

In this review, we discuss the association of HCV with incidence and progression of CKD as well as its effect on outcomes and mortality. We also discuss the available treatment options in patients with CKD and renal transplant and in HCV-associated glomerular disease.

EXPERT OPINION

The availability of newly available direct acting anti-viral agents has revolutionized the treatment of HCV in persons with advanced CKD and undergoing dialysis. With these regimens, viral eradication can be attained in 90-100% of the treated patients. The safety, tolerability, and efficacy of these drugs in renal transplant patients have also made it possible to use HCV-infected grafts and successful virus eradication at a later stage.

Improvement of hyperuricemia in chronic hepatitis C patients receiving directly acting antiviral agents

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Hepatitis C virus eradication via the use of antivirals ameliorates metabolic profiles. The changes in serum uric acid (SUA) levels in chronic hepatitis C patients who receive antivirals are not well understood. We aimed to address this issue by comparing the SUA changes before and after the achievement of a sustained virological response (which is defined as hepatitis C virus RNA seronegativity at 12 weeks after the end of treatment).

METHODS

Two hundred and thirteen sustained virological response patients who were treated by directly acting antivirals were consecutively enrolled. Pretreatment and post-treatment SUA levels were compared. Hyperuricemia was defined as a uric acid level > 7.0 mg/dL in men and > 6.0 mg/dL in women.

RESULTS

The SUA levels significantly decreased after treatment, as compared to the pretreatment levels (5.6 ± 1.5 vs 6.0 ± 1.7 mg/dL, respectively; P < 0.001). The proportion of hyperuricemia incidences significantly decreased after treatment (25.8% vs 35.7%, respectively; P = 0.001). The improvement was only observed in patients with a fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) < 6.5 (25.7% vs 37.1%, P = 0.001) but not in those patients with a FIB-4 ≧ 6.5 (26.3% vs 28.9%, P = 1.00). A multivariate analysis revealed that the factor that was associated with significantly decreased SUA levels was FIB-4 < 6.5 (odds ratio [OR]/95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.22/1.04-9.95, P = 0.04) and estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (OR/CI: 4.34/1.94-9.73, P < 0.001). There existed a trend of a higher proportion of patients with significant SUA improvement along with the decrement of FIB-4 (29.7%, 25%, and 10.5% in patients with FIB-4 < 3.25, 3.25-6.5, and > 6.5, respectively; trend P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

SUA levels were significantly decreased in chronic hepatitis C patients after viral eradication. The improvement was particularly enhanced in patients with mild liver disease.

HBV infection is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) as a risk factor for the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been clarified.

AIM

We evaluated the impact of infection with HBV on the risk of CKD in the general population.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We carried out a systematic review of the published medical literature to assess whether a relationship between hepatitis B infection and an increased risk of CKD in the adult general population occurs. We adopted the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird to provide a summary estimate of the risk of chronic kidney disease (defined by lowered glomerular filtration rate and/or detectable proteinuria) with HBV infection across the published studies. Meta-regression and stratified analyses were also performed.

RESULTS

We retrieved 33 studies (n=7,849,849 patients) published in 26 different articles, and separate meta-analyses were performed according to the outcome. Pooling results from cohort studies (11 studies, n=1,056,645 patients) demonstrated a relationship between positive HBV serologic status and increased incidence of CKD, the summary estimate for adjusted HR with HBV across the surveys, 1.40 (95% CI, 1.16-1.69) (P<.001). Between-study heterogeneity was noted (Q value, 49.5, P<.0001). No relationship between HBV and prevalence of CKD was noted in the subset of cross-sectional studies (10 studies; n=3,222,545 patients), adjusted OR, 1.04 (95% IC 0.90-1.218; P=.5). Meta-regression analysis reported a relationship between positive HBsAg status and incidence of CKD in the general population (P<.015).

CONCLUSIONS

It appears that exposure to HBV infection seems to be associated with an increased risk of developing CKD in the adult general population. Studies aimed to understand the mechanisms responsible of such association are under way.

The impact of antiviral therapy for HCV on kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Controversy persists about the role of hepatitis C as a risk factor for developing kidney disease in the general population. Some authors have evaluated the effect of antiviral therapy for HCV on the risk of kidney disease.

STUDY AIMS AND DESIGN

A systematic review of the published medical literature was performed to assess whether antiviral therapy for HCV has an independent impact on kidney survival in the adult general population. A random effects model was used to generate an overall estimate of the risk of kidney disease after anti-HCV therapy across the published studies. Meta-regression and stratified analysis were also carried out.

RESULTS

Fifteen studies were eligible (n=356, 285 patients) and separate meta-analyses were conducted according to the outcome. Pooling studies based on viral responses (n=7; 34,763 individual patients) demonstrated a relationship between sustained viral response and lower frequency of kidney disease; the overall estimate for adjusted risk of kidney disease was 2.50 (95% CI, 1.41; 4.41) (p=0.0016) and between-study heterogeneity was found (p-value by Q test=0.004). Aggregation of studies comparing treated vs untreated cohorts (n=8, n=333,312 patients) revealed an association between anti-HCV therapy and lower risk of kidney disease. The overall estimate for adjusted risk of kidney disease across the eight studies was 0.39 (95% CI, 0.25; 0.612) (p=0.0001). Meta-regression showed that the effectiveness of antiviral therapy in reducing the frequency of kidney disease diminishes as cirrhosis (p=0.02) and HBV infection (p=0.0001) increase among HCV-infected individuals.

CONCLUSIONS

Antiviral therapy for HCV lowers the risk of kidney disease among HCV-infected individuals. Studies to understand the mechanisms underlying this association are ongoing.

Association Between Hepatitis C Virus and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

INTRODUCTION AND AIM

The role of hepatitis C virus infection as a risk factor for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease in the general population remains unclear.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A systematic review of the published medical literature was performed to assess whether positive anti-HCV serologic status is associated with higher frequency of chronic kidney disease in the adult general population. We used a random-effects model to generate a summary estimate of the relative risk of chronic kidney disease (defined by lowered glomerular filtration rate or detectable proteinuria) with HCV across the published studies. Meta-regression and stratified analysis were also carried out.

RESULTS

Forty studies were eligible (n = 4,072,867 patients), and separate meta-analyses were conducted according to the outcome. Pooling results of longitudinal studies (n = 15 studies, n = 2,299,134 unique patients) demonstrated an association between positive anti-HCV serologic status and increased incidence of CKD, the summary estimate for adjusted HR with HCV across the surveys, 1.54 (95% CI, 1.26; 1.87) (P &lt; 0.001). Between-study heterogeneity was observed (Q value by Chi-squared [χ2] test 500.3, P &lt; 0.0001). The risk of chronic kidney disease related to HCV, in the subset of surveys from Asia was 1.45 (1.27; 1.65) (P &lt; 0.001) (no heterogeneity). According to our meta-regression, ageing (P &lt; 0.0001) and duration of follow-up (P &lt; 0.0001) increased the risk of chronic kidney disease among HCV-positive subjects. We observed a relationship between anti-HCV positive serologic status and frequency of proteinuria, adjusted effect estimate of proteinuria with HCV among surveys was 1.633 (95% CI, 1,29; 2.05) (P &lt; 0.001) (n = 10 studies; 315,404 unique patients). However, between-studies heterogeneity was noted (P value by Q test &lt; 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

An association between HCV infection and increased risk of chronic kidney disease in the general population exists. The mechanisms underlying such association are currently under active investigation.

HCV-Associated Nephropathies in the Era of Direct Acting Antiviral Agents

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a systemic disorder that frequently associates with extrahepatic manifestations, including nephropathies. Cryoglobulinemia is a typical extrahepatic manifestation of HCV infection that often involves kidneys with a histological pattern of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Other, less common renal diseases related to HCV infection include membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA nephropathy, fibrillary and immunotactoid glomerulopathy. Over the last decades, the advent of direct-acting antiviral therapies has revolutionized treatment of HCV infection, dramatically increasing the rates of viral clearance. In patients where antiviral therapy alone fails to induce renal disease remission add-on B-cell depleting agents represent an alternative to counteract the synthesis of pathogenic antibodies. Immunosuppressive therapies, such as steroids, alkylating agents, and plasma exchanges, may still represent an effective option to inhibit immune-complex driven inflammatory response, but the potentially associated increase of HCV replication and worsening of liver disease represent a serious limitation to their use.

Management of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with chronic kidney disease: position statement of the joint committee of Italian association for the study of the liver (AISF), Italian society of internal medicine (SIMI), Italian society of infectious and tropical disease (SIMIT) and Italian society of nephrology (SIN)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is now considered a systemic disease due to the occurrence of extra-hepatic manifestations. Among these, the renal involvement is frequent. HCV infection, in fact, is strongly associated with proteinuria and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and negatively affects the prognosis of renal patients. In the last few years, availability of more specific and effective drugs against HCV has dramatically changed the clinical course of this disease. These drugs may provide further advantages in the CKD population as a whole by reducing progression of renal disease, mortality rate and by increasing the survival of graft in renal transplant recipients. The strict pathogenetic and prognostic link between HCV infection and CKD requires an ongoing relationship among the healthcare professionals involved in the treatment of both HCV infection and CKD. Therefore, Scientific Societies involved in the care of this high-risk population in Italy have organized a joint expert panel. The aim of the panel is to produce a position statement that can be used in daily clinical practice for the management of HCV infected patients across the whole spectrum of renal disease, from the conservative phase to renal replacement treatments (dialysis and transplantation). Sharing specific evidence-based expertise of different professional healthcare is the first step to obtain a common ground of knowledge on which to instate a model for multidisciplinary management of this high-risk population. Statements cover seven areas including epidemiology of CKD, HCV-induced glomerular damage, HCV-related renal risk, staging of liver disease in patients with CKD, prevention of transmission of HCV in hemodialysis units, treatment of HCV infection and management of HCV in kidney transplantation.

The association of hepatitis C infection with the onset of CKD and progression into ESRD

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is not only an important cause of chronic liver disease, but extrahepatic manifestations are common and include chronic kidney disease (CKD). HCV is classically associated with cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis in the context of mixed cryoglobulinemia syndrome, but other glomerular diseases also occur and may be significantly under-recognized. HCV may cause glomerular disease by immune complex deposition; however, other potential mechanisms by which HCV promotes CKD include a direct cytopathic effect of the virus on renal tissue, and by its association with accelerated atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation. Epidemiologic studies show HCV infection confers an increased risk of incident CKD and accelerates progression of CKD to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the general population, as well as subpopulations including diabetic patients, those coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and kidney transplant recipients. Patients with CKD and HCV infection experience inferior clinical outcomes, including poorer quality of life and an increased risk of mortality. Treatment with interferon-based regimens is associated with decreased risk of incident CKD and ESRD, though prior studies are limited by the small number of patients with HCV and CKD who underwent treatment. With the advent of new, well-tolerated direct-acting antiviral combinations that are not cleared by the kidneys, it is possible to treat all genotypes of HCV infection in patients with CKD and ESRD. More data on the effect of direct-acting antivirals on CKD incidence and progression are necessary. However, there is every expectation that with improved access to HCV treatment, the burden of CKD in patients with HCV could significantly decline.

Management of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with chronic kidney disease: position statement of the joint committee of Italian association for the study of the liver (AISF), Italian society of internal medicine (SIMI), Italian society of infectious and tropical disease (SIMIT) and Italian society of nephrology (SIN)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is now considered a systemic disease due to the occurrence of extra-hepatic manifestations. Among these, the renal involvement is frequent. HCV infection, in fact, is strongly associated with proteinuria and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and negatively affects the prognosis of renal patients. In the last few years, availability of more specific and effective drugs against HCV has dramatically changed the clinical course of this disease. These drugs may provide further advantages in the CKD population as a whole by reducing progression of renal disease, mortality rate and by increasing the survival of graft in renal transplant recipients. The strict pathogenetic and prognostic link between HCV infection and CKD requires an ongoing relationship among the healthcare professionals involved in the treatment of both HCV infection and CKD. Therefore, Scientific Societies involved in the care of this high-risk population in Italy have organized a joint expert panel. The aim of the panel is to produce a position statement that can be used in daily clinical practice for the management of HCV infected patients across the whole spectrum of renal disease, from the conservative phase to renal replacement treatments (dialysis and transplantation). Sharing specific evidence-based expertise of different professional healthcare is the first step to obtain a common ground of knowledge on which to instate a model for multidisciplinary management of this high-risk population. Statements cover seven areas including epidemiology of CKD, HCV-induced glomerular damage, HCV-related renal risk, staging of liver disease in patients with CKD, prevention of transmission of HCV in hemodialysis units, treatment of HCV infection and management of HCV in kidney transplantation.

Hepatitis C virus infection and chronic renal disease: A review

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a parenterally-transmitted hepatotropic virus that often causes chronic infection, which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Development of highly effective direct-acting anti-viral agents (DAAs) has led to a paradigm change in the treatment of HCV infection over the last 4-5 years. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a higher risk of acquiring HCV infection. In these patients, diagnosis of HCV infection, assessment of the consequent liver disease and management of HCV infection pose some specific problems. This article reviews the available recent information on HCV infection and CKD, including the association between these conditions and their effect on each other, and prevention, evaluation, and management of HCV infection in persons with CKD. This review looks at this issue particularly from the perspective of readers in Asia, especially India, since the epidemiology of HCV-CKD association and the repertoire of anti-HCV drugs available in this region differ from those elsewhere.

Management of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with chronic kidney disease: position statement of the joint committee of Italian association for the study of the liver (AISF), Italian society of internal medicine (SIMI), Italian society of infectious and tropical disease (SIMIT) and Italian society of nephrology (SIN)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is now considered a systemic disease due to the occurrence of extra-hepatic manifestations. Among these, the renal involvement is frequent. HCV infection, in fact, is strongly associated with proteinuria and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and negatively affects the prognosis of renal patients. In the last few years, availability of more specific and effective drugs against HCV has dramatically changed the clinical course of this disease. These drugs may provide further advantages in the CKD population as a whole by reducing progression of renal disease, mortality rate and by increasing the survival of graft in renal transplant recipients. The strict pathogenetic and prognostic link between HCV infection and CKD requires an ongoing relationship among the healthcare professionals involved in the treatment of both HCV infection and CKD. Therefore, Scientific Societies involved in the care of this high-risk population in Italy have organized a joint expert panel. The aim of the panel is to produce a position statement that can be used in daily clinical practice for the management of HCV infected patients across the whole spectrum of renal disease, from the conservative phase to renal replacement treatments (dialysis and transplantation). Sharing specific evidence-based expertise of different professional healthcare is the first step to obtain a common ground of knowledge on which to instate a model for multidisciplinary management of this high-risk population. Statements cover seven areas including epidemiology of CKD, HCV-induced glomerular damage, HCV-related renal risk, staging of liver disease in patients with CKD, prevention of transmission of HCV in hemodialysis units, treatment of HCV infection and management of HCV in kidney transplantation.

Management of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with chronic kidney disease: position statement of the joint committee of Italian association for the study of the liver (AISF), Italian society of internal medicine (SIMI), Italian society of infectious and tropical disease (SIMIT) and Italian society of nephrology (SIN)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is now considered a systemic disease due to the occurrence of extra-hepatic manifestations. Among these, the renal involvement is frequent. HCV infection, in fact, is strongly associated with proteinuria and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and negatively affects the prognosis of renal patients. In the last few years, availability of more specific and effective drugs against HCV has dramatically changed the clinical course of this disease. These drugs may provide further advantages in the CKD population as a whole by reducing progression of renal disease, mortality rate and by increasing the survival of graft in renal transplant recipients. The strict pathogenetic and prognostic link between HCV infection and CKD requires an ongoing relationship among the healthcare professionals involved in the treatment of both HCV infection and CKD. Therefore, Scientific Societies involved in the care of this high-risk population in Italy have organized a joint expert panel. The aim of the panel is to produce a position statement that can be used in daily clinical practice for the management of HCV infected patients across the whole spectrum of renal disease, from the conservative phase to renal replacement treatments (dialysis and transplantation). Sharing specific evidence-based expertise of different professional healthcare is the first step to obtain a common ground of knowledge on which to instate a model for multidisciplinary management of this high-risk population. Statements cover seven areas including epidemiology of CKD, HCV-induced glomerular damage, HCV-related renal risk, staging of liver disease in patients with CKD, prevention of transmission of HCV in hemodialysis units, treatment of HCV infection and management of HCV in kidney transplantation.

Association between hepatitis C virus and chronic kidney disease: heterogeneity begets heterogeneity

Epidemiologic studies examining the association between hepatitis C virus and chronic kidney disease have yielded conflicting findings. Analyzing data from a Taiwanese cohort, Lai and colleagues report a novel finding that the odds of chronic kidney disease were nearly 3-fold higher in hepatitis C virus-infected persons with genotype 2 compared with genotype 1. Hepatitis C virus genotype distributions differ in regions around the world. Can genotypic differences in chronic kidney disease risk explain some of the heterogeneity in prior studies?

Trend of estimated glomerular filtration rate during ombistasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir ± ribavirin in HIV/HCV co-infected patients

The renal function is a key-issue in HIV/HCV co-infected patients, nevertheless, it has not established so far whether HCV treatment with new direct acting agents could impact on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) variations. In the present work, we examined the real-life data on renal function that have been prospectively collected in the SIMIT compassionate-use program of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir (OBV/PTV/r + DSV) in 144 HIV/HCV genotype 1 co-infected patients. The population was 74% male, 30.5% in CDC stage C, with median age of 52 years (48.0-56.5) and median liver stiffness of 7.8 kPa (6.7-9.2). Median baseline eGFR was 102.0 (90.8-108.1), changing to 99.8 (83.5-104.8) at the end of treatment (EoT), and 100.0 (87.3-105.6) 12 weeks after the EoT (FU12), p<0.0001. No patient had grade 3-4 increase of creatinine. At EoT 60/144 (41.7%) patients had ≥ 5% reduction in their eGFR, confirmed at FU12 in 39/60 (65.0%) cases. Longer duration of HCV infection (cut-off 12.9 years), lower HCV-RNA viral load (cut-off 1,970,160 IU/ml) and lower platelet count (cut-off 167,000 x106/L) were significantly associated with eGFR decline at logistic analysis (adjOR 2.9, 95%CI 1.0-8.8, p = 0.05; adjOR 3.5, 95%CI 1.2-10.4, p = 0.02; adjOR 2.8, 95%CI 1.1-6.8, p = 0.03, respectively). After repeating the analysis throughout a mixed model, a higher eGFR decline was highlighted in patients concomitantly treated with tenofovir (p = 0.0001), ribavirin (p = 0.0001), or integrase inhibitors (p <0.0001), with longer duration of HIV (p = 0.0002) and HCV infection (p = 0.035), lower baseline HCV RNA (p <0.0001), previous HCV treatment (p<0.0001), and older age (p<0.0001). In conclusion, our study confirms a good renal safety profile of OBV/PTV/r + DSV treatment in HIV/HCV patients, and the median decline of 2 ml/min in eGFR, albeit statistically significant, is of doubtful clinical significance. The role of aging, concomitant therapies and duration of HIV/HCV infection needs to be further investigated.

Inflammatory and Angiogenic Factors Linked to Longitudinal Microvascular Changes in Hemodialysis Patients Irrespective of Treatment Dose Intensity

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular disease is a major contributor to the poor outcomes observed in hemodialysis. We investigated the relationship between hemodialysis intensity and vascular parameters in high-dose (HDHD; >12hrs/week) and Conventional (CHD; ≤12hrs/week) hemodialysis intensity over a 6-month period.

METHODS

We present the 6-month longitudinal analysis of a 2-year multicenter study investigating the effects of HDHD on cardiovascular parameters. We used pulse wave velocity, 24hr ambulatory blood pressure and sublingual dark field capillaroscopy measurements to assess macro- and microcirculation on 6-monthly basis. Pro-inflammatory and endothelial biomarkers were also measured at 6-monthly intervals.

RESULTS

47 participants (21 HDHD, 26 CHD) were studied. CHD were older (63.5±14.2 vs 53.7±12.6 yr; p=0.018), with shorter dialysis vintage (median 23 vs 61 months; p=0.001). There was considerable variability in the degree and direction of change of circulatory measurements over a 6-month period. Hemodialysis intensity (hrs/week) did not correlate to these changes, when adjusted for age, dialysis vintage and comorbidity. Higher levels of Interleukin (IL)-8 measured at baseline independently predicted an increase in the Perfused Boundary Region (5-25μm) of the endothelial glycocalyx (p=0.010) whilst higher levels of soluble Flt-1 had a significant inverse effect (p=0.002) in an adjusted linear model.

CONCLUSION

Hemodialysis intensity did not predict changes in either macro- or microvascular parameters. Inflammation mediated through the IL-8 pathway predicted microvascular injury while Flt-1, a potential marker of angiogenesis and endothelial repair, might have a significant protective role. Further understanding of these pathways will be necessary to improve dialysis outcomes.