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Biondi A, Conter V, Chandy M, Ewald P, Lucia de Martino Lee M, Radhakrishnan VS, Rotchanapanya W, Scanlan P, Patrick Smith O, Togo B, Hokland P. Precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia-a global view. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:530-547. [PMID: 34931311 PMCID: PMC9300129 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As haematologists, we always seek to follow standardised guidelines for practice and apply the best treatment within our means for our patients with blood diseases. However, treatment can never follow an exact recipe. Opinions differ as to the best approach; sometimes more than one treatment approach results in identical outcomes, or treatments differ only by the manner in which they fail. Furthermore, the haematologist is faced with constraints relating to the local economic environment. Patients too are not the same the world over. Early presentation is commoner in the developed world, as is the patient’s understanding of the disease process. This in turn has an impact on the way patients are managed, the rigorousness of patient adhesion to the treatment schedule and the outcome. Here we take a look at the precursor B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in an adolescent in a range of different settings from low‐ to high income countries with widely differing challenges for diagnosis, therpy and follow‐up. For these reasons, given the same starting conditions, patients will be treated differently according to the institute and the country they are in. Experts from around the world have been tasked to describe their management plan and rationale for a specific disease presentation. Here they explore the management of precursor B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (pre‐B ALL) in five different institutions worldwide with a focus on those with more or less strained economies. We end with a conclusion from an expert in the field comparing and contrasting these different management styles and considering their merits and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Biondi
- Clinica Pediatrica, Fondazione MBBM, Università Milano Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentino Conter
- Clinica Pediatrica, Fondazione MBBM, Università Milano Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Mammen Chandy
- Department of Clinical Haematology Oncology and HCT, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Primus Ewald
- Muhimbili National Hospital and Tumaini la Maisha Children's Cancer Charity, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Vivek S Radhakrishnan
- Department of Clinical Haematology Oncology and HCT, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Wannaphorn Rotchanapanya
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Patricia Scanlan
- Muhimbili National Hospital and Tumaini la Maisha Children's Cancer Charity, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Owen Patrick Smith
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Boubacar Togo
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Gabriel Touré, Bamako, Mali
| | - Peter Hokland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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2
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Muñoz-Aguirre P, Huerta-Gutierrez R, Zamora S, Mohar A, Vega-Vega L, Hernández-Ávila JE, Morales-Carmona E, Zapata-Tarres M, Bautista-Arredondo S, Perez-Cuevas R, Rivera-Luna R, Reich MR, Lajous M. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Survival in Children Covered by Seguro Popular in Mexico: A National Comprehensive Analysis 2005-2017. Health Syst Reform 2021; 7:e1914897. [PMID: 34125000 DOI: 10.1080/23288604.2021.1914897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to measure survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) under Mexico's public health insurance for the population treated under Seguro Popular. A retrospective cohort study using claims data from Mexico's Seguro Popular program, covering cancer treatment from 2005 to 2015 was conducted. Overall 5-year national and state-specific survival for children with ALL across Mexico who initiated cancer treatment under this program was estimated. From 2005 to 2015, 8,977 children with ALL initiated treatment under Seguro Popular. Under this financing scheme, the annual number of treated children doubled from 535 in 2005 to 1,070 in 2015. The estimates for 5-year overall survival of 61.8% (95%CI 60.8, 62.9) remained constant over time. We observed wide gaps in risk-standardized 5-year overall survival among states ranging from 74.7% to 43.7%. We found a higher risk of mortality for children who received treatment in a non-pediatric specialty hospital (Hazards Ratio, HR = 1.18; 95%CI 1.09, 1.26), facilities without a pediatric oncology/hematology specialist (HR = 2.17; 95%CI 1.62, 2.90), and hospitals with low patient volume (HR = 1.22; 95%CI 1.13, 1.32). In a decade Mexico's Seguro Popular doubled access to ALL treatment for covered children and by 2015 financed the vast majority of estimated ALL cases for that population. While some progress in ALL survival may have been achieved, nationwide 5-year overall survival did not improve over time and did not achieve levels found in comparable countries. Our results provide lessons for Mexico's evolving health system and for countries moving toward universal health coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Huerta-Gutierrez
- Centre for Research on Population Health, INSP (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Salvador Zamora
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Mohar
- Epidemiology Unit, INCan (Instituto Nacional de Cancerología), Mexico City, Mexico.,Departement of Genetics and Environmenatl Toxicology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Vega-Vega
- Dirección General, Hospital Infantil Teletón de Oncología, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | | | - Marta Zapata-Tarres
- Division of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, National Institute of Paediatrics, Mexico City, México
| | - Sergio Bautista-Arredondo
- Centre for Research on Health Systems, INSP (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Perez-Cuevas
- Division of Social Protection and Health, Jamaica Country Office, Inter-American Development Bank, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Roberto Rivera-Luna
- Division of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, National Institute of Paediatrics, Mexico City, México
| | - Michael R Reich
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin Lajous
- Centre for Research on Population Health, INSP (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), Cuernavaca, Mexico.,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Bonilha TA, Obadia DDA, Valveson AC, Land MGP. Outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment in a single center in Brazil: A survival analysis study. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 5:e1452. [PMID: 34114751 PMCID: PMC8789616 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common neoplasm in childhood. The probability of current overall survival (OS) is around 90% in developed countries. There are few studies that demonstrate the results in Brazil. Aim This work aims to analyze the results of children with ALL treated at a single institution in Rio de Janeiro. Methods and results Retrospective analysis survival study of a cohort of childhood ALL patients treated in Hemorio. Kaplan–Meier and log‐rank methods were used for the analysis of OS and events‐free survival (EFS) and the Cox proportional hazards regression model for multivariate analysis. The probability of OS and EFS at 6 years was 52% and 45%. The probability of OS and EFS in 6 years for patients aged 10‐17 years was 31% and 28% and for the younger was 65% and 55%, respectively (p < .001). A probability of OS and EFS in 6 years for patients with more than 100 000 leukocytes/mm3 at diagnosis was 19% and 16% and those with less than 100 000 were 62% (p = .007) and 55% (p = .008). Those who received less than 10 doses of native Escherichia coli asparaginase had a probability of OS and EFS in 6 years of 27% and 21% and those who received at least 10 doses were 74% and 65% (p < .001). Conclusions The presence of a high number of adolescents and high‐risk patients, as well as many patients who discontinued the use of asparaginase or any substitute led to a lower probability of OS and EFS in our cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais A Bonilha
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto Estadual de Hematologia Arthur de Siqueira Cavalcanti - Hemorio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Clinical Medicine Post-Graduation Program, College of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle D A Obadia
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto Estadual de Hematologia Arthur de Siqueira Cavalcanti - Hemorio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andressa C Valveson
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto Estadual de Hematologia Arthur de Siqueira Cavalcanti - Hemorio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo G P Land
- Clinical Medicine Post-Graduation Program, College of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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4
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Wali R, Anjum S, Amjad A, Shaheen N, Khan SJ. Frequency of Infectious Mortality at the End of Induction Chemotherapy in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Lymphoma Patients: Findings From a Tertiary Care Cancer Center. Cureus 2021; 13:e13208. [PMID: 33717747 PMCID: PMC7943861 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective In low- and low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs), the incidence of treatment-related mortality (TRM) in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) is up to 52%. This study aimed to determine the mortality rate at the end of the induction phase of the treatment among patients with ALL and lymphoma at a tertiary care cancer center. Methods This retrospective study analyzed outcomes after induction chemotherapy in pediatric patients with acute leukemia and lymphoma at a tertiary care cancer center from January 2015 to December 2016. Information regarding demographics, clinical characteristics, and laboratory investigations were extracted and reviewed. Results Of the total 160 patients, 110 were males, and the mean age of the sample was 4.6 +2.8 years. B-cell leukemia (pre-B-ALL) was diagnosed in 84% (n=134), while 10% (n=6) had acute T-cell leukemia (pre-T-ALL) and 6% (n=10) had lymphoma. Sixteen patients (10%) died within the defined induction period, with 14 deaths occurring due to infections and two deaths resulting from chemotherapy-related toxicity. Conclusion Based on our findings, there is a significant prospect of mortality from infections during induction chemotherapy in patients with pediatric hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Wali
- Paediatric Oncology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, PAK
| | - Sadia Anjum
- Paediatric Oncology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, PAK
| | | | - Najma Shaheen
- Paediatric Oncology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, PAK
| | - Saadiya Javed Khan
- Paediatrics and Child Health, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, SAU
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5
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Totadri S, Trehan A, Kaur A, Bansal D. Effect of socio-economic status & proximity of patient residence to hospital on survival in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Indian J Med Res 2019; 149:26-33. [PMID: 31115371 PMCID: PMC6507537 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_579_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Survival in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in lower/middle income countries continues to lag behind outcomes seen in high-income countries. Socio-economic factors and distance of their residence from the hospital may contribute to this disparity. This study was aimed at identifying the impact of these factors on outcome in childhood ALL. Methods: In this retrospective study, file review of children with ALL was performed. Patients were treated with the modified United Kingdom (UK) ALL-2003 protocol. Details of socio-economic/demographic factors were noted from a web-based patients’ database. Modified Kuppuswamy scale was used to classify socio-economic status. Results: A total of 308 patients with a median age of five years (range: 1-13 yr) were studied. Patients belonging to upper, middle and lower SE strata numbered 85 (28%), 68 (22%) and 155 (50%). Nearly one-third of the patients were underweight. There was no treatment abandonment among children whose mothers were graduates. Neutropenic deaths during maintenance therapy were lower in mothers who had passed high school. In patients who survived induction therapy, the five year event-free survival (EFS) of upper SE stratum was significantly better 78.7±4.9 vs. 59±7.2 and 58.1±4.6 per cent in middle and lower strata (P=0.026). Five year overall survival was higher in the higher SE group; being 91.2±3.5, 78.3±5.6 and 78.8±3.9 per cent (P=0.055) in the three strata. Survival was unaffected by a distance of residence from treating centre or rural/urban residence. High-risk and undernourished children had a greater hazard of mortality [1.80 (P=0.015); 1.98 (P=0.027)]. Interpretation & conclusions: Our findings showed that higher socio-economic status contributed to superior EFS in children with ALL who achieved remission. Undernutrition increased the risk of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Totadri
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amita Trehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Appinderjit Kaur
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak Bansal
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Hafez HA, Soliaman RM, Bilal D, Hashem M, Shalaby LM. Early Deaths in Pediatric Acute Leukemia: A Major Challenge in Developing Countries. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2019; 41:261-266. [PMID: 30615014 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Children with acute leukemia may experience high treatment-related mortality, which often occurs early in the induction phase. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence and risk factors related to increased mortality during induction therapy of pediatric patients with acute leukemia. This is a retrospective study that included pediatric acute leukemia patients who presented to the National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, between January 2011 and December 2013. The study included 370 patients, 253 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 100 with acute myeloid leukemia, and 17 with mixed phenotype acute leukemia. The total and induction death rates were 40.5% and 19.2%, respectively. Most of the early deaths were attributed to infections (64.7%) and cerebrovascular accidents (18.3%). Using enhanced supportive care measures during 2013 had significantly reduced the overall and induction mortality rates (29% and 13.6%, respectively, in 2013 vs. 46% and 20.3% in 2011). Induction deaths in pediatric acute leukemia remain a major challenge in developing countries, and using enhanced supportive care measures is effective to improve the survival outcome in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dalia Bilal
- Biostatistics, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Research Department, Children's Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Delvin E, Alos N, Rauch F, Marcil V, Morel S, Boisvert M, Lecours MA, Laverdière C, Sinnett D, Krajinovic M, Dubois J, Drouin S, Lefebvre G, Samoilenko M, Nyalendo C, Cavalier E, Levy E. Vitamin D nutritional status and bone turnover markers in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors: A PETALE study. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:912-919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Cooney T, Fisher PG, Tao L, Clarke CA, Partap S. Pediatric neuro-oncology survival disparities in California. J Neurooncol 2018; 138:83-97. [PMID: 29417400 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate racial/ethnic differences in survival for pediatric high-grade glioma (HGG) and medulloblastoma in the state of California. We obtained data from the California Cancer Registry on 552 high-grade glioma patients (110 brainstem, 442 non-brainstem) and 648 medulloblastoma patients ages 0-19 years from 1988 to 2012. Using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression, we examined the impact of individual and neighborhood characteristics on survival. Socioeconomic quintile and insurance status differed significantly by race for both diagnoses. Hispanic children with non-brainstem HGG had worse survival than non-Hispanic white children: hazard ratio (HR) 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-2.11, but the difference was mitigated some by accounting for socioeconomic status (HR 1.48, CI 1.10-1.99). Racial/ethnic differences in survival exist for children with high-grade glioma, particularly Hispanic children with non-brainstem high-grade glioma, and are likely related to sociologic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha Cooney
- Division of Child Neurology, Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Paul G Fisher
- Division of Child Neurology, Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Christina A Clarke
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Partap
- Division of Child Neurology, Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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9
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Lins MM, Santos MDO, de Albuquerque MDFPM, de Castro CCL, Mello MJG, de Camargo B. Incidence and survival of childhood leukemia in Recife, Brazil: A population-based analysis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 28000427 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukemia is the most common pediatric cancer with incidence rates of around 48 per million for children under 15 years of age. The median age-adjusted incidence rate (AAIR) in children aged 0-14 years in Brazil is 53.3 per million. While overall survival rates for children with leukemia have improved significantly, data for incidence, trends, and relative survival among children and adolescents with leukemia in Recife, Brazil, remain incomplete, which hampers our analyses and provision of the best healthcare. The objective of this report is to provide that data. METHODS Data from the Population-Based Cancer Registry of Recife were analyzed from 1998 to 2007. Our analyses included frequencies and AAIR, together with age-specific incidence rates for all leukemias, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia. To evaluate incidence trends, joinpoint regression, including annual average percent change, were analyzed. Relative survival was calculated using the life-table method. RESULTS One hundred seventy-five cases were identified, 51% in females. The review reduced the not otherwise specified (NOS) leukemia category by 50% and diagnosis by death certificate only from 5.7% to 1.1%. The AAIR for leukemia was 41.1 per million, with a peak among children aged 1-4 (78.3 per million). Incidence trends during the period were stable. The five-year relative survival rate was 69.8%. CONCLUSIONS These data represent the incidence rate and survival of childhood leukemia in Recife, located in the northeast region of Brazil, using a high-quality database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mecneide Mendes Lins
- Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Pediatric Oncology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira-IMIP, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Marceli de Oliveira Santos
- Divisão de Vigilância e Análise de Situação Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância (Surveilance Division and Surveilance and Prevention Coordination Situation of Analysis) at Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Julia Gonçalves Mello
- Pediatric Research Center, Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira - IMIP, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Beatriz de Camargo
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Program, Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Martín-Trejo JA, Núñez-Enríquez JC, Fajardo-Gutiérrez A, Medina-Sansón A, Flores-Lujano J, Jiménez-Hernández E, Amador-Sanchez R, Peñaloza-Gonzalez JG, Alvarez-Rodriguez FJ, Bolea-Murga V, Espinosa-Elizondo RM, de Diego Flores-Chapa J, Pérez-Saldivar ML, Rodriguez-Zepeda MDC, Dorantes-Acosta EM, Núñez-Villegas NN, Velazquez-Aviña MM, Torres-Nava JR, Reyes-Zepeda NC, González-Bonilla CR, Flores-Villegas LV, Rangel-López A, Rivera-Luna R, Paredes-Aguilera R, Cárdenas-Cardós R, Martínez-Avalos A, Gil-Hernández AE, Duarte-Rodríguez DA, Mejía-Aranguré JM. Early mortality in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a developing country: the role of malnutrition at diagnosis. A multicenter cohort MIGICCL study. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:898-908. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1219904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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