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Li R, Robinson M, Ding X, Geetha T, Al-Nakkash L, Broderick TL, Babu JR. Genistein: A focus on several neurodegenerative diseases. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14155. [PMID: 35460092 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are caused by the progressive loss of function or structure of nerve cells in the central nervous system. The most common neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, motor neuron disease, and Parkinson's disease. Although the physical or mental symptoms of neurodegenerative disease may be relieved by various treatment combinations, there are currently no strategies to directly slow or prevent neurodegeneration. Given the demographic evidence of a rapidly growing aging population and the associated prevalence of these common neurodegenerative diseases, it is paramount to develop safe and effective ways to protect against neurodegenerative diseases. Most neurodegenerative diseases share some common etiologies such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Genistein is an isoflavone found in soy products that have been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and estrogenic properties. Increasing evidence indicates the protective potential of genistein in neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the role that genistein plays in delaying the development of neurodegenerative disease. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Genistein is a naturally occurring isoflavone found mainly in soybean, but also green peas, legumes, and peanuts. Genistein is found to pass through the blood-brain barrier and possess a neuroprotective effect. In this review, we discuss studies in support of these actions and the underlying biological mechanisms. Together, these data indicate that genistein may hold neuroprotective effects in either delaying the onset or relieving the symptoms of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzi Li
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Megan Robinson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Xiaowen Ding
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Layla Al-Nakkash
- Department of Physiology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Tom L Broderick
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Diabetes and Exercise Metabolism College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Xi YD, Chi YF, Han J, Li HR, Wang XY, Wang X, Li TT, Yu HY, Xiao R. Keap1 as Target of Genistein on Nrf2 Signaling Pathway Antagonizing Aβ induced Oxidative Damage of Cerebrovascular Endothelial Cells. Curr Neurovasc Res 2022; 19:73-82. [PMID: 35388754 DOI: 10.2174/1567202619666220406100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) induced oxidative damage contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and cerebrovascular system is more vulnerable to oxidative stress. Our earlier study showed a clue that Genistein (Gen) might activate Nf-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway to protect cerebrovascular cells from oxidative damage induced by Aβ, but the specific mechanisms and regulation targets are unclear. OBJECTIVE In this study, the anti-oxidative effects and the possible targets of Gen on regulating Nrf2 pathway in bEnd.3 cells were investigated. Cells were divided into control, Aβ25-35, Gen and Gen+Aβ25-35 groups. METHODS Cell viability, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity and nitrotyrosine were evaluated. Moreover, mRNA and/or protein expressions of Nrf2 and kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) were measured. Then we transfected Keap1 over-expressed plasmid into bEnd.3 cells and measured the protein expressions of Nrf2 pathway related factors. Data showed that Gen could inhibit the over-production of MDA and nitrotyrosine and activate SOD activity. Besides we got the phenomenon that Gen could up-regulate the mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2 and down-regulate Keap1 protein expression, the Keap1 over-expressed plasmid study indicated that the up-regulation of Nrf2 protein expression induced by pretreatment of Gen could be blocked by the transfection of Keap1 over-expressed plasmid, and the same results also occurred in Nrf2 downstream factors. CONCLUSION Gen could alleviate the cerebrovascular cells oxidative damage induced by Aβ25-35 through regulating Nrf2 pathway, and Keap1 might be one of the targets of Gen on activating Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Di Xi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ya-Fei Chi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hong-Rui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xian-Yun Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tian-Tian Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hui-Yan Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Goh YX, Jalil J, Lam KW, Husain K, Premakumar CM. Genistein: A Review on its Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:820969. [PMID: 35140617 PMCID: PMC8818956 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.820969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, non-resolving inflammation is becoming a major trigger in various diseases as it plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, asthma, cancer, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, neurodegenerative disease, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, prolonged use of anti-inflammatory drugs is usually accompanied with undesirable effects and hence more patients tend to seek for natural compounds as alternative medicine. Considering the fact above, there is an urgency to discover and develop potential novel, safe and efficacious natural compounds as drug candidates for future anti-inflammatory therapy. Genistein belongs to the flavonoid family, in the subgroup of isoflavones. It is a phytoestrogen that is mainly derived from legumes. It is a naturally occurring chemical constituent with a similar chemical structure to mammalian estrogens. It is claimed to exert many beneficial effects on health, such as protection against osteoporosis, reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease, alleviation of postmenopausal symptoms and anticancer properties. In the past, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of genistein. Henceforth, this review aims to summarize the anti-inflammatory properties of genistein linking with the signaling pathways and mediators that are involved in the inflammatory response as well as its toxicity profile. The current outcomes are analysed to highlight the prospect as a lead compound for drug discovery. Data was collected using PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink and Scopus databases. Results showed that genistein possessed strong anti-inflammatory activities through inhibition of various signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), prostaglandins (PGs), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS). A comprehensive assessment of the mechanism of action in anti-inflammatory effects of genistein is included. However, evidence for the pharmacological effects is still lacking. Further studies using various animal models to assess pharmacological effects such as toxicity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and bioavailability studies are required before clinical studies can be conducted. This review will highlight the potential use of genistein as a lead compound for future drug development as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xian Goh
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Juriyati Jalil
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Wai Lam
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khairana Husain
- Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chandini Menon Premakumar
- Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Luo M, Zheng LW, Wang YS, Huang JC, Yang ZQ, Yue ZP, Guo B. Genistein exhibits therapeutic potential for PCOS mice via the ER-Nrf2-Foxo1-ROS pathway. Food Funct 2021; 12:8800-8811. [PMID: 34374402 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00684c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age and the main cause of female infertility, but there is no universal drug for PCOS therapy. As a predominant dietary isoflavone present in soybeans, genistein (GEN) possesses estrogenic and antioxidative properties, but limited information is available regarding its therapeutic potential and underlying molecular mechanism in PCOS. In this study, we found that GEN might restore the estrous cycle of PCOS mice and ameliorate the elevation of circulating T, AMH and LH levels as well as LH/FSH ratios along with reduced cystic follicles, indicating the importance of GEN in PCOS therapy. Meanwhile, GEN improved the ovarian secretion function of PCOS mice and attenuated oxidative damage of the ovary through enhancing its antioxidant capability dependent on ER. Supplementation of GEN improved the defect of the ATP level and mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating the significance of GEN in preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. Further analysis demonstrated that GEN via ER heightened the expression of Nrf2 and Foxo1 whose blockage antagonized the defence of GEN on the secretory and mitochondrial functions of ovarian granulosa cells followed by the limited antioxidant capability and increased intracellular ROS level. Moreover, nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of Nrf2 presented a notable enhancement after exposure to GEN. Addition of the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 hampered the GEN induction of Foxo1. Nrf2 might directly bind to the antioxidant response element of the Foxo1 promoter region. Collectively, GEN might exhibit therapeutic potential for PCOS mice via the ER-Nrf2-Foxo1-ROS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China. and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lian-Wen Zheng
- Reproductive Medical Center, Jilin University Second Hospital, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Si Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
| | - Ji-Cheng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
| | - Zhan-Qing Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
| | - Zhan-Peng Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
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Zhu L, Liu Y, Wu X, Ren Y, Zhang Q, Ren L, Guo Y. Cerebroprotein hydrolysate-I protects senescence-induced by D-galactose in PC12 cells and mice. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:3722-3731. [PMID: 34262731 PMCID: PMC8269606 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebroprotein hydrolysate-I (CH-I),a mixture of peptides extracted from porcine brain tissue,has shown a neuroprotective effect, but its role in brain senescence is unclear. In the present study, we established a senescence model of PC12 cells and mice to investigate the effect of CH-I on brain senescence via JAK2/STAT3 pathway. The results showed that CH-I could improve cell viability, inhibit the apoptosis of cells, and reduce the senescence-positive cells induced by D-galactose. In vivo, CH-I improved the learning ability and memory of aging mice, reduced neuronal damage in mice hippocampus. Mechanism studies showed that CH-I could adjust BDNF protein expressions, activate JAK2/STAT3 pathway, and finally enhance telomerase activity. All these findings indicated that CH-I showed a neuroprotective effect against brain senescence. These results might provide further reference and support for the application of CH-I in delaying aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular DiseasesTaishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong ProvinceMedical Research CenterThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yingjuan Liu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular DiseasesTaishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong ProvinceMedical Research CenterThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular DiseasesTaishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong ProvinceMedical Research CenterThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yuqian Ren
- Institute of Cerebrovascular DiseasesTaishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong ProvinceMedical Research CenterThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Department of NeurologyShandong Second Provincial General HospitalJinanChina
| | - Leiming Ren
- Institute of Chinese Integrative MedicineHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular DiseasesTaishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong ProvinceMedical Research CenterThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
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Omidkhoda SF, Mehri S, Heidari S, Hosseinzadeh H. Protective Effects of Crocin Against Hepatic Damages in D-galactose Aging Model in Rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 19:440-450. [PMID: 33680043 PMCID: PMC7757971 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.15022.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a progressive process which is associated with liver dysfunction and it is due to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell apoptosis. Long-term D-galactose (D-gal) administration is able to develop an aging model in animals. Crocin as a major active ingredient in saffron has shown anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects via its antioxidant capacity. Thus, the aim of the present study was the assessment of crocin effects on hepatic and metabolic disorders induced by D-gal in rats. Aging model was induced in rats by 56-day administration of D-gal (400 mg/kg/day subcutaneously). Protective effects of different doses of crocin (7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg/day) in concomitant with D-gal administration were evaluated. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) amounts were measured by means of their reaction, respectively, with thiobarbituric acid and 5,5'-Dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) under a specific condition. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), β-galactosidase, induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and carboxymethyllysine (CML) levels were determined by western blotting method. Additionally, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured in serum. D-gal administration significantly elevated ALT, AST, ALP levels, which were markedly inhibited by crocin administration. Crocin suppressed the overgeneration of lipid peroxidation products such as MDA. iNOS was elevated by D-gal administration and was returned to the normal extent by crocin. Therefore, Crocin as a powerful antioxidant and radical scavenger, totally exhibited hepatoprotective effects against D-gal-induced toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Farzaneh Omidkhoda
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Somaye Heidari
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Luo Y, Jiang Y, He Y, Shen T, Ji L, Li F, Hu W. Vina-Ginsenoside R4 from Panax ginseng Leaves Alleviates 6-OHDA-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells Via the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15239-15248. [PMID: 33290066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vina-ginsenoside R4 (VGN4) is the first example of protopanaxatriol saponin possessing sugar chains located at C-3 and C-20 of aglycone. However, to the best of our knowledge, no report has been published on the neuroprotective effect of VGN4. In the present work, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of VGN4 against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced toxicity and its potential mechanism. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with VGN4 attenuated 6-OHDA-induced cell damage and cell apoptosis, which was correlated with the decrease of reactive oxygen species and the increase of antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase and catalase. In addition, VGN4 markedly decreased nuclear translation of the nuclear factor-κB and PI3K/Akt/GSK/3β signaling pathway including p85, PDK1, Akt, and GSK-3β. Further studies revealed that PI3K siRNA attenuated the neuroprotective effect of VGN4 on caspase-3 activity. These data indicate that VGN4 might have the potential to be developed as a new neuroprotective functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Luo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, People's Republic of China
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang He
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, People's Republic of China
| | - Lilian Ji
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu Li
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, People's Republic of China
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Habieb ME, Mohamed MA, El Gamal DM, Hawas AM, Mohamed TM. Anti-aging effect of DL-β-hydroxybutyrate against hepatic cellular senescence induced by D-galactose or γ-irradiation via autophagic flux stimulation in male rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 92:104288. [PMID: 33147533 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to shed new light on anti-aging effect of DL-β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) against hepatic cellular senescence induced by d-galactose or γ-irradiation. The rats divided into 6 groups. Group 1, control, group 2, exposed to γ-ray (5 GY), group 3, injected by d-galactose (150 mg/kg) daily for consecutive 6 weeks, which regarded to induce the aging, group 4, injected intraperitoneal by β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) (72.8 mg/kg) daily for consecutive 14 days, group 5, exposed to γ-ray then treated with βOHB daily for consecutive 14 days, group 6, injected daily with d-galactose for consecutive 6 weeks, then treated with βOHB daily at the last two weeks of d-galactose. Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), Insulin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were estimated in serum. Moreover, protein expression of Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3-II/LC3-I) ratio, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), pAMPK, mRNA gene expression of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Nucleoporin p62 (p62), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1(P21CIP1), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16INK4a) and DNA fragmentation percentage were measured in liver tissue as a biomarker of cellular senescence. The results confirmed that βOHB modulated serum level of AST, ALT, insulin, IL-6 and TNF-α, protein expression of mTOR and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, pAMPK and p62 in liver aging model induced by d-galactose or γ-irradiation. Histopathological examination results of liver tissue indicated coincidence with those recorded by molecular biochemical inspection. Taken together, these findings suggest that βOHB may be useful in combating hepatic cellular senescence induced by d-galactose or γ-irradiation via autophagy dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Habieb
- Drug Radiation Research Dept., National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box, 29 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - M A Mohamed
- Drug Radiation Research Dept., National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box, 29 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - D M El Gamal
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Dept., Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - A M Hawas
- Drug Radiation Research Dept., National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box, 29 Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - T M Mohamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Dept., Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt
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Kim Y, Kim Y. L-histidine and L-carnosine exert anti-brain aging effects in D-galactose-induced aged neuronal cells. Nutr Res Pract 2020; 14:188-202. [PMID: 32528627 PMCID: PMC7263900 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2020.14.3.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Brain aging is a major risk factor for severe neurodegenerative diseases. Conversely, L-histidine and L-carnosine are known to exhibit neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to examine the potential for L-histidine, L-carnosine, and their combination to mediate anti-brain aging effects in neuronal cells subjected to D-galactose-induced aging. MATERIALS/METHODS The neuroprotective potential of L-histidine, L-carnosine, and their combination was examined in a retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiated SH-SY5Y cell line exposed to D-galactose (200 mM) for 48 h. Neuronal cell proliferation, differentiation, and expression of anti-oxidant enzymes and apoptosis markers were subsequently evaluated. RESULTS Treatment with L-histidine (1 mM), L-carnosine (10 mM), or both for 48 h efficiently improved the proliferation, neurogenesis, and senescence of D-galactose-treated SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, protein expression levels of both neuronal markers (β tubulin-III and neurofilament heavy protein) and anti-oxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase-1 and superoxide dismutase-1 were up-regulated. Conversely, protein expression levels of amyloid β (1-42) and cleaved caspase-3 were down-regulated. Levels of mRNA for the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α were also down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, we provide the first evidence that L-histidine, L-carnosine, and their combination mediate anti-aging effects in a neuronal cell line subjected to D-galactose-induced aging. These results suggest the potential benefits of L-histidine and L-carnosine as anti-brain aging agents and they support further research of these amino acid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerin Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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Silva YP, Bernardi A, Frozza RL. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:25. [PMID: 32082260 PMCID: PMC7005631 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1176] [Impact Index Per Article: 294.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence supports that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the regulation of metabolic, endocrine and immune functions. In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the involvement of the gut microbiota in the modulation of multiple neurochemical pathways through the highly interconnected gut-brain axis. Although amazing scientific breakthroughs over the last few years have expanded our knowledge on the communication between microbes and their hosts, the underpinnings of microbiota-gut-brain crosstalk remain to be determined. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main metabolites produced in the colon by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch, are speculated to play a key role in neuro-immunoendocrine regulation. However, the underlying mechanisms through which SCFAs might influence brain physiology and behavior have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we outline the current knowledge about the involvement of SCFAs in microbiota-gut-brain interactions. We also highlight how the development of future treatments for central nervous system (CNS) disorders can take advantage of the intimate and mutual interactions of the gut microbiota with the brain by exploring the role of SCFAs in the regulation of neuro-immunoendocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ygor Parladore Silva
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andressa Bernardi
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rudimar Luiz Frozza
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rudimar Luiz Frozza
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Ji S, Li S, Zhao X, Kang N, Cao K, Zhu Y, Peng P, Fan J, Xu Q, Yang S, Liu Y. Protective role of phenylethanoid glycosides, Torenoside B and Savatiside A, in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:3755-3767. [PMID: 30988761 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study assessed the efficacy of two phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), Torenoside B (TB) and Savatiside A (SA), in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The effects of TB and SA compounds were first assessed following amyloid beta (Aβ)25-35 induction in SH-SY5Y cells at a range of concentrations. Their effects on cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by performing MTT and dichlorofluorescin diacetate assays, respectively. The concentration of intracellular Ca2+ was determined using Fluo-3AM to stain SH-SY5Y cells. SA and TB treatments were also assessed in Aβ25-35-induced mice. Y-maze and Morris water maze methods were utilized to assess murine learning and memory capability. The pathological changes of murine hippocampi was determined using H&E and Nissl staining. In addition, biochemical parameters associated with intracellular reactive oxygen pathways including Maleic dialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Calnexin were also assessed. TB and SA treatment in Aβ25-35-induced SH-SY5Y cells resulted in the restoration of cell morphology, an increase of SOD and GSH-Px activity, a decrease in ROS, Ca2+ and MDA content, and a decrease in Calnexin expression. Furthermore, SA or TB treatment administered to Aβ25-35-induced mice improved their spatial/non-spatial learning and memory capabilities. The efficacy of treatment was also supported by a marked change in the morphological structure of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 areas of murine hippocampi, as well as an increase of SOD and GSH-Px activity. Treatment also resulted in a decrease in MDA content, AchE activity and Calnexin expression in murine hippocampal tissue. As potential AD treatment drugs, SA and TB compounds have been demonstrated to alleviate the oxidative stress induced by Aβ25-35 via the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis and Calnexin, preventing AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Patent Examination Cooperation (Jiangsu) Center of the Patent Office, SIPO, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Xingxing Zhao
- Department of Neonatology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Naixin Kang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Keke Cao
- Shenzhen Yuanxing Gene-Tech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- Suzhou Yihua Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Panpan Peng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Fan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Qiongming Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Shilin Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China.,Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
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Rahimi VB, Askari VR, Mousavi SH. Ellagic acid reveals promising anti-aging effects against d-galactose-induced aging on human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y: A mechanistic study. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1712-1724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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13
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Sodium butyrate improves memory and modulates the activity of histone deacetylases in aged rats after the administration of d-galactose. Exp Gerontol 2018; 113:209-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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14
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Siddique YH, Naz F, Jyoti S, Ali F, Rahul. Effect of Genistein on the Transgenic Drosophila Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Diet Suppl 2018; 16:550-563. [PMID: 29969325 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1472706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Oxidative stress has also been linked with the progression of PD, hence the involvement of a natural plant product could offer neuroprotection. The present study deals with the effect of genistein on the transgenic flies expressing normal human alpha synuclein panneurally. The PD flies were exposed to 10, 20, 30, and 40 µM of genistein (mixed in diet) for 24 days. A significant dose-dependent increase in the life span and delay in the loss of climbing ability were observed in the PD flies exposed to genistein (p < .05). A significant dose-dependent decrease in oxidative stress markers and increase in dopamine content were observed in PD flies exposed to genistein. However, the exposure of genistein did not inhibit the expression of α-synuclein in the brains of PD flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Hasan Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Falaq Naz
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Smita Jyoti
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Fahad Ali
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Rahul
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , Uttar Pradesh , India
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Lin X, Xia Y, Wang G, Xiong Z, Zhang H, Lai F, Ai L. Lactobacillus plantarumAR501 Alleviates the Oxidative Stress of D-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice Liver by Upregulation of Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Enzyme Expression. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1990-1998. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangna Lin
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology; Univ. of Shanghai for Science and Technology; No. 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Yongjun Xia
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology; Univ. of Shanghai for Science and Technology; No. 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Guangqiang Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology; Univ. of Shanghai for Science and Technology; No. 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiong
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology; Univ. of Shanghai for Science and Technology; No. 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology; Univ. of Shanghai for Science and Technology; No. 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Fengxi Lai
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology; Univ. of Shanghai for Science and Technology; No. 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology; Univ. of Shanghai for Science and Technology; No. 516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
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Zhang B, Li W, Dong M. Flavonoids of Kudzu Root Fermented by Eurtotium cristatum Protected Rat Pheochromocytoma Line 12 (PC12) Cells against H₂O₂-Induced Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2754. [PMID: 29257062 PMCID: PMC5751353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel bioactive components have greatly attracted attention as they demonstrate health benefits. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) showed that isoflavonoid compounds of kudzu root (Pueraria lobata) fermented by Eurtotium cristatum and extracted using de-ionized water were higher active compared with non-fermented. A model of H₂O₂-inducd cell damage was built using rat pheochromocytoma line 12 (PC12) cell to observe the protective effect of non-fermented kudzu root (Pueraria lobata) (NFK) and fermented kudzu root (Pueraria lobata) (FK). Cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed through inverted microscopy and flow cytometry. The level of lactate dehydrogenase, catalase activity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated. Results showed that NFK and FK could significantly protect PC12 cell against damage caused by H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. The intracellular antioxidant system was increased, protected the cell membrane inhibit H₂O₂-induced apoptosis by scavenging of ROS. Moreover, NFK and FK regulated the cell cycle to prevent cell apoptosis. Isoflavonoid from the kudzu root especially fermented kudzu root with E. cristatum are potentially therapeutic drugs against diseases induced by oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China.
| | - Wen Li
- Jiangsu Key Construction Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe, Xuzhou Institute Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China.
| | - Mingsheng Dong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Ding W, Wang L, Zhang J, Ke W, Zhou J, Zhu J, Guo X, Long R. Characterization of antioxidant properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from spontaneously fermented yak milk in the Tibetan Plateau. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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18
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The Protective Effect of Lavender Essential Oil and Its Main Component Linalool against the Cognitive Deficits Induced by D-Galactose and Aluminum Trichloride in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:7426538. [PMID: 28529531 PMCID: PMC5424179 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7426538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lavender essential oil (LO) is a traditional medicine used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It was extracted from Lavandula angustifolia Mill. This study was designed to investigate the effects of lavender essential oil (LO) and its active component, linalool (LI), against cognitive impairment induced by D-galactose (D-gal) and AlCl3 in mice and to explore the related mechanisms. Our results revealed that LO (100 mg/kg) or LI (100 mg/kg) significantly protected the cognitive impairments as assessed by the Morris water maze test and step-though test. The mechanisms study demonstrated that LO and LI significantly protected the decreased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and protected the increased activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Besides, they protected the suppressed nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression significantly. Moreover, the decreased expression of synapse plasticity-related proteins, calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), p-CaMKII, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and TrkB in the hippocampus were increased with drug treatment. In conclusion, LO and its active component LI have protected the oxidative stress, activity of cholinergic function and expression of proteins of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and synaptic plasticity. It suggest that LO, especially LI, could be a potential agent for improving cognitive impairment in AD.
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Tang W, Xing Z, Hu W, Li C, Wang J, Wang Y. Antioxidative effects in vivo and colonization of Lactobacillus plantarum MA2 in the murine intestinal tract. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7193-202. [PMID: 27178180 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum MA2 was isolated from traditional Chinese Tibet kefir grains, which possess several excellent properties and functions. We previously demonstrated the antioxidant activities of this bacterium in vitro. However, the maintenance and survival of L. plantarum MA2 inside the murine intestinal tract, where it exerts its probiotic properties, and whether its effects are elicited directly on the host remain unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the mechanisms of L. plantarum MA2 in aging mice following D-galactose administration. The levels of malondialdehyde decreased significantly in the L. plantarum MA2 groups after oral ingestion compared to the D-galactose model group, and total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities increased significantly in the serum and liver. We combined fluorescein isothiocyanate labeling and green fluorescent protein expression to dynamically monitor the colonization and distribution of L. plantarum MA2 in the murine intestinal tract. The results indicated that L. plantarum MA2 was detected in the ileum, colon, and feces after single and continuous oral administration at day 21 and was maintained at 10(4)-10(5) CFU/g. These results suggest that L. plantarum MA2 colonizes and survives in the murine intestinal tract to exert its antioxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zhuqing Xing
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jinju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Food Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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Ren G, Li K, Hu Y, Yu M, Qu J, Xu X. Optimization of selenizing conditions for Seleno-Lentinan and its characteristics. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:249-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Cardoso A, Magano S, Marrana F, Andrade JP. D-Galactose High-Dose Administration Failed to Induce Accelerated Aging Changes in Neurogenesis, Anxiety, and Spatial Memory on Young Male Wistar Rats. Rejuvenation Res 2015; 18:497-507. [PMID: 25936362 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The model of accelerated senescence with the prolonged administration of d-galactose is used in anti-aging studies because it mimics several aging-associated alterations such as increase of oxidative stress and decline of cognition. However, there is no standardized protocol for this aging model, and recently some reports have questioned its effectiveness. To clarify this issue, we used a model of high-dose d-galactose on 1-month-old male Wistar rats and studied the hippocampus, one of the most affected brain regions. In one group (n = 10), d-galactose was daily administered intraperitoneally (300 mg/kg) during 8 weeks whereas age-matched controls (n = 10) were injected intraperitoneally with saline. A third group (n = 10) was treated with the same dose of d-galactose and with oral epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) (2 grams/L), a green tea catechin with anti-oxidant and neuroprotective properties. After treatments, animals were submitted to open-field, elevated plus-maze and Morris water maze tests, and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus subgranular layer was quantified. There were no significant alterations when the three groups were compared in the number of doublecortin- and Ki-67-immunoreactive cells, and also on anxiety levels, spatial learning, and memory. Therefore, d-galactose was not effective in the induction of accelerated aging, and EGCG administered to d-galactose-treated animals did not improve behavior and had no effects on neurogenesis. We conclude that daily 300 mg/kg of d-galactose administered intraperitoneally may not be a suitable model for inducing age-related neurobehavioral alterations in young male Wistar rats. More studies are necessary to obtain a reliable and reproducible model of accelerated senescence in rodents using d-galactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Cardoso
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .,2 Center of Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Magano
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Marrana
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - José P Andrade
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .,2 Center of Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
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Qian Y, Cao L, Guan T, Chen L, Xin H, Li Y, Zheng R, Yu D. Protection by genistein on cortical neurons against oxidative stress injury via inhibition of NF-kappaB, JNK and ERK signaling pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1124-1132. [PMID: 25715966 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.962057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Genistein, one of the isoflavones derived from soybean seeds, has been reported to exert multiple bioactivities. However, the mechanism of its action on the central nervous system is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the cytoprotection of genistein and its molecular mechanism against H2O2-induced cell death in primary rat cortical neurons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genistein (0.01, 0.1, and 1 μM) were added into the primary rat neurons 24 h before and co-cultured with 500 μM H2O2 for 1 h. Neuronal injury was assessed by MTT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, and Hoechst33258 staining. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by H2O2 was determined. Neuronal apoptosis was evaluated by Bcl-2/Bax ratio as well as by caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities. The protein levels and phosphorylation of NF-κB/p65, IκB, JNK, and ERK were detected by western blots. RESULTS Genistein pretreatment attenuated H2O2-mediated neuronal viability loss, nuclear condensation, and ROS generation in a concentration-dependent manner. Genistein exerted anti-apoptotic effects by reversing the apoptotic factors Bcl-2 and Bax ratio, along with the suppression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities. In addition, genistein down-regulated the expression of NF-κB/p65, and suppressed the phosphorylation of p65 and IκB. Genistein also inhibited H2O2-induced activation of the MAPK-signaling pathway including JNK and ERK. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results indicated that genistein effectively protects cortical neurons against oxidative stress at least partly via inactivation of NF-κB as well as MAPK-signaling pathways, and suggested the possibility of this antioxidant for the prevention and treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisong Qian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Honggu District , Nanchang , PR China
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Ma W, Ding B, Yu H, Yuan L, Xi Y, Xiao R. Genistein alleviates β-amyloid-induced inflammatory damage through regulating Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor κB. J Med Food 2015; 18:273-9. [PMID: 25384233 PMCID: PMC4350449 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genistein (GEN), a major soybean isoflavone (SIF), might possess neuroprotective properties through its anti-inflammatory activity. We hypothesized that GEN could prevent the inflammatory damage detected in C6 cells induced by β-amyloid peptides 25-35 (Aβ25-35). Accordingly, we evaluated the inflammatory damage induced by Aβ25-35 and the protective effect of GEN against Aβ25-35 in C6 cells. In our study, the C6 glial cells (rats glioma cell lines) were preincubated with or without GEN for 2 h following incubation with Aβ25-35 for another 24 h. Then, methylthiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to assess the cell viability. Immunofluorescence staining was used to identify the C6 cells. Inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β were analyzed by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Western blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis were performed to assess the expression of Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), inhibitor of kappaB-alpha (IκB-α). The current results showed that GEN could alleviate Aβ25-35-induced cell apoptosis and prevent Aβ25-35-induced TNF-α and IL-1β release from C6 cells. In addition, GEN prevented Aβ25-35-induced upregulation of the gene and protein expression of TLR4, and GEN significantly upregulated the expression of IκB-α in C6 cells damaged by Aβ25-35. These results suggest that GEN can alleviate the inflammatory stress caused by Aβ25-35 treatment, which might be associated with the neuroprotective effect of GEN regulating the TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Ma
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University , Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Genistein antagonizes inflammatory damage induced by β-amyloid peptide in microglia through TLR4 and NF-κB. Nutrition 2014; 30:90-5. [PMID: 24290604 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Microglia activation and neuroinflammation have been associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB-mediated signal pathways exert key modulating roles in the inflammatory processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether genistein (Gen) has a neuroprotective effect against inflammatory damage induced by β-amyloid peptide25-35 (Aβ25-35) through the TLR4 and NF-κB-mediated signal pathways. METHODS BV-2 microglia cells were preincubated with Gen for 2 h and then treated with 25 μM Aβ25-35 for another 24 h. The expression of inflammatory mediators, TLR4 and NF-κB and the activity of NF-κB were measured. RESULTS The results showed that Gen could attenuate the cytotoxicity and inflammatory damage induced by Aβ25-35. Gen also significantly reversed Aβ25-35-induced up-regulation of TLR4 and NF-κB expression and the DNA binding and transcriptional activities of NF-κB. CONCLUSION These results indicated that Gen could alleviate the inflammation caused by Aβ25-35 treatment, which might be associated with the regulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway.
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Wang X, Luo Y, Sun H. Chronic administration of D-galactose enhances astrocytic activities in rat cerebral medulla. NEUROCHEM J+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712414010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Flores JJ, Zhang Y, Klebe DW, Lekic T, Fu W, Zhang JH. Small molecule inhibitors in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:659-80. [PMID: 24491068 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.884560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is the world's second leading cause of death. Although recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is an effective treatment for cerebral ischemia, its limitations and ischemic stroke's complex pathophysiology dictate an increased need for the development of new therapeutic interventions. Small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) have the potential to be used as novel therapeutic modalities for stroke, since many preclinical and clinical trials have established their neuroprotective capabilities. AREAS COVERED This paper provides a summary of the pathophysiology of stroke as well as clinical and preclinical evaluations of SMIs as therapeutic interventions for cerebral ischemia. Cerebral ischemia is broken down into four mechanisms in this article: thrombosis, ischemic insult, mitochondrial injury and immune response. Insight is provided into preclinical and current clinical assessments of SMIs targeting each mechanism as well as a summary of reported results. EXPERT OPINION Many studies demonstrated that pre- or post-treatment with certain SMIs significantly ameliorated adverse effects from stroke. Although some of these promising SMIs moved on to clinical trials, they generally failed, possibly due to the poor translation of preclinical to clinical experiments. Yet, there are many steps being taken to improve the quality of experimental research and translation to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Flores
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Risley Hall, Room 223, Loma Linda, CA 92354 , USA
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Zhao X, Yuan L, Yu H, Xi Y, Ma W, Zhou X, Ding J, Xiao R. Genistein Inhibited Amyloid-β induced Inflammatory Damage in C6 Glial Cells. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:152-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ma WW, Hou CC, Zhou X, Yu HL, Xi YD, Ding J, Zhao X, Xiao R. Genistein alleviates the mitochondria-targeted DNA damage induced by β-amyloid peptides 25–35 in C6 glioma cells. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1315-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Behloul N, Wu G. Genistein: A promising therapeutic agent for obesity and diabetes treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Protective effect of genistein isolated from Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides on hepatic injury and fibrosis induced by chronic alcohol in rats. Toxicol Lett 2012; 217:102-10. [PMID: 23274713 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of genistein isolated from Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides on chronic alcohol-induced hepatic injury and fibrosis. Rats underwent intragastric administration of alcohol (5.0-9.5g/kg) once a day for 24 weeks. A subset of rats were also intragastrically treated with genistein (0.5, 1 or 2mg/kg) once a day. Genistein significantly decreased the plasma alcohol concentration, inhibited the activities of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and decreased levels of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-α and myeloperoxidase, via down-regulation of nuclear factor-κB. Moreover, genistein effectively inhibited collagen deposition and reduced pathological tissue damage as determined by hepatic fibrosis biomarkers, such as total hyaluronic acid, laminin, and type III collagen. Mechanistically, studies showed that genistein markedly reduced lipid peroxidation, recruited the anti-oxidative defense system, inhibited CYP2El activity, promoted extracellular matrix degradation by modulating the levels of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-2, induced HSC apoptosis by down-regulating B-cell lymphoma 2 mRNA, and inhibited the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor β(1) proteins. In conclusion, genistein exerts a preventative effect to ameliorate developing liver injury and even liver fibrosis induced by chronic alcohol administration in rats.
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Li S, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Zhang X, Huang L, Li D, Niu C, Yang Z, Wang Q. Antioxidant activity of Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from traditional Chinese fermented foods. Food Chem 2012; 135:1914-9. [PMID: 22953940 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Eleven Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from traditional Chinese fermented foods were investigated for their in vitro scavenging activity against hydroxyl and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals, and their resistance to hydrogen peroxide. L. plantarum C88 at a dose of 10(10) CFU/ml showed the highest hydroxyl radical and DPPH scavenging activities, with inhibition rates of 44.31% and 53.05%, respectively. Resistance of intact cells to hydrogen peroxide was also found in all strains. L. plantarum C88 was the most resistant strain against hydrogen peroxide. When L. plantarum C88 was administered to senescent mice suffering oxidative stress induced by d-galactose, the serum superoxide dismutase activity, the glutathione peroxidase activity and the total antioxidant capacity in liver increased significantly, while the level of malondialdehyde in liver decreased significantly. L. plantarum C88 isolated from traditional Chinese fermented dairy tofu could be considered as a potential antioxidant to be applied in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Li
- Center of Agro-Food Technology, Northeast Agricultural Research Center of China, Changchun 130033, PR China
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Ginkgo biloba extract EGB761 protects against aging-associated diastolic dysfunction in cardiomyocytes of D-galactose-induced aging rat. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:418748. [PMID: 22693651 PMCID: PMC3368694 DOI: 10.1155/2012/418748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to make use of the artificially induced aging model cardiomyocytes to further investigate potential anti-aging-associated cellular diastolic dysfunction effects of EGB761 and explore underlying molecular mechanisms. Cultured rat primary cardiomyocytes were treated with either D-galactose or D-galactose combined with EGB761 for 48 h. After treatment, the percentage of cells positive for SA-β-gal, AGEs production, cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump (SERCA) activity, the myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake, and relative protein levels were measured. Our results demonstrated that in vitro stimulation with D-galactose induced AGEs production. The addition of EGB761 significantly decreased the number of cells positive for SA-β-gal. Furthermore, decreased diastolic [Ca2+]i, curtailment of the time from the maximum concentration of Ca2+ to the baseline level and increased reuptake of Ca2+ stores in the SR were also observed. In addition, the level of p-Ser16-PLN protein as well as SERCA was markedly increased. The study indicated that EGb761 alleviates formation of AGEs products on SERCA2a in order to mitigate myocardial stiffness on one hand; on other hand, improve SERCA2a function through increase the amount of Ser16 sites PLN phosphorylation, which two hands finally led to ameliorate diastolic dysfunction of aging cardiomyocytes.
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Purification and antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from bulbs of Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxim. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:1075-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Xu Y, Feng L, Wang S, Zhu Q, Lin J, Lou C, Xiang P, He B, Zheng Z, Tang D, Zuo G. Phytoestrogen calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ameliorates advanced glycation end products-induced HUVEC damage. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:2953-65. [PMID: 21647942 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vasculopathy including endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis and inflammation contributes to the high incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction in diabetic patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (CG), a phytoestrogen, on advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced HUVEC damage. We observed that CG can significantly ameliorate AGEs-induced HUVEC oxidative stress and apoptosis. The ratio of SOD/MDA was significantly increased to the normal level by CG pretreatment. CG preincubation dramatically increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 while decreased pro-apoptotic Bax and Bad expressions as detected by immunocytochemistry. Moreover, CG ameliorated macrophage migration and adhesion to HUVEC; the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-6 levels in the culture supernatant were dramatically reduced by CG as determined by ELISA; the expressions of inflammatory proteins including ICAM-1, TGF-β1, and RAGE in both protein and mRNA levels were significantly reduced to the normal level by CG pretreatment as determined by immunocytochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. The intracellular investigation suggests that CG can reverse AGEs-activated ERK1/2 and NF-κB phosphorylation, in which estrogen receptors were involved in. Our results strongly indicate that CG can modulate EC dysfunction by ameliorating AGEs-induced cell apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau
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Qian Y, Guan T, Huang M, Cao L, Li Y, Cheng H, Jin H, Yu D. Neuroprotection by the soy isoflavone, genistein, via inhibition of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathways and reactive oxygen induced-NF-κB activation in a cerebral ischemia mouse model. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:759-67. [PMID: 22490611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the treatment of stroke has focused on antioxidant therapies, where oxidative stress is implicated. The preventive and therapeutic potential of plant compounds on ischemic stroke has been intensively studied because many of them contain antioxidant properties. Genistein, one of the active ingredients in soybean, possesses many bioactivities. In this study, we investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of genistein and its possible mechanism of action in a cerebral ischemia mouse model. Mice were pretreated with genistein (2.5, 5, and 10mg/kg) or vehicle orally once daily for 14 consecutive days before transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed. Genistein at doses of 2.5-10mg/kg significantly reduced the infarct volume, improved the neurological deficit and prevented cell apoptosis after ischemia. In addition, genistein pretreatment was shown to inhibit the ischemia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and decrease levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in stroke mice. Moreover, genistein reversed the mitochondria dysfunction after ischemia, as evidenced by decreasing mitochondria ROS levels, preventing cytochrome C release to the cytoplasm and inhibiting caspase-3 activation. Western blotting showed ischemia activated the ROS-dependent nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, and genistein suppressed phosphorylation and activation of the NF-κB p65 subunit, as well as the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor protein of κBα (IκBα). Our findings suggested that genistein has a neuroprotective effect in transient focal ischemia, which may involve regulation of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathways and suppression of ROS-induced NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisong Qian
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Bagheri M, Roghani M, Joghataei MT, Mohseni S. Genistein inhibits aggregation of exogenous amyloid-beta1–40 and alleviates astrogliosis in the hippocampus of rats. Brain Res 2012; 1429:145-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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