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Khasanah U, Nurrahmah QI, Amalia T, Putri ZN, Imrokatul Mufidah, Napik R, Lyrawati D, Pratita Ihsan BR, Febrianti ME. Oral acute toxicity study and in vivo antimalarial activity of Strychnos lucida R. Br. tablet. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118200. [PMID: 38621467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria eradication has been a major goal of the Indonesian government since 2020. Medicinal plants, such as Strychnos lucida R. Br., are empirically used to treat malaria through traditional preparation methods. However, the safety and efficacy of these plants have not yet been confirmed. Therefore, further investigations are necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of S. lucida as an antimalarial agent. AIMS OF THE STUDY To quantify the concentration of brucine in the S. lucida extract, determine the acute oral toxicity of the standardized extract, and evaluate the in vivo antimalarial potency of S. lucida tablet (SLT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute oral toxicity of S.lucida extract was determined using the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 420 procedure, and the analytical method for brucine quantification was validated using high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, antimalarial activity was determined using the Peter's four-day suppressive method. RESULTS Acute toxicity analysis revealed S. lucida as a low-toxicity compound with a cut-off median lethal dose of 2000-5000 mg/kg body weight [BW], which was supported by the hematological and biochemical profiles of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas (p > 0.05). Extract standardization revealed that S. lucida contained 3.91 ± 0.074% w/w brucine, adhering to the limit specified in the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopeia. Antimalarial test revealed that SLT inhibited the growth of Plasmodium berghei by 27.74-45.27%. Moreover, SLT improved the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. White blood cell and lymphocyte counts were lower in the SLT-treated group than in the K (+) group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Histopathological and biochemical evaluations revealed that S. lucida extract was safe at a dose of 2000 mg/kg BW with low toxicity. SLT inhibited Plasmodium growth and improved the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell profiles. Additionally, SLT reduced the lymphocyte and WBC counts and increased the monocyte and thrombocyte counts as part of the immune system response against Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uswatun Khasanah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Queen Intan Nurrahmah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Thia Amalia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Zada Nabila Putri
- Undergraduate Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Imrokatul Mufidah
- Undergraduate Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Roisatun Napik
- Undergraduate Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Diana Lyrawati
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | | | - Maya Eka Febrianti
- Undergraduate Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
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Liu R, Li G, Li M, Wang B, Zhang D, Xu L, Zhao L, Liao R, Xu Q, Bei ZC, Song Y. In vitro interaction of naphthoquine with ivermectin, atovaquone, curcumin, and ketotifen in the asexual blood stage of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0063024. [PMID: 38780257 PMCID: PMC11218538 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00630-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Naphthoquine is a promising candidate for antimalarial combination therapy. Its combination with artemisinin has demonstrated excellent efficacy in clinical trials conducted across various malaria-endemic areas. A co-formulated combination of naphthoquine and azithromycin has also shown high clinical efficacy for malaria prophylaxis in Southeast Asia. Developing new combination therapies using naphthoquine will provide additional arsenal responses to the growing threat of artemisinin resistance. Furthermore, due to its long half-life, the possible interaction of naphthoquine with other drugs also needs attention. However, studies on its pharmacodynamic interactions with other drugs are still limited. In this study, the in vitro interactions of naphthoquine with ivermectin, atovaquone, curcumin, and ketotifen were evaluated in the asexual stage of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7. By using the combination index analysis and the SYBR Green I-based fluorescence assay, different interaction patterns of selected drugs with naphthoquine were revealed. Curcumin showed a slight but significant synergistic interaction with naphthoquine at lower effect levels, and no antagonism was observed across the full range of effect levels for all tested ratios. Atovaquone showed a potency decline when combined with naphthoquine. For ivermectin, a significant antagonism with naphthoquine was observed at a broad range of effect levels below 75% inhibition, although no significant interaction was observed at higher effect levels. Ketotifen interacted with naphthoquine similar to ivermectin, but significant antagonism was observed for only one tested ratio. These findings should be helpful to the development of new naphthoquine-based combination therapy and the clinically reasonable application of naphthoquine-containing therapies. IMPORTANCE Pharmacodynamic interaction between antimalarials is not only crucial for the development of new antimalarial combination therapies but also important for the appropriate clinical use of antimalarials. The significant synergism between curcumin and naphthoquine observed in this study suggests the potential value for further development of new antimalarial combination therapy. The finding of a decline in atovaquone potency in the presence of naphthoquine alerts to a possible risk of treatment or prophylaxis failure for atovaquone-proguanil following naphthoquine-containing therapies. The observation of antagonism between naphthoquine and ivermectin raised a need for concern about the applicability of naphthoquine-containing therapy in malaria-endemic areas with ivermectin mass drug administration deployed. Considering the role of atovaquone-proguanil as a major alternative when first-line artemisinin-based combination therapy is ineffective and the wide implementation of ivermectin mass drug administration in malaria-endemic countries, the above findings will be important for the appropriate clinical application of antimalarials involving naphthoquine-containing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotong Liu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Guoming Li
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Li
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Baogang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Dongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Likun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Liangliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruhe Liao
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhu-Chun Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yabin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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Ishola AA, Adebayo JO, Ceravolo IP, Tijjani H, Bento ES, Goulart HF, Crispim AC, Balogun EA, Santana AEG, Krettli AU. Antimalarial and antioxidant activities of novel artesunate-ellagic acid hybrid compound in vitro and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1192659. [PMID: 38957387 PMCID: PMC11217523 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1192659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Emergence of drug resistant strains of Plasmodium species has necessitated the search for novel antimalarials with unique mechanisms of action. Synthesis of hybrid compounds has been one approach to tackling this challenge. In this study, the synthesis of artesunate-ellagic acid hybrid compound (EA31) from ellagic acid and artesunate and its evaluation for antimalarial and antioxidant activities using in vitro and in vivo models were carried out. Method: EA31 was synthesized from artesunate and ellagic acid. The activities of the hybrid compound against Plasmodium falciparum W2 and P. berghei NK65 were evaluated, and its antioxidant activities were also determined. Results: The results revealed that EA31 was more active against P. falciparum W2 (chloroquine resistant) clone and less cytotoxic to buffalo green monkey kidney cell line compared to artesunate. EA31 was also active against Plasmodium berghei NK65 in vivo. The results revealed inhibition of β-hematin formation as one of the mechanisms of action of EA31. EA31 also exhibited antioxidant activities. Conclusion: The results revealed that EA31 may exert dual action of killing malaria parasite and mopping the reactive oxygen species that mediate the secondary complications of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Ishola
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Isabela P. Ceravolo
- Malária Experimentale Humana, Instituto René Rachou, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Habibu Tijjani
- Department of Biochemistry, Bauchi State University, Gadau, Nigeria
| | - Edson S. Bento
- Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Henrique F. Goulart
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Recursos Naturais (LPqRN), Campus de Engenharias Ciencias Agrárias, Rio Largo, Brazil
| | - Alessandre C. Crispim
- Instituto de Quimica e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio E. G. Santana
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Em Recursos Naturais (LPqRN), Campus de Engenharias Ciencias Agrárias, Rio Largo, Brazil
| | - Antoniana U. Krettli
- Malária Experimentale Humana, Instituto René Rachou, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Srinivas S, Senthil Kumar A. Electrical Wiring of Malarial Parasite Intermediate Hematin on a Tailored N-Doped Carbon Nanomaterial Surface and Its Bioelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction and Sensing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10634-10647. [PMID: 38723623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Hematin, an iron-containing porphyrin compound, plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including oxygen transport, storage, and functionality of the malarial parasite. Specifically, hematin-Fe interacts with the nitrogen atom of antimalarial drugs, forming an intermediate step crucial for their function. The electron transfer functionality of hematin in biological systems has been scarcely investigated. In this study, we developed a biomimicking electrical wiring of hematin-Fe with a model N-drug system, represented as {hematin-Fe---N-drug}. We achieved this by immobilizing hematin on a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/N-graphene quantum dot (N-GQD) modified electrode (MWCNT/N-GQD@Hemat). N-GQD serves as a model molecular drug system containing nitrogen atoms to mimic the {hematin-Fe---N-drug} interaction. The prepared bioelectrode exhibited a distinct redox peak at a measured potential (E1/2) of -0.410 V vs Ag/AgCl, accompanied by a surface excess value of 3.54 × 10-9 mol cm-2. This observation contrasts significantly with the weak or electroinactive electrochemical responses documented in literature-based hematin systems. We performed a comprehensive set of physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations on the MWCNT/N-GQD@Hemat system, employing techniques including FESEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and AFM. To evaluate the biomimetic electrode's electroactivity, we investigated the selective-mediated reduction of H2O2 as a model system. As an important aspect of our research, we demonstrated the use of scanning electrochemical microscopy to visualize the in situ electron transfer reaction of the biomimicking electrode. In an independent study, we showed enzyme-less electrocatalytic reduction and selective electrocatalytic sensing of H2O2 with a detection limit of 319 nM. We achieved this using a batch injection analysis-coupled disposable screen-printed electrode system in physiological solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Srinivas
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore 632014, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
| | - Annamalai Senthil Kumar
- Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore 632014, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India
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5
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Sahoo P, Pathak NK, Scott Bohle D, Dodd EL, Tripathy U. Hematin anhydride (β-hematin): An analogue to malaria pigment hemozoin possesses nonlinearity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123902. [PMID: 38281463 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Hematin anhydride (β-hematin), the synthetic analogue of the malaria pigment, "hemozoin", is a heme dimer produced by reciprocal covalent bonds among carboxylic acid groups on the protoporphyrin-IX ring and the iron atom present in the two adjacent heme molecules. Hemozoin is a disposal product formed from the digestion of hemoglobin present in the red blood cells infected with hematophagous malaria parasites. Besides, as the parasites invade red blood cells, hemozoin crystals are eventually released into the bloodstream, where they accumulate over time in tissues. Severe malaria infection leads to significant dysfunction in vital organs such as the liver, spleen, and brain in part due to the autoimmune response to the excessive accumulation of hemozoin in these tissues. Also, the amount of these crystals in the vasculature correlates with disease progression. Thus, hemozoin is a unique indicator of infection used as a malaria biomarker and hence, used as a target for the development of antimalarial drugs. Hence, exploring various properties of hemozoin is extremely useful in the direction of diagnosis and cure. The present study focuses on finding one of the unknown properties of β-hematin in physiological conditions by using the Z-scan technique, which is simple, sensitive, and economical. It is observed that hemozoin possesses one of the unique material properties, i.e., nonlinearity with a detection limit of ∼ 15 µM. The self-defocusing action causes β-hematin to exhibit negative refractive nonlinearity. The observed data is analyzed with a thermal lensing model. We strongly believe that our simple and reliable approach to probing the nonlinearity of β-hematin will provide fresh opportunities for malaria diagnostics & cure in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshi Sahoo
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Pathak
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erin L Dodd
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2101, rue Jeanne-Mance Montréal, H2X 2J6 Québec, Canada
| | - Umakanta Tripathy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India.
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Irfan I, Uddin A, Jain R, Gupta A, Gupta S, Napoleon JV, Hussain A, Alajmi MF, Joshi MC, Hasan P, Kumar P, Abid M, Singh S. Biological evaluation of novel side chain containing CQTrICh-analogs as antimalarials and their development as PfCDPK1 kinase inhibitors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25077. [PMID: 38327451 PMCID: PMC10847618 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of resistance to existing frontline antimalarial drugs emphasizes a need for the development of target-oriented molecules with novel modes of action. Given the importance of a plant-like Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 (PfCDPK1) as a stand-alone multistage signalling regulator of P. falciparum, we designed and synthesized 7-chloroquinoline-indole-chalcones tethered with a triazole (CQTrICh-analogs 7 (a-s) and 9) directed towards PfCDPK1. This was accomplished by reacting substituted 1-phenyl-3-(1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl) prop-2-en-1-one and 1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde with 4-azido-7-chloroquinoline, respectively via a 'click' reaction. The selected CQTrICh-analogs: 7l and 7r inhibited the growth of chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain and -resistant RKL-9 isolate of Plasmodium falciparum, with IC50 values of 2.4 μM & 1.8 μM (7l), and 3.5 μM & 2.7 μM (7r), respectively, and showed no apparent hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. Intra-erythrocytic progression studies revealed that the active hybrids: 7l and 7r are effective against the mature stages of the parasite. 7l and 7r were found to stably interact with the catalytically active ATP-binding pocket of PfCDPK1 via energetically favourable H-bonds. The interaction was confirmed in vitro by microscale thermophoresis and kinase assays, which demonstrated that the active hybrids interact with PfCDPK1 and inhibit its kinase activity which is presumably responsible for the parasite growth inhibition. Interestingly, 7l and 7r showed no inhibitory effect on the human kinases, indicating their selectivity for the parasite kinase. We report the antiplasmodial potential of novel kinase-targeting bio-conjugates, a step towards developing pan-kinase inhibitors which is a prerequisite for multistage anti-malarial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Irfan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Amad Uddin
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ravi Jain
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Aashima Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukesh C. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Phool Hasan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Purnendu Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Pawlędzio S, Ziemniak M, Trzybiński D, Arhangelskis M, Makal A, Woźniak K. Influence of N-protonation on electronic properties of acridine derivatives by quantum crystallography. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5340-5350. [PMID: 38348299 PMCID: PMC10859733 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Applications of 9-aminoacridine (9aa) and its derivatives span fields such as chemistry, biology, and medicine, including anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Protonation of such molecules can alter their bioavailability as weakly basic drugs like aminoacridines exhibit reduced solubility at high pH levels potentially limiting their effectiveness in patients with elevated gastric pH. In this study, we analyse the influence of protonation on the electronic characteristics of the molecular organic crystals of 9-aminoacridine. The application of quantum crystallography, including aspherical atom refinement, has enriched the depiction of electron density in the studied systems and non-covalent interactions, providing more details than previous studies. Our experimental results, combined with a topological analysis of the electron density and its Laplacian, provided detailed descriptions of how protonation changes the electron density distribution around the amine group and water molecule, concurrently decreasing the electron density at bond critical points of N/O-H bonds. Protonation also alters the molecular architecture of the systems under investigation. This is reflected in different proportions of the N⋯H and O⋯H intermolecular contacts for the neutral and protonated forms. Periodic DFT calculations of the cohesive energies of the crystal lattice, as well as computed interaction energies between molecules in the crystal, confirm that protonation stabilises the crystal structure due to a positive synergy between strong halogen and hydrogen bonds. Our findings highlight the potential of quantum crystallography in predicting crystal structure properties and point to its possible applications in developing new formulations for poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Pawlędzio
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-093 Warszawa Poland
| | - Marcin Ziemniak
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-093 Warszawa Poland
| | - Damian Trzybiński
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-093 Warszawa Poland
| | - Mihails Arhangelskis
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-093 Warszawa Poland
| | - Anna Makal
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-093 Warszawa Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-093 Warszawa Poland
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8
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Pal C. Redox modulating small molecules having antimalarial efficacy. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115927. [PMID: 37992998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The search for effective antimalarial agents remains a critical priority because malaria is widely spread and drug-resistant strains are becoming more prevalent. In this review, a variety of small molecules capable of modulating redox processes were showcased for their potential as antimalarial agents. The compounds were designed to target the redox balance of Plasmodium parasites, which has a pivotal function in their ability to survive and multiply within the host organism. A thorough screening method was utilized to assess the effectiveness of these compounds against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the malaria-causing parasite. The results revealed that several of the tested compounds exhibited significant effectiveness against malaria, displaying IC50 values at a low micromolar range. Furthermore, these compounds displayed promising selectivity for the parasite, as they exhibited low cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells. Thorough mechanistic studies were undertaken to clarify how the active compounds exert their mode of action. The findings revealed that these compounds disrupted the parasites' redox balance, causing oxidative stress and interfering with essential cellular functions. Additionally, the compounds showed synergistic effects when combined with existing antimalarial drugs, suggesting their potential for combination therapies to combat drug resistance. Overall, this study highlights the potential of redox-modulating small molecules as effective antimalarial agents. The identified compounds demonstrate promising antimalarial activity, and their mechanism of action offers insights into targeting the redox balance of Plasmodium parasites. Further optimization and preclinical studies are warranted to determine their efficacy, safety, and potential for clinical development as novel antimalarial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Gobardanga Hindu College, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal 743273, India.
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9
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Chu WY, Dorlo TPC. Pyronaridine: a review of its clinical pharmacology in the treatment of malaria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:2406-2418. [PMID: 37638690 PMCID: PMC10545508 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyronaridine-artesunate was recently strongly recommended in the 2022 update of the WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, becoming the newest artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for both uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria. Pyronaridine-artesunate, available as a tablet and paediatric granule formulations, is being adopted in regions where malaria treatment outcome is challenged by increasing chloroquine resistance. Pyronaridine is an old antimalarial agent that has been used for more than 50 years as a blood schizonticide, which exerts its antimalarial activity by interfering with the synthesis of the haemozoin pigment within the Plasmodium digestive vacuole. Pyronaridine exhibits a high blood-to-plasma distribution ratio due to its tendency to accumulate in blood cells. This feature is believed to play a crucial role in its pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and pharmacological activity. The PK characteristics of pyronaridine include rapid oral absorption, large volumes of distribution and low total body clearance, resulting in a long terminal apparent half-life. Moreover, differences in PK profiles have been observed between healthy volunteers and malaria-infected patients, indicating a potential disease-related impact on PK properties. Despite a long history, there is only limited knowledge of the clinical PK and pharmacodynamics of pyronaridine, particularly in special populations such as children and pregnant women. We here provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical pharmacology of pyronaridine in the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yu Chu
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas P C Dorlo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Prasad Raiguru B, Panda J, Mohapatra S, Nayak S. Recent developments in the synthesis of hybrid antimalarial drug discovery. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106706. [PMID: 37406519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
In this 21st century, Malaria remains a global burden and causes massive economic trouble to disease-endemic nations. The control and eradication of malaria is a major challenge that requires an urgent need to develop novel antimalarial drugs. To overcome the aforementioned situation, several researchers have given significant effort to develop hybrid antimalarial agents in the search for new antimalarial drugs. Hence, we have summarized those developments of hybrid antimalarial agents from 2017 to till date. This review illustrates the current progress in the recent synthesis of hybrid antimalarial agents along with focusing on their antimalarial evaluation to find the most potent hybrids. This present mini-review will also be useful for the scientific community for the development of new antimalarial drugs to eradicate malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmine Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack 753003, India
| | | | - Sabita Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack 753003, India
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11
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Mijoba A, Fernandez-Moreira E, Parra-Giménez N, Espinosa-Tapia S, Blanco Z, Ramírez H, Charris JE. Synthesis of Benzocycloalkanone-Based Michael Acceptors and Biological Activities as Antimalarial and Antitrypanosomal Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:5569. [PMID: 37513441 PMCID: PMC10385825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of benzocycloalkanone derivatives have been prepared and evaluated as antimalarial and antitrypanosomal agents. The compounds were obtained by direct coupling of preformed 4-substituted benzaldehyde and indanone or tetralone substitutes through aldol condensation of Claisen-Schmidt using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst in ethanol at room temperature. Although designed to inhibit the formation of β-hematin in vitro, only three compounds, 10, 11, and 12, showed activities greater than 50% (75.16%, 63.02%, and 56.17%, respectively). The results of the in vivo antimalarial evaluation show that 10, 11, and 12 reduced parasitemia marginally, and an insignificant increase in the days of survival of the mice was observed. As trypanocidals, all compounds showed marginal activity as inhibitors of the proliferation of T. cruzi epimastigotes, except compound 33, with an activity of 51.08 ± 3.4% compared to the activity shown by the reference compound benznidazole 59.99 ± 2.9%. The compounds appear to have little cytotoxic effect against VERO cells in vitro; this new class of Michael acceptor agents clearly warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mijoba
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas 47206, Venezuela
- Laboratory of Parasites Physiology, Biophysics and Biochemistry Center, Instituto Venezolano de Invest Gaciones Científicas, Altos de Pipe 1020-A, Caracas 21827, Venezuela
| | | | - Nereida Parra-Giménez
- Laboratory of Parasites Physiology, Biophysics and Biochemistry Center, Instituto Venezolano de Invest Gaciones Científicas, Altos de Pipe 1020-A, Caracas 21827, Venezuela
| | - Sandra Espinosa-Tapia
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Zuleyma Blanco
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas 47206, Venezuela
| | - Hegira Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Desarrollo Humano, Univesidad Ecotec, Km. 13.5 Samborondón, Samborondón 092302, Ecuador
| | - Jaime E Charris
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas 47206, Venezuela
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12
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Duay SS, Yap RCY, Gaitano AL, Santos JAA, Macalino SJY. Roles of Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Discovering and Understanding Antimalarial Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119289. [PMID: 37298256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a global health threat, with approximately 247 million cases worldwide. Despite therapeutic interventions being available, patient compliance is a problem due to the length of treatment. Moreover, drug-resistant strains have emerged over the years, necessitating urgent identification of novel and more potent treatments. Given that traditional drug discovery often requires a great deal of time and resources, most drug discovery efforts now use computational methods. In silico techniques such as quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) can be used to study protein-ligand interactions and determine the potency and safety profile of a set of candidate compounds to help prioritize those tested using assays and animal models. This paper provides an overview of antimalarial drug discovery and the application of computational methods in identifying candidate inhibitors and elucidating their potential mechanisms of action. We conclude with the continued challenges and future perspectives in the field of antimalarial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Searle S Duay
- Department of Chemistry, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Rianne Casey Y Yap
- Department of Chemistry, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Arturo L Gaitano
- Chemistry Department, Adamson University, Manila 1000, Philippines
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13
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Sharma S, Ali ME. Nonreductive homolytic scission of endoperoxide bond for activation of artemisinin: A parallel mechanism to Heterolytic cleavage. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Sharma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology Knowledge City India
| | - Md. Ehesan Ali
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology Knowledge City India
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14
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Sarangi N, Prabhakaran A, Keyes TE. Multimodal Investigation into the Interaction of Quinacrine with Microcavity-Supported Lipid Bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6411-6424. [PMID: 35561255 PMCID: PMC9134496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Quinacrine is a versatile drug that is widely recognized for its antimalarial action through its inhibition of the phospholipase enzyme. It also has antianthelmintic and antiprotozoan activities and is a strong DNA binder that may be used to combat multidrug resistance in cancer. Despite extensive cell-based studies, a detailed understanding of quinacrine's influence on the cell membrane, including permeability, binding, and rearrangement at the molecular level, is lacking. Herein, we apply microcavity-suspended lipid bilayers (MSLBs) as in vitro models of the cell membrane comprising DOPC, DOPC:Chol(3:1), and DOPC:SM:Chol(2:2:1) to investigate the influence of cholesterol and intrinsic phase heterogeneity induced by mixed-lipid composition on the membrane interactions of quinacrine. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as label-free surface-sensitive techniques, we have studied quinacrine interaction and permeability across the different MSLBs. Our EIS data reveal that the drug is permeable through ternary DOPC:SM:Chol and DOPC-only bilayer compositions. In contrast, the binary cholesterol/DOPC membrane arrested permeation, yet the drug binds or intercalates at this membrane as reflected by an increase in membrane impedance. SERS supported the EIS data, which was utilized to gain structural insights into the drug-membrane interaction. Our SERS data also provides a simple but powerful label-free assessment of drug permeation because a significant SERS enhancement of the drug's Raman signature was observed only if the drug accessed the plasmonic interior of the pore cavity passing through the membrane. Fluorescent lifetime correlation spectroscopy (FLCS) provides further biophysical insight, revealing that quinacrine binding increases the lipid diffusivity of DOPC and the ternary membrane while remarkably decreasing the lipid diffusivity of the DOPC:Chol membrane. Overall, because of its adaptability to multimodal approaches, the MSLB platform provides rich and detailed insights into drug-membrane interactions, making it a powerful tool for in vitro drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirod
Kumar Sarangi
- School of Chemical Science
and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Amrutha Prabhakaran
- School of Chemical Science
and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School of Chemical Science
and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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15
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Acosta M, Gotopo L, Gamboa N, Rodrigues JR, Henriques GC, Cabrera G, Romero AH. Antimalarial Activity of Highly Coordinative Fused Heterocycles Targeting β -Hematin Crystallization. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:7499-7514. [PMID: 35284702 PMCID: PMC8908514 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The β-hematin formation is a unique process adopted by Plasmodium sp. to detoxify free heme and represents a validated target to design new effective antimalarials. Most of the β-hematin inhibitors are mainly based on 4-aminoquinolines, but the parasite has developed diverse defense mechanisms against this type of chemical system. Thus, the identification of other molecular chemical entities targeting the β-hematin formation pathway is highly needed to evade resistance mechanisms associated with 4-aminoquinolines. Herein, we showed that the highly coordinative character can be a useful tool for the rational design of antimalarial agents targeting β-hematin crystallization. From a small library consisting of five compound families with recognized antitrypanosomatid activity and coordinative abilities, a group of tetradentate 1,4-disubstituted phthalazin-aryl/heteroarylhydrazinyl derivatives were identified as potential antimalarials. They showed a remarkable curative response against Plasmodium berghei-infected mice with a significant reduction of the parasitemia, which was well correlated with their good inhibitory activities on β-hematin crystallization (IC50 = 5-7 μM). Their in vitro inhibitory and in vivo responses were comparable to those found for a chloroquine reference. The active compounds showed moderate in vitro toxicity against peritoneal macrophages, a low hemolysis response, and a good in silico ADME profile, identifying compound 2f as a promising antimalarial agent for further experiments. Other less coordinative fused heterocycles exhibited moderate inhibitory responses toward β-hematin crystallization and modest efficacy against the in vivo model. The complexation ability of the ligands with iron(III) was experimentally and theoretically determined, finding, in general, a good correlation between the complexation ability of the ligand and the inhibitory activity toward β-hematin crystallization. These findings open new perspectives toward the rational design of antimalarial β-hematin inhibitors based on the coordinative character as an alternative to the conventional β-hematin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María
E. Acosta
- Unidad
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Lourdes Gotopo
- Laboratorio
de Síntesis Orgaínica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Neira Gamboa
- Unidad
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Juan R. Rodrigues
- Unidad
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Genesis C. Henriques
- Unidad
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Gustavo Cabrera
- Laboratorio
de Síntesis Orgaínica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
| | - Angel H. Romero
- Caítedra
de Química General, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela
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Silva Neto GJ, Silva LR, Omena RJMD, Aguiar ACC, Annunciato Y, Rosseto B, Gazarini ML, Heimfarth L, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Ferreira E, Meneghetti MR. Dual Quinoline-Hybrid Compounds with Antimalarial Activity Against Plasmodium falciparum Parasites. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05598d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although we have at our disposal relatively low-cost drugs that can be prescribed for the treatment of malaria, the prevalence of resistant strains of the causative parasite has required the...
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17
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Baptista V, Costa MS, Calçada C, Silva M, Gil JP, Veiga MI, Catarino SO. The Future in Sensing Technologies for Malaria Surveillance: A Review of Hemozoin-Based Diagnosis. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3898-3911. [PMID: 34735120 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early and effective malaria diagnosis is vital to control the disease spread and to prevent the emergence of severe cases and death. Currently, malaria diagnosis relies on optical microscopy and immuno-rapid tests; however, these require a drop of blood, are time-consuming, or are not specific and sensitive enough for reliable detection of low-level parasitaemia. Thus, there is an urge for simpler, prompt, and accurate alternative diagnostic methods. Particularly, hemozoin has been increasingly recognized as an attractive biomarker for malaria detection. As the disease proliferates, parasites digest host hemoglobin, in the process releasing toxic haem that is detoxified into an insoluble crystal, the hemozoin, which accumulates along with infection progression. Given its magnetic, optical, and acoustic unique features, hemozoin has been explored for new label-free diagnostic methods. Thereby, herein, we review the hemozoin-based malaria detection methods and critically discuss their challenges and potential for the development of an ideal diagnostic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Baptista
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mariana S. Costa
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carla Calçada
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Gil
- Stockholm Malaria Center, Department of Microbiology and Tumour Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Isabel Veiga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s − PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana O. Catarino
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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18
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Gupta M, Kumar S, Kumar R, Kumar A, Verma R, Darokar MP, Rout P, Pal A. Inhibition of heme detoxification pathway in malaria parasite by 3-hydroxy-11-keto-β-boswellic acid isolated from Boswellia serrata. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112302. [PMID: 34678731 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria eradication is still a major global health problem in developing countries, which has been of more concern ever since the malaria parasite has developed resistance against frontline antimalarial drugs. Historical evidence proves that the plants possess a major resource for the development of novel anti-malarial drugs. In the present study, the bioactivity guided fractionation of the oleogum-resin of Boswellia serrata Roxb. yielded the optimum activity in the ethyl acetate fraction with an IC50 of 22 ± 3.9 μg/mL and 26.5 ± 4.5 μg/mL against chloroquine sensitive (NF54) and resistant (K1) strains of Plasmodium falciparum respectively. Further, upon fractionation, the ethyl acetate fraction yielded four major compounds, of which 3-Hydroxy-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) was found to be the most potent with IC50 values 4.5 ± 0.60 µg/mL and 6.25 ± 1.02 μg/mL against sensitive and resistant strains respectively. KBA was found to inhibit heme detoxification pathways, one of the most common therapeutic targets, which probably lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) detrimental to P. falciparum. Further, the induced intracellular oxidative stress affected the macromolecules in terms of DNA damage, increased lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation as well as loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. However, it did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect in VERO cells. Under in vivo conditions, KBA exhibited a significant reduction in parasitemia, retarding the development of anaemia, resulting in an enhancement of the mean survival time in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (chloroquine-resistant) infected mice. Further, KBA did not exhibit any abnormality in serum biochemistry of animals that underwent acute oral toxicity studies at 2000 mg/kg body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Gupta
- Phytochemistry, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Riya Verma
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Mahendra Pandurang Darokar
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Prashant Rout
- Phytochemistry, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India.
| | - Anirban Pal
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India.
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Suhail M. The Target Determination and the Mechanism of Action of Chiral-Antimalarial Drugs: A Docking Approach. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOPHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s2737416521500290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to an undecided target and the prescription of chiral-aminoquinolines (chloroquine, primaquine and quinacrine) in the racemic form, the mechanism of action as well as the reason of causing side effects become unclear. Based on computationally evaluated literature data, the things determined theoretically were (i) the target of aminoquinolines during antimalarial activity, (ii) the mechanism of action of chiral-aminoquinolines and (iii) biologically active enantiomers of aminoquinolines. For the presented study, the enantiomeric binding affinities of aminoquinolines with all the targets claimed by other scientists were calculated, and then used in interpretation with the help of many investigations done/observed by others. The results were very interesting based on which, a new and acceptable mechanism of action of chiral-aminoquinolines during malaria curing step, is given for the first time. The current docking study not only resolves the questionable point about a definite target of aminoquinolines but also makes the mechanism of action understandable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Suhail
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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20
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Schultz F, Osuji OF, Nguyen A, Anywar G, Scheel JR, Caljon G, Pieters L, Garbe LA. Pharmacological Assessment of the Antiprotozoal Activity, Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Malaria in the Greater Mpigi Region in Uganda. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:678535. [PMID: 34276369 PMCID: PMC8278201 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.678535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential antimalarial and toxicological effects of 16 medicinal plants frequently used by traditional healers to treat malaria, fever, and related disorders in the Greater Mpigi region in Uganda. Species studied were Albizia coriaria, Cassine buchananii, Combretum molle, Erythrina abyssinica, Ficus saussureana, Harungana madagascariensis, Leucas calostachys, Microgramma lycopodioides, Morella kandtiana, Plectranthus hadiensis, Securidaca longipedunculata, Sesamum calycinum subsp. angustifolium, Solanum aculeastrum, Toddalia asiatica, Warburgia ugandensis, and Zanthoxylum chalybeum. In addition, the traditional healers indicated that P. hadiensis is used as a ritual plant to boost fertility and prepare young women and teenagers for motherhood in some Ugandan communities where a high incidence of rapidly growing large breast masses in young female patients was observed (not necessarily breast cancer). We present results from various in vitro experiments performed with 56 different plant extracts, namely, 1) an initial assessment of the 16 species regarding their traditional use in the treatment of malaria by identifying promising plant extract candidates using a heme biocrystallization inhibition library screen; 2) follow-up investigations of antiprotozoal effects of the most bioactive crude extracts against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum K1; 3) a cytotoxicity counterscreen against human MRC-5SV2 lung fibroblasts; 4) a genotoxicity evaluation of the extract library without and with metabolic bioactivation with human S9 liver fraction; and 5) an assessment of the mutagenicity of the ritual plant P. hadiensis. A total of seven extracts from five plant species were selected for antiplasmodial follow-up investigations based on their hemozoin formation inhibition activity in the heme biocrystallization assay. Among other extracts, an ethyl acetate extract of L. calostachys leaves exhibited antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum K1 (IC50 value: 5.7 µg/ml), which was further characterized with a selectivity index of 2.6 (CC50 value: 14.7 µg/ml). The experiments for assessment of potential procarcinogenic properties of plant extracts via evaluation of in vitro mutagenicity and genotoxicity indicated that few extracts cause mutations. The species T. asiatica showed the most significant genotoxic effects on both bacterial test strains (without metabolic bioactivation at a concentration of 500 µg/plate). However, none of the mutagenic extracts from the experiments without metabolic bioactivation retained their genotoxic activity after metabolic bioactivation of the plant extract library through pre-incubation with human S9 liver fraction. While this study did not show that P. hadiensis has genotoxic properties, it did provide early stage support for the therapeutic use of the medicinal plants from the Greater Mpigi region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Schultz
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty III—Process Sciences, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg University of Applied Sciences, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Ogechi Favour Osuji
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg University of Applied Sciences, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Anh Nguyen
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg University of Applied Sciences, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Godwin Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John R. Scheel
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leif-Alexander Garbe
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Neubrandenburg University of Applied Sciences, Neubrandenburg, Germany
- ZELT—Neubrandenburg Center for Nutrition and Food Technology gGmbH, Neubrandenburg, Germany
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21
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Rahmawati I, Rahayu G, Ratnadewi D, Achmadi S. Effect of Medium pH and Light on Quinidine Production in Cinchona calisaya Wedd. Endophytic Fungi. Turk J Pharm Sci 2021; 18:124-132. [PMID: 33900523 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.35761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Quinidine has pharmaceutical importance as an antimalarial, antiarrhythmia, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, astringent, and bitter flavoring agent. Quinidine is in high demand, yet its production from the bark of the quina tree (Cinchona calisaya) is limited. Quinidine production from quina tree fungal endophytes, namely Aspergillus sydowii, Diaporthe sp., Diaporthe lithicola, Fusarium oxysporum, and F. solani is lower than the quinidine content of the tree bark. This study attempted to increase quinidine production from these fungi. This research aimed to determine the optimum culture conditions for quinidine production from endophytic fungi. Materials and Methods Quinidine was produced by in vitro culturing of the fungal endophytes in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium under different culture conditions, i.e., a combination of an initial medium pH of 6.2 or 6.8, with or without light, in a static condition for 21 days of incubation at room temperature. Production under natural daylight in PDB medium without pH modification was used as the control. At the end of the incubation period, the mycelial mass was separated from the filtrate. The dried biomass and chloroform-extracted filtrate were weighed. Quinidine in the extract was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using high-performance liquid chromatograph. Results Quinidine production was affected by both light and the initial pH of the medium, depending on the fungal strain used. A significant increment in quinidine production, approximately 1.1-9.3-fold relative to its respective control was obtained from all fungi under their optimum conditions. Quinidine production in most of the fungi was significantly correlated with their biomass production but not with their extract production. Of those five fungi, F. solani that was cultured in PDB medium with an initial pH of 6.2 and incubated under continuous light produced the highest concentration of quinidine with low biomass. Conclusion The quinidine production of all fungal endophytes studied was affected by the culture conditions. F. solani is the most promising fungus for use as a quinidine production agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indriana Rahmawati
- Bogor Agricultural University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Gayuh Rahayu
- Bogor Agricultural University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Diah Ratnadewi
- Bogor Agricultural University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Suminar Achmadi
- Bogor Agricultural University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bogor, Indonesia
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22
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Zakiah M, Syarif RA, Mustofa M, Jumina J, Fatmasari N, Sholikhah EN. In Vitro Antiplasmodial, Heme Polymerization, and Cytotoxicity of Hydroxyxanthone Derivatives. J Trop Med 2021; 2021:8866681. [PMID: 33859703 PMCID: PMC8026324 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8866681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The previous study showed that xanthone had antiplasmodial activity. Xanthone, with additional hydroxyl groups, was synthesized to increase its antiplasmodial activity. One of the strategies to evaluate a compound that can be developed into an antimalarial drug is by testing its mechanism in inhibiting heme polymerization. In acidic condition, hematin can be polymerized to β-hematin in vitro, which is analog with hemozoin in Plasmodium. This study was conducted to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of hydroxyxanthone derivative compounds on two strains of Plasmodium falciparum 3D-7 and FCR-3, to assess inhibition of heme polymerization activity and determine the selectivity of hydroxyxanthone derivative compounds. The antiplasmodial activity of each compound was tested on Plasmodium falciparum 3D-7 and FCR-3 with 72 hours incubation period, triplicated in three replications with the microscopic method. The compound that showed the best antiplasmodial activity underwent flow cytometry assay. Heme polymerization inhibition test was performed using the in vitro heme polymerization inhibition activity (HPIA) assay. The antiplasmodial activity and heme polymerization inhibition activity were expressed as the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50). In vitro cytotoxicity was tested using the MTT assay method on Vero cell lines to determine its selectivity index. The results showed that among 5-hydroxyxanthone derivative compounds, the 1,6,8-trihydroxyxanthone had the best in vitro antiplasmodial activity on both 3D-7 and FCR-3 Plasmodium falciparum strains with IC50 values of 6.10 ± 2.01 and 6.76 ± 2.38 μM, respectively. The 1,6,8-trihydroxyxanthone showed inhibition activity of heme polymerization with IC50 value of 2.854 mM and showed the high selectivity with selectivity index of 502.2-556.54. In conclusion, among 5-hydroxyxanthone derivatives tested, the 1,6,8-trihydroxyxantone showed the best antiplasmodial activity and has heme polymerization inhibition activity and high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mistika Zakiah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Sekip Utara, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak 78115, Indonesia
| | - Rul Afiyah Syarif
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Sekip Utara, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Mustofa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Sekip Utara, Indonesia
| | - Jumina Jumina
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Sekip Utara, Indonesia
| | - Nela Fatmasari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Sekip Utara, Indonesia
| | - Eti Nurwening Sholikhah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Sekip Utara, Indonesia
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Hisamatsu Y, Otani K, Takase H, Umezawa N, Higuchi T. Fluorescence Response and Self-Assembly of a Tweezer-Type Synthetic Receptor Triggered by Complexation with Heme and Its Catabolites. Chemistry 2021; 27:6489-6499. [PMID: 33026121 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the development and applications of synthetic receptors that recognize target biomolecules in aqueous media. We have developed a new tweezer-type synthetic receptor that gives a significant fluorescence response upon complexation with heme in aqueous solution at pH 7.4. The synthetic receptor consists of a tweezer-type heme recognition site and sulfo-Cy5 as a hydrophilic fluorophore. The receptor-heme complex exhibits a supramolecular amphiphilic character that facilitates the formation of self-assembled aggregates, and both the tweezer moiety and the sulfo-Cy5 moiety are important for this property. The synthetic receptor also exhibits significant fluorescence responses to biliverdin and bilirubin, but shows very weak fluorescence responses to flavin mononucleotide, folic acid, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which contain smaller π-scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hisamatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Koki Otani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takase
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Naoki Umezawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Higuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
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24
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Antiplasmodial activity of sulfonylhydrazones: in vitro and in silico approaches. Future Med Chem 2020; 13:233-250. [PMID: 33295837 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is still a life-threatening public health issue, and the upsurge of resistant strains requires continuous generation of active molecules. In this work, 35 sulfonylhydrazone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and resistant (W2) strains. The most promising compound, 5b, had an IC50 of 0.22 μM against W2 and was less cytotoxic and 26-fold more selective than chloroquine. The structure-activity relationship model, statistical analysis and molecular modeling studies suggested that antiplasmodial activity was related to hydrogen bond acceptor count, molecular weight and partition coefficient of octanol/water and displacement of frontier orbitals to the heteroaromatic ring beside the imine bond. This study demonstrates that the synthesized molecules with a simple scaffold allow the hit-to-lead process for new antimalarials to commence.
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25
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Yang J, He Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Wong YK, Shen S, Zhong T, Zhang J, Liu Q, Wang J. Advances in the research on the targets of anti-malaria actions of artemisinin. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216:107697. [PMID: 33035577 PMCID: PMC7537645 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Malaria has been a global epidemic health threat since ancient times. It still claims roughly half a million lives every year in this century. Artemisinin and its derivatives, are frontline antimalarial drugs known for their efficacy and low toxicity. After decades of wide use, artemisinins remain our bulwark against malaria. Here, we review decades of efforts that aim to understand the mechanism of action (MOA) of artemisinins, which help explain the specificity and potency of this anti-malarial drug. We summarize the methods and approaches employed to unravel the MOA of artemisinin over the last three decades, showing how the development of advanced techniques can help provide mechanistic insights and resolve some long-standing questions in the field of artemisinin research. We also provide examples to illustrate how to better repurpose artemisinins for anti-cancer therapies by leveraging on MOA. These examples point out a practical direction to engineer artemisinin for broader applications beyond malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China; Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingke He
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yinbao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, JiangXi 341000, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin-Kwan Wong
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengnan Shen
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China; Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.
| | - Jigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China; Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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26
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Kozurkova M, Sabolova D, Kristian P. A new look at 9-substituted acridines with various biological activities. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:175-189. [PMID: 32969520 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterocycles have long been the focus of intensive study in attempts to develop novel therapeutic compounds, and acridine, a polynuclear nitrogen molecule containing a heterocycle, has attracted a considerable amount of scientific attention. Acridine derivatives have been studied in detail and have been found to possess multitarget properties, which inhibit topoisomerase enzymes that regulate topological changes in DNA and interfere with the essential biological function of DNA. This article describes some recent advancements in the field of new 9-substituted acridine heterocyclic agents and describes both the structure and the structure-activity relationship of the most promising molecules. The article will also present the IC50 values of the novel derivatives against various human cancer cell lines. The mini review also investigates the topoisomerase inhibition and antibacterial and antimalarial activity of these polycyclic aromatic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kozurkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Danica Sabolova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Kristian
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Pillat MM, Krüger A, Guimarães LMF, Lameu C, de Souza EE, Wrenger C, Ulrich H. Insights in Chloroquine Action: Perspectives and Implications in Malaria and COVID-19. Cytometry A 2020; 97:872-881. [PMID: 32686260 PMCID: PMC7404934 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a threat to human mankind and kills about half a million people every year. On the other hand, COVID-19 resulted in several hundred thousand deaths since December 2019 and remains without an efficient and safe treatment. The antimalarials chloroquine (CQ) and its analog, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), have been tested for COVID-19 treatment, and several conflicting evidence has been obtained. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the evidence regarding action mechanisms of these compounds against Plasmodium and SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with cytometry applications. CQ and HCQ act on the renin angiotensin system, with possible implications on the cardiorespiratory system. In this context, flow and image cytometry emerge as powerful technologies to investigate the mechanism of therapeutic candidates, as well as for the identification of the immune response and prognostics of disease severity. Data from the large randomized trials support the conclusion that CQ and HCQ do not provide any clinical improvements in disease severity and progression of SARS-CoV-2 patients, as well as they do not present any solid evidence of increased serious side effects. These drugs are safe and effective antimalarials agents, but in SARS-CoV-2 patients, they need further studies in the context of clinical trials. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheli Mainardi Pillat
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyHealth Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa MariaSanta MariaRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Arne Krüger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Claudiana Lameu
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Chemistry, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Edmarcia Elisa de Souza
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Chemistry, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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28
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Tam DNH, Tawfik GM, El-Qushayri AE, Mehyar GM, Istanbuly S, Karimzadeh S, Tu VL, Tiwari R, Van Dat T, Nguyen PTV, Hirayama K, Huy NT. Correlation between anti-malarial and anti-haemozoin activities of anti-malarial compounds. Malar J 2020; 19:298. [PMID: 32825818 PMCID: PMC7441662 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite noticeable improvement in anti-malarial treatment, rapid growth of resistant malaria strains points out the need for continuous development of novel anti-malarials to fight the disastrous infection. Haemozoin is considered as a novel inhibitory pathway for new anti-malarial drugs, therefore, this study aimed to systematically review all articles investigating the correlation between anti-malarial and anti-haemozoin activities of anti-malarial compounds. Methods A literature search was conducted on 22 October 2017 in eight databases for relevant in vitro articles reporting the correlation between anti-malarial and anti-haemozoin of anti-malarial compounds, based on the constructed search terms and inclusion criteria. ToxRtool was used to assess quality of each study. Results A total of ten articles were included in the review. In vitro anti-malarial and anti-haemozoin activity had a good correlation for quinolines for sensitive strains (R2 ranging from 0.66 to 0.95) and xanthones (Spearman ρ = 0.886). However, these correlations were reached after removing some compounds which had non-detectable anti-malarial or anti-haemozoin effects. Other structures (acridines, pyrolidines) showed negligible correlation with Spearman ρ ranging from 0.095 to 0.381 for acridines, and r varying from 0.54 to 0.62 for pyrolidines. Some good correlations were only shown in a logarithmic manner or when the anti-malarial activity was normalized. Conclusion The results raised a relative relationship between anti-haemozoin and in vitro anti-malarial activities. Some studies reported compounds that were effective in the inhibition of haemozoin formation, but failed to inhibit the parasite survival and vice versa. The correlation results in these studies were calculated after these compounds were removed from their analysis. The ability of anti-malarial compounds to accumulate inside the reaction site might strengthen their anti-malarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Ngoc Hien Tam
- Asia Shine Trading & Service CO. LTD., Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Gehad Mohamed Tawfik
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Ehab El-Qushayri
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Ghaleb Muhammad Mehyar
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan.,Southwest Physicians Associates S.C., 2955 W 95th St, Evergreen Park, IL, 60805, USA
| | - Sedralmontaha Istanbuly
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Sedighe Karimzadeh
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan.,School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Vo Linh Tu
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ranjit Tiwari
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Truong Van Dat
- Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Leading Graduate School Program, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan. .,Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam.
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29
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Pharmacologic Treatment of Transplant Recipients Infected With SARS-CoV-2: Considerations Regarding Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Drug-Drug Interactions. Ther Drug Monit 2020; 42:360-368. [PMID: 32304488 PMCID: PMC7188032 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a novel infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory distress (SARS)-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several therapeutic options are currently emerging but none with universal consensus or proven efficacy. Solid organ transplant recipients are perceived to be at increased risk of severe COVID-19 because of their immunosuppressed conditions due to chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs (ISDs). It is therefore likely that solid organ transplant recipients will be treated with these experimental antivirals.
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30
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Upadhyay C, Chaudhary M, De Oliveira RN, Borbas A, Kempaiah P, Singh P, Rathi B. Fluorinated scaffolds for antimalarial drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:705-718. [PMID: 32202162 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1740203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The unique physicochemical properties and chemical diversity of organofluorine compounds have remarkably contributed for their wide utility in the area of pharmaceuticals, materials and agrochemicals. The noteworthy characteristics of fluorine include high electron affinity, lipophilicity and bioavailability, extending the half-life of the drugs. The incorporation of fluorine substituents, particularly trifluoromethyl groups, into organic molecules has led to their high potency against various diseases, including malaria. Hence, organofluorinated molecules offer valuable avenues for the design of new drug candidates against malaria. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the importance of fluorine substituents present in the chemical compounds, and their potential applications for antimalarial drug discovery. EXPERT OPINION Fluorinated molecules represent a reliable strategy to develop new antimalarial drugs. Fluorine or fluorinated groups have been identified as a promising precursor, and their presence in approximately twenty-five percent of approved drugs is notable. Selective fluorination of chemical entities has the potential to be applied not only to improve the activity profile against the malaria parasite, but could be extrapolated for favorable pharmacological applications. Hazardous reagents such as HF, F2 and SF4 used for fluorination, are not considered as safe, and therefore, this process remains challenging, particularly for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi , Delhi, India
| | - Monika Chaudhary
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College University Enclave, University of Delhi , Delhi, India
| | - Ronaldo N De Oliveira
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco , Recife, Brazil
| | - Aniko Borbas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen , Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Prakasha Kempaiah
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine , Chicago, USA
| | - Poonam Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi , Delhi, India
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College University Enclave, University of Delhi , Delhi, India
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31
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Fayyazi N, Esmaeili S, Taheri S, Ribeiro FF, Scotti MT, Scotti L, Ghasemi JB, Saghaei L, Fassihi A. Pharmacophore Modeling, Synthesis, Scaffold Hopping and Biological β- Hematin Inhibition Interaction Studies for Anti-malaria Compounds. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 19:2743-2765. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191116160326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Backgound:Exploring potent compounds is critical to generating multi-target drug discovery. Hematin crystallization is an important mechanism of malaria.Methods:A series of chloroquine analogues were designed using a repositioning approach to develop new anticancer compounds. Protein-ligand interaction fingerprints and ADMET descriptors were used to assess docking performance in virtual screenings to design chloroquine hybrid β-hematin inhibitors. A PLS algorithm was applied to correlate the molecular descriptors to IC50 values. The modeling presented excellent predictive power with correlation coefficients for calibration and cross-validation of r2 = 0.93 and q2 = 0.72. Using the model, a series of 4-aminoquinlin hybrids were synthesized and evaluated for their biological activity as an external test series. These compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic cell lines and β-hematin inhibition.Results:The target compounds exhibited high β-hematin inhibition activity and were 3-9 times more active than the positive control. Furthermore, all the compounds exhibited moderate to high cytotoxic activity. The most potent compound in the dataset was docked with hemoglobin and its pharmacophore features were generated. These features were used as input to the Pharmit server for screening of six databases.Conclusion:The compound with the best score from ChEMBL was 2016904, previously reported as a VEGFR-2 inhibitor. The 11 compounds selected presented the best Gold scores with drug-like properties and can be used for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Fayyazi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Esmaeili
- Traditional Medicine and Medical Material Research Center (TMRC), Shahid beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salman Taheri
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Frederico F. Ribeiro
- Synthesis and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Biological Sciences Department, Paraíba State University, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jahan B. Ghasemi
- College of Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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32
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de J Parra Y, Andueza L FD, Ferrer M RE, Bruno Colmenarez J, Acosta ME, Charris J, Rosenthal PJ, Gut J. [(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]acetophenones and their copper(II) derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, computational studies and antimalarial activity. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:962-987. [PMID: 31762723 PMCID: PMC6868921 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the compounds [(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]acetophenones (4, 5) and their copper(II) complexes (4a, 5a) is reported. The compounds were characterized using a wide range of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques, such as FTIR, UV-vis, NMR, EPR, ESI-CID-MS2. The spectral results suggested that the ligand acted as chelating species coordinating the metal through the endocyclic nitrogen of the quinoline ring in both complexes, with general formulae expressed in two ways, according to the phase in which they are: [Cu(L)2Cl2] for solid phase and [Cu(L)2][2Cl] for liquid phase. The EPR study of the Cu (II) complexes indicated a probable distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry. This result was confirmed by the calculated optimized structures at the DFT/B3LYP method with the 6-31G (d,p) basis set. The characterization of the fragmentation pattern of protonated free ligands was extended here to fragments as low as m/z 43, while for coordination complexes it extends to fragments at m/z 80 and m/z 111. The antimalarial activity of the compounds was determined through three different tests: inhibitory activity against in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum (W2), inhibition of hemozoin formation (β-hematin) and in vitro inhibitory activity against recombinant falcipain-2, where compound 5 showed considerable activity. However, the activity of free ligands against P. falciparum was increased by complexing with the Cu (II) metal ion. The values of the HOMO-LUMO energy gap of 3.847 eV (4a) and 3.932 eV (5a) were interpreted with high chemical activity and thus, could influence on biological activity. In both compounds, the total electron density surface mapped with electrostatic potential clearly revealed the presence of high negative charge on the Cu atom. Also, this study reported the molecular docking of free ligands (4, 5) using software package ArgusLab 4.0.1. The results revealed the importance of water molecules as interaction bridges through hydrogen bonds between free ligands and β-hematin; at the same time, the hypothesis that π-π interaction between quinoline derivatives and the electronic system of hematin governs the formation of adducts was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan de J Parra
- Escuela de Ingeniería Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería en Geología, Minas, Petróleos y Ambiental, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
| | - Felix D Andueza L
- Escuela de Ingeniería Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería en Geología, Minas, Petróleos y Ambiental, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador
| | - Rosa E Ferrer M
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Humanidades y Educación, Universidad del Zulia, Apartado 526, Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela
| | - Julia Bruno Colmenarez
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología de Materiales (CITeMa), Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 20632, Altos de Pipe 1020-A Estado Miranda, Venezuela
| | - María E Acosta
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado 47206, Los Chaguaramos, 1041-A Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jaime Charris
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado 47206, Los Chaguaramos, 1041-A Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Box 0811, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Box 0811, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Agarwal D, Singh S, Gupta RD, Awasthi SK. In vitro synergistic interaction of potent 4-aminoquinolines in combination with dihydroartemisinin against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Acta Trop 2019; 199:105109. [PMID: 31351071 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
High-grade chloroquine (CQ) resistance has been reported in malaria endemic geographical regions such as Papua New Guinea, northern Papua, and eastern and western provinces of Indonesia, along with low-level resistance in Vietnam, South Korea, Turkey, Burma, South America, and Madagascar. Studies on CQ drug resistance have revealed the association of P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter protein. Thus, we are in dire need of alternate chemotherapeutic agents which in combination with artemisinin (or its analogues) are efficacious against chloroquine-resistant strains. Such combinations may thwart the emergence of drug resistant strains, along with reducing the malaria burden. Hypothesizing that newer 4-aminoquinolines, earlier reported by our group, could be part of a combination therapy to efficiently treat malaria, we sought to evaluate these compounds, viz. 1m, 1o, 2c, and 2j against the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum, strain 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and strain Dd2 (chloroquine-resistant), in combination with dihydroartemisinin (DHA). Results revealed substantially synergistic interactions between the combination partners, which could be further established by their potential to inhibit hemozoin formation with increased efficiency when combined, as compared to the compounds assessed individually. Furthermore, aminoquinolines and DHA show distinct stage-specific profiles. Our results stand in strong support of the potential of these aminoquinoline derivatives to serve as partner drugs in antimalarial combinations to treat multiple-drug-resistant Plasmodium strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishti Agarwal
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rinkoo D Gupta
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Satish K Awasthi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Herraiz T, Guillén H, González-Peña D, Arán VJ. Antimalarial Quinoline Drugs Inhibit β-Hematin and Increase Free Hemin Catalyzing Peroxidative Reactions and Inhibition of Cysteine Proteases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15398. [PMID: 31659177 PMCID: PMC6817881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium affects millions people worldwide. Plasmodium consumes hemoglobin during its intraerythrocytic stage leaving toxic heme. Parasite detoxifies free heme through formation of hemozoin (β-hematin) pigment. Proteolysis of hemoglobin and formation of hemozoin are two main targets for antimalarial drugs. Quinoline antimarial drugs and analogs (β-carbolines or nitroindazoles) were studied as inhibitors of β-hematin formation. The most potent inhibitors were quinacrine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine followed by quinidine, mefloquine and quinine whereas 8-hydroxyquinoline and β-carbolines had no effect. Compounds that inhibited β-hematin increased free hemin that promoted peroxidative reactions as determined with TMB and ABTS substrates. Hemin-catalyzed peroxidative reactions were potentiated in presence of proteins (i.e. globin or BSA) while antioxidants and peroxidase inhibitors decreased peroxidation. Free hemin increased by chloroquine action promoted oxidative reactions resulting in inhibition of proteolysis by three cysteine proteases: papain, ficin and cathepsin B. Glutathione reversed inhibition of proteolysis. These results show that active quinolines inhibit hemozoin and increase free hemin which in presence of H2O2 that abounds in parasite digestive vacuole catalyzes peroxidative reactions and inhibition of cysteine proteases. This work suggests a link between the action of quinoline drugs with biochemical processes of peroxidation and inhibition of proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN). Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Hugo Guillén
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN). Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana González-Peña
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN). Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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Antimalarial, antiproliferative, and apoptotic activity of quinoline-chalcone and quinoline-pyrazoline hybrids. A dual action. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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36
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Proteomic analysis of Plasmodium falciparum response to isocryptolepine derivative. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220871. [PMID: 31393938 PMCID: PMC6687117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant strains of malaria parasites have emerged for most of antimalarial medications. A new chemotherapeutic compound is needed for malarial therapy. Antimalarial activity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant P. falciparum has been reported for an isocryptolepine derivative, 8-bromo-2-fluoro-5-methyl-5H-indolo[3,2-c]quinoline (ICL-M), which also showed less toxicity to human cells. ICL-M has indoloquinoline as a core structure and its mode of action remains unclear. Here, we explored the mechanisms of ICL-M in P. falciparum by assessing the stage-specific activity, time-dependent effect, a proteomic analysis and morphology. Since human topo II activity inhibition has been reported as a function of isocryptolepine derivatives, malarial topo II activity inhibition of ICL-M was also examined in this study. The ICL-M exhibited antimalarial activity against both the ring and trophozoite stages of P. falciparum. Our proteomics analysis revealed that a total of 112 P. falciparum proteins were differentially expressed after ICL-M exposure; among these, 58 and 54 proteins were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Proteins localized in the food vacuole, nucleus, and cytoplasm showed quantitative alterations after ICL-M treatment. A bioinformatic analysis revealed that pathways associated with ribosomes, proteasomes, metabolic pathways, amino acid biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and carbon metabolism were significantly different in P. falciparum treated with ICL-M. Moreover, a loss of ribosomes was clearly observed by transmission electron microscopy in the ICL-M-treated P. falciparum. This finding is in agreement with the proteomics data, which revealed downregulated levels of ribosomal proteins following ICL-M treatment. Our results provide important information about the mechanisms by which ICL-M affects the malaria parasite, which may facilitate the drug development of isocryptolepine derivatives.
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Anti-malarial, cytotoxicity and molecular docking studies of quinolinyl chalcones as potential anti-malarial agent. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2019; 33:677-688. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Obisesan OR, Adekunle AS, Oyekunle JAO, Sabu T, Nkambule TTI, Mamba BB. Development of Electrochemical Nanosensor for the Detection of Malaria Parasite in Clinical Samples. Front Chem 2019; 7:89. [PMID: 30859097 PMCID: PMC6397833 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, electrochemical nanosensors were developed from the synthesized metal oxide (MO) nanoparticles by supporting it on a gold electrode (Au). The activity of the developed nanosensor toward the detection of malaria biomarker (β-hematin) was determined and the optimum conditions at which the maximum detection and quantification occurred were established. β-Hematin current response at the sensors was higher when compared with the bare Au electrode and followed the order Au-CuO (C) > Au-CuO (M) > Au-Fe2O3 (M) > Au-Fe2O3 (C) > Au-Al2O3 (M) > Au-Al2O3 (C) > bare Au. The developed sensors were stable with a relatively low current drop (10.61-17.35 %) in the analyte. Au-CuO sensor had the best performance toward the biomarker and quantitatively detected P. berghei in infected mice's serum samples at 3.60-4.8 mM and P. falciparum in human blood serum samples at 0.65-1.35 mM concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaoluwa R Obisesan
- Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.,International and Inter University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | | | - John A O Oyekunle
- Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Thomas Sabu
- International and Inter University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | - Thabo T I Nkambule
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Univeristy of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bhekie B Mamba
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Univeristy of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Osman CP, Ismail NH, Widyawaruyanti A, Imran S, Tumewu L, Choo CY, Ideris S. Evaluation of a Series of 9,10-Anthraquinones as Antiplasmodial Agents. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180607085102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: A phytochemical study on medicinal plants used for the treatment of fever
and malaria in Africa yielded metabolites with potential antiplasmodial activity, many of which are
Anthraquinones (AQ). AQs have similar sub-structure as naphthoquinones and xanthones, which
were previously reported as novel antiplasmodial agents.
</P><P>
Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the structural requirements of 9,10-
anthraquinones with hydroxy, methoxy and methyl substituents to exert strong antiplasmodial activity
and to investigate their possible mode of action.
</P><P>
Methods: Thirty-one AQs were synthesized through Friedel-Crafts reaction and assayed for antiplasmodial
activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7). The selected compounds were
tested for toxicity and probed for their mode of action against β-hematin dimerization through
HRP2 and lipid catalyses. The most active compounds were subjected to a docking study using
AutoDock 4.2.
</P><P>
Results: The active AQs have similar common structural characteristics. However, it is difficult to
establish a structure-activity relationship as certain compounds are active despite the absence of the
structural features exhibited by other active AQs. They have either ortho- or meta-arranged
substituents and one free hydroxyl and/or carbonyl groups. When C-6 is substituted with a methyl
group, the activity of AQs generally increased. 1,3-DihydroxyAQ (15) showed good antiplasmodial
activity with an IC50 value of 1.08 µM, and when C-6 was substituted with a methyl group, 1,3-
dihydroxy-6-methylAQ (24) showed stronger antiplasmodial activity with an IC50 value of 0.02
µM, with better selectivity index. Compounds 15 and 24 showed strong HRP2 activity and mild
toxicity against hepatocyte cells. Molecular docking studies showed that the hydroxyl groups at the
ortho (23) and meta (24) positions are able to form hydrogen bonds with heme, of 3.49 Å and 3.02
Å, respectively.
</P><P>
Conclusion: The activity of 1,3-dihydroxy-6-methylAQ (24) could be due to their inhibition against
the free heme dimerization by inhibiting the HRP2 protein. It was further observed that the
anthraquinone moiety of compound 24 bind in parallel to the heme ring through hydrophobic interactions,
thus preventing crystallization of heme into hemozoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Puteh Osman
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hadiani Ismail
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aty Widyawaruyanti
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Syahrul Imran
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lidya Tumewu
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Chee Yan Choo
- MedChem Herbal Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharinah Ideris
- MedChem Herbal Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Kazarine A, Baakdah F, Gopal AA, Oyibo W, Georges E, Wiseman PW. Malaria Detection by Third-Harmonic Generation Image Scanning Cytometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2216-2223. [PMID: 30601655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite global efforts aimed at its elimination, malaria is still a significant health concern in many countries across the world. The disease is caused by blood-borne parasites, Plasmodium species, and is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes and presents with generic febrile symptoms that are challenging to diagnose clinically. To adequately tackle this issue, an effective detection method is required for screening potential malaria patients for infection. To this day, the gold standard for malaria detection remains basic light microscopy of Giemsa-stained patient blood smears to first enable detection and manual counting to determine the parasite density by a microscopist. While effective at detecting parasites, this method requires both significant time and skilled personnel. As an alternate approach, we propose a new malaria detection method that we call third-harmonic generation image scanning cytometry (THGISC) based on the combination of third-harmonic generation imaging, high-speed motorized scanning, and automated software processing. Third-harmonic generation (THG) is a nonlinear optical process in which the frequency of incident photons is tripled within the sample material. We have previously demonstrated that hemozoin, a metabolic byproduct of the malaria parasite, presents a significant THG signal. We now present a practical approach that uses the selectivity of this contrast mechanism to perform label-free image scanning cytometry of patient blood smears for automated malaria detection. In this work, we applied this technique to lab-cultured parasites and parasites in whole blood obtained from malaria patients. We also compared its effectiveness to parasite counts obtained by classical methods. The ability to easily and rapidly determine parasitemia by THG offers potential not only for the easy confirmation of malaria diagnoses following symptoms, but also the tracking of treatment progress in existing patients, potentially allowing physicians to adjust medication and dosage for each individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Kazarine
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Fadi Baakdah
- Institute of Parasitology , McGill University , Sainte Anne de Bellevue , Quebec H9X 3 V9 , Canada
| | - Angelica A Gopal
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Wellington Oyibo
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Malaria Diagnosis, College of Medicine , University of Lagos , Idi-Araba, Lagos 100254 , Nigeria
| | - Elias Georges
- Institute of Parasitology , McGill University , Sainte Anne de Bellevue , Quebec H9X 3 V9 , Canada
| | - Paul W Wiseman
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada.,Department of Physics , McGill University , 3600 University Street , Montreal , Quebec H3A 2T8 , Canada
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41
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Osman CP, Ismail NH. Antiplasmodial Anthraquinones from Medicinal Plants: The Chemistry and Possible Mode of Actions. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801301207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria killed nearly half a million people in 2015, and 70% of this victims were young children. Malarial chemotherapy makes use of several drugs, each with its own pharmacological limitations, and with parasite resistance being the most challenging. People of low income nations often rely on traditional medicine as a treatment due to limited access to modern healthcare services. Despite uncertainties present in the outcome of traditional medicine, ethnomedicine approach has yielded important lead candidates. The investigation of medicinal plants utilized in the malaria endemic region yielded many antiplasmodial compounds with anthraquinone moiety. This paper describes natural anthraquinones extracted from medicinal plants utilized in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria. In addition, the insight on structure-activity relationship and their mode of actions are also elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Puteh Osman
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-ur Rahman Institute of Natural Product Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hadiani Ismail
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-ur Rahman Institute of Natural Product Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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d'Orchymont F, Hess J, Panic G, Jakubaszek M, Gemperle L, Keiser J, Gasser G. Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of organometallic derivatives of the antimalarial drug mefloquine as new antischistosomal drug candidates. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1905-1909. [PMID: 30568758 PMCID: PMC6256353 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00396c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present the design, synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of new ferrocenyl and ruthenocenyl derivatives of the organic antimalarial mefloquine, a drug also known for its antischistosomal activity. The two metallocenyl derivatives prepared (3 and 4) demonstrated comparable activity to mefloquine against adult-stage Schistosoma mansoni in vitro. Importantly, both compounds were found to have lower toxicity in all cell lines than mefloquine itself. Administration of a 200 mg kg-1 oral dose of 3 and 4 to S. mansoni-infected mice did not significantly reduce worm burden, contrary to mefloquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustine d'Orchymont
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Hess
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Gordana Panic
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology , Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , CH-4051 , Basel , Switzerland .
- University of Basel , P.O. Box , CH-4003 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Marta Jakubaszek
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology , Chimie ParisTech , PSL University , F-75005 Paris , France .
| | - Lea Gemperle
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology , Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , CH-4051 , Basel , Switzerland .
- University of Basel , P.O. Box , CH-4003 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology , Chimie ParisTech , PSL University , F-75005 Paris , France .
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Sakata Y, Yabunaka K, Kobayashi Y, Omiya H, Umezawa N, Kim HS, Wataya Y, Tomita Y, Hisamatsu Y, Kato N, Yagi H, Satoh T, Kato K, Ishikawa H, Higuchi T. Potent Antimalarial Activity of Two Arenes Linked with Triamine Designed To Have Multiple Interactions with Heme. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:980-985. [PMID: 30344903 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the idea that compounds designed to exhibit high affinity for heme would block hemozoin formation, a critical heme-detoxification process for malarial parasites, we synthesized a series of compounds with two π-conjugated moieties at terminal amino groups of triamine. These compounds exhibited moderate to high antimalarial activities in vitro toward both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. In a P. berghei-infected mouse model, 3a and 12a showed potent antimalarial activities compared to artesunate, as well as a prolonged duration of antimalarial effect. We found a good correlation between protective activity against hemin degradation and antimalarial activity. Compounds 8b and 3a strongly inhibited hemozoin formation catalyzed by heme detoxification protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sakata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yabunaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yuko Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Omiya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Umezawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hye-Sook Kim
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yusuke Wataya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tomita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hisamatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Nobuki Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tadashi Satoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems and Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Haruto Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Higuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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Prediction Model for Antimalarial Activities of Hemozoin Inhibitors by Using Physicochemical Properties. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02424-17. [PMID: 29439979 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02424-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of strains of malaria parasites that are resistant to several drugs has threatened global malaria control. Hence, the aim of this study was to predict the antimalarial activity of chemical compounds that possess anti-hemozoin-formation activity as a new means of antimalarial drug discovery. After the initial in vitro anti-hemozoin-formation high-throughput screening (HTS) of 9,600 compounds, a total of 224 hit compounds were identified as hemozoin inhibitors. These 224 compounds were tested for in vitro erythrocytic antimalarial activity at 10 μM by using chloroquine-mefloquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7A. Two independent experiments were conducted. The physicochemical properties of the active compounds were extracted from the ChemSpider and SciFinder databases. We analyzed the extracted data by using Bayesian model averaging (BMA). Our findings revealed that lower numbers of S atoms; lower distribution coefficient (log D) values at pH 3, 4, and 5; and higher predicted distribution coefficient (ACD log D) values at pH 7.4 had significant associations with antimalarial activity among compounds that possess anti-hemozoin-formation activity. The BMA model revealed an accuracy of 91.23%. We report new prediction models containing physicochemical properties that shed light on effective chemical groups for synthetic antimalarial compounds and help with in silico screening for novel antimalarial drugs.
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45
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De Gasparo R, Brodbeck-Persch E, Bryson S, Hentzen NB, Kaiser M, Pai EF, Krauth-Siegel RL, Diederich F. Biological Evaluation and X-ray Co-crystal Structures of Cyclohexylpyrrolidine Ligands for Trypanothione Reductase, an Enzyme from the Redox Metabolism of Trypanosoma. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:957-967. [PMID: 29624890 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The tropical diseases human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and the various forms of leishmaniasis are caused by parasites of the family of trypanosomatids. These protozoa possess a unique redox metabolism based on trypanothione and trypanothione reductase (TR), making TR a promising drug target. We report the optimization of properties and potency of cyclohexylpyrrolidine inhibitors of TR by structure-based design. The best inhibitors were freely soluble and showed competitive inhibition constants (Ki ) against Trypanosoma (T.) brucei TR and T. cruzi TR and in vitro activities (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 ) against these parasites in the low micromolar range, with high selectivity against human glutathione reductase. X-ray co-crystal structures confirmed the binding of the ligands to the hydrophobic wall of the "mepacrine binding site" with the new, solubility-providing vectors oriented toward the surface of the large active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul De Gasparo
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elke Brodbeck-Persch
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Steve Bryson
- Departments of Biochemistry, Medical Biophysics, and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, #5358, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,The Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Nina B Hentzen
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emil F Pai
- Departments of Biochemistry, Medical Biophysics, and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, #5358, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,The Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - R Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemie-Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Rupar J, Dobričić V, Aleksić M, Brborić J, Čudina O. A review of published data on acridine derivatives with different biological activities. KRAGUJEVAC JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/kgjsci1840083r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Forkuo AD, Ansah C, Mensah KB, Annan K, Gyan B, Theron A, Mancama D, Wright CW. In vitro anti-malarial interaction and gametocytocidal activity of cryptolepine. Malar J 2017; 16:496. [PMID: 29282057 PMCID: PMC5745596 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discovery of novel gametocytocidal molecules is a major pharmacological strategy in the elimination and eradication of malaria. The high patronage of the aqueous root extract of the popular West African anti-malarial plant Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Periplocaceae) in traditional and hospital settings in Ghana has directed this study investigating the gametocytocidal activity of the plant and its major alkaloid, cryptolepine. This study also investigates the anti-malarial interaction of cryptolepine with standard anti-malarials, as the search for new anti-malarial combinations continues. METHODS The resazurin-based assay was employed in evaluating the gametocytocidal properties of C. sanguinolenta and cryptolepine against the late stage (IV/V) gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum (NF54). A fixed ratio method based on the SYBR Green I fluorescence-based assay was used to build isobolograms from a combination of cryptolepine with four standard anti-malarial drugs in vitro using the chloroquine sensitive strain 3D7. RESULTS Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (IC50 = 49.65 nM) and its major alkaloid, cryptolepine (IC50 = 1965 nM), showed high inhibitory activity against the late stage gametocytes of P. falciparum (NF54). In the interaction assays in asexual stage, cryptolepine showed an additive effect with both lumefantrine and chloroquine with mean ΣFIC50s of 1.017 ± 0.06 and 1.465 ± 0.17, respectively. Cryptolepine combination with amodiaquine at therapeutically relevant concentration ratios showed a synergistic effect (mean ΣFIC50 = 0.287 ± 0.10) whereas an antagonistic activity (mean ΣFIC50 = 4.182 ± 0.99) was seen with mefloquine. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study shed light on the high gametocytocidal properties of C. sanguinolenta and cryptolepine attributing their potent anti-malarial activity mainly to their effect on both the sexual and asexual stages of the parasite. Amodiaquine is a potential drug partner for cryptolepine in the development of novel fixed dose combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Donkor Forkuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Charles Ansah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwesi Boadu Mensah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kofi Annan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ben Gyan
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Anjo Theron
- Biosciences, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Dalu Mancama
- Biosciences, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Colin W Wright
- School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
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Osman CP, Ismail NH. A REVIEW ON THE CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF Rennellia elliptica Korth. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2017. [DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v6i6.6642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rennellia elliptica, popularly dubbed as Malaysian Ginseng, is widely used in traditional medicine among the local Jakun community in Endau-Rompin State Park, Pahang, Malaysia. The decoction of the roots is traditionally taken for treatment of body aches, as postpartum tonic, as aphrodisiac and for the treatment of jaundice. In the effort of searching new botanical drugs and drug candidates from tropical rainforest, the team from this laboratory had conducted a sizeable phytochemical and biological screening program of tropical plant at Endau Rompin State Park, Pahang with the help from the indigenous people. R. elliptica showed strong antiplasmodial activity in vitro with the IC50 value of 4.04µg/mL. The comprehensive study on the root extract of R. elliptica in this laboratory yielded seventeen compounds from four different classes, including 2 new pyranoanthraquinones, one new anthraquinone, eleven known anthraquinones, one lactone triterpenoid, one coumarin and one phenolic acid. The chemical profile of the root extract was established using HPLC and the selected marker compounds were used as external standards and quantified using standard calibration curve. Nordamnacanthal 5, damnacanthal 7, 2-formyl-3-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone 6, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone 11 and 1,2-dimethoxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone 3 were determined at 3.57, 10.32, 4.47, 12.18 and 4.09 µg/g, respectively. Owing to the toxicity of dichloromethane, the extraction of the desired marker compounds was attempted using accelerated solvent extraction and soxhlet extraction using ethanol and water at different compositions. R. elliptica root extract and the isolated anthraquinones showed potential antiplasmodial activity, and the active compounds were probed for their mode of action. In addition, the dichloromethane root extract of R. elliptica and the selected anthraquinones were screened for anticancer, antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities as well as toxicity study in vitro. The review summarizes the findings on Rennellia elliptica which includes phytochemistry, toxicity and its biological activities. The chemotaxonomic significance of Rennellia elliptica is also discussed
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Olanlokun JO, David OM, Afolayan AJ. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and prophylactic potentials of extract and fractions of Trema orientalis (Linn.) stem bark. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:407. [PMID: 28810849 PMCID: PMC5558712 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trema orientalis (T. orientalis Linn) has been used in the management of malaria in the western part of Nigeria and despite its application in ethnomedicine, there is dearth of scientific evidence to justify the acclaimed prophylactic antimalarial usage of the plant. The aim of this study is to assess the in vitro antiplasmodial cell-free assay and chemopreventive efficacy of the methanol extract of the stem bark of T. orientalis and its fractions as a prophylactic regimen for malaria prevention. Also, the antimicrobial activities of the extract and the fractions were investigated. METHOD Vacuum liquid chromatography was used to obtain dichloromethane, ethylacetate and methanol fractions from the methanol extract of T. orientalis. The fractions were tested for their prophylactic and cell-free antimalarial activity using murine models and β-hematin formation assay respectively. Disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the extract and its fractions against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. RESULTS In the prophylactic experiment, dichloromethane (DCMF), methanol fraction (MF) and extract (ME) (in this order) showed significant chemopreventive effects against P. berghei invasion of the red blood cells when compared with both Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) and untreated controls. Results of the in vitro study showed that the DCMF had the highest effect in preventing the formation of β-hematin when compared with other fractions. The DCMF also had the highest percentage inhibition of β-hematin formation when compared with chloroquine. The extract and fractions showed a concentration dependent antibacterial activity. Methanol extract had a pronounced inhibitory effect on Enterobacter cloaca ATCC 13047 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Serratia mercescens ATCC 9986 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 19582 were the most susceptible bacteria. CONCLUSION The results obtained showed that both extract and fractions of T. orientalis possessed antiplasmodial and antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Oludele Olanlokun
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwole Moses David
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Jide Afolayan
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development Research Centre, Botany Department, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
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Maurya SS, Khan SI, Bahuguna A, Kumar D, Rawat DS. Synthesis, antimalarial activity, heme binding and docking studies of N-substituted 4-aminoquinoline-pyrimidine molecular hybrids. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 129:175-185. [PMID: 28222317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel N-substituted 4-aminoquinoline-pyrimidine hybrids have been synthesized via simple and economic route and evaluated for their antimalarial activity. Most compounds showed potent antimalarial activity against both CQ-sensitive and CQ-resistant strains with high selectivity index. All the compounds were found to be non-toxic to the mammalian cell lines. The most active compound 7b was analysed for heme binding activity using UV-spectrophotometer. Compound was found to interact with heme and a complex formation between compound and heme in a 1:1 stoichiometry ratio was determined using job plots. The interaction of these hybrids was also investigated by the molecular docking studies in the binding site of wild type Pf-DHFR-TS and quadruple mutant Pf-DHFR-TS. The pharmacokinetic property analysis of best active compounds was also studied by ADMET prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Centre for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Aparna Bahuguna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Diwan S Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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