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Changes in the Metabolic Profile of Melatonin Synthesis-Related Indoles during Post-Embryonic Development of the Turkey Pineal Organ. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810872. [PMID: 36142784 PMCID: PMC9502821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on age-dependent changes in pineal activity has been limited almost exclusively to melatonin (MLT). This study determined, for the first time, the alterations occurring in the metabolic profile of MLT synthesis-related indoles during the post-embryonic development period in birds. Turkeys reared under a 12 h light/dark cycle were euthanized at 2 h intervals for 24 h at the ages of 2, 7, 14, and 28 days and 10, 20, 30, and 45 weeks. The results showed prominent changes in the metabolic profile of indoles during development and could be distinguished in four stages. The first stage, from hatching to the age of 2 weeks, was characterized by a decrease in the 5-hydroxytryptophan concentration and an increase in the concentrations of serotonin (5-HT), MLT, 5-methoxyindoleacetic acid, and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MTAM). During the second stage, around the age of 1 month, the concentrations of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and MLT reached a maximum. The synthesis and degradation of 5-HT were also the highest. The third stage, around the age of 10 weeks, was characterized by decreased levels of 5-HT (approximately 50%) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and a high level of 5-MTAM. The last stage, covering the age of 20 to 45 weeks, was characterized by a large decrease in the synthesis, content, and degradation of 5-HT. Despite these changes, there were no prominent differences in the nocturnal levels of NAS and MLT between the third and fourth stages. The concentrations of all tryptophan derivatives showed daily fluctuations until the age of 45 weeks.
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Mousavi SA, Mirzababaei A, Shiraseb F, Clark CCT, Mirzaei K. The association between modified Nordic diet with sleep quality and circadian rhythm in overweight and obese woman: a cross-sectional study. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1835-1845. [PMID: 34757589 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01327-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have shown an association between diet quality and sleep quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between modified Nordic diet with sleep quality and circadian rhythm in overweight and obese woman. METHODS We enrolled 399 overweight and obese women (body mass index (BMI): 25-40 kg/m2), aged 18-48 years, in this cross-sectional study. For each participant, anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, and food intake were evaluated. Sleep quality and circadian rhythm was measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and morning-evening questionnaire (MEQ) questionnaire. Modified Nordic diet score was measured using a validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). RESULTS Overall, 51.7% of the subjects were good sleepers (the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) < 5) while 48.3% were poor sleepers (PSQI ≥ 5). Moreover, participants were divided into five groups of MEQ, namely, completely morning 8 (2.4%), rarely morning 82 (24.8%), normal 196 (59.2%), rarely evening 43 (13%), and completely evening 2 (0.6%). After controlling for confounders, there was a significant association between poor sleep quality and the modified Nordic diet (OR = 0.80, %95 CI = 0.66-0.98, P = 0.01). Moreover, a significant positive association was observed between the completely morning and modified Nordic diet (OR = 1.80, %95 CI = 0.54-6.00, P = 0.03), in addition to a significant inverse association between the completely evening type and modified Nordic diet (OR = 0.16, %95 CI = 0.002-5.41, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The present study indicated that higher adherence to a modified Nordic diet reduces poor sleep quality. Also, the completely morning type was associated with higher adherence to a modified Nordic diet, and completely evening type was associated with lower adherence to a modified Nordic diet. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Level IV, evidence obtained from multiple time series analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ahmad Mousavi
- Department of Nutrition Science, Science and Research Branch, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Technologies, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Mirzababaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Shiraseb
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran.
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Afeche SC, do Amaral FG, Cipolla-Neto J. Pineal Gland Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2550:95-100. [PMID: 36180681 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2593-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin at night with a circadian rhythm. The synthesis and secretion of melatonin are stimulated at night by norepinephrine released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons projecting from the superior cervical ganglia. Norepinephrine simultaneously activates α- and β-adrenoceptors, triggering melatonin synthesis.To study the regulation of melatonin production and secretion, it is very convenient to use an ex vivo preparation. Thus, it is possible to keep intact pineal glands in culture and to study the actions of agonists, antagonists, modulators, toxic agents, etc., in melatonin synthesis. Artificial melatonin synthesis stimulation in vitro is usually achieved by using a β-adrenergic agonist alone or in association with an α-adrenergic agonist. In this chapter, the methodology of cultured pineal glands will be described. Several papers were published by our group using this methodology, approaching the role played in melatonin synthesis control by angiotensin II and IV, insulin, glutamate, voltage-gated calcium channels, anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME, crack-cocaine product), monosodium glutamate (MSG), signaling pathways like NFkB, pathophysiological conditions like diabetes, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Gaspar do Amaral
- Pineal Neurobiology Lab, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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do Amaral FG, Cipolla-Neto J, Afeche SC. Melatonin Synthesis Enzymes Activity: Radiometric Assays for AANAT, ASMT, and TPH. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2550:33-43. [PMID: 36180675 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2593-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland in mammals. Its synthesis is triggered at night by norepinephrine released in the interstices of the gland. This nocturnal production is dependent on the transcription, translation, and/or activation of the enzymes arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT), and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH). In this chapter, the methodology for the analysis of AANAT, ASMT, and TPH activities by radiometric assays will be presented. Several papers were published by our group utilizing these methodologies, evaluating the enzymes modulation by voltage-gated calcium channels, angiotensin II, insulin, anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME, crack-cocaine product), ethanol, monosodium glutamate (MSG), signaling pathways such as NFkB, and pathophysiological conditions such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gaspar do Amaral
- Pineal Neurobiology Lab, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Endepols H, Zlatopolskiy BD, Zischler J, Alavinejad N, Apetz N, Vus S, Drzezga A, Neumaier B. Imaging of cerebral tryptophan metabolism using 7-[ 18F]FTrp-PET in a unilateral Parkinsonian rat model. Neuroimage 2021; 247:118842. [PMID: 34942366 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation products of the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) are important signaling molecules in the mammalian brain. Trp is metabolized either through the kynurenine pathway or enters serotonin and melatonin syntheses. The aim of the present work was to examine the potential of the novel PET tracer 7-[18F]fluorotryptophan ([18F]FTrp) to visualize all three pathways in a unilateral 6-OHDA rat model. [18F]FDOPA-PET scans were performed in nine 6-OHDA-injected and six sham-operated rats to assess unilateral dopamine depletion severity four weeks after lesion placement. Afterwards, 7-[18F]FTrp-PET scans were conducted at different timepoints up to seven months after 6-OHDA injection. In addition, two 6-OHDA-injected rats were examined for neuroinflammation using [18F]DAA1106-PET. 7-[18F]FTrp-PET showed significantly increased tracer uptake at the 6-OHDA injection site which was negatively correlated to time after lesion placement. Accumulation of [18F]DAA1106 at the injection site was increased as well, suggesting that 7-[18F]FTrp uptake in this region may reflect kynurenine pathway activity associated with inflammation. Bilaterally in the dorsal hippocampus, 7-[18F]FTrp uptake was significantly decreased and was inversely correlated to dopamine depletion severity, indicating that it reflects reduced serotonin synthesis. Finally, 7-[18F]FTrp uptake in the pineal gland was significantly increased in relation with dopamine depletion severity, providing evidence that melatonin synthesis is increased in the 6-OHDA rat model. We conclude that 7-[18F]FTrp is able to detect alterations in both serotonin/melatonin and kynurenine metabolic pathways, and can be applied to visualize pathologic changes related to neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Endepols
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Boris D Zlatopolskiy
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Zischler
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Nazanin Alavinejad
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Nadine Apetz
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Vus
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn-Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Molecular Organization of the Brain (INM-2), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne 50931, Germany.
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Condo D, Lastella M, Aisbett B, Stevens A, Roberts S. Sleep duration and quality are associated with nutrient intake in elite female athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:345-350. [PMID: 34952801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sleep is important for athlete health and performance; however, the relationship between diet and sleep in elite female athletes is not well understood. This study examined associations between energy, macronutrient and micronutrient intakes, and sleep in elite female Australian footballers. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Thirty-two players had their diet and sleep monitored for 10 consecutive days during pre-season. Sleep was monitored using activity monitors and sleep diaries. Sleep outcomes included sleep duration, sleep onset latency (SOL), wake time after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency (SE). Dietary intake was monitored using the smartphone applications Easy Diet Diary and FoodWorks. Relationships between nutrient intake and sleep were assessed using Generalised Estimating Equations. RESULTS For each 1-g·kg-1 increase in carbohydrate intake, WASO increased by 3.6 min (p = 0.007) and SE decreased by 0.6% (p = 0.007). For each 1-g increase in daily saturated fat intake, SOL decreased by 0.27 min (p = 0.030). For each 1-mg increase in iron intake, sleep duration increased by 0.55 min (p < 0.001). For each 1-mg increase in zinc intake, SE increased by 0.23% (p = 0.006). For each 1-μg increase in vitamin B12 intake, WASO decreased by 1.72 min (p < 0.02) and SE increased by 0.40% (p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS Nutrient intake in elite female athletes is associated with sleep and may contribute to sleep problems. Research should explore causal relationships between nutrient intake and sleep, and the efficacy of dietary interventions for improving sleep in female athletes with nutrient deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Condo
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Michele Lastella
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Australia
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Alysha Stevens
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Spencer Roberts
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia.
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Lépinay J, Taragnat C, Dubois JP, Chesneau D, Jockers R, Delagrange P, Bozon V. Negative regulation of melatonin secretion by melatonin receptors in ovine pinealocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255249. [PMID: 34324562 PMCID: PMC8320996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a biological modulator of circadian and seasonal rhythms and reproduction. The photoperiodic information is detected by retinal photoreceptors and transmitted through nerve transmissions to the pineal gland, where MLT is synthesized and secreted at night into the blood. MLT interacts with two G protein-coupled receptors, MT1 and MT2. The aim of our work was to provide evidence for the presence of MLT receptors in the ovine pineal gland and define their involvement on melatonin secretion. For the first time, we identified the expression of MLT receptors with the specific 2-[125I]-MLT agonistic radioligand in ovin pinealocytes. The values of Kd and Bmax are 2.24 ± 1.1 nM and 20 ± 6.8 fmol/mg. MLT receptors are functional and inhibit cAMP production and activate ERK1/2 through pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi/o proteins. The MLT receptor antagonist/ inverse agonist luzindole increased cAMP production (189 ± 30%) and MLT secretion (866 ± 13%). The effect of luzindole on MLT secretion was additive with the effect of well-described activators of this pathway such as the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol and the α-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine. Co-incubation of all three compounds increased MLT secretion by 1236 ± 199%. These results suggest that MLT receptors are involved in the negative regulation of the synthesis of its own ligand in pinealocytes. While adrenergic receptors promote MLT secretion, MLT receptors mitigate this effect to limit the quantity of MLT secreted by the pineal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lépinay
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Catherine Taragnat
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Dubois
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Didier Chesneau
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Véronique Bozon
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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Maffei ME. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP): Natural Occurrence, Analysis, Biosynthesis, Biotechnology, Physiology and Toxicology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E181. [PMID: 33375373 PMCID: PMC7796270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is both a drug and a natural component of some dietary supplements. 5-HTP is produced from tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), which is present in two isoforms (TPH1 and TPH2). Decarboxylation of 5-HTP yields serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) that is further transformed to melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine). 5-HTP plays a major role both in neurologic and metabolic diseases and its synthesis from tryptophan represents the limiting step in serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis. In this review, after an look at the main natural sources of 5-HTP, the chemical analysis and synthesis, biosynthesis and microbial production of 5-HTP by molecular engineering will be described. The physiological effects of 5-HTP are discussed in both animal studies and human clinical trials. The physiological role of 5-HTP in the treatment of depression, anxiety, panic, sleep disorders, obesity, myoclonus and serotonin syndrome are also discussed. 5-HTP toxicity and the occurrence of toxic impurities present in tryptophan and 5-HTP preparations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo E Maffei
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
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Metabolism of Melatonin Synthesis-Related Indoles in the Turkey Pineal Organ and Its Modification by Monochromatic Light. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249750. [PMID: 33371255 PMCID: PMC7767013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of pineal indoles is closely related to alterations in the light and dark phases of a daily cycle. Recent research showed important interspecies differences in the pineal biochemistry, and a strong impact of monochromatic light on many physiological processes in birds. Therefore, the aims of study were to characterize the metabolism of melatonin-synthesis indoles in the pineal organ of the domestic turkey, and to determine the changes occurring in this metabolism under the influence of different wavelengths and intensities of light. For this purpose, 3-week-old turkeys were kept under 16 lx white light, or under blue, green, and red light with intensities of 16, 32, and 64 lx during the photophase, and after 7 d were sacrificed at 4 h intervals. The activities of melatonin-synthesizing enzymes and the contents of indoles were measured in the same pineal organ. The results revealed that the activities of tryptophan hydroxylase and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, and the levels of all tryptophan derivatives had significant daily changes in birds kept under each light condition used. The profile of pineal indole metabolism in 4-week-old turkeys was characterized by high-amplitude rhythms in the activity of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase and the contents of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin, equal relative amounts of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and higher content of melatonin than N-acetylserotonin. The monochromatic light significantly modified the pineal indole metabolism, and its effects were dependent on the color and intensity of light. Pronounced changes occurred in the level of serotonin synthesis and the daily rhythm course of melatonin synthesis.
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Micronutrient Inadequacy in Short Sleep: Analysis of the NHANES 2005-2016. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102335. [PMID: 31581561 PMCID: PMC6835726 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
One third of U.S. adults report short sleep (<7 h), which has been linked to negative health outcomes. Inadequate intake of micronutrients across the U.S. adult population has been reported, and a relationship between sleep conditions and micronutrient intake is emerging. This cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2005–2016) (n = 26,211) showed that participants with short sleep duration had a lower usual intake (Food + Supplements) of calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D in all adults aged 19+ years, and vitamin K in adults aged 19–50 years, even after adjusting for covariates. In addition, participants reporting short sleep had a higher percentage of individuals with intake lower than the estimated average requirement (EAR) across multiple nutrients. Age and gender differences were observed in the prevalence of inadequate intake across multiple nutrients. Adults aged 51–99 years with short sleep duration had inadequate intake with respect to more nutrients. In females there was an association between short sleep and a higher prevalence of inadequate intake (Food + Spp) for calcium, magnesium, and vitamins A, C, D, E, and K (above adequate intake). Conversely, males reporting short sleep only had an inadequate intake of vitamin D. Overall, we demonstrate that short sleep is associated with increased nutrient inadequacy, emphasizing the possible need for dietary supplementation.
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Rohde K, Hertz H, Rath MF. Homeobox genes in melatonin-producing pinealocytes: Otx2 and Crx act to promote hormone synthesis in the mature rat pineal gland. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12567. [PMID: 30803008 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Homeobox genes encode transcription factors that regulate developmental processes; however, in the pineal gland, a neuroendocrine organ responsible for nocturnal melatonin synthesis, expression of the homeobox genes Otx2 (orthodenticle homeobox 2) and Crx (cone-rod homeobox) persists postnatally. We here show that OTX2 and CRX are exclusively present in melatonin-producing pinealocytes of the rat pineal gland. To understand the roles of Otx2 and Crx in the mature pineal gland, we used siRNA technology in cultured rat pinealocytes with the nocturnal situation mimicked by adding norepinephrine to the culture media. siRNA-induced knockdown of Otx2 was found to reduce expression levels of the enzymes involved in melatonin synthesis at both transcript and protein levels. Similar results were obtained when knocking down Crx. Knocking down Otx2 and Crx simultaneously produced an even larger reduction in both transcript and protein levels of the melatonin-producing enzymes and also reduced the levels of melatonin released to the culture media. These results suggest that Otx2 and Crx, both alone and in combination, act to control pineal melatonin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Rohde
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hertz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin F Rath
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yamanaka Y, Yamada Y, Honma KI, Honma S. Cryptochrome deficiency enhances transcription but reduces protein levels of pineal Aanat. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:219-229. [PMID: 30328353 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochrome (Cry) 1 and 2 are essential for circadian rhythm generation, not only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the site of the mammalian master circadian clock, but also in peripheral organs throughout the body. CRY is also known as a repressor of arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (Aanat) transcription; therefore, Cry deficiency is expected to induce constantly high pineal melatonin content. Nevertheless, we previously found that the content was consistently low in melatonin-proficient Cry1 and Cry2 double-deficient mice (Cry1−/−/Cry2−/−) on C3H background. This study aims to clarify the mechanism underlying this discrepancy. In the Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− pineal, expression levels of Aanat and clock gene Per1 were consistently high with no circadian fluctuation on the first day in constant darkness, demonstrating that CRY acts in vivo as a repressor of the pineal circadian clock and AANAT. In contrast, the enzyme activity and protein levels of AANAT remained low throughout the day, supporting our previous observation of continuously low melatonin. Thus, effects of Cry deficiency on the responses of β-adrenergic receptors were examined in cultured pineal glands. Isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic stimulant, significantly increased melatonin content, although the increase was smaller in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− than in WT mice, during both the day and night. However, the increase in cAMP in response to forskolin was similar in both genotypes, indicating that CRY deficiency does not affect the pathway downstream of the β-adrenergic receptor. These results suggest that a lack of circadian adrenergic input due to CRY deficiency decreases β-receptor activity and cAMP levels, resulting in consistently low AANAT levels despite abundant Aanat mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yamanaka
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Laboratory of Life and Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Education, Sapporo, Japan
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Yamada
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Honma
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sato Honma
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate school of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Abrahão MV, Dos Santos NFT, Kuwabara WMT, do Amaral FG, do Carmo Buonfiglio D, Peres R, Vendrame RFA, Flávio da Silveira P, Cipolla-Neto J, Baltatu OC, Afeche SC. Identification of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) in the rat pineal gland and the modulation of melatonin synthesis by angiotensin IV. Brain Res 2018; 1704:40-46. [PMID: 30222958 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been postulated in the pineal gland. In addition to angiotensin II (Ang II), other active metabolites have been described. In this study, we aimed to investigate a role for Ang IV in melatonin synthesis and the presence of its proposed (IRAP)/AT4 receptor (insulin-regulated aminopeptidase) in the pineal gland. The effect of Ang IV on melatonin synthesis was investigated in vitro using isolated pinealocytes. IRAP protein expression and activity were evaluated by Western blot and fluorimetry using Leu-4Me-β-naphthylamide as a substrate. Melatonin was analyzed by HPLC, calcium content by confocal microscopy and cAMP by immunoassay. Ang IV significantly augmented the NE-induced melatonin synthesis to a similar degree as that achieved by Ang II. This Ang IV effect in pinealocytes appears to be mediated by an increase in the intracellular calcium content but not by cAMP. The (IRAP)/AT4 expression and activity were identified in the pineal gland, which were significantly higher in membrane fractions than in soluble fractions. Ang IV significantly reduced IRAP activity in the pineal membrane fractions. The main findings of the present study are as follows: (1) Ang IV potentiates NE-stimulated melatonin production in pinealocytes, (2) the (IRAP)/AT4 receptor is present in the rat pineal gland, and (3) Ang IV inhibits IRAP activity and increases pinealocytes [Ca2+]i. We conclude that Ang IV is an important component of RAS and modulates melatonin synthesis in the rat pineal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wilson Mitsuo Tatagiba Kuwabara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gaspar do Amaral
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-901 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniella do Carmo Buonfiglio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Peres
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University-Laureate International Universities, 12247-016 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the most recent findings relevant to the biology of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) and the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in human gastrointestinal disease. RECENT FINDINGS Serotonin is synthesized in the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract where it is secreted from enteroendocrine cells. Its biosynthesis is regulated by two isoforms of the enzyme TPH of which TPH1 is localized predominantly in gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells. Serotonin activates the peristaltic reflexes, regulates gastrointestinal motility, and has a role in intestinal inflammation. Inhibition of TPH with novel molecules represents a new pharmacological tool in the successful management of carcinoid syndrome in patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs). Certain 5-HT receptor subtype agonists and antagonists are useful in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders. SUMMARY The gastrointestinal tract is the largest storage organ for serotonin where its biosynthesis is regulated by TPH1. It has several important functions in gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and inflammation. Furthermore, TPH represents a target for inhibitory pharmacological therapy of serotonin access states such as the carcinoid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Swami
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cui SY, Li SJ, Cui XY, Zhang XQ, Yu B, Huang YL, Cao Q, Xu YP, Yang G, Ding H, Song JZ, Ye H, Sheng ZF, Wang ZJ, Zhang YH. Ca(2+) in the dorsal raphe nucleus promotes wakefulness via endogenous sleep-wake regulating pathway in the rats. Mol Brain 2016; 9:71. [PMID: 27456222 PMCID: PMC4960696 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) are involved in the control of sleep-wake states. Our previous studies have indicated that calcium (Ca(2+)) modulation in the DRN plays an important role in rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) and non-REMS (NREMS) regulation during pentobarbital hypnosis. The present study investigated the effects of Ca(2+) in the DRN on sleep-wake regulation and the related neuronal mechanism in freely moving rats. Our results showed that microinjection of CaCl2 (25 or 50 nmol) in the DRN promoted wakefulness and suppressed NREMS including slow wave sleep and REMS in freely moving rats. Application of CaCl2 (25 or 50 nmol) in the DRN significantly increased serotonin in the DRN and hypothalamus, and noradrenaline in the locus coeruleus and hypothalamus. Immunohistochemistry study indicated that application of CaCl2 (25 or 50 nmol) in the DRN significantly increased c-Fos expression ratio in wake-promoting neurons including serotonergic neurons in the DRN, noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, and orxinergic neurons in the perifornical nucleus, but decreased c-Fos expression ratio of GABAergic sleep-promoting neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. These results suggest that Ca(2+) in the DRN exert arousal effects via up-regulating serotonergic functions in the endogenous sleep-wake regulating pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ying Cui
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Sheng-Jie Li
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Xiang-Yu Cui
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Xue-Qiong Zhang
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Qing Cao
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Ya-Ping Xu
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jin-Zhi Song
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Zhao-Fu Sheng
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Zi-Jun Wang
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yong-He Zhang
- Department of pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
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16
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Erjavec I, Bordukalo-Niksic T, Brkljacic J, Grcevic D, Mokrovic G, Kesic M, Rogic D, Zavadoski W, Paralkar VM, Grgurevic L, Trkulja V, Cicin-Sain L, Vukicevic S. Constitutively Elevated Blood Serotonin Is Associated with Bone Loss and Type 2 Diabetes in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150102. [PMID: 26907598 PMCID: PMC4764355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced peripheral serotonin (5HT) in mice lacking tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH1), the rate limiting enzyme for 5HT synthesis, was reported to be anabolic to the skeleton. However, in other studies TPH1 deletion either had no bone effect or an age dependent inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption. The role of 5HT in bone therefore remains poorly understood. To address this issue, we used selective breeding to create rat sublines with constitutively high (high-5HT) and low (low-5HT) platelet 5HT level (PSL) and platelet 5HT uptake (PSU). High-5HT rats had decreased bone volume due to increased bone turnover characterized by increased bone formation and mineral apposition rate, increased osteoclast number and serum C-telopeptide level. Daily oral administration of the TPH1 inhibitor (LX1032) for 6 weeks reduced PSL and increased the trabecular bone volume and trabecular number of the spine and femur in high-5HT rats. High-5HT animals also developed a type 2 diabetes (T2D) phenotype with increased: plasma insulin, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, body weight, visceral fat, β-cell pancreatic islets size, serum cholesterol, and decreased muscle strength. Serum calcium accretion mediated by parathyroid hormone slightly increased, whereas treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased PSL. Insulin reduction was paralleled by a drop in PSL in high-5HT rats. In vitro, insulin and 5HT synergistically up-regulated osteoblast differentiation isolated from high-5HT rats, whereas TPH1 inhibition decreased the number of bone marrow-derived osteoclasts. These results suggest that constitutively elevated PSL is associated with bone loss and T2D via a homeostatic interplay between the peripheral 5HT, bone and insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Erjavec
- Laboratory of Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Bordukalo-Niksic
- Laboratory of Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Brkljacic
- Laboratory of Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danka Grcevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Mokrovic
- Laboratory for Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, Molecular Biology Department, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Kesic
- Laboratory for Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, Molecular Biology Department, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dunja Rogic
- Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Lovorka Grgurevic
- Laboratory of Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Trkulja
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lipa Cicin-Sain
- Laboratory for Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, Molecular Biology Department, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slobodan Vukicevic
- Laboratory of Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- * E-mail:
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Valdés-Fuentes M, Vera-Rivera G, De Ita-Pérez D, Méndez I, Miranda MI, Díaz-Muñoz M. Effect of daytime-restricted feeding in the daily variations of liver metabolism and blood transport of serotonin in rat. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/5/e12389. [PMID: 25948822 PMCID: PMC4463822 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The biogenic amine serotonin is a signaling molecule in the gastrointestinal tract, platelets, and nervous tissue. In nervous system, serotonin and its metabolites are under the control of the circadian timing system, but it is not known if daily variations of serotonin exist in the liver. To explore this possibility, we tested if the rhythmic pattern of serotonin metabolism was regulated by daytime restricted feeding (DRF) which is a protocol associated to the expression of the food entrained oscillator (FEO). The DRF involved food access for 2 h each day for 3 weeks. Control groups included food ad libitum (AL) as well as acute fasting and refeeding. Serotonin-related metabolites were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography, the anabolic and catabolic enzymes were evaluated by western blot, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry to generate 24-h profiles. The results showed in the AL group, liver serotonin, tryptophan hydroxylase-1 activity, and protein abundance as well as serotonin in plasma and serum were rhythmic and coordinated. The DRF protocol disrupted this coordinated response and damped the rhythmic profile of these parameters. We demonstrated the daily synthesis and the degradation of serotonin as well as its transport in blood. This rhythm could influence the physiological role played by serotonin in peripheral organs. DRF caused an uncoordinated response in the liver and blood serotonin rhythm. This modification could be a part of the physiology of the FEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Valdés-Fuentes
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - Gabriela Vera-Rivera
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurobiology, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - Dalia De Ita-Pérez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - Isabel Méndez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - María Isabel Miranda
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurobiology, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Qro., México
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Piesiewicz A, Kedzierska U, Turkowska E, Adamska I, Majewski PM. Seasonal postembryonic maturation of the diurnal rhythm of serotonin in the chicken pineal gland. Chronobiol Int 2014; 32:59-70. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.955185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Developmental and light-entrained expression of melatonin and its relationship to the circadian clock in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. EvoDevo 2014; 5:26. [PMID: 25243057 PMCID: PMC4169136 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary hormone of the vertebrate pineal gland, melatonin, has been identified broadly throughout the eukaryotes. While the role for melatonin in cyclic behavior via interactions with the circadian clock has only been reported in vertebrates, comparative research has shown that the transcription-translation loops of the animal circadian clock likely date to the cnidarian-bilaterian ancestor, leaving open significant questions about the evolutionary origin of melatonin signaling in circadian behavior by interacting with the molecular clock. Results Expression of melatonin in adult anemones showed peak expression at the end of light period (zeitgeber time (ZT) = 12) when cultured under diel conditions, coinciding with expression of genes and enzyme activity for members of the melatonin synthesis pathway (tryptophan hydroxylase and hydroxyindol-O-methyltransferase), which also showed rhythmic expression. During embryogenesis and juvenile stages, melatonin showed cyclic oscillations in concentration, peaking in midday. Spatial (in situ hybridization) and quantitative (real-time PCR) transcription of clock genes during development of N. vectensis showed these ‘clock’ genes are expressed early in the development, prior to rhythmic oscillations, suggesting functions independent of a function in the circadian clock. Finally, time-course studies revealed that animals transferred from diel conditions to constant darkness lose circadian expression for most of the clock genes within 4 days, which can be reset by melatonin supplementation. Conclusions Our results support an ancient role for melatonin in the circadian behavior of animals by showing cyclic expression of this hormone under diel conditions, light-dependent oscillations in genes in the melatonin synthesis pathway, and the function of melatonin in initiating expression of circadian clock genes in the cnidarian N. vectensis. The differences in expression melatonin and the circadian clock gene network in the adult stage when compared with developmental stages of N. vectensis suggests new research directions to characterize stage-specific mechanisms of circadian clock function in animals.
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20
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Peres R, Amaral FG, Marques AC, Neto JC. Melatonin production in the sea star Echinaster brasiliensis (Echinodermata). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2014; 226:146-151. [PMID: 24797096 DOI: 10.1086/bblv226n2p146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The primary hormone of the vertebrate pineal gland, melatonin, has been identified broadly throughout the tree of life, in animals, plants, and fungi, supporting a deep evolutionary origin for this signaling molecule. However, some key groups have not been studied. Echinoderms, deuterostome animals, are one of these groups. Herein we study the presence of melatonin and enzymes of its pathway in the sea star Echinaster brasiliensis. We demonstrate that E. brasiliensis produces endogenous melatonin, in the gonads, under a circadian pattern with a nocturnal peak of production. We also show that the enzymes arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) are present and are probably regulating the melatonin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Peres
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, 1st floor, Room 118, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil; and
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21
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Piesiewicz A, Kedzierska U, Adamska I, Usarek M, Zeman M, Skwarlo-Sonta K, Majewski PM. Pineal arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (Aanat) gene expression as a target of inflammatory mediators in the chicken. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 179:143-51. [PMID: 22935823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that experimental peritonitis in chickens was attenuated by treatment with exogenous melatonin, while the developing inflammation decreased pineal AANAT activity. This suggested the existence of a bidirectional relationship between the activated immune system and pineal gland function. The aim of the present study was to identify the step(s) in the chicken pineal melatonin biosynthetic pathway that are affected by inflammation. Peritonitis was evoked by i.p. injection of thioglycollate solution, either 2h after the start, or 2h before the end of the light period, and the animals were sacrificed 4h later. The effect of inflammation on the expression of genes encoding enzymes participating in melatonin biosynthesis in the pineal gland, i.e. tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1), dopa decarboxylase (Ddc), arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (Aanat) and acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (Asmt), was evaluated by qPCR. The pineal and serum melatonin concentration as well as the content of its precursors in the pineal gland were measured, along with the activity of the relevant biosynthetic enzymes. Developing peritonitis caused an increase in the pineal levels of the Tph1 mRNA during the night and the Asmt mRNA during the day, while nocturnal Aanat transcription was reduced. Both the pineal and serum melatonin level and the pineal content of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) were decreased during the night in birds with peritonitis. The amount and activity of pineal AANAT were significantly reduced, while the activity of HIOMT was increased under these experimental conditions. These results indicate that the observed decrease in MEL biosynthesis in chickens with developing inflammation is a result of transcriptional downregulation of the Aanat gene, followed by reduced synthesis and activity of the encoded enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Piesiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
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22
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Schallreuter KU, Salem MAEL, Gibbons NCJ, Martinez A, Slominski R, Lüdemann J, Rokos H. Blunted epidermal L-tryptophan metabolism in vitiligo affects immune response and ROS scavenging by Fenton chemistry, part 1: Epidermal H2O2/ONOO(-)-mediated stress abrogates tryptophan hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase activities, leading to low serotonin and melatonin levels. FASEB J 2012; 26:2457-70. [PMID: 22415302 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-197137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is characterized by a progressive loss of inherited skin color. The cause of the disease is still unknown. To date, there is accumulating in vivo and in vitro evidence for massive oxidative stress via hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) in the skin of affected individuals. Autoimmune etiology is the favored theory. Since depletion of the essential amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) affects immune response mechanisms, we here looked at epidermal Trp metabolism via tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) with its downstream cascade, including serotonin and melatonin. Our in situ immunofluorescence and Western blot data reveal significantly lower TPH1 expression in patients with vitiligo. Expression is also low in melanocytes and keratinocytes under in vitro conditions. Although in vivo Fourier transform-Raman spectroscopy proves the presence of 5-hydroxytryptophan, epidermal TPH activity is completely absent. Regulation of TPH via microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and L-type calcium channels is severely affected. Moreover, dopa decarboxylase (DDC) expression is significantly lower, in association with decreased serotonin and melatonin levels. Computer simulation supports H(2)O(2)/ONOO(-)-mediated oxidation/nitration of TPH1 and DDC, affecting, in turn, enzyme functionality. Taken together, our data point to depletion of epidermal Trp by Fenton chemistry and exclude melatonin as a relevant contributor to epidermal redox balance and immune response in vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin U Schallreuter
- Institute for Pigmentary Disorders, E. M. Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
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23
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Peres R, do Amaral FG, Madrigrano TC, Scialfa JH, Bordin S, Afeche SC, Cipolla-Neto J. Ethanol consumption and pineal melatonin daily profile in rats. Addict Biol 2011; 16:580-90. [PMID: 21635669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that melatonin participates in the regulation of many important physiological functions such as sleep-wakefulness cycle, motor coordination and neural plasticity, and cognition. However, as there are contradictory results regarding the melatonin production diurnal profile under alcohol consumption, the aim of this paper was to study the phenomenology and mechanisms of the putative modifications on the daily profile of melatonin production in rats submitted to chronic alcohol intake. The present results show that rats receiving 10% ethanol in drinking water for 35 days display an altered daily profile of melatonin production, with a phase delay and a reduction in the nocturnal peak. This can be partially explained by a loss of the daily rhythm and the 25% reduction in tryptophan hydroxylase activity and, mainly, by a phase delay in arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase gene expression and a 70% reduction in its peak activity. Upstream in the melatonin synthesis pathway, the results showed that noradrenergic signaling is impaired as well, with a decrease in β1 and α1 adrenergic receptors' mRNA contents and in vitro sustained loss of noradrenergic-stimulated melatonin production by glands from alcohol-treated rats. Together, these results confirm the alterations in the daily melatonin profile of alcoholic rats and suggest the possible mechanisms for the observed melatonin synthesis modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Peres
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Yang X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Chang R, Li X. Screening vasoconstriction inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicines using a vascular smooth muscle/cell membrane chromatography-offline-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2586-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ca2+ modulation in dorsal raphe plays an important role in NREM and REM sleep regulation during pentobarbital hypnosis. Brain Res 2011; 1403:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Effect of cerebrolysin on the levels of glutathione and 5-HT in different regions of rat brain in presence of dantrolene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Hou X, Zhou M, Jiang Q, Wang S, He L. A vascular smooth muscle/cell membrane chromatography–offline-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for recognition, separation and identification of active components from traditional Chinese medicines. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7081-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 08/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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