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Beck E, Bausch-Jurken MT, Van de Velde N, Wang X, Malmenäs M. A Response to: A Letter to the Editor Regarding 'Comparative Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccines Among Older Adults: Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis Using the GRADE Framework'. Infect Dis Ther 2024:10.1007/s40121-024-01020-2. [PMID: 39180646 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-01020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ekkehard Beck
- Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Urquidi C, Sepúlveda-Peñaloza A, Valenzuela MT, Ponce A, Menares V, Cortes CP, Benítez R, Santelices E, Anfossi R, Moller A, Santolaya ME. Vaccine effectiveness in reducing COVID-19-related hospitalization after a risk-age-based mass vaccination program in a Chilean municipality: A comparison of observational study designs. Vaccine 2024; 42:3851-3856. [PMID: 38749822 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Case-control studies involving test-negative (TN) and syndrome-negative (SN) controls are reliable for evaluating influenza and rotavirus vaccine effectiveness (VE) during a random vaccination process. However, there is no empirical evidence regarding the impact in real-world mass vaccination campaigns against SARS-CoV-2 using TN and SN controls. OBJECTIVE To compare in the same population the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on COVID-19-related hospitalization rates across a cohort design, TN and SN designs. METHOD We conducted an unmatched population-based cohort, TN and SN case-control designs linking data from four data sources (public primary healthcare system, hospitalization registers, epidemiological surveillance systems and the national immunization program) in a Chilean municipality (Rancagua) between March 1, 2021 and August 31, 2021. The outcome was COVID-19-related hospitalization. To ensure sufficient sample size in the unexposed group, completion of follow-up in the cohort design, and sufficient time between vaccination and hospitalization in the case-control design, VE was estimated comparing 8-week periods for each individual. RESULTS Among the 191,505 individuals registered in the primary healthcare system of Rancagua in Chile on March 1, 2021; 116,453 met the cohort study's inclusion criteria. Of the 9,471 hospitalizations registered during the study period in the same place, 526 were COVID-19 cases, 108 were TN controls, and 1,628 were SN controls. For any vaccine product, the age- and sex-adjusted vaccine effectiveness comparing fully and nonvaccinated individuals was 67.2 (55.7-76.3) in the cohort design, whereas it was 67.8 (44.1-81.4) and 77.9 (70.2-83.8) in the TN and SN control designs, respectively. CONCLUSION The VE of a COVID-19 vaccination program based on age and risk groups tended to differ across the three observational study designs. The SN case-control design may be an efficient option for evaluating COVID-19 VE in real-world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthya Urquidi
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - María T Valenzuela
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander Ponce
- Information Technology Services, Development Department, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | | | - Claudia P Cortes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosana Benítez
- Infectious Diseases Department, Clínica Dávila, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio Santelices
- Policy and Innovation Center, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renato Anfossi
- Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo ÓHiggins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Andrea Moller
- Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo ÓHiggins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - María E Santolaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Camacho-Moll ME, Mata-Tijerina VL, Gutiérrez-Salazar CC, Silva-Ramírez B, Peñuelas-Urquides K, González-Escalante L, Escobedo-Guajardo BL, Cruz-Luna JE, Corrales-Pérez R, Gómez-García S, Bermúdez-de León M. The impact of comorbidity status in COVID-19 vaccines effectiveness before and after SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in northeastern Mexico: a retrospective multi-hospital study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1402527. [PMID: 38932780 PMCID: PMC11199416 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1402527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The end of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been declared by the World Health Organization on May 5, 2023. Several vaccines were developed, and new data is being published about their effectiveness. However, the clinical trials for the vaccines were performed before the Omicron variant appeared and there are population groups where vaccine effectiveness still needs to be tested. The overarching goal of the present study was to analyze the effects of COVID-19 vaccination before and after the Omicron variant in patients considering comorbidities in a population from Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Methods Epidemiological COVID-19 data from the Mexican Social Security Institute were collected from 67 hospitals located in northeastern Mexico, from July 2020 to May 2023, and a total of 669,393 cases were compiled, 255,819 reported a SARS-CoV-2 positive reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) test or a positive COVID-19 antigen rapid test. Results Before Omicron (BO, 2020-2021), after 14 days of two doses of COVID-19 vaccine, BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines were effective against infection in non-comorbid and all comorbid subgroups, whereas after Omicron (AO, 2022- 2023) there was no significant effectiveness against infection with none of the vaccines. Regarding hospitalization BO, BNT162b2, ChAdOx1, CoronaVac and mRNA-1273 significantly protected non-comorbid patients whereas BNT162b2, ChAdOx1, and mRNA-1273, protected all comorbid subgroups against hospitalization. AO, BNT162b2, ChAdOx1, CoronaVac and mRNA-1273 were effective against hospitalization in non-comorbid patients whereas for most comorbid subgroups BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 and CoronaVac were effective against hospitalization. Non-comorbid patients were protected against death as an outcome of COVID-19 during the BO period with most vaccines whereas a reduction in effectiveness was observed AO with mRNA-1273 vaccines in patients with hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Discussion BO, COVID-19 vaccines were effective against infection, hospitalization, and death whereas AO, COVID-19 vaccines failed to protect the population from COVID-19 infection. A varying effectiveness against hospitalization and death is observed AO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Camacho-Moll
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Northeast Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Viviana Leticia Mata-Tijerina
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Northeast Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | | | - Beatriz Silva-Ramírez
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Northeast Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Katia Peñuelas-Urquides
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Northeast Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Laura González-Escalante
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Northeast Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Brenda Leticia Escobedo-Guajardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Research of Diseases, Northeast Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Jorge Eleazar Cruz-Luna
- Medical Epidemiological Assistance Coordination of the State of Nuevo Leon, Mexican Social Security Institute, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Roberto Corrales-Pérez
- Medical Epidemiological Assistance Coordination of the State of Nuevo Leon, Mexican Social Security Institute, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Salvador Gómez-García
- Medical Epidemiological Assistance Coordination of the State of Nuevo Leon, Mexican Social Security Institute, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Mario Bermúdez-de León
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Northeast Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
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Post LA, Wu SA, Soetikno AG, Ozer EA, Liu Y, Welch SB, Hawkins C, Moss CB, Murphy RL, Mason M, Havey RJ, Lundberg AL. Updated Surveillance Metrics and History of the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2023) in Latin America and the Caribbean: Longitudinal Trend Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e44398. [PMID: 38568194 PMCID: PMC11129782 DOI: 10.2196/44398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In May 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic, with over 40% of worldwide COVID-19-related deaths at the time. This high disease burden was a result of the unique circumstances in LAC. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to (1) measure whether the pandemic was expanding or contracting in LAC when the WHO declared the end of COVID-19 as a public health emergency of international concern on May 5, 2023; (2) use dynamic and genomic surveillance methods to describe the history of the pandemic in the region and situate the window of the WHO declaration within the broader history; and (3) provide, with a focus on prevention policies, a historical context for the course of the pandemic in the region. METHODS In addition to updates of traditional surveillance data and dynamic panel estimates from the original study, we used data on sequenced SARS-CoV-2 variants from the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) to identify the appearance and duration of variants of concern (VOCs). We used Nextclade nomenclature to collect clade designations from sequences and Pangolin nomenclature for lineage designations of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, we conducted a 1-sided t test for whether the regional weekly speed (rate of novel COVID-19 transmission) was greater than an outbreak threshold of 10. We ran the test iteratively with 6 months of data across the period from August 2020 to May 2023. RESULTS The speed of pandemic spread for the region had remained below the outbreak threshold for 6 months by the time of the WHO declaration. Acceleration and jerk were also low and stable. Although the 1- and 7-day persistence coefficients remained statistically significant for the 120-day period ending on the week of May 5, 2023, the coefficients were relatively modest in magnitude (0.457 and 0.491, respectively). Furthermore, the shift parameters for either of the 2 most recent weeks around May 5, 2023, did not indicate any change in this clustering effect of cases on future cases. From December 2021 onward, Omicron was the predominant VOC in sequenced viral samples. The rolling t test of speed=10 became entirely insignificant from January 2023 onward. CONCLUSIONS Although COVID-19 continues to circulate in LAC, surveillance data suggest COVID-19 is endemic in the region and no longer reaches the threshold of the pandemic definition. However, the region experienced a high COVID-19 burden in the early stages of the pandemic, and prevention policies should be an immediate focus in future pandemics. Ahead of vaccination development, these policies can include widespread testing of individuals and an epidemiological task force with a contact-tracing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Ann Post
- Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Scott A Wu
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alan G Soetikno
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Egon A Ozer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yingxuan Liu
- Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sarah B Welch
- Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Claudia Hawkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Center for Global Communicable and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Charles B Moss
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robert L Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maryann Mason
- Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert J Havey
- Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Medicine, General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alexander L Lundberg
- Buehler Center for Health Policy and Economics, Robert J Havey, MD Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Zhang X, Li Y, Dai C, Chu Y, Luan C, Wang G. Safety and Efficacy of Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases and Serum Antibody Changes Post-Omicron Variant Infection. Rheumatol Ther 2024; 11:191-200. [PMID: 38175331 PMCID: PMC10796895 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-023-00630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine has a similar effectiveness and safety profile in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS Between August 10, 2021 and September 30, 2021, 134 HCs and 269 patients with RMDs were recruited. All participants who tested negative for COVID-19 were vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine. Next, 150 patients with RMDs and 30 HCs infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant within the previous 12 weeks were recruited between February 20, 2023 and March 1, 2023. Serum samples were collected from each participant, and the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 were determined using a chemiluminescence assay. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was found in the titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies, or in the incidence of vaccination-related adverse events between the RMD and HC groups (P = 0.183, P = 0.903, and P = 0.27, respectively). Serum IgG titers of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies were significantly higher in patients who received two or more doses of inactivated vaccine than in patients who were unvaccinated or had received one dose of vaccine (244.36 ± 109.79 vs. 66.20 ± 82.50; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines have similar protective effects in HCs and patients with RMDs, with an appreciable safety profile. Fully vaccinated patients with RMDs infected with the Omicron variant were able to produce effective neutralizing antibody concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Anqing Medical Center, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 352 Renmin Road, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Chunqing Dai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Anqing Medical Center, Anhui Medical University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Yaya Chu
- Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Chaoqi Luan
- Department of Laboratory, Anqing Medical Center, Anhui Medical University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Guihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Anqing Medical Center, Anhui Medical University, Anqing, Anhui, China.
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Padilla-Rivas GR, Santoyo-Suarez MG, Benitez-Chao DF, Galan-Huerta K, Villareal HF, Garza-Treviño EN, Islas JF. A panoramic view of hospitalized young children in the metropolitan area of the valley of Mexico during COVID-19. IJID REGIONS 2023; 9:72-79. [PMID: 37928801 PMCID: PMC10624577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives This work provides an overview of young children's (aged 0-9) infectious diseases epidemiology, by exploring the link between various comorbid conditions, COVID-19, and death rate. Methods Public data on hospitalized young children was obtained from national databases of the Mexican health care system from 2020-2022. Data included age, year of entry, gender, the time between admission to death (hospitalization time), date of death, comorbidities, and admissions to the intensive care unit. Children were separated into age groups and frequencies were calculated. Binary regression models were developed to determine the correlation of comorbidities and COVID-19 to death as calculated by odds ratios (OR). Results From 2020-2022, there were 11,815 hospitalizations among young children, of which 15.98% were due to COVID-19, 2.55% of hospitalizations resulted in fatalities from which 32.45% of deaths were COVID-19 related. The highest case-calculated fatality ratio of COVID-19 infected young children was estimated at 7.04% by early 2020, but dropped to 2.11% by the end of the second semester of 2022. The most frequent comorbidities associated with their hospitalization and death for the general population were intubation (OR: 17.967), pneumonia (OR: 2.263), diabetes (OR: 7.301), cardiovascular diseases (OR: 1.528) and COVID-19 (OR: 261). For the COVID-19-positive group, the most impactful comorbidities were intubation (OR: 20.232), pneumonia (OR: 3.057), and diabetes (OR: 12.824). Conclusion Children's hospitalizations and deaths were common during the pandemic; wherein major comorbidities played an important role. Therefore, effective comorbidity management and vaccination programs are essential to reduce hospitalizations and deaths among young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo R. Padilla-Rivas
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño, Monterrey, México
| | - Michelle G. Santoyo-Suarez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño, Monterrey, México
| | - Diego Francisco Benitez-Chao
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño, Monterrey, México
| | - Kame Galan-Huerta
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño, Monterrey, México
| | | | - Elsa N. Garza-Treviño
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño, Monterrey, México
| | - Jose Francisco Islas
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño, Monterrey, México
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