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Musah S, Bhattacharya R, Himmelfarb J. Kidney Disease Modeling with Organoids and Organs-on-Chips. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2024; 26:383-414. [PMID: 38424088 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-072623-044010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Kidney disease is a global health crisis affecting more than 850 million people worldwide. In the United States, annual Medicare expenditures for kidney disease and organ failure exceed $81 billion. Efforts to develop targeted therapeutics are limited by a poor understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying human kidney disease onset and progression. Additionally, 90% of drug candidates fail in human clinical trials, often due to toxicity and efficacy not accurately predicted in animal models. The advent of ex vivo kidney models, such as those engineered from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and organ-on-a-chip (organ-chip) systems, has garnered considerable interest owing to their ability to more accurately model tissue development and patient-specific responses and drug toxicity. This review describes recent advances in developing kidney organoids and organ-chips by harnessing iPS cell biology to model human-specific kidney functions and disease states. We also discuss challenges that must be overcome to realize the potential of organoids and organ-chips as dynamic and functional conduits of the human kidney. Achieving these technological advances could revolutionize personalized medicine applications and therapeutic discovery for kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Musah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rohan Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
- Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Institute, and Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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Matsui K, Yamanaka S, Chen S, Matsumoto N, Morimoto K, Kinoshita Y, Inage Y, Saito Y, Takamura T, Fujimoto T, Tajiri S, Matsumoto K, Kobayashi E, Yokoo T. Long-term viable chimeric nephrons generated from progenitor cells are a reliable model in cisplatin-induced toxicity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1097. [PMID: 37898693 PMCID: PMC10613230 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney organoids have shown promise as evaluation tools, but their in vitro maturity remains limited. Transplantation into adult mice has aided in maturation; however, their lack of urinary tract connection limits long-term viability. Thus, long-term viable generated nephrons have not been demonstrated. In this study, we present an approachable method in which mouse and rat renal progenitor cells are injected into the developing kidneys of neonatal mice, resulting in the generation of chimeric nephrons integrated with the host urinary tracts. These chimeric nephrons exhibit similar maturation to the host nephrons, long-term viability with excretion and reabsorption functions, and cisplatin-induced renal injury in both acute and chronic phases, as confirmed by single-cell RNA-sequencing. Additionally, induced human nephron progenitor cells differentiate into nephrons within the neonatal kidneys. Collectively, neonatal injection represents a promising approach for in vivo nephron generation, with potential applications in kidney regeneration, drug screening, and pathological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Matsui
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Yamanaka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Sandy Chen
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Naoto Matsumoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Keita Morimoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kinoshita
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Yuka Inage
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yatsumu Saito
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takamura
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Toshinari Fujimoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Susumu Tajiri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kei Matsumoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Kidney Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
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Singh J, Singh S. Review on kidney diseases: types, treatment and potential of stem cell therapy. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2023; 9:21. [PMID: 37131920 PMCID: PMC10134709 DOI: 10.1186/s41100-023-00475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal disorders are an emerging global public health issue with a higher growth rate despite progress in supportive therapies. In order to find more promising treatments to stimulate renal repair, stem cell-based technology has been proposed as a potentially therapeutic option. The self-renewal and proliferative nature of stem cells raised the hope to fight against various diseases. Similarly, it opens a new path for the treatment and repair of damaged renal cells. This review focuses on the types of renal diseases; acute and chronic kidney disease-their statistical data, and the conventional drugs used for treatment. It includes the possible stem cell therapy mechanisms involved and outcomes recorded so far, the limitations of using these regenerative medicines, and the progressive improvement in stem cell therapy by adopting approaches like PiggyBac, Sleeping Beauty, and the Sendai virus. Specifically, about the paracrine activities of amniotic fluid stem cells, renal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cell, induced pluripotent stem cells as well as other stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Singh
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, 15935, Block 56, Room No 202, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Sanjeev Singh
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, 15935, Block 56, Room No 202, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
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4
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Bejoy J, Farry JM, Peek JL, Cabatu MC, Williams FM, Welch RC, Qian ES, Woodard LE. Podocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells: characterization, comparison, and modeling of diabetic kidney disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:355. [PMID: 35883199 PMCID: PMC9327311 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In diabetic kidney disease, high glucose damages specialized cells called podocytes that filter blood in the glomerulus. In vitro culture of podocytes is crucial for modeling of diabetic nephropathy and genetic podocytopathies and to complement animal studies. Recently, several methods have been published to derive podocytes from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by directed differentiation. However, these methods have major variations in media composition and have not been compared. METHODS We characterized our accelerated protocol by guiding the cells through differentiation with four different medias into MIXL1+ primitive streak cells with Activin A and CHIR for Wnt activation, intermediate mesoderm PAX8+ cells via increasing the CHIR concentration, nephron progenitors with FGF9 and Heparin for stabilization, and finally into differentiated podocytes with Activin A, BMP-7, VEGF, reduced CHIR, and retinoic acid. The podocyte morphology was characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by flow cytometry analysis for podocyte markers. To confirm cellular identity and niche localization, we performed cell recombination assays combining iPSC-podocytes with dissociated mouse embryonic kidney cells. Finally, to test iPSC-derived podocytes for the modeling of diabetic kidney disease, human podocytes were exposed to high glucose. RESULTS Podocyte markers were expressed at similar or higher levels for our accelerated protocol as compared to previously published protocols that require longer periods of tissue culture. We confirmed that the human podocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells in twelve days integrated into murine glomerular structures formed following seven days of culture of cellular recombinations. We found that the high glucose-treated human podocytes displayed actin rearrangement, increased cytotoxicity, and decreased viability. CONCLUSIONS We found that our accelerated 12-day method for the differentiation of podocytes from human-induced pluripotent stem cells yields podocytes with comparable marker expression to longer podocytes. We also demonstrated that podocytes created with this protocol have typical morphology by electron microscopy. The podocytes have utility for diabetes modeling as evidenced by lower viability and increased cytotoxicity when treated with high glucose. We found that multiple, diverse methods may be utilized to create iPSC-podocytes, but closely mimicking developmental cues shortened the time frame required for differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bejoy
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Justin M. Farry
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Jennifer L. Peek
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Mariana C. Cabatu
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Felisha M. Williams
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Richard C. Welch
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Eddie S. Qian
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Lauren E. Woodard
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA ,grid.452900.a0000 0004 0420 4633Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
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5
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Bejoy J, Qian ES, Woodard LE. Tissue Culture Models of AKI: From Tubule Cells to Human Kidney Organoids. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:487-501. [PMID: 35031569 PMCID: PMC8975068 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021050693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
AKI affects approximately 13.3 million people around the world each year, causing CKD and/or mortality. The mammalian kidney cannot generate new nephrons after postnatal renal damage and regenerative therapies for AKI are not available. Human kidney tissue culture systems can complement animal models of AKI and/or address some of their limitations. Donor-derived somatic cells, such as renal tubule epithelial cells or cell lines (RPTEC/hTERT, ciPTEC, HK-2, Nki-2, and CIHP-1), have been used for decades to permit drug toxicity screening and studies into potential AKI mechanisms. However, tubule cell lines do not fully recapitulate tubular epithelial cell properties in situ when grown under classic tissue culture conditions. Improving tissue culture models of AKI would increase our understanding of the mechanisms, leading to new therapeutics. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be differentiated into kidney organoids and various renal cell types. Injury to human kidney organoids results in renal cell-type crosstalk and upregulation of kidney injury biomarkers that are difficult to induce in primary tubule cell cultures. However, current protocols produce kidney organoids that are not mature and contain off-target cell types. Promising bioengineering techniques, such as bioprinting and "kidney-on-a-chip" methods, as applied to kidney nephrotoxicity modeling advantages and limitations are discussed. This review explores the mechanisms and detection of AKI in tissue culture, with an emphasis on bioengineered approaches such as human kidney organoid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bejoy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eddie S. Qian
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lauren E. Woodard
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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6
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Xu J, Li J, Ramakrishnan A, Yan H, Shen L, Xu PX. Six1 and Six2 of the Sine Oculis Homeobox Subfamily are Not Functionally Interchangeable in Mouse Nephron Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:815249. [PMID: 35178390 PMCID: PMC8844495 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.815249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate Six1 and Six2 arose by gene duplication from the Drosophila sine oculis and have since diverged in their developmental expression patterns. Both genes are expressed in nephron progenitors of human fetal kidneys, and mutations in SIX1 or SIX2 cause branchio-oto-renal syndrome or renal hypodysplasia respectively. Since ∼80% of SIX1 target sites are shared by SIX2, it is speculated that SIX1 and SIX2 may be functionally interchangeable by targeting common downstream genes. In contrast, in mouse kidneys, Six1 expression in the metanephric mesenchyme lineage overlaps with Six2 only transiently, while Six2 expression is maintained in the nephron progenitors throughout development. This non-overlapping expression between Six1 and Six2 in mouse nephron progenitors promoted us to examine if Six1 can replace Six2. Surprisingly, forced expression of Six1 failed to rescue Six2-deficient kidney phenotype. We found that Six1 mediated Eya1 nuclear translocation and inhibited premature epithelialization of the progenitors but failed to rescue the proliferation defects and cell death caused by Six2-knockout. Genome-wide binding analyses showed that Six1 selectively occupied a small subset of Six2 target sites, but many Six2-bound loci crucial to the renewal and differentiation of nephron progenitors lacked Six1 occupancy. Altogether, these data indicate that Six1 cannot substitute Six2 to drive nephrogenesis in mouse kidneys, thus demonstrating that the difference in physiological roles of Six1 and Six2 in kidney development stems from both transcriptional regulations of the genes and divergent biochemical properties of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshu Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Hanen Yan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Neurosciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pin-Xian Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Little MH, Humphreys BD. Regrow or Repair: An Update on Potential Regenerative Therapies for the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:15-32. [PMID: 34789545 PMCID: PMC8763179 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years ago, this journal published a review outlining future options for regenerating the kidney. At that time, stem cell populations were being identified in multiple tissues, the concept of stem cell recruitment to a site of injury was of great interest, and the possibility of postnatal renal stem cells was growing in momentum. Since that time, we have seen the advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells, substantial advances in our capacity to both sequence and edit the genome, global and spatial transcriptional analysis down to the single-cell level, and a pandemic that has challenged our delivery of health care to all. This article will look back over this period of time to see how our view of kidney development, disease, repair, and regeneration has changed and envision a future for kidney regeneration and repair over the next 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. Little
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin D. Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Missouri,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Missouri
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8
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Generation of Induced Nephron Progenitor-like Cells from Human Urine-Derived Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413449. [PMID: 34948246 PMCID: PMC8708572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Regenerative medicine strategies employing nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) are a viable approach that is worthy of substantial consideration as a promising cell source for kidney diseases. However, the generation of induced nephron progenitor-like cells (iNPCs) from human somatic cells remains a major challenge. Here, we describe a novel method for generating NPCs from human urine-derived cells (UCs) that can undergo long-term expansion in a serum-free condition. Results: Here, we generated iNPCs from human urine-derived cells by forced expression of the transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, and SLUG, followed by exposure to a cocktail of defined small molecules. These iNPCs resembled human embryonic stem cell-derived NPCs in terms of their morphology, biological characteristics, differentiation potential, and global gene expression and underwent a long-term expansion in serum-free conditions. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that human iNPCs can be readily generated and expanded, which will facilitate their broad applicability in a rapid, efficient, and patient-specific manner, particularly holding the potential as a transplantable cell source for patients with kidney disease.
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9
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Applications of piggyBac Transposons for Genome Manipulation in Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:3829286. [PMID: 34567130 PMCID: PMC8460389 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3829286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposons are mobile genetic elements in the genome. The piggyBac (PB) transposon system is increasingly being used for stem cell research due to its high transposition efficiency and seamless excision capacity. Over the past few decades, forward genetic screens based on PB transposons have been successfully established to identify genes associated with drug resistance and stem cell-related characteristics. Moreover, PB transposon is regarded as a promising gene therapy vector and has been used in some clinically relevant stem cells. Here, we review the recent progress on the basic biology of PB, highlight its applications in current stem cell research, and discuss its advantages and challenges.
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10
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Razmara E, Bitaraf A, Karimi B, Babashah S. Functions of the SNAI family in chondrocyte-to-osteocyte development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1503:5-22. [PMID: 34403146 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Different cellular mechanisms contribute to osteocyte development. And while critical roles for members of the zinc finger protein SNAI family (SNAIs) have been discussed in cancer-related models, there are few reviews summarizing their importance for chondrocyte-to-osteocyte development. To help fill this gap, we review the roles of SNAIs in the development of mature osteocytes from chondrocytes, including the regulation of chondro- and osteogenesis through different signaling pathways and in programmed cell death. We also discuss how epigenetic factors-including DNA methylation, histone methylation and acetylation, and noncoding RNAs-contribute differently to both chondrocyte and osteocyte development. To better grasp the important roles of SNAIs in bone development, we also review genotype-phenotype correlations in different animal models. We end with comments about the possible importance of the SNAI family in cartilage/bone development and the potential applications for therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Razmara
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amirreza Bitaraf
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Karimi
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Generation of patterned kidney organoids that recapitulate the adult kidney collecting duct system from expandable ureteric bud progenitors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3641. [PMID: 34131121 PMCID: PMC8206157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Current kidney organoids model development and diseases of the nephron but not the contiguous epithelial network of the kidney’s collecting duct (CD) system. Here, we report the generation of an expandable, 3D branching ureteric bud (UB) organoid culture model that can be derived from primary UB progenitors from mouse and human fetal kidneys, or generated de novo from human pluripotent stem cells. In chemically-defined culture conditions, UB organoids generate CD organoids, with differentiated principal and intercalated cells adopting spatial assemblies reflective of the adult kidney’s collecting system. Aggregating 3D-cultured nephron progenitor cells with UB organoids in vitro results in a reiterative process of branching morphogenesis and nephron induction, similar to kidney development. Applying an efficient gene editing strategy to remove RET activity, we demonstrate genetically modified UB organoids can model congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract. Taken together, these platforms will facilitate an enhanced understanding of development, regeneration and diseases of the mammalian collecting duct system. Here, the authors model the collecting duct system in kidneys by taking ureteric bud (UB) progenitor cells from both mouse and human primary tissues, as well as from hESC and hiPSC to generate organoids, which can model congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract.
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12
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Howden SE, Wilson SB, Groenewegen E, Starks L, Forbes TA, Tan KS, Vanslambrouck JM, Holloway EM, Chen YH, Jain S, Spence JR, Little MH. Plasticity of distal nephron epithelia from human kidney organoids enables the induction of ureteric tip and stalk. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:671-684.e6. [PMID: 33378647 PMCID: PMC8026527 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During development, distinct progenitors contribute to the nephrons versus the ureteric epithelium of the kidney. Indeed, previous human pluripotent stem-cell-derived models of kidney tissue either contain nephrons or pattern specifically to the ureteric epithelium. By re-analyzing the transcriptional distinction between distal nephron and ureteric epithelium in human fetal kidney, we show here that, while existing nephron-containing kidney organoids contain distal nephron epithelium and no ureteric epithelium, this distal nephron segment alone displays significant in vitro plasticity and can adopt a ureteric epithelial tip identity when isolated and cultured in defined conditions. "Induced" ureteric epithelium cultures can be cryopreserved, serially passaged without loss of identity, and transitioned toward a collecting duct fate. Cultures harboring loss-of-function mutations in PKHD1 also recapitulate the cystic phenotype associated with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052 VIC, Australia.
| | - Sean B Wilson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | - Ella Groenewegen
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | - Lakshi Starks
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas A Forbes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052 VIC, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Jason R Spence
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052 VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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13
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Abstract
The Vanderbilt O'Brien Kidney Center (VOKC) is one of the eight National Institutes of Health P30-funded centers in the United States. The mission of these core-based centers is to provide technical and conceptual support to enhance and facilitate research in the field of kidney diseases. The goal of the VOKC is to provide support to understand mechanisms and identify potential therapies for acute and chronic kidney disease. The services provided by the VOKC are meant to help the scientific community to have the right support and tools as well as to select the right animal model, statistical analysis, and clinical study design to perform innovative research and translate discoveries into personalized care to prevent, diagnose, and cure kidney disease. To achieve these goals, the VOKC has in place a program to foster collaborative investigation into critical questions of kidney disease, to personalize diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease, and to disseminate information about kidney disease and the benefits of VOKC services and research. The VOKC is complemented by state-of-the-art cores and an education and outreach program whose goals are to provide an educational platform to enhance the study of kidney disease, to publicize information about services available through the VOKC, and to provide information about kidney disease to patients and other interested members of the community. In this review, we highlight the major services and contributions of the VOKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Pozzi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee
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Little MH. Returning to kidney development to deliver synthetic kidneys. Dev Biol 2020; 474:22-36. [PMID: 33333068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is no doubt that the development of transplantable synthetic kidneys could improve the outcome for the many millions of people worldwide suffering from chronic kidney disease. Substantial progress has been made in the last 6 years in the generation of kidney tissue from stem cells. However, the limited scale, incomplete cellular complexity and functional immaturity of such structures suggests we are some way from this goal. While developmental biology has successfully guided advances to date, these human kidney models are limited in their capacity for ongoing nephrogenesis and lack corticomedullary definition, a unified vasculature and a coordinated exit path for urinary filtrate. This review will reassess our developmental understanding of how the mammalian embryo manages to create kidneys, how this has informed our progress to date and how both engineering and developmental biology can continue to guide us towards a synthetic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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15
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Structural basis of seamless excision and specific targeting by piggyBac transposase. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3446. [PMID: 32651359 PMCID: PMC7351741 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The piggyBac DNA transposon is used widely in genome engineering applications. Unlike other transposons, its excision site can be precisely repaired without leaving footprints and it integrates specifically at TTAA tetranucleotides. We present cryo-EM structures of piggyBac transpososomes: a synaptic complex with hairpin DNA intermediates and a strand transfer complex capturing the integration step. The results show that the excised TTAA hairpin intermediate and the TTAA target adopt essentially identical conformations, providing a mechanistic link connecting the two unique properties of piggyBac. The transposase forms an asymmetric dimer in which the two central domains synapse the ends while two C-terminal domains form a separate dimer that contacts only one transposon end. In the strand transfer structure, target DNA is severely bent and the TTAA target is unpaired. In-cell data suggest that asymmetry promotes synaptic complex formation, and modifying ends with additional transposase binding sites stimulates activity.
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16
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Al-Hasani K, Khurana I, Farhat T, Eid A, El-Osta A. Epigenetics of Diabetic Nephropathy: From Biology to Therapeutics. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/19-00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a lethal microvascular complication associated with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is the leading single cause of end-stage renal disease. Although genetic influences are important, epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated in several aspects of the disease. The current therapeutic methods to treat DN are limited to slowing disease progression without repair and regeneration of the damaged nephrons. Replacing dying or diseased kidney cells with new nephrons is an attractive strategy. This review considers the genetic and epigenetic control of nephrogenesis, together with the epigenetic mechanisms that accompany kidney development and recent advances in induced reprogramming and kidney cell regeneration in the context of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Al-Hasani
- Department of Diabetes, Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ishant Khurana
- Department of Diabetes, Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Theresa Farhat
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Assaad Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Department of Diabetes, Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Health, Department of Technology, Biomedical Laboratory Science, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong
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17
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Fang J, Hsueh YY, Soto J, Sun W, Wang J, Gu Z, Khademhosseini A, Li S. Engineering Biomaterials with Micro/Nanotechnologies for Cell Reprogramming. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1296-1318. [PMID: 32011856 PMCID: PMC10067273 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell reprogramming is a revolutionized biotechnology that offers a powerful tool to engineer cell fate and function for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, drug discovery, and beyond. Leveraging advances in biomaterials and micro/nanotechnologies can enhance the reprogramming performance in vitro and in vivo through the development of delivery strategies and the control of biophysical and biochemical cues. In this review, we present an overview of the state-of-the-art technologies for cell reprogramming and highlight the recent breakthroughs in engineering biomaterials with micro/nanotechnologies to improve reprogramming efficiency and quality. Finally, we discuss future directions and challenges for reprogramming technologies and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Yuan-Yu Hsueh
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine , National Cheng Kung University Hospital , Tainan 70456 , Taiwan
| | - Jennifer Soto
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Radiology , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angles , California 90095 , United States
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HORISAWA K, SUZUKI A. Direct cell-fate conversion of somatic cells: Toward regenerative medicine and industries. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:131-158. [PMID: 32281550 PMCID: PMC7247973 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells of multicellular organisms have diverse characteristics despite having the same genetic identity. The distinctive phenotype of each cell is determined by molecular mechanisms such as epigenetic changes that occur throughout the lifetime of an individual. Recently, technologies that enable modification of the fate of somatic cells have been developed, and the number of studies using these technologies has increased drastically in the last decade. Various cell types, including neuronal cells, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes, have been generated using these technologies. Although most direct reprogramming methods employ forced transduction of a defined sets of transcription factors to reprogram cells in a manner similar to induced pluripotent cell technology, many other strategies, such as methods utilizing chemical compounds and microRNAs to change the fate of somatic cells, have also been developed. In this review, we summarize transcription factor-based reprogramming and various other reprogramming methods. Additionally, we describe the various industrial applications of direct reprogramming technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi HORISAWA
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi SUZUKI
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: A. Suzuki, Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan (e-mail: )
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