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Talebi V, Alamdari KA, Patel DI. Simple and Complex Wheel Running Effect on Depression, Memory, Neuroinflammation, and Neurogenesis in Alzheimer's Rat Model. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1159-1167. [PMID: 38227543 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate 12 wk of simple and complex voluntary wheel running on Alzheimer's disease (AD), associated biomarkers, and behaviors. METHODS Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: healthy control (Con-Sed), AD only (AD-Sed), simple wheel control (SWC), complex wheel control (CWC), simple wheel AD (SWAD), and complex wheel AD (CWAD). Novelty-suppressed feeding test and the Morris water maze test were used to evaluate depression and memory, respectively. Ki67 was measured in the hippocampus, whereas interleukin (IL)-1β and neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2) were measured in both the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was performed. RESULTS AD-Sed group had significantly lower spacial memory ( P < 0.001) compared with Con-Sed. Simple and complex wheel running attenuated these deficits in the SWAD and CWAD groups, respectively ( P < 0.001). Only the CWAD group had significantly improved novelty-suppressed feeding test time compared with AD-Sed ( P < 0.001), equivalent to the healthy wheel running groups. AD-Sed has significantly higher hippocampal concentrations of Ki67 ( P = 0.01) compared with the Con-Sed. Both SWAD and CWAD had significantly reduced Ki67 with similar concentrations compared with the SWC and CWC groups ( P > 0.05). AD-Sed animals also presented with significantly higher hippocampal and prefrontal cortex concentrations of IL-1β compared with Con-Sed ( P < 0.001). SWAD and CWAD had no effect in changing these concentrations. Complex wheel running significantly increased NG2 in the healthy control and AD models, whereas simple wheel running significantly increased NG2 in the AD model. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that complex wheel running might be more advantageous in promoting memory and neuroplasticity while reducing depression that is associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Talebi
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, IRAN
| | - Karim Azali Alamdari
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, IRAN
| | - Darpan I Patel
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
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Vasconcelos I, von Hafe M, Adão R, Leite-Moreira A, Brás-Silva C. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and obesity: From fetal life to adulthood. Obes Rev 2024:e13763. [PMID: 38699883 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is among the most common chronic disorders, worldwide. It is a complex disease that reflects the interactions between environmental influences, multiple genetic allelic variants, and behavioral factors. Recent developments have also shown that biological conditions in utero play an important role in the programming of energy homeostasis systems and might have an impact on obesity and metabolic disease risk. The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) family of neuropeptides, as a central element of energy homeostasis, has been evaluated for its role in the pathophysiology of obesity. This review aims to summarize the relevance and effects of the CRH family of peptides in the pathophysiology of obesity spanning from fetal life to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Vasconcelos
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena von Hafe
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Adão
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Brás-Silva
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre-UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Yamazaki Y, Suwabe K, Nagano-Saito A, Saotome K, Kuwamizu R, Hiraga T, Torma F, Suzuki K, Sankai Y, Yassa MA, Soya H. A possible contribution of the locus coeruleus to arousal enhancement with mild exercise: evidence from pupillometry and neuromelanin imaging. Cereb Cortex Commun 2023; 4:tgad010. [PMID: 37323937 PMCID: PMC10267300 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute mild exercise has been observed to facilitate executive function and memory. A possible underlying mechanism of this is the upregulation of the ascending arousal system, including the catecholaminergic system originating from the locus coeruleus (LC). Prior work indicates that pupil diameter, as an indirect marker of the ascending arousal system, including the LC, increases even with very light-intensity exercise. However, it remains unclear whether the LC directly contributes to exercise-induced pupil-linked arousal. Here, we examined the involvement of the LC in the change in pupil dilation induced by very light-intensity exercise using pupillometry and neuromelanin imaging to assess the LC integrity. A sample of 21 young males performed 10 min of very light-intensity exercise, and we measured changes in the pupil diameters and psychological arousal levels induced by the exercise. Neuromelanin-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans were also obtained. We observed that pupil diameter and psychological arousal levels increased during very light-intensity exercise, which is consistent with previous findings. Notably, the LC contrast, a marker of LC integrity, predicted the magnitude of pupil dilation and psychological arousal enhancement with exercise. These relationships suggest that the LC-catecholaminergic system is a potential a mechanism for pupil-linked arousal induced by very light-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tannoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuya Suwabe
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University, 120 Ryugasaki, Ibaraki 301-0844, Japan
- Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nagano-Saito
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tannoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Ushiku Aiwa General Hospital, 896 Inoko-cho, Ushiku, Ibaraki 300-1296, Japan
| | - Kousaku Saotome
- Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kuwamizu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tannoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
- Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Taichi Hiraga
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tannoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Ferenc Torma
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tannoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sankai
- Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92679-3800, United States
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA 92679-3800, United States
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Corresponding author: Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology; Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan.
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Lee HY, Song SY, Hwang J, Baek A, Baek D, Kim SH, Park JH, Choi S, Pyo S, Cho SR. Very early environmental enrichment protects against apoptosis and improves functional recovery from hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1019173. [PMID: 36824441 PMCID: PMC9942523 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1019173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate rehabilitation of stroke patients at a very early phase results in favorable outcomes. However, the optimal strategy for very early rehabilitation is at present unclear due to the limited knowledge on the effects of very early initiation of rehabilitation based on voluntary exercise (VE). Environmental enrichment (EE) is a therapeutic paradigm for laboratory animals that involves complex combinations of physical, cognitive, and social stimuli, as well as VE. Few studies delineated the effect of EE on apoptosis in very early stroke in an experimental model. Although a minimal benefit of early rehabilitation in stroke models has been claimed in previous studies, these were based on a forced exercise paradigm. The aim of this study is to determine whether very early exposure to EE can effectively regulate Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis following hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury and improve neurobehavioral function. C57Bl/6 mice were housed for 2 weeks in either cages with EE or standard cages (SC) 3 h or 72 h after HI brain injury. Very early exposure to EE was associated with greater improvement in motor function and cognitive ability, reduced volume of the infarcted area, decreased mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and decreased oxidative stress. Very early exposure to EE significantly downregulated Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis, decreased expression of Fas, Fas-associated death domain, cleaved caspase-8/caspase-8, cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3, as well as Bax and Bcl-2, in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Delayed exposure to EE, on the other hand, failed to inhibit the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. This study demonstrates that very early exposure to EE is a potentially useful therapeutic translation for stroke rehabilitation through effective inhibition of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoo Young Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea,National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea,Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Young Song
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Hwang
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahreum Baek
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dawoon Baek
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungchul Choi
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonil Pyo
- Neuracle Science Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Sung-Rae Cho, ✉
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Nowacka-Chmielewska M, Grabowska K, Grabowski M, Meybohm P, Burek M, Małecki A. Running from Stress: Neurobiological Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Stress Resilience. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13348. [PMID: 36362131 PMCID: PMC9654650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress, even stress of a moderate intensity related to daily life, is widely acknowledged to be a predisposing or precipitating factor in neuropsychiatric diseases. There is a clear relationship between disturbances induced by stressful stimuli, especially long-lasting stimuli, and cognitive deficits in rodent models of affective disorders. Regular physical activity has a positive effect on the central nervous system (CNS) functions, contributes to an improvement in mood and of cognitive abilities (including memory and learning), and is correlated with an increase in the expression of the neurotrophic factors and markers of synaptic plasticity as well as a reduction in the inflammatory factors. Studies published so far show that the energy challenge caused by physical exercise can affect the CNS by improving cellular bioenergetics, stimulating the processes responsible for the removal of damaged organelles and molecules, and attenuating inflammation processes. Regular physical activity brings another important benefit: increased stress robustness. The evidence from animal studies is that a sedentary lifestyle is associated with stress vulnerability, whereas a physically active lifestyle is associated with stress resilience. Here, we have performed a comprehensive PubMed Search Strategy for accomplishing an exhaustive literature review. In this review, we discuss the findings from experimental studies on the molecular and neurobiological mechanisms underlying the impact of exercise on brain resilience. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective potential of preconditioning exercise and of the role of exercise in stress resilience, among other things, may open further options for prevention and therapy in the treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nowacka-Chmielewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Konstancja Grabowska
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Grabowski
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Burek
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrzej Małecki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
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Takano Y, Umezawa M, Kubota N, Takeda K, Yanagita S. Effects of music exposure during pregnancy on maternal behavior in mother rats. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10029. [PMID: 35991990 PMCID: PMC9382262 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the possibility of positive effects of exposure to music during pregnancy on mental function in humans and animals. Although there remains a core belief in the positive effects of music during pregnancy, the underlying neurobehavioral mechanisms of these effects remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to clarify the relationship between maternal nurturing behavior and the oxytocinergic system to elucidate the effect of music on mental health during pregnancy in an experimental investigation using animal models. Pregnant rats were exposed to Mozart sonatas, and their nurturing behavior after delivery was assessed using behavioral analyses. The neural activities of the oxytocinergic system, which are associated with nurturing behavior, were investigated using FosB immunohistochemistry. Music during pregnancy significantly increased the licking behavior of mothers towards pups, which is representative of positive nurturing behavior. In contrast, this alteration in maternal behavior was shown to have no marked effect on the structure or activity of the oxytocinergic system. This study provided possible evidence that exposure to music during pregnancy had a positive effect on postnatal maternal behavior. The results also suggest that the oxytocinergic system, considered a strong candidate for the neural system that regulates maternal behavior, may not be associated with this behavioral change. Understanding the relationship between other neural systems, physiological responses, and nurturing behaviors will provide a more comprehensive explanation of the mechanisms by which music exposure during pregnancy has a positive effect on mental health. Pregnant rats were exposed to Mozart sonatas and their nurturing behavior was investigated. Exposure to music during pregnancy has a positive effect on postnatal maternal behavior. Maternal behavior had no marked effect on the structure or activity of the oxytocinergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Takano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masakazu Umezawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kubota
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ken Takeda
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi 756-0884, Japan
| | - Shinya Yanagita
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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Tsuchida R, Yamaguchi T, Funabashi D, Koumi Y, Kita I, Nishijima T. Exercise type influences the effect of an acute bout of exercise on hippocampal neuronal activation in mice. Neurosci Lett 2022; 783:136707. [PMID: 35660647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of exercise on the hippocampus depend on exercise conditions. Exercise intensity is thought to be a dominant factor that influences the effects of exercise on the hippocampus; however, it is uncertain whether the type of exercise influences its effectiveness. This study investigated whether the effect of an acute bout of exercise on hippocampal neuronal activation differs between two different types of exercise: treadmill and rotarod exercise. The intensities of both exercises were matched at just below the lactate threshold (LT), based on blood lactate concentration. Immunohistochemical examination of c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, revealed that treadmill exercise at 15 m/min (T15) significantly increased c-Fos expression in all subfields of the hippocampus (dentate gyrus DG, CA1, CA3), but rotarod exercise at 30 rpm (R30) did not, as compared with the respective control groups. These results demonstrate that moderate treadmill exercise more efficiently evokes hippocampal neuronal activation than does intensity-matched rotarod exercise. This suggests that exercise type is another important factor affecting the effects of exercise on the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuki Tsuchida
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Taisei Yamaguchi
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Daisuke Funabashi
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yusuke Koumi
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kita
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishijima
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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Kovács LÁ, Füredi N, Ujvári B, Golgol A, Gaszner B. Age-Dependent FOSB/ΔFOSB Response to Acute and Chronic Stress in the Extended Amygdala, Hypothalamic Paraventricular, Habenular, Centrally-Projecting Edinger-Westphal, and Dorsal Raphe Nuclei in Male Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:862098. [PMID: 35592695 PMCID: PMC9110804 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.862098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
FOS proteins are early-responding gene products that contribute to the formation of activator protein-1. Several acute and chronic stimuli lead to Fos gene expression, accompanied by an increase of nuclear FOS, which appears to decline with aging. FOSB is another marker to detect acute cellular response, while ΔFOSB mirrors long-lasting changes in neuronal activity upon chronic stress. The notion that the occurrence of stress-related mood disorders shows some age dependence suggests that the brain's stress sensitivity is also a function of age. To study age-dependent stress vulnerability at the immediate-early gene level, we aimed to describe how the course of aging affects the neural responses of FOSB/ΔFOSB in the acute restraint stress (ARS), and chronic variable mild stress (CVMS) in male rats. Fourteen brain areas [central, medial, basolateral (BLA) amygdala; dorsolateral- (BNSTdl), oval- (BNSTov), dorsomedial-, ventral- (BNSTv), and fusiform- (BNSTfu) divisions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; medial and lateral habenula, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), centrally-projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, barrel field of somatosensory cortex (S1)] were examined in the course of aging. Eight age groups [1-month-old (M), 1.5 M, 2 M, 3 M, 6 M, 12 M, 18 M, and 24 M] of rats were exposed to a single ARS vs. controls. In addition, rats in six age groups (2, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 M) were subjected to CVMS. The FOSB/ΔFOSB immunoreactivity (IR) was a function of age in both controls, ARS- and CVMS-exposed rats. ARS increased the FOSB/ΔFOSB in all nuclei (except in BLA), but only BNSTfu, BNSTv, and PVN reacted throughout the examined lifespan. The CVMS did not increase the FOSB/ΔFOSB in BLA, BNSTov, BNSTdl, and S1. PVN showed a constantly maintained FOSB/ΔFOSB IR during the examined life period. The maximum stress-evoked FOSB/ΔFOSB signal was detected at 2-3 M periods in the ARS- and at 6 M, 18 M in CVMS- model. Corresponding to our previous observations on FOS, the FOSB/ΔFOSB response to stress decreased with age in most of the examined nuclei. Only the PVN exerted a sustained age-independent FOSB/ΔFOSB, which may reflect the long-lasting adaptation response and plasticity of neurons that maintain the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis response throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Ákos Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Research Group for Mood Disorders, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience & Szentagothai Research Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nóra Füredi
- Department of Anatomy, Research Group for Mood Disorders, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience & Szentagothai Research Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Ujvári
- Department of Anatomy, Research Group for Mood Disorders, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Abolfazl Golgol
- Department of Anatomy, Research Group for Mood Disorders, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Research Group for Mood Disorders, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Center for Neuroscience & Szentagothai Research Center, Pécs University, Pécs, Hungary
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Asano H, Moriya S, Hatakeyama T, Kobayashi S, Akimoto T, Ohta R, Kawaguchi M. Possible effects of voluntary exercise intensity on anxiety-like behavior and its underlying molecular mechanisms in the hippocampus: Results from a study in Hatano rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 427:113854. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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Bareiss SK, Johnston T, Lu Q, Tran TD. The effect of exercise on early sensorimotor performance alterations in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Res 2022; 178:60-68. [PMID: 35033583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function; however, recent evidence suggests that non-cognitive sensorimotor and psychomotor symptoms accompany early stages of the disease in humans and AD models. Although exercise is emerging as an important therapeutic to combat AD progression, little is known about the effect of exercise on sensorimotor domain functions. The purpose of this study was to determine if early sensorimotor symptoms accompany deficits in Morris water maze (MWM) performance in the 3xTg-AD model, and investigate if exercise could protect against early behavioral decline. 3xTg-AD and wild-type (WT) control mice were subjected to 12 weeks of moderate intensity wheel running or remained sedentary. At 6 months of age, animals underwent a series of sensorimotor and MWM testing. 3xTg-AD mice displayed deficits in sensorimotor function (beam traversal, spontaneous activity, and adhesive removal) and MWM performance. Interestingly, 3xTg-AD animals exhibited increased freezing and unusual shaking/tremoring behaviors not displayed by WT controls. Exercise improved beam traversal, adhesive removal, and reduced the unusual motor-related behaviors in 3xTg-AD mice. Our study shows that sensorimotor symptoms coincide with deficits in MWM performance, and suggest that exercise may mitigate deficits associated with early disease in 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja K Bareiss
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation and Movement Sciences, Bellarmine University, Louisville, KY 40205, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, United States; The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, East Carolina University, United States.
| | - Tyler Johnston
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, United States; The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, East Carolina University, United States.
| | - Tuan D Tran
- The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, East Carolina University, United States; Department of Psychology East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
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11
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Inhibition of nNOS in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus decreases exercise-induced hyperthermia. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:64-72. [PMID: 34536522 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is an important site for autonomic control, which integrates thermoregulation centers and sympathetic outflow to thermoeffector organs. PVN neurons express the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) whose expression is locally upregulated by physical exercise. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of nNOS in the PVN in the exercise-induced hyperthermia. Seven days after surgery, male Wistar rats received bilateral intra-PVN microinjections of the selective nNOS inhibitor Nw-Propyl-L-Arginine (NPLA) or vehicle (saline) and were submitted to an acute progressive exercise session on a treadmill until fatigue. Abdominal and tail skin temperature (Tabd and Ttail, respectively) were measured, and the threshold (Hthr; °C) and sensitivity (Hsen) for heat dissipation calculated. Performance variables were also collected. During the progressive exercise protocol, all animals displayed an increase in the Tabd. However, compared to vehicle group, the microinjection of NPLA in the PVN attenuated the exercise-induced hyperthermia. There was no difference in Ttail or Hthr between NPLA and control rats. In contrast, Hsen was increased in the NPLA group compared to vehicle. In addition, heat storage was lower in NPLA-treated animals. Despite the temperature differences, inhibition of nNOS in the PVN did not affect running performance on the treadmill. These results suggest that nitrergic signaling within the PVN, under nNOS activation, drives the increase of body temperature, being necessary for the proper thermal regulatory mechanisms during progressive exercise-induced hyperthermia.
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12
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Cheng H, Gu X, He Z, Yang Y. Dose-response relationship between working hours and hypertension: A 22-year follow-up study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25629. [PMID: 33879739 PMCID: PMC8078318 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension causes a substantial burden to society. Some studies found that hypertension was associated with the working type and working hours. The purpose of the current study is to assess the dose-response relationship between working hours and hypertension.Data of 12,080 adults aged 18 to 65 years who attended the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) between 1989 and 2011 were analyzed. Hypertension was determined based on systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure measures, or having doctor-diagnosed hypertension. Multivariable Cox regression and restricted cubic spline to assess the dose-response relationship between working hours and hypertension.A total of 12,080 participants including 5852 females and 6228 males. By the last follow-up (2011), a total of 830 participants were hypertensive, with an incidence of 6.9%. After adjusting socio-demographic, lifestyle factors, as well as occupation type, compared with those who worked 35 to 49 hours per week, participants who worked no more than 34 hours per week (HR: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.03-1.41) and at least 56 hours per week (HR: 1.38, 95%CI: 1.19-1.59) had a higher risk of hypertension. The significant association between long working hours (at least 56 hours per week) and hypertension was observed among females (HR: 1.38, 95%CI: 1.16-1.64) and males (HR: 1.36, 95%CI: 1.04-1.78). Among manual workers, the relationship between long working hours and hypertension was observed (HR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.10-2.02). The relationship between long working hours (HR: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.01-1.44) and short working hours (HR: 1.37, 95%CI: 1.16-1.61) and hypertension was observed among nonmanual workers. The hazard ratio of hypertension and working time displayed U-shape non-linear relationship (Ptrend < .001, non-linear P < .001). The non-linear response-dose relationship was found in manual worker, nonmanual worker, and male (Ptrend < .001, non-linear P < .001).The association between working time and hypertension showed U-shape relationship. Specifically, overtime work was an important occupational risk factors for adults, and short work time was related to hazard ratio of hypertension in nonmanual workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Shaanxi Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xi’an Jiaotong University, Department of Ultrasonography, Xi’an 710061
| | - Xuan Gu
- Xi’an Hospital of Civil Aviation, Xi’an 710082
| | - Zhenan He
- Shaanxi Institute of Medical Device Quality Supervision and Inspection, Xi’an 712046
| | - Yanqiu Yang
- Department of Ultasonography, The Fifth People's Hospital of Qinghai Province, China
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13
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Yang Y, Lagisz M, Foo YZ, Noble DWA, Anwer H, Nakagawa S. Beneficial intergenerational effects of exercise on brain and cognition: a multilevel meta-analysis of mean and variance. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1504-1527. [PMID: 33783115 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise not only helps to improve physical health but can also enhance brain development and cognition. Recent reports on parental (both maternal and paternal) effects raise the possibility that parental exercise may provide benefits to offspring through intergenerational inheritance. However, the general magnitude and consistency of parental exercise effects on offspring is still controversial. Additionally, empirical research has long overlooked an important aspect of exercise: its effects on variability in neurodevelopmental and cognitive traits. Here, we compiled data from 52 studies involving 4786 rodents (412 effect sizes) to quantify the intergenerational transmission of exercise effects on brain and cognition. Using a multilevel meta-analytic approach, we found that, overall, parental exercise showed a tendency for increasing their offspring's brain structure by 12.7% (albeit statistically non-significant) probably via significantly facilitating neurogenesis (16.5%). Such changes in neural anatomy go in hand with a significant 20.8% improvement in neurobehaviour (improved learning and memory, and reduced anxiety). Moreover, we found parental exercise significantly reduces inter-individual differences (i.e. reduced variance in the treatment group) in progeny's neurobehaviour by 10.2% (coefficient of variation ratio, lnCVR), suggesting the existence of an individual by intervention interaction. The positive effects of exercise are modulated by several covariates (i.e. moderators), such as the exercised parent's sex, offspring's sex, and age, mode of exercise, and exercise timing. In particular, parental forced exercise is more efficient than voluntary exercise at significantly improving offspring neurobehaviour (26.0%) and reducing its variability (14.2%). We observed larger effects when parental exercise started before pregnancy. However, exercising only during pregnancy also had positive effects. Mechanistically, exercise significantly upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by 28.9%, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by 35.8%, and significantly decreased hippocampal DNA methylation by 3.5%, suggesting that brain growth factor cascades and epigenetic modifications can moderate the transmission of parental exercise effects. Collectively, by coupling mean with variance effects, our analyses draw a more integrated picture of the benefits that parental exercise has on offspring: not only does it improve offspring brain development and cognitive performance, but it also reduces inter-individual differences in cognition-related traits. We advocate that meta-analysis of variation together with the mean of a trait provides novel insights for old controversies as well as emerging new questions, opening up a new era for generating variance-based hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefeng Yang
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Department of Biosystems Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yong Zhi Foo
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel W A Noble
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Hamza Anwer
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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14
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Effects of voluntary and forced exercises on motor function recovery in intracerebral hemorrhage rats. Neuroreport 2021; 31:189-196. [PMID: 31895749 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Motor paralysis is a severe consequence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) that reduces patient quality of life. Rehabilitation is beneficial for stroke patients. However, functional recovery depends on the exercise type, and which factors are effective during rehabilitation are unknown. We aimed to clarify the effect of voluntary and forced exercises for functional recovery in ICH rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: forced treadmill running (F-Ex.), voluntary wheel cage running (V-Ex.) and no exercise (Non-Ex.). The effects of the two exercises on motor recovery were analyzed by determining the motor deficit score and using the beam walking test. Stress and motivation status after rehabilitation were determined by corticosterone concentrations (ELISA) and immunoreactivity of ΔFosB (immunohistochemistry) in the nucleus accumbens, respectively. Significantly enhanced motor functional recovery was observed in the two trained groups compared with that in the Non-Ex. group. Of note, recovery in the V-Ex. group was greater than that in the F-Ex. group. To investigate the motivation and stress related to the exercises, the expression of ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens and corticosterone concentration were compared after rehabilitation. In the V-Ex. group, there was a significant increase of ΔFosB, and in the F-Ex. Group, there was a high concentration of corticosterone. These data suggest that the effect of training for motor recovery was enhanced by motivation and reduced by stress.
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15
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Morikawa R, Kubota N, Amemiya S, Nishijima T, Kita I. Interaction between intensity and duration of acute exercise on neuronal activity associated with depression-related behavior in rats. J Physiol Sci 2021; 71:1. [PMID: 33451281 PMCID: PMC10717066 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We examined the activities of serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) during acute treadmill running at different speeds (control, low, high) and durations (15, 30, 60 min) in male Wistar rats using c-Fos/5-HT or CRF immunohistochemistry. We also performed elevated plus maze test (EPM) and forced swim test (FST) after acute treadmill running in rats. Acute treadmill running at low speed, regardless of exercise duration, significantly increased c-Fos expression in 5-HT neurons in the DRN compared with controls, whereas high-speed running significantly activated 5-HT neurons only at 60-min duration. In contrast, c-Fos expression in CRF neurons in the PVN was enhanced in an intensity-dependent manner, regardless of exercise duration. c-Fos expression in 5-HT neurons in the DRN induced by the acute treadmill running for 30 or 60 min, but not 15 min, was positively correlated with the time spent on the open arms in the EPM and was negatively correlated with the immobility time in the FST. These results suggest an interaction between exercise intensity and duration on the antidepressant effects of acute physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Morikawa
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kubota
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Amemiya
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishijima
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kita
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
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16
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Voluntary Wheel Running Improves Spatial Learning Memory by Suppressing Inflammation and Apoptosis via Inactivation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B in Brain Inflammation Rats. Int Neurourol J 2020; 24:96-103. [PMID: 33271006 PMCID: PMC7731883 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2040432.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exercise has been shown to protect against diverse brain diseases. Voluntary exercise improves cognition and has a neuroprotective effect. The aim of this investigation is to study the effect of voluntary wheel running on brain inflammation in rats with regard to inflammation and apoptosis. Methods Brain inflammation was caused by intracranial injection of lipopolysaccharide using a stereotaxic instrument. Voluntary wheel running group were conducted during 21 consecutive days, staring 2 days after brain inflammation. Results Brain inflammation increased proinflammatory cytokine production and apoptosis cell death in the hippocampus. There changes in the hippocampus deteriorated spatial learning memory. However, voluntary wheel running suppressed the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic neuronal cell death via inactivation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/NF-κB inhibitor-α pathway. Voluntary wheel running also promoted the recovery of the spatial learning memory impairment. Conclusions Voluntary wheel running after brain inflammation enhanced spatial learning memory by suppressing proinflammatory cytokine secretion and apoptosis cell death. Voluntary wheel running is also expected to be effective in inflammatory diseases of the urogenital system.
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17
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Zhang P, Yang L, Li G, Jin Y, Wu D, Wang QM, Huang P. Agrin Involvement in Synaptogenesis Induced by Exercise in a Rat Model of Experimental Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020; 34:1124-1137. [PMID: 33135566 DOI: 10.1177/1545968320969939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agrin is a proteoglycan that aggregates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on neuromuscular junctions and takes part in synaptogenesis in the development of the central nervous system. However, its effects on neural repair and synaptogenesis after stroke are still unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effects of agrin on neural repair and synaptogenesis after stroke and the effects of exercise on this process in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Exercise with gradually increased intensity was initiated at 1 day after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for a maximum of 14 days. Neurological deficit scores and foot fault tests were used to assess the behavioral recovery. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic images were used to detect the expression of agrin, synaptogenesis-related proteins, and synaptic density in vivo. In vitro, the ischemic neuron model was established via oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The lentivirus overexpressed agrin and CREB inhibitor were used to investigate the mechanism by which agrin promoted synaptogenesis. RESULTS Exercise promoted behavioral recovery and this beneficial role was linked to the upregulated expression of agrin and increased synaptic density. Overexpressed agrin promoted synaptogenesis in OGD neuron, CREB inhibitor downregulated the expression of agrin and hampered synaptogenesis in cultured neurons. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that exercise poststroke improved the recovery of behavioral function after stroke. Synaptogenesis was an important and beneficial factor, and agrin played a critical role in this process and could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of stroke and other nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyue Zhang
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Liqiang Yang
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Guangxiang Li
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yaju Jin
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Danli Wu
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Qing Mei Wang
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Peidong Huang
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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18
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Leigh SJ, Kaakoush NO, Escorihuela RM, Westbrook RF, Morris MJ. Treadmill exercise has minimal impact on obesogenic diet-related gut microbiome changes but alters adipose and hypothalamic gene expression in rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:71. [PMID: 32831895 PMCID: PMC7437044 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise has been extensively utilised as an effective therapy for overweight- and obesity-associated changes that are linked to health complications. Several preclinical rodent studies have shown that treadmill exercise alongside an unhealthy diet improves metabolic health and microbiome composition. Furthermore, chronic exercise has been shown to alter hypothalamic and adipose tissue gene expression in diet-induced obesity. However, limited work has investigated whether treadmill exercise commenced following exposure to an obesogenic diet is sufficient to alter microbiome composition and metabolic health. Methods To address this gap in the literature, we fed rats a high-fat/high-sugar western-style cafeteria diet and assessed the effects of 4 weeks of treadmill exercise on adiposity, diet-induced gut dysbiosis, as well as hypothalamic and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue gene expression. Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to either regular chow or cafeteria diet and after 3 weeks half the rats on each diet were exposed to moderate treadmill exercise for 4 weeks while the remainder were exposed to a stationary treadmill. Results Microbial species diversity was uniquely reduced in exercising chow-fed rats, while microbiome composition was only changed by cafeteria diet. Despite limited effects of exercise on overall microbiome composition, exercise increased inferred microbial functions involved in metabolism, reduced fat mass, and altered adipose and hypothalamic gene expression. After controlling for diet and exercise, adipose Il6 expression and liver triglyceride concentrations were significantly associated with global microbiome composition. Conclusions Moderate treadmill exercise induced subtle microbiome composition changes in chow-fed rats but did not overcome the microbiome changes induced by prolonged exposure to cafeteria diet. Predicted metabolic function of the gut microbiome was increased by exercise. The effects of exercise on the microbiome may be modulated by obesity severity. Future work should investigate whether exercise in combination with microbiome-modifying interventions can synergistically reduce diet- and obesity-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Leigh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Nadeem O Kaakoush
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Rosa M Escorihuela
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
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19
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Chen CC, Chang CP. Development of a three-channel automatic climbing training system for rat rehabilitation after ischemic stroke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e8943. [PMID: 32555931 PMCID: PMC7296713 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20208943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of a three-channel automatic speed-matching climbing training system that could train three rats at the same time for rehabilitation after an ischemic stroke. An infrared (IR) remote sensor was installed at the end of each channel to monitor the real-time position of a climbing rat. This research was carried out in five stages: i) system design; ii) hardware circuit; iii) running speed control; iv) functional testing; and v) verification using an animal model of cerebral stroke. The rehabilitated group significantly outperformed the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) sedentary group in the rota-rod and inclined plate tests 21 days after a stroke. The rehabilitated group also had a cerebral infarction volume of 28.34±19.4%, far below 56.81±18.12% of the MCAo group 28 days after the stroke, validating the effectiveness of this training platform for stroke rehabilitation. The running speed of the climbing rehabilitation training platform was designed to adapt to the physical conditions of subjects, and overtraining injuries can be completely prevented accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chun Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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20
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Toval A, Vicente-Conesa F, Martínez-Ortega P, Kutsenko Y, Morales-Delgado N, Garrigos D, Alonso A, Ribeiro Do Couto B, Popović M, Ferran JL. Hypothalamic Crh/ Avp, Plasmatic Glucose and Lactate Remain Unchanged During Habituation to Forced Exercise. Front Physiol 2020; 11:410. [PMID: 32499715 PMCID: PMC7243680 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that physical activity contributes to a healthier life. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the neural mechanisms producing these effects. One of the keystones to deal with this problem is to use training programs with equal loads of physical activity. However, irregular motor and stress responses have been found in murine exercise models. Habituation to forced exercise facilitates a complete response to a training program in all rodents, reaching the same load of physical activity among animals. Here, it was evaluated if glucose and lactate - which are stress biomarkers - are increased during the habituation to exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats received an 8-days habituation protocol with progressive increments of time and speed of running. Then, experimental and control (non-habituated) rats were subjected to an incremental test. Blood samples were obtained to determine plasmatic glucose and lactate levels before, immediately after and 30 min after each session of training. Crh and Avp mRNA expression was determined by two-step qPCR. Our results revealed that glucose and lactate levels are not increased during the habituation period and tend to decrease toward the end of the protocol. Also, Crh and Avp were not chronically activated by the habituation program. Lactate and glucose, determined after the incremental test, were higher in control rats without previous contact with the wheel, compared with habituated and wheel control rats. These results suggest that the implementation of an adaptive phase prior to forced exercise programs might avoid non-specific stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Vicente-Conesa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paloma Martínez-Ortega
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yevheniy Kutsenko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicanor Morales-Delgado
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Histology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Daniel Garrigos
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonia Alonso
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ribeiro Do Couto
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miroljub Popović
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Luis Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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21
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Thomas R, Zimmerman SD, Yuede KM, Cirrito JR, Tai LM, Timson BF, Yuede CM. Exercise Training Results in Lower Amyloid Plaque Load and Greater Cognitive Function in an Intensity Dependent Manner in the Tg2576 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020088. [PMID: 32046299 PMCID: PMC7071605 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three months of exercise training (ET) decreases soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in an intensity dependent manner early in life in Tg2576 mice (Moore et al., 2016). Here, we examined the effects of 12 months of low- and high- intensity exercise training on cognitive function and amyloid plaque load in the cortex and hippocampus of 15-month-old Tg2576 mice. Low- (LOW) and high- (HI) intensity ET animals ran at speeds of 15 m/min on a level treadmill and 32 m/min at a 10% grade, respectively, for 60 min/day, five days/week, from 3 to 15 months of age. Sedentary mice (SED) were placed on a level, non-moving, treadmill for the same duration. ET mice demonstrated a significantly lower amyloid plaque load in the cortex and hippocampus that was intensity dependent. Improvement in cognitive function, assessed by Morris Water Maze and Novel Object Recognition tests, was greater in the HI group compared to the LOW and SED groups. LOW mice performed better in the initial latency to the platform location during the probe trial of the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test than SED, but not in any other aspect of MWM or the Novel Object Recognition test. The results of this study indicate that exercise training decreases amyloid plaque load in an intensity dependent manner and that high-intensity exercise training improves cognitive function relative to SED mice, but the intensity of the LOW group was below the threshold to demonstrate robust improvement in cognitive function in Tg2576 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (R.T.); (S.D.Z.); (B.F.T.)
| | - Scott D. Zimmerman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (R.T.); (S.D.Z.); (B.F.T.)
| | - Kayla M. Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (K.M.Y.); (J.R.C.)
| | - John R. Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (K.M.Y.); (J.R.C.)
- Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Leon M. Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Benjamin F. Timson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA; (R.T.); (S.D.Z.); (B.F.T.)
| | - Carla M. Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (K.M.Y.); (J.R.C.)
- Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-314-362-9001
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Booher WC, Reyes Martínez GJ, Ehringer MA. Behavioral and neuronal interactions between exercise and alcohol: Sex and genetic differences. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12632. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Winona C. Booher
- Institute for Behavioral GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Boulder Colorado
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado Boulder Colorado
| | - Guillermo J. Reyes Martínez
- Institute for Behavioral GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Boulder Colorado
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado Boulder Colorado
| | - Marissa A. Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Boulder Colorado
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado Boulder Colorado
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Lima PMA, Campos HO, Fóscolo DRC, Szawka RE, Wanner SP, Coimbra CC. The time-course of thermoregulatory responses during treadmill running is associated with running duration-dependent hypothalamic neuronal activation in rats. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2775-2786. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Nasehi M, Ghazalian F, Shakeri N, Nasehi M, Zarrindast MR. Influence of MLC901 Alone and with Moderate Exercise on Pain Response Concurrent Due to Stress of Male Mice. Galen Med J 2019; 8:e1253. [PMID: 34466479 PMCID: PMC8343824 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Physical exercise is known to have a positive effect on pain responses induced by stress, while chronic stress causes a negative effect on cognitive abilities. Depending on the type, duration, and intensity of the stressor, it can induce analgesia or hyperalgesia. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of traditional Chinese medicine MLC901 on stress processes have been reported. Here, the effects of MLC901 and moderate physical activity on pain response in restraint-stressed mice was investigated. Materials and Methods: Male NMRI mice were used in this study and were restrained in plexiglass mesh restrainers for induction of chronic restraint stress. Treadmill exercise was carried out for moderated exercise, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. MLC901 was intraperitoneally administered in the experimental groups. The pain response of the adult NMRI mice was detected via the hot-plate test. Results: It was showed that intraperitoneal administration of MLC901 dose (0.4 but not 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg; once/2 days; for 25 days) resulted in the decreased percentage of time in the hot plate, indicating hyperalgesia. Moreover, restraint stress for 3 but not 6 and 9 hours/day elicit hyperalgesia in mice. The data showed that subthreshold dose of MLC901 (0.1 mg/kg) reduced hyperalgesia in 3-day stressed mice. Moderate treadmill running (10 meters/min for 30 min/day, 5 days/ week) potentiated the effect of 6 and 9 days on pain (induced hyperalgesia) that was blocked by MLC901 (0.1 mg/kg). Conclusion: Our findings indicated that subthreshold dose of MLC901 alone or when it associated with moderate exercise decreased hyperalgesia induced by stress, indicating the protective effect of MLC901.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nasehi
- Department of physical education and sport sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Ghazalian
- Department of physical education and sport sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
- Correspondence to: Farshad Ghazalian, Department of physical education and sport sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Telephone Number: +9821-66402569 Email Address:
| | - Nader Shakeri
- Department of physical education and sport sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Voluntary, involuntary and forced exercises almost equally reverse behavioral impairment by regulating hippocampal neurotrophic factors and oxidative stress in experimental Alzheimer’s disease model. Behav Brain Res 2019; 364:245-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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26
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Tapp ZM, Godbout JP, Kokiko-Cochran ON. A Tilted Axis: Maladaptive Inflammation and HPA Axis Dysfunction Contribute to Consequences of TBI. Front Neurol 2019; 10:345. [PMID: 31068886 PMCID: PMC6491704 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year approximately 1.7 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the US alone. Associated with these head injuries is a high prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms including irritability, depression, and anxiety. Neuroinflammation, due in part to microglia, can worsen or even cause neuropsychiatric disorders after TBI. For example, mounting evidence demonstrates that microglia become “primed” or hyper-reactive with an exaggerated pro-inflammatory phenotype following multiple immune challenges. Microglial priming occurs after experimental TBI and correlates with the emergence of depressive-like behavior as well as cognitive dysfunction. Critically, immune challenges are various and include illness, aging, and stress. The collective influence of any combination of these immune challenges shapes the neuroimmune environment and the response to TBI. For example, stress reliably induces inflammation and could therefore be a gateway to altered neuropathology and behavioral decline following TBI. Given the increasing incidence of stress-related psychiatric disorders after TBI, the degree in which stress affects outcome is of particular interest. This review aims to highlight the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as a key mediator of stress-immune pathway communication following TBI. We will first describe maladaptive neuroinflammation after TBI and how stress contributes to inflammation through both anti- and pro-inflammatory mechanisms. Clinical and experimental data describing HPA-axis dysfunction and consequences of altered stress responses after TBI will be discussed. Lastly, we will review common stress models used after TBI that could better elucidate the relationship between HPA axis dysfunction and maladaptive inflammation following TBI. Together, the studies described in this review suggest that HPA axis dysfunction after brain injury is prevalent and contributes to the dynamic nature of the neuroinflammatory response to brain injury. Experimental stressors that directly engage the HPA axis represent important areas for future research to better define the role of stress-immune pathways in mediating outcome following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe M Tapp
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Brown BM, Peiffer J, Rainey-Smith SR. Exploring the relationship between physical activity, beta-amyloid and tau: A narrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 50:9-18. [PMID: 30615936 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several prospective cohort studies have reported an association between higher levels of physical activity and decreased risk of cognitive decline and dementia, years later. To support physical activity as a preventative measure against dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD; the most common form of dementia), evidence regarding the underlying mechanisms is vital. Here, we review previous work examining the role of physical activity in modulating levels of AD pathological hallmarks, beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau (in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and blood). Robust evidence from transgenic animal studies suggests that physical activity (voluntary wheel running) and exercise (forced wheel running) are implicated in lowering levels of brain Aβ and tau. Nevertheless, evidence from human studies, utilising measurements from positron emission tomography and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, is less consistent. Rigorous randomised controlled trials utilising long exercise interventions are vital to further understand the relationship between physical activity and Alzheimer's disease.
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28
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Kavalakatt S, Khadir A, Madhu D, Hammad M, Devarajan S, Abubaker J, Al-Mulla F, Tuomilehto J, Tiss A. Urocortin 3 Levels Are Impaired in Overweight Humans With and Without Type 2 Diabetes and Modulated by Exercise. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:762. [PMID: 31781037 PMCID: PMC6851015 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Urocortin3 (UCN3) regulates metabolic functions and is involved in cellular stress response. Although UCN3 is expressed in human adipose tissue, the association of UCN3 with obesity and diabetes remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and increased body weight on the circulatory and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) levels of UCN3 and assessed UCN3 modulation by a regular physical exercise. Normal-weight (n = 37) and overweight adults with and without T2D (n = 98 and n = 107, respectively) were enrolled in the study. A subset of the overweight subjects (n = 39 for each group) underwent a supervised 3-month exercise program combining both moderate intensity aerobic exercise and resistance training with treadmill. UCN3 levels in SAT were measured by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. Circulatory UCN3 in plasma was assessed by ELISA and was correlated with various clinical and metabolic markers. Our data revealed that plasma UCN3 levels decreased in overweight subjects without T2D compared with normal-weight controls [median; 11.99 (0.78-86.07) and 6.27 (0.64-77.04), respectively; p < 0.001], whereas plasma UCN3 levels increased with concomitant T2D [median; 9.03 (0.77-104.92) p < 0.001]. UCN3 plasma levels were independently associated with glycemic index; fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c (r = 0.16 and r = 0.20, p < 0.05, respectively) and were significantly different between both overweight, with and without T2D, and normal-weight individuals (OR = 2.11 [1.84-4.11, 95% CI] and OR = 2.12 [1.59-3.10, 95% CI], p < 0.01, respectively). Conversely, the UCN3 patterns observed in SAT were opposite to those in circulation; UCN3 levels were significantly increased with body weight and decreased with T2D. After a 3-month supervised exercise protocol, UCN3 expression showed a significant reduction in SAT of both overweight groups (2.3 and 1.6-fold change; p < 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, UCN levels are differentially dysregulated in obesity in a tissue-dependent manner and can be mitigated by regular moderate physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Kavalakatt
- Research Division, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abdelkrim Khadir
- Research Division, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Dhanya Madhu
- Research Division, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Maha Hammad
- Research Division, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - Jehad Abubaker
- Research Division, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ali Tiss
- Research Division, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- *Correspondence: Ali Tiss
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McMorris T, Barwood M, Corbett J. Central fatigue theory and endurance exercise: Toward an interoceptive model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 93:93-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Trott DW, Henson GD, Ho MHT, Allison SA, Lesniewski LA, Donato AJ. Age-related arterial immune cell infiltration in mice is attenuated by caloric restriction or voluntary exercise. Exp Gerontol 2018; 109:99-107. [PMID: 28012941 PMCID: PMC5481497 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-related arterial inflammation is associated with dysfunction of the arteries and increased risk for cardiovascular disease. To determine if aging increases arterial immune cell infiltration as well as the populations of immune cells principally involved, we tested the hypothesis that large elastic and resistance arteries in old mice would exhibit increased immune cell infiltration compared to young controls. Additionally, we hypothesized that vasoprotective lifestyle interventions such as lifelong caloric restriction or 8weeks of voluntary wheel running would attenuate age-related arterial immune cell infiltration. The aorta and mesenteric vasculature with surrounding perivascular adipose was excised from young normal chow (YNC, 4-6months, n=10), old normal chow (ONC, 28-29months, n=11), old caloric restricted (OCR, 28-29months, n=9), and old voluntary running (OVR, 28-29months, n=5) mice and digested to a single cell suspension. The cells were then labeled with antibodies against CD45 (total leukocytes), CD3 (pan T cells), CD4 (T helper cells), CD8 (cytotoxic T cells), CD19 (B cells), CD11b, and F4/80 (macrophages) and analyzed by flow cytometry. Total leukocytes, T cells (both CD4+ and CD8+ subsets), B cells, and macrophages in both aorta and mesentery were all 5- to 6-fold greater in ONC compared to YNC. Age-related increases in T cell (both CD4+ and CD8+), B cell, and macrophage infiltration in aorta were abolished in OCR mice. OVR mice exhibited 50% lower aortic T cell and normalized macrophage infiltration. B cell infiltration was not affected by VR. Age-related mesenteric CD8+ T cell and macrophage infiltration was normalized in OCR and OVR mice compared to young mice, whereas B cell infiltration was normalized by CR but not VR. Splenic CD4+ T cells from ONC mice exhibited a 3-fold increase in gene expression for the T helper (Th) 1 transcription factor, Tbet, and a 4-fold increase in FoxP3, a T regulatory cell transcription factor, compared to YNC. Splenic B cells and mesenteric macrophages from old mice exhibited decreased proinflammatory cytokine gene expression regardless of treatment group. These results demonstrate that aging is associated with infiltration of immune cells around both the large-elastic and resistance arteries and that the vasoprotective lifestyle interventions, CR and VR, can ameliorate age-related arterial immune cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Trott
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Grant D Henson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mi H T Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sheilah A Allison
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa A Lesniewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Biochemistry,University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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31
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Zhang N, Yang L, Guo L, Bi S. Activation of Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Neurons Promotes Physical Activity and Decreases Food Intake and Body Weight in Zucker Fatty Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:179. [PMID: 29896090 PMCID: PMC5987017 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that running wheel activity or voluntary exercise prevents hyperphagia and obesity in various animal models of obesity, but such effects seem only minimal in obese animals lacking leptin or leptin receptors. The mechanisms underlying this ineffectiveness remain unclear. Here, we identified the action of neuronal activation in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) in modulating physical activity, food intake and body weight using leptin receptor mutant obese Zucker (Lepr(fa), ZF) and Koletsky (Lepr(fak), SHROB) rats. Ad lib-fed SHROB rats with locked running wheels became hyperphagic and gained body weight rapidly. These alterations were not ameliorated in ad lib-fed SHROB rats with voluntary access to running wheels, but the body weight of SHROB rats with running wheel access was significantly decreased when they were pair-fed to the amounts consumed by lean controls. Determinations of hypothalamic gene expression revealed that sedentary ad lib-fed SHROB rats had increased expression of neuropeptide Y (Npy) and decreased expression of pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Both ARC Npy and Pomc expression were further altered under running and pair-fed conditions, indicating that both genes are appropriately regulated in response to increased energy demands or alterations caused by running activity and food restriction. Strikingly, c-Fos immunohistochemistry revealed that while voluntary running activity elevated the number of c-Fos positive cells in the DMH (particularly in the ventral and caudal subregions) of intact rats, such activation was not observed in ZF rats. Using adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of the designer receptors hM3D(Gq) in the ventral and caudal DMH of ZF rats, we found that chemogenetic stimulation of neurons in these DMH subregions via injection of the designer drug clozapine N-oxide (CNO) significantly increased their running activity and reduced their food intake and body weight. Together, these results demonstrate that activation of ventral and caudal DMH neurons promotes physical activity and decreases food intake and body weight and suggest that intact DMH neural signaling is likely crucial for exercise-induced reductions of food intake and body weight in obese rats lacking leptin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lanting Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Bi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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32
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Pietrelli A, Di Nardo M, Masucci A, Brusco A, Basso N, Matkovic L. Lifelong Aerobic Exercise Reduces the Stress Response in Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 376:94-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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33
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Copes LE, Schutz H, Dlugsoz EM, Judex S, Garland T. Locomotor activity, growth hormones, and systemic robusticity: An investigation of cranial vault thickness in mouse lines bred for high endurance running. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:442-458. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. E. Copes
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter MD School of MedicineQuinnipiac UniversityHamden Connecticut06518
| | - H. Schutz
- Department of BiologyPacific Lutheran UniversityTacoma Washington, DC98447
| | - E. M. Dlugsoz
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, Riverside California92521
| | - S. Judex
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringStony Brook UniversityStony Brook New York11794
| | - T. Garland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, Riverside California92521
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34
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Yuede CM, Timson BF, Hettinger JC, Yuede KM, Edwards HM, Lawson JE, Zimmerman SD, Cirrito JR. Interactions between stress and physical activity on Alzheimer's disease pathology. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 8:158-171. [PMID: 29888311 PMCID: PMC5991353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and stress are both environmental modifiers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Animal studies of physical activity in AD models have largely reported positive results, however benefits are not always observed in either cognitive or pathological outcomes and inconsistencies among findings remain. Studies using forced exercise may increase stress and mitigate some of the benefit of physical activity in AD models, while voluntary exercise regimens may not achieve optimal intensity to provide robust benefit. We evaluated the findings of studies of voluntary and forced exercise regimens in AD mouse models to determine the influence of stress, or the intensity of exercise needed to outweigh the negative effects of stress on AD measures. In addition, we show that chronic physical activity in a mouse model of AD can prevent the effects of acute restraint stress on Aβ levels in the hippocampus. Stress and physical activity have many overlapping and divergent effects on the body and some of the possible mechanisms through which physical activity may protect against stress-induced risk factors for AD are discussed. While the physiological effects of acute stress and acute exercise overlap, chronic effects of physical activity appear to directly oppose the effects of chronic stress on risk factors for AD. Further study is needed to identify optimal parameters for intensity, duration and frequency of physical activity to counterbalance effects of stress on the development and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin F Timson
- Biomedical Science Department, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Jane C Hettinger
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kayla M Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hannah M Edwards
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin E Lawson
- Biomedical Science Department, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Scott D Zimmerman
- Biomedical Science Department, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - John R Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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35
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Müller ST, Keiler AM, Kräker K, Zierau O, Bernhardt R. Influence of estrogen on individual exercise motivation and bone protection in ovariectomized rats. Lab Anim 2018; 52:479-489. [PMID: 29426272 DOI: 10.1177/0023677218756455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone protection and metabolism are directly linked to estrogen levels, but exercise is also considered to have bone protective effects. Reduced estrogen levels lead to a variety of disorders, for example, bone loss and reduced movement drive. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of estrogen on individual voluntary exercise motivation and bone protection. We investigated sham operated, ovariectomized, and ovariectomized with estrogen supplemented Wistar rats (20 weeks old) either with or without access to exercise wheels. We selected an experimental approach where we could monitor the individual exercise of group-housed rats with ad libitum access to a running wheel with the help of a subcutaneous chip. In vivo and ex vivo microcomputed tomography analyses of the tibia were performed at two-week intervals from week 0 to week 6. Furthermore, tibial trabecular structure was evaluated based on histomorphometric analyses. We observed a significant bone protective effect of E2. For exercise performance, a substantially high intra-group variability was observed, especially in the E2 group. We presume that dominant behavior occurs within the group-housed rats resulting in a hierarchical access to the running wheel and a high variability of distance run. Exercise did not prevent ovariectomy-induced bone loss. However, lack of estrogen within the ovariectomized rats led to a drastically reduced activity prevented by estrogen supplementation. Our findings are important for future studies working with group-housed rats and exercise. The reason for the high intra-group variability in exercise needs to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian T Müller
- 1 Institute for Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Annekathrin M Keiler
- 1 Institute for Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.,2 Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Kristin Kräker
- 3 Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- 1 Institute for Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Ricardo Bernhardt
- 4 Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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Buss LA, Dachs GU. Voluntary exercise slows breast tumor establishment and reduces tumor hypoxia in ApoE -/- mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:938-949. [PMID: 29357514 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00738.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise reduces the risk of breast cancer development and improves survival in breast cancer patients. However, the underlying mechanisms of this protective effect remain to be fully elucidated, and it is unclear whether exercise can attenuate the protumor effects of obesity and related hyperlipidemia on breast cancer growth and development. We hypothesized that exercise attenuates the negative effect of hyperlipidemia through normalization of the tumor microenvironment and improved T cell infiltrate. Hyperlipidemic ApoE-/- mice with orthotopic EO771 breast tumors were randomly assigned to one of two voluntary running groups or sedentary controls, and muscular cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX-IV) expression was used as a biomarker for the level of exercise. Tumors from mice with high muscular COX-IV expression took significantly longer to reach 100 mm3 ( P = 0.008), but showed no difference in growth rate once the tumor was established. Wheel running appeared to reduce internal metastases, but did not affect T cell infiltrate or the proportion of regulatory and cytotoxic T cells within the tumor. Serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were significantly increased by tumor burden ( P = 0.02) and correlated with spleen weight ( P < 0.0001, R = 0.65). Furthermore, tumor hypoxia was significantly decreased in mice with high muscular COX-IV expression ( P = 0.01). Taken together, these results indicate that wheel running can slow the establishment of primary and secondary EO771 breast tumors and induce beneficial changes in the breast tumor microenvironment in ApoE-/- mice. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this first study to investigate the effect of exercise on tumor behavior in a hyperlipidemic model, we hypothesized that wheel running would counteract the protumorigenic environment generated by hyperlipidemia. Wheel running slowed establishment of primary and secondary tumors and reduced tumor hypoxia but did not affect exponential tumor growth in ApoE-/- mice. Overall, voluntary wheel running induced favorable microenvironmental changes in breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Buss
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Gabi U Dachs
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
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Nishii A, Amemiya S, Kubota N, Nishijima T, Kita I. Adaptive Changes in the Sensitivity of the Dorsal Raphe and Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nuclei to Acute Exercise, and Hippocampal Neurogenesis May Contribute to the Antidepressant Effect of Regular Treadmill Running in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:235. [PMID: 29225572 PMCID: PMC5705550 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing clinical evidence suggests that regular physical exercise can prevent or reduce the incidence of stress-related psychiatric disorders including depressive symptoms. Antidepressant effect of regular exercise may be implicated in monoaminergic transmission including serotonergic transmission, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and hippocampal neurogenesis, but few general concepts regarding the optimal exercise regimen for stimulating neural mechanisms involved in antidepressant properties have been developed. Here, we examined how 4 weeks of treadmill running at different intensities (0, 15, 25 m/min, 60 min/day, 5 times/week) alters neuronal activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), which is the major source of serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the central nervous system, and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), in which corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons initiate the activation of the HPA axis, during one session of acute treadmill running at different speeds (0, 15, 25 m/min, 30 min) in male Wistar rats, using c-Fos immunohistochemistry. We also examined neurogenesis in the hippocampus using immunohistochemistry for doublecortin (DCX) and assessed depressive-like behavior using the forced swim test after regular exercise for 4 weeks. In the pre-training period, acute treadmill running at low speed, but not at high speed, increased c-Fos positive nuclei in the DRN compared with the sedentary control. The number of c-Fos positive nuclei in the PVN during acute treadmill running was increased in a running speed-dependent manner. Regular exercise for 4 weeks, regardless of the training intensity, induced an enhancement of c-Fos expression in the DRN during not only low-speed but also high-speed acute running, and generally reduced c-Fos expression in the PVN during acute running compared with pre-training. Furthermore, regular treadmill running for 4 weeks enhanced DCX immunoreactivity in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), and resulted in decreased depressive-like behavior, regardless of the training intensity. These results suggest that long-term repeated exercise, regardless of the training intensity, improves depressive-like behavior through adaptive changes in the sensitivity of DRN and PVN neurons to acute exercise, and hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayu Nishii
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Amemiya
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kubota
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishijima
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kita
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
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Cahill LS, Bishop J, Gazdzinski LM, Dorr A, Stefanovic B, Sled JG. Altered cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular function after voluntary exercise in adult mice. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3395-3405. [PMID: 28391400 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of physical exercise on brain health are well documented, yet how exercise modulates cerebrovascular function is not well understood. This study used continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging with a hypercapnic challenge to examine changes in cerebral blood flow and vascular function after voluntary exercise in healthy, adult mice. Thirty exercise mice and twenty-one control mice were imaged prior to the start of the exercise regime (at 12 weeks of age) and after 4 weeks of voluntary exercise. After the second in vivo imaging session, we performed high-resolution ex vivo anatomical brain imaging to correlate the structural brain changes with functional measures of flow and vascular reserve. We found that exercise resulted in increases in the normocapnic and hypercapnic blood flow in the hippocampus. Moreover, the change in normocapnic blood flow between pre-exercise and post-exercise was positively correlated to the hippocampal structure volume following exercise. There was no overall effect of voluntary exercise on blood flow in the motor cortex. Surprisingly, the hypercapnic hippocampal blood flow when measured prior to the start of exercise was predictive of subsequent exercise activity. Moreover, exercise was found to normalize this pre-existing difference in hypercapnic blood flow between mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S Cahill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2H7, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Bishop
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2H7, Canada
| | - Lisa M Gazdzinski
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2H7, Canada
| | | | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2H7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Rezaei S, Agha-Alinejad H, Molanouri Shamsi M, Jafari M, Azevedo Voltarelli F, Naderi A, Earnest C. Evaluation of efforts in untrained Wistar rats following exercise on forced running wheel at maximal lactate steady state. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2017; 21:26-32. [PMID: 28712262 PMCID: PMC5508056 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2017.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] We aimed to examine the effect of running speed on metabolic responses associated with maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in rats during forced running wheel (FRW) exercise.
[Methods] Forty male adult Wistar rats were divided into seven groups. The blood lactate threshold and peak running speed were determined for an incremental power test group. Five groups participated in constant power tests at intensities 10, 13, 14.5, 16, and 17.5 m/min to determine MLSS and a non-exercise group was chosen as the control. Animals were euthanized immediately after constant power tests and their corticosterone, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), blood glucose, and creatine kinase (CK) levels analyzed. The differences among groups were identified by one-way analysis of variance (p < 0.05).
[Results] Blood lactate threshold corresponded a running intensity of 15 m/min, while MLSS was determined to be 16 m/min. Serum corticosterone concentrations were significantly higher in 14.5, 16, and 17.5 m/min groups (298.8±62, 338.3±65, and 354±26 nM, respectively) as compared to that in the control group (210.6±16 nM). Concentrations of NEFA observed in groups 13, 14.5, 16, and 17.5 m/min (662.8±24, 702.35±69, 718.4±34, and 752.8±77 μM, respectively) were significantly higher than those in 10 m/min and control groups (511.1±53 and 412.1±56 μM, respectively). The serum CK concentration recorded for group 17.5 m/min (372.4±56 U/L) was higher than those recorded for other groups.
[Conclusion] The speed above 16 m/min on FRW resulted in increased physiological demands and muscle damage in untrained healthy Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Rezaei
- Physical Education & Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Agha-Alinejad
- Physical Education & Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Molanouri Shamsi
- Physical Education & Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahvash Jafari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fabricio Azevedo Voltarelli
- Graduation Program of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Alireza Naderi
- Department of Sport Physiology, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Iran
| | - Conrad Earnest
- Exercise Science and Sport Nutrition, College Station, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
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Toval A, Baños R, De la Cruz E, Morales-Delgado N, Pallarés JG, Ayad A, Tseng KY, Ferran JL. Habituation Training Improves Locomotor Performance in a Forced Running Wheel System in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:42. [PMID: 28337132 PMCID: PMC5340750 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports that physical activity promotes mental health; and regular exercise may confer positive effects in neurological disorders. There is growing number of reports that requires the analysis of the impact of physical activity in animal models. Exercise in rodents can be performed under voluntary or forced conditions. The former presents the disadvantage that the volume and intensity of exercise varies from subject to subject. On the other hand, a major challenge of the forced training protocol is the low level of performance typically achieved within a given session. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gradual increasing of the volume and intensity (training habituation protocol) to improve the locomotor performance in a forced running-wheel system in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either a group that received an exercise training habituation protocol, or a control group. The locomotor performance during forced running was assessed by an incremental exercise test. The experimental results reveal that the total running time and the distance covered by habituated rats was significantly higher than in control ones. We conclude that the exercise habituation protocol improves the locomotor performance in forced running wheels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Raúl Baños
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Ernesto De la Cruz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicanor Morales-Delgado
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Jesús G Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Abdelmalik Ayad
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Kuei Y Tseng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jose L Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
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Koo JH, Kang EB, Oh YS, Yang DS, Cho JY. Treadmill exercise decreases amyloid-β burden possibly via activation of SIRT-1 signaling in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 288:142-152. [PMID: 27889467 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) correlates significantly with progressive cognitive deficits, a main symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although treadmill exercise reduces Aβ levels, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects are not fully understood. We hypothesize that treadmill exercise decreases Aβ production and alleviates cognitive deficits by activating the non-amyloidogenic pathway via SIRT-1 signaling. Treadmill exercise improved cognitive deficits and alleviated neurotoxicity. Most importantly, treadmill exercise increased SIRT-1 level, which subsequently resulted in increased ADAM-10 level by down-regulation of ROCK-1 and upregulation of RARβ, ultimately facilitating the non-amyloidogenic pathway. Treadmill exercise-induced activation in SIRT-1 level also elevated PGC-1α level and reduced BACE-1 and C-99 level, resulting in inhibition of the amyloidogenic pathway. Treadmill exercise may thus inhibit Aβ production via upregulation of SIRT-1, which biases amyloid precursor protein processing toward the non-amyloidogenic pathway. This study provides novel and valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms possibly by which treadmill exercise reduces Aβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Koo
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 138-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Bum Kang
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 138-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Sung Oh
- Department of Exercise Prescription, University of Seoul, Seoul 163, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seung Yang
- Department of Taekwondo Studies, University of Gachon, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joon-Yong Cho
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 138-763, Republic of Korea.
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Machado FSM, Fóscolo DRC, Poletini MO, Coimbra CC. Influence of Time-of-Day on Maximal Exercise Capacity Is Related to Daily Thermal Balance but Not to Induced Neuronal Activity in Rats. Front Physiol 2016; 7:464. [PMID: 27790157 PMCID: PMC5063920 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether the daily fluctuations of internal body temperature (Tb) and spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) interact with the thermal and neuronal adjustments induced by high-intensity aerobic exercise until fatigue. The body temperature and SLA of adult Wistar rats (n = 23) were continuously recorded by telemetry for 48 h. Then, the rats were subjected to a protocol of graded exercise until fatigue or rest on the treadmill during light and dark-phases. Tb, tail skin temperature and ambient temperature during each experimental session were recorded. At the end of the last experimental session, the animals were anaesthetized; the brains were perfused and removed for immunohistochemical analysis of c-fos neuronal activation. The daily rhythms of SLA and Tb were strongly correlated (r = 0.88 and p < 0.001), and this was followed by a daily oscillation in both the ratio and the correlation index between these variables (p < 0.001). Exercise capacity was associated with a lower resting Tb (p < 0.01) and was higher in the light-phase (p < 0.001), resulting in an increased capacity to accumulate heat during exercise (p < 0.01). Independent of time-of-day, high intensity exercise strongly activated the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the supra-optic nucleus (SON) and the locus coeruleus (LC) (p < 0.001) but not the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Taken together, our results points toward a role of the circadian system in a basal activity control of the thermoregulatory system as an important component for the onset of physical activities. In fact, rather than directly limiting the adjustments induced by exercise the present study brings new evidence that the effect of time-of-day on exercise performance occurs at the threshold level for each thermoregulatory system effector activity. This assumption is based on the observed resilience of the central clock to high-intensity exercise and the similarities in exercise-induced neuronal activation in the PVN, SON, and LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico S M Machado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniela R C Fóscolo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maristela O Poletini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cândido C Coimbra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Hood RL, Liguore WA, Moore C, Pflibsen L, Meshul CK. Exercise intervention increases spontaneous locomotion but fails to attenuate dopaminergic system loss in a progressive MPTP model in aged mice. Brain Res 2016; 1646:535-542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Venezia AC, Guth LM, Sapp RM, Spangenburg EE, Roth SM. Sex-dependent and independent effects of long-term voluntary wheel running on Bdnf mRNA and protein expression. Physiol Behav 2016; 156:8-15. [PMID: 26752611 PMCID: PMC4753141 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The beneficial effects of physical activity on brain health (synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, enhanced synaptic plasticity, improved learning and memory) appear to be mediated through changes in region-specific expression of neurotrophins, transcription factors, and postsynaptic receptors, though investigations of sex differences in response to long-term voluntary wheel running are limited. PURPOSE To examine the effect of five months of voluntary wheel running on hippocampal mRNA and protein expression of factors critical for exercise-induced structural and functional plasticity in male and female adult mice. METHODS At 8weeks of age, male and female C57BL/6 mice were individually housed with (PA; n=20; 10 male) or without (SED; n=20; 10 male) access to a computer monitored voluntary running wheel. At 28weeks, all mice were sacrificed and hippocampi removed. Total RNA was isolated from the hippocampus and expression of total Bdnf, Bdnf transcript IV, tPA, Pgc-1a, GluR1, NR2A, and NR2B were assessed with quantitative RT-PCR and total and mature Bdnf protein were assessed with ELISA. RESULTS We found significantly higher Bdnf IV mRNA expression in PA males (p=0.03) and females (p=0.03) compared to SED animals. Total Bdnf mRNA expression was significantly greater in PA males compared to SED males (p=0.01), but there was no difference in females. Similarly, we observed significantly higher mature Bdnf protein in PA males compared to SED males (p=0.04), but not in females. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the impact of long-term voluntary wheel running on transcriptional and post-translational regulation of Bdnf may be sex-dependent, though the activity-dependent Bdnf IV transcript is sensitive to exercise independent of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Venezia
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lisa M Guth
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ryan M Sapp
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Espen E Spangenburg
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stephen M Roth
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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da Silva PGC, Domingues DD, de Carvalho LA, Allodi S, Correa CL. Neurotrophic factors in Parkinson's disease are regulated by exercise: Evidence-based practice. J Neurol Sci 2016; 363:5-15. [PMID: 27000212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a qualitative review of the literature on the influence of forced or voluntary exercise in Parkinson's Disease (PD)-induced animals, to better understand neural mechanisms and the role of neurotrophic factors (NFs) involved in the improvement of motor behavior. A few studies indicated that forced or voluntary exercise may promote neuroprotection, through upregulation of NF expression, against toxicity of drugs that simulate PD. Forced training, such as treadmill exercise and forced-limb use, adopted in most studies, in addition to voluntary exercise on a running wheel are suitable methods for NFs upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grazielle Chaves da Silva
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Desidério Domingues
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Litia Alves de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvana Allodi
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Biofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clynton Lourenço Correa
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Comparativa e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Yokota S, Oshio S, Takeda K. In utero exposure to diesel exhaust particles induces anxiogenic effects on male offspring via chronic activation of serotonergic neuron in dorsal raphe nucleus. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:583-93. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yokota
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science
- Department of Hygiene Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University
| | - Shigeru Oshio
- Department of Hygiene Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University
| | - Ken Takeda
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science
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Son M, Ye BJ, Kim JI, Kang S, Jung KY. Association between shift work and obesity according to body fat percentage in Korean wage workers: data from the fourth and the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2008-2011). Ann Occup Environ Med 2015; 27:32. [PMID: 26705475 PMCID: PMC4690414 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-015-0082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health problems in shift workers vary including obesity acting as a risk factor in cerebrovascular diseases. Recent studies have commonly determined the prevalence of obesity in shift workers on the basis of body mass index. The accuracy of BMI for diagnosing obesity are still limited apparently. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the relationship between shift work and obesity according to the total body fat percentage in Korean wage workers. METHODS From the Fourth and the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2011), after military personnel were excluded, a total of 2952 wage workers (20 ≤ age ≤ 65) whose current jobs were their longest jobs were selected as subjects of the study. The total body fat percentage was used to determine the obesity standards (≥25.7 % in males and ≥36.0 % in females). The subjects were divided into groups by gender and work type (manual vs non-manual), and chi-squared test was used to evaluate the relationship between socio-economic, health behavior, and work-related factors, on the one hand, and obesity, on the other. In addition, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of shift work on obesity. RESULTS When other factors were controlled for, the risk of obesity in shift work showed a statistically significant increase (odds ratio = 1.779, 95 % confidence interval = 1.050-3.015) in the male manual worker group. However, there were no significant results in the male non-manual and female worker groups. CONCLUSION Shift work was related to a higher risk of obesity in the Korean male manual worker group.
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Affiliation(s)
- ManKi Son
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Byeong Jin Ye
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jung-Il Kim
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - ShinUk Kang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kap-Yeol Jung
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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Moore KM, Girens RE, Larson SK, Jones MR, Restivo JL, Holtzman DM, Cirrito JR, Yuede CM, Zimmerman SD, Timson BF. A spectrum of exercise training reduces soluble Aβ in a dose-dependent manner in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:218-224. [PMID: 26563933 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has long been hypothesized to influence the risk and pathology of Alzheimer's disease. However, the amount of physical activity necessary for these benefits is unclear. We examined the effects of three months of low and high intensity exercise training on soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in extracellular enriched fractions from the cortex and hippocampus of young Tg2576 mice. Low (LOW) and high (HI) intensity exercise training animals ran at speeds of 15m/min on a level treadmill and 32 m/min at a 10% grade, respectively for 60 min per day, five days per week, from three to six months of age. Sedentary mice (SED) were placed on a level, non-moving, treadmill for the same duration. Soleus muscle citrate synthase activity increased by 39% in the LOW group relative to SED, and by 71% in the HI group relative to LOW, indicating an exercise training effect in these mice. Soluble Aβ40 concentrations decreased significantly in an exercise training dose-dependent manner in the cortex. In the hippocampus, concentrations were decreased significantly in the HI group relative to LOW and SED. Soluble Aβ42 levels also decreased significantly in an exercise training dose-dependent manner in both the cortex and hippocampus. Five proteins involved in Aβ clearance (neprilysin, IDE, MMP9, LRP1 and HSP70) were elevated by exercise training with its intensity playing a role in each case. Our data demonstrate that exercise training reduces extracellular soluble Aβ in the brains of Tg2576 mice in a dose-dependent manner through an up-regulation of Aβ clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Moore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Renee E Girens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Sara K Larson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Maria R Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Jessica L Restivo
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John R Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carla M Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Scott D Zimmerman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Benjamin F Timson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA.
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49
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Otsuka T, Nishii A, Amemiya S, Kubota N, Nishijima T, Kita I. Effects of acute treadmill running at different intensities on activities of serotonin and corticotropin-releasing factor neurons, and anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 298:44-51. [PMID: 26542811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that physical exercise can reduce and prevent the incidence of stress-related psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety. Activation of serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is implicated in antidepressant/anxiolytic properties. In addition, the incidence and symptoms of these disorders may involve dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that is initiated by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Thus, it is possible that physical exercise produces its antidepressant/anxiolytic effects by affecting these neuronal activities. However, the effects of acute physical exercise at different intensities on these neuronal activation and behavioral changes are still unclear. Here, we examined the activities of 5-HT neurons in the DRN and CRF neurons in the PVN during 30 min of treadmill running at different speeds (high speed, 25 m/min; low speed, 15m/min; control, only sitting on the treadmill) in male Wistar rats, using c-Fos/5-HT or CRF immunohistochemistry. We also performed the elevated plus maze test and the forced swim test to assess anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, respectively. Acute treadmill running at low speed, but not high speed, significantly increased c-Fos expression in 5-HT neurons in the DRN compared to the control, whereas high-speed running significantly enhanced c-Fos expression in CRF neurons in the PVN compared with the control and low-speed running. Furthermore, low-speed running resulted in decreased anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors compared with high-speed running. These results suggest that acute physical exercise with mild and low stress can efficiently induce optimal neuronal activation that is involved in the antidepressant/anxiolytic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Otsuka
- Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo192-0397, Japan
| | - Ayu Nishii
- Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo192-0397, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Amemiya
- Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo192-0397, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kubota
- Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo192-0397, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishijima
- Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo192-0397, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kita
- Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo192-0397, Japan.
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50
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Hinton PS, Shankar K, Eaton LM, Rector RS. Obesity-related changes in bone structural and material properties in hyperphagic OLETF rats and protection by voluntary wheel running. Metabolism 2015; 64:905-16. [PMID: 25963848 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine how the development of obesity and the associated insulin resistance affect bone structural and material properties, and bone formation and resorption markers in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat model. METHODS This was a 36-week study of sedentary, hyperphagic, male OLETF rats (OLETF-SED), exercise-treated OLETF rats (OLETF-EX) and sedentary non-hyperphagic controls (LETO-SED) with data collection at 13, 20, and 40 weeks of age (n = 5-8 animals per group per timepoint). RESULTS Body mass and fat (%) were significantly greater in OLETF-SED versus controls. OLETF-SED were insulin resistant at 13 and 20 weeks, with overt diabetes by 40 weeks. At 13weeks, OLETF-SED had lower total body BMC and BMD and serum P1NP compared with LETO-SED. Differences in total body BMC and BMD between OLETF-SED and LETO-SED persisted at 20 weeks, with reductions in total and cortical BMD of the tibia. OLETF-SED also had lesser femur diameter, cross-sectional area, polar moment of area, and torque at fracture than LETO-SED. By 40 weeks, OLETF-SED had elevated bone resorption and reduced intrinsic bone strength. OLETF-EX did not show the excessive weight gain, obesity, insulin resistance or diabetes observed in OLETF-SED. OLETF-EX had greater BMD than OLETF-SED, and structural and material properties of the femur were significantly increased in OLETF-EX relative to OLETF-SED and LETO-SED. CONCLUSIONS The negative skeletal effects of excessive adiposity and insulin resistance were evident early in the progressive obesity with lasting negative impacts on intrinsic and extrinsic bone strength. Exercise protected against obesity-associated skeletal changes with marked benefits on the biomechanical properties of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Hinton
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Lynn M Eaton
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - R Scott Rector
- Research Service-Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, and Departments of Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
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