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Li P, Yang Z, Chen Z. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Coupling of Quinolin-8-carboxaldehydes with CF 3-Imidoyl Sulfoxonium Ylides by Chelation-Assisted C(sp 2)-H Bond Activation for the Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Enaminones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10736-10747. [PMID: 39021230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
A rhodium(III)-catalyzed aldehydic C(sp2)-H imidoylmethylation of quinolin-8-carboxaldehydes with CF3-imidoyl sulfoxonium ylides (TFISYs) has been developed for the generation of α-imino ketones, which could be readily tautomerized to enaminones in moderate to excellent yields. In the transformation, TFISYs act as a kind of masked alkenylating reagents for the aldehyde moiety, and the obtained CF3-enaminone products have been successfully converted into other useful trifluoromethyl-substituted heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinyi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zuguang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhengkai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Xie Y, Zhang Z, Zhang B, He N, Peng M, Song S, Wang B, Yu F. Oxidative Free-Radical C(sp 2)-H Bond Chlorination of Enaminones with LiCl: Access to Highly Functionalized α-Chlorinated Enaminones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8521-8530. [PMID: 38828704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
An oxidative free-radical C(sp2)-H bond chlorination strategy of enaminones has been developed by using LiCl as a chlorinating reagent and K2S2O8 as an oxidant. This transformation provides a new and straightforward synthetic methodology to afford highly functionalized α-chlorinated enaminones with a Z-configuration in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Xie
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Zhilai Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Nengqin He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Pollution Processes and Control of Plateau Lake-Watersheds, Yunnan Academy of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Menglin Peng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Song
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Baoqu Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Fuchao Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
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Al-Kandery ASA, Rao MS, El-Hashim AZ. Prostaglandin E 2 sensitizes the cough reflex centrally via EP3 receptor-dependent activation of NaV 1.8 channels. Respir Res 2021; 22:296. [PMID: 34794450 PMCID: PMC8603488 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cough hypersensitivity is a major characteristic feature associated with several types of cough, including chronic cough, but its underlying mechanisms remain to be fully understood. Inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), have been implicated in both peripheral induction and sensitization of the cough reflex. In this study, using a conscious guinea pig model of cough, we investigated whether PGE2 can sensitize the cough reflex via central actions and, if so, via which mechanisms. Methods All drugs were administered by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route and whole-body plethysmograph set-up was used for both induction, using aerosolized citric acid (0.2 M), and recording of cough. Immunohistochemistry was performed to confirm the expression of NaV 1.8 channels in the nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS). Results We show that both PGE2 and the non-selective EP1/EP3 agonist, sulprostone, dose-dependently enhanced the citric acid-induced cough (P ≤ 0.001, P ≤ 0.01, respectively). Pretreatment with the EP1 antagonist, ONO-8130, did not affect the sulprostone-induced cough sensitization, whilst the EP3 antagonist, L-798,106, dose-dependently inhibited this effect (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, treatment with either the EP2 agonist, butaprost or the EP4 agonist, L-902,688, had no effect on cough sensitization. Additionally, pretreatment with either the TRPV1 antagonist, JNJ-17203212 or the TRPA1 antagonist, HC-030031, alone or in combination, nor with the NaV 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.7 channel blocker, tetrodotoxin, had any effect on the cough. In contrast, pretreatment with the NaV 1.8 antagonist, A-803467, dose-dependently inhibited this effect (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, NaV 1.8 channels were shown to be expressed in the nTS. Conclusion Collectively, our findings show that PGE2 sensitizes the cough reflex centrally via EP3 receptor-dependent activation of NaV 1.8 but independently of TRPV1,TRPA1 and TTX-sensitive sodium channel activation. These results indicate that PGE2 plays an important role in central sensitization of the cough reflex and suggest that central EP3 receptors and/or NaVv 1.8 channels may represent novel antitussive molecular targets. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Shaimaa A Al-Kandery
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Muddanna S Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ahmed Z El-Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
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Khajah MA, Hawai S, Szollosi DE, Bill A, Ghoneim O, Edafiogho I. The novel piperazino-enaminone JOAB-40 reduced colitis severity in mice via inhibition tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111852. [PMID: 34198045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BRIEF INTRODUCTION The synthetic compound enaminone E121 has an established role as a potent anti-tussive, bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory agent in asthma, cough, and colitis induced animal models. The addition of an N-alkylated piperazine motif to the terminal end of E121 lead to the generation of various analogues such as JOAB-40. JOAB-40 was shown to be more potent than the lead compound E121 in inhibiting the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR2, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY We hypothesize that JOAB-40 is more potent than the lead compound E121 in reducing colitis severity in mice in part through inhibiting the release of TNFα and IL-1β. METHODS Colitis was induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration using prophylactic and treatment approaches. The severity of the inflammation was determined by the gross (macroscopic) and histological (microscopic) assessments. The levels of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-10 release in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation from the adherent murine macrophage cell line J774.2 in vitro, and the circulating levels of TNFα in vivo was measured by ELISA-based technique. SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY E121 administration (1-60 mg/kg) in mice with established colitis (treatment approach) did not reduce colitis severity. On the other hand, JOAB-40 administration significantly reduced colitis severity in mice when administered using two approaches; a) prophylactic (given along colitis induction), and b) treatment (given after colitis was established) with doses as low as 10 mg/kg. The degree of inhibition of TNFα and IL-1β (but not IL-10) release from J774.2 cell line in response to LPS stimulation was more potent with JOAB-40 than E121. This was also observed in vivo in regards to the circulating levels of TNFα. RELEVANT CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE Our results indicate that JOAB-40 is more potent than E121 in reducing colitis severity in mice and may be a promising future therapeutic target for the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitham A Khajah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Sanaa Hawai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, PO Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Doreen E Szollosi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
| | - Ashley Bill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
| | - Ola Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Western New England University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Springfield, MA 01119, USA
| | - Ivan Edafiogho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
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Liu Y, Ahmed S, Qin XY, Rouh H, Wu G, Li G, Jiang B. Synthesis of Diastereoenriched α-Aminomethyl Enaminones via a Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Asymmetric aza-Baylis-Hillman Reaction of Chiral N-Phosphonyl Imines. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1125-1131. [PMID: 32067345 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An effective chiral GAP methodology for preparing α-aminomethyl enaminones through a (R)-CSA-catalyzed asymmetric aza-Baylis-Hillman reaction is reported. Excellent yields and high diastereoselectivity could be obtained under mild conditions and convenient GAP techniques. The confirmations of the absolute configuration of N-phosphonyl imine and chiral enaminone by X-ray diffraction provides an explicit explanation of the chirality mechanism for GAP chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxue Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Sultan Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Xiao-Yan Qin
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Hossein Rouh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Guanzhao Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409-1061, USA.,Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409-1061, USA.,Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
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Duan X, Yang S, Yao C, Jia F, Wang L, Li W, Meng Z, Zhou Y, Li X. One‐Pot Synthesis of
N
‐Substituted Enaminones from Ketones, Aromatic Nitriles and Halides. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering & PharmaceuticsHenan University of Science and Technology No.263, Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District, Luoyang China
| | - Shijie Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering & PharmaceuticsHenan University of Science and Technology No.263, Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District, Luoyang China
| | - Changyang Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering & PharmaceuticsHenan University of Science and Technology No.263, Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District, Luoyang China
| | - Fenglin Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering & PharmaceuticsHenan University of Science and Technology No.263, Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District, Luoyang China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering & PharmaceuticsHenan University of Science and Technology No.263, Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District, Luoyang China
| | - Weinan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering & PharmaceuticsHenan University of Science and Technology No.263, Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District, Luoyang China
| | - Zhen Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering & PharmaceuticsHenan University of Science and Technology No.263, Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District, Luoyang China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering & PharmaceuticsHenan University of Science and Technology No.263, Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District, Luoyang China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- School of Chemical Engineering & PharmaceuticsHenan University of Science and Technology No.263, Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District, Luoyang China
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Kumar R, Saha N, Purohit P, Garg SK, Seth K, Meena VS, Dubey S, Dave K, Goyal R, Sharma SS, Banerjee UC, Chakraborti AK. Cyclic enaminone as new chemotype for selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111601. [PMID: 31445233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic enaminone moiety has been identified as a new scaffold for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The designed cyclic enaminones have been synthesized conveniently through the development of a new catalyst-free methodology and evaluated for cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) inhibitory activities. Three compounds 7d, 8, and 9 predominantly inhibited COX-2 with selectivity index of 74.09, 19.45 and 108.68, respectively, and were assessed for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced rat paw edema assay. The anti-inflammatory activity of 7d was comparable to that of celecoxib at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg. However, the compounds 8 and 9 were more/equally effective as anti-inflammatory agent compared to celecoxib at the doses of 12.5 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg and also exhibited anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of diclofenac. The therapeutic potential of the most active compound 9 was further assessed by performing in vivo thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia tests using various models that revealed its analgesic activity. The in vivo non-ulcerogenicity of 9 revealed the gastrointestinal safety as compared to the non-selective COX inhibitor indomethacin. The in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo experiments on heart rate and blood pressure provided the cardiovascular safety profile of 9. The molecular docking studies rationalize the COX-2 selectivity of the newly found anti-inflammatory compounds 7d, 8, and 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Nirjhar Saha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Priyank Purohit
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Sanjeev K Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Kapileswar Seth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Vachan S Meena
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Sachin Dubey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Khyati Dave
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Goyal
- Indo-Soviet Friendship (ISF) College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142 001, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam S Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Uttam C Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Asit K Chakraborti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India.
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Al-Shamlan F, El-Hashim AZ. Bradykinin sensitizes the cough reflex via a B 2 receptor dependent activation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels through metabolites of cyclooxygenase and 12-lipoxygenase. Respir Res 2019; 20:110. [PMID: 31170972 PMCID: PMC6551914 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inhaled bradykinin (BK) has been reported to both sensitize and induce cough but whether BK can centrally sensitize the cough reflex is not fully established. In this study, using a conscious guinea-pig model of cough, we investigated the role of BK in the central sensitization of the cough reflex and in airway obstruction. Methods Drugs were administered, to guinea pigs, by the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route. Aerosolized citric acid (0.2 M) was used to induce cough in a whole-body plethysmograph box, following i.c.v. infusion of drugs. An automated analyser recorded both cough and airway obstruction simultaneously. Results BK, administered by the i.c.v. route, dose-dependently enhanced the citric acid-induced cough and airway obstruction. This effect was inhibited following i.c.v. pretreatment with a B2 receptor antagonist, TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels antagonists and cyclooxygenase (COX) and 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) inhibitors. Furthermore, co-administration of submaximal doses of the TRPV1 and TRPA1 antagonists or the COX and 12-LOX inhibitors resulted in a greater inhibition of both cough reflex and airway obstruction. Conclusions Our findings show that central BK administration sensitizes cough and enhances airway obstruction via a B2 receptor/TRPV1 and/or TRPA1 channels which are coupled via metabolites of COX and/or 12-LOX enzymes. In addition, combined blockade of TRPV1 and TRPA1 or COX and 12-LOX resulted in a greater inhibitory effect of both cough and airway obstruction. These results indicate that central B2 receptors, TRPV1/TRPA1 channels and COX/12-LOX enzymes may represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of cough hypersensitivity. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajer Al-Shamlan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, P.O. BOX 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Ahmed Z El-Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, P.O. BOX 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait.
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9
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Mei B, Cui F, Wu C, Wen Z, Wang W, Shen M. Roles of citric acid in conjunction with saline nebulization in experimental tracheostomy in guinea pigs. Exp Lung Res 2019; 44:433-442. [PMID: 30973274 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1516832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tracheostomy usually accompanied by the impairment of cough reflex, which may affect the clearance of secretions and result in the occurrence and development of pulmonary inflammation. Previous research has demonstrated that citric acid could effectively evoke cough. However, there are limited data available on this topic specific to the cough stimulation method, and the roles of citric acid in tracheostomy still remain obscure. The aims of present study were to identify the potential roles of citric acid in conjunction with saline nebulization in tracheostomy in guinea pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental tracheostomy model was induced in guinea pigs, and different nebulization interventions were implemented. The expression of P-selectin and platelet count were analyzed by flow cytometer and automatic globulimeter, the histological changes in trachea and lung tissue were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and the inflammatory cytokines and substance P (SP) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Tracheostomy resulted in the disorder of trachea mucosa and cilia, the inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue, the increase of IL-6, TNF-α levels and the decrease of SP level. Citric acid alone increase the SP level, and the joint action of citric acid and saline nebulization further showed significantly beneficial effects on pathological, inflammatory changes and SP level. CONCLUSIONS Citric acid combined with saline nebulization contributes to the alleviation of tracheotomy-induced tracheal damage and pulmonary inflammation in an experimental tracheostomy model in guinea pigs. This may provide novel insights into the inflammation management and cough recovery after tracheostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Mei
- a Institute of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Feifei Cui
- b Department of Intensive Care Unit , the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Chao Wu
- c Department of Neurosurgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Zunjia Wen
- d Surgery Intensive Care Unit, Nanjing Children's Hospital , Nanjing , China
| | - Wenting Wang
- c Department of Neurosurgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Meifen Shen
- c Department of Neurosurgery , the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
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Duan X, Liu N, Liu K, Song Y, Wang J, Mao X, Xu W, Yang S, Li H, Ma J. Copper-promoted Chan-Lam coupling between enaminones and aryl boronic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Eidi E, Kassaee MZ, Cummings PT. β-Enaminones over recyclable nano-CoFe2O4: a highly efficient solvent-free green protocol. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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El‐Hashim AZ, Mathews S, Al‐Shamlan F. Central adenosine A 1 receptors inhibit cough via suppression of excitatory glutamatergic and tachykininergic neurotransmission. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3162-3174. [PMID: 29767468 PMCID: PMC6031887 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The adenosine A1 receptor is reported to mediate several excitatory effects in the airways and has inhibitory effects in the CNS. In this study, we investigated the role of peripheral and central A1 receptors in regulating cough and airway obstruction. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Drugs were administered to guinea pigs via inhalation or i.c.v. infusion. Following the administration of different drugs, cough was induced by exposing guinea pigs to aerosolized 0.4 M citric acid. An automated analyser recorded both cough and airway obstruction simultaneously using whole-body plethysmography. KEY RESULTS The A1 receptor agonist, cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, administered by inhalation), dose-dependently inhibited cough and also inhibited airway obstruction. Similarly, CPA, administered i.c.v., inhibited both the citric acid-induced cough and airway obstruction; this was prevented by pretreatment with the A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX (i.c.v.). Treatment with DPCPX alone dose-dependently enhanced the citric acid-induced cough and airway obstruction. This effect was reversed following treatment with either the glutamate GluN1 receptor antagonist D-AP5 or the neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist FK-888. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that activation of either peripheral or central adenosine A1 receptors inhibits citric acid-induced cough and airway obstruction. The data also suggest that tonic activation of central adenosine A1 receptors serves as a negative regulator of cough and airway obstruction, secondary to inhibition of excitatory glutamatergic and tachykininergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Z El‐Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of PharmacyKuwait UniversityKuwait
| | - Seena Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of PharmacyKuwait UniversityKuwait
| | - Fajer Al‐Shamlan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of PharmacyKuwait UniversityKuwait
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Ghoneim OM, Bill A, Dhuguru J, Szollosi DE, Edafiogho IO. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of piperazino-enaminones as novel suppressants of pro-Inflammatory cytokines. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3890-3898. [PMID: 29903412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-6). Over-production, however, cause tissue injury seen in severe asthma. The ability of enaminone E121 to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines in our laboratory encouraged further examination of its structural scaffold. Piperazino-enaminones were designed by incorporating n-arylpiperazine motif into the aromatic enaminone. Four possible modifications were explored systematically. Synthesis was accomplished by amination of the corresponding methyl/ethyl 2,4-dioxo-6-(substituted)cyclohexane-carboxylate.. Sixteen novel compounds were synthesized. Biological activity was tested in J774 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharides. The release of cytokines was measured via ELISA. Four compounds significantly suppressed TNF-alpha and IL-6 release in dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT 06103, USA.
| | - Ashley Bill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
| | - Jyothi Dhuguru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT 06103, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Doreen E Szollosi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
| | - Ivan O Edafiogho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
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Szollosi DE, Ghoneim OAM, Manzoor MK, Dhuguru J, Edafiogho IO. Novel Piperazino-Enaminones Suppress Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Inhibit Chemokine Receptor CCR2. Inflammation 2017; 39:2053-2061. [PMID: 27614763 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory mediators including TNF-alpha, IL-6, and nitric oxide are important for the regulation of the immune response when an infection is present, but when overproduced, it can be responsible for the development of tissue and organ injury seen in sepsis, as well as severe asthma, and autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Data from our lab to characterize the novel compound enaminone E121 have suggested that macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) release significantly decreased levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as compared to the DMSO control group. Additionally, functional experiments in a mouse model of asthma have shown that E121 is efficacious in decreasing airway hyperresponsiveness. A new set of compounds synthesized in our lab (JODI) have an N-aryl piperazino motif incorporated on the aromatic side of the enaminone pharmacophore. It was hypothesized that this would enhance their immunosuppressive activity as anti-inflammatory agents by also acting as a chemokine receptor antagonist. Our studies suggest that JODI appears to suppress TNF-alpha and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. The JODI compounds were also more effective in reducing TNF-alpha after LPS stimulation when compared to dexamethasone. Lastly, studies using MCP-1 suggest that the JODI compounds, and not E121, are able to block CCR2 signaling as evidenced by decreased total ERK1/2. These studies indicate that E121 and its corresponding piperazino analogs could act as strong anti-inflammatory agents in asthma or other autoimmunities where efficacious therapeutic options are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen E Szollosi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy, 229 Trumbull Street, Hartford, CT, 06103, USA.
| | - Ola A M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy, 229 Trumbull Street, Hartford, CT, 06103, USA
| | - Mohammed K Manzoor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy, 229 Trumbull Street, Hartford, CT, 06103, USA
| | - Jyothi Dhuguru
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ivan O Edafiogho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy, 229 Trumbull Street, Hartford, CT, 06103, USA
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15
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Novel quinoline bearing sulfonamide derivatives and their cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Zhu Z, Tang X, Li J, Li X, Wu W, Deng G, Jiang H. Synthesis of enaminones via copper-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reaction under redox-neutral conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3228-3231. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00260b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel copper-catalyzed C(sp3)–H oxidative functionalization of oxime acetates for the synthesis of enaminones under redox-neutral conditions has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Xiaodong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Jianxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Xianwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Guohua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
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17
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Khajah MA, Ananthalakshmi KV, Edafiogho I. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of the Enaminone E121 in the Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) Colitis Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168567. [PMID: 27997590 PMCID: PMC5173236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enaminones are synthetic compounds with an established role in the prevention of various forms of seizures. Recent evidence suggests potent anti-tussive, bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory properties. Pre-treatment with particularly E121 compound resulted in a decrease in leukocyte recruitment in the ovalbumin induced-model of asthma, immune cell proliferation and cytokine release in vitro. We hypothesize that E121 might serve as a therapeutic potential in intestinal inflammation through modulating immune cell functions. METHODS Colitis was induced by daily dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration for 5 days, and its severity was determined by gross and histological assessments. The plasma level of various cytokines was measured using flow cytometry-based assay. The colonic expression/ phosphorylation level of various molecules was determined by immunofluorescence and western blotting. The effects of E121 treatment on in vitro neutrophil chemotaxis (under-agarose assay), superoxide release (luminol oxidation assay) and apoptosis (annexin V/7AAD) were also determined. RESULTS DSS-induced colitis in mice was significantly reduced by daily E121 treatment (30-100 mg/kg) at gross and histological levels. This effect was due to modulated plasma levels of interleukin (IL-2) and colonic expression levels of various signaling molecules and proteins involved in apoptosis. In vitro neutrophil survival, chemotaxis, and superoxide release were also reduced by E121 treatment. CONCLUSION Our results indicate important anti-inflammatory actions of E121 in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivan Edafiogho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
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18
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Elliott ML, Thomas K, Kennedy S, Koduri ND, Hussaini RS, Sheaff RJ. Identification of Novel Proteasome Inhibitors from an Enaminone Library. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:322-32. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Elliott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Tulsa; Keplinger Hall, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa OK, 74104 USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine; Oklahoma State University; 1111 W. 17th St. Tulsa OK, 74107 USA
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Tulsa; Keplinger Hall, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa OK, 74104 USA
| | - Steven Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Tulsa; Keplinger Hall, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa OK, 74104 USA
- The University of Toronto Structural Genomics Consortium; 101 College St. MaRS South Tower, Suite 700 Toronto ON, M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Naga D. Koduri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Tulsa; Keplinger Hall, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa OK, 74104 USA
| | - R. Syed Hussaini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Tulsa; Keplinger Hall, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa OK, 74104 USA
| | - Robert J. Sheaff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Tulsa; Keplinger Hall, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa OK, 74104 USA
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19
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Kumar A, Rout L, Dhaka RS, Samal SL, Dash P. Design of a graphene oxide-SnO2 nanocomposite with superior catalytic efficiency for the synthesis of β-enaminones and β-enaminoesters. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03363b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A graphene–SnO2 nanocomposite has been synthesized by a solvothermal method, which is a more effective and less time-consuming catalyst for the synthesis of β-enaminones and β-enaminoesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela
- India
| | - Lipeeka Rout
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela
- India
| | | | - Saroj L. Samal
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela
- India
| | - Priyabrat Dash
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela
- India
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Ezeamuzie CI, El-Hashim AZ, Renno WM, Edafiogho IO. Antiallergic and antiasthmatic effects of a novel enhydrazinone ester (CEE-1): inhibition of activation of both mast cells and eosinophils. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:444-54. [PMID: 24917545 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.213751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of mast cells and eosinophils is a fundamental process in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases. We have previously reported that the novel enhydrazinone ester CEE-1 (ethyl 4-phenylhydrazinocyclohex-3-en-2-oxo-6-phenyl-1-oate) possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity. We have now tested whether the compound also possesses antiallergic and antiasthmatic effects in vitro and in vivo. The compound significantly inhibited degranulation and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) release from activated human eosinophils, as well as IgE-dependent degranulation and LTC4 release from passively sensitized rat basophilic leukemia cells and bone marrow-derived mouse mast cells. In human eosinophils, the drug was more potent in inhibiting degranulation than LTC4 release {IC50 = 0.4 μM [confidence interval (CI): 0.1-0.9] versus 3.8 μM (CI: 0.9-8.3)}, whereas in mast cells the reverse was essentially the case. The drug did not affect stimulus-induced calcium transients in eosinophils but significantly inhibited early phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). In vivo, topical application of 4.5-15 mg/kg of the compound significantly inhibited allergen-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice. Similarly, in the mouse asthma model, the intranasal administration of 6.5-12.5 mg/kg of the compound significantly inhibited bronchial inflammation and eosinophil accumulation in bronchial lavage fluid, as well as abolishing airway hyper-responsiveness to methacholine. These results show that CEE-1 inhibits the activation of both mast cells and eosinophils in vitro, probably by blocking MAPK-activation pathways, and that these effects are translated into antiallergic and antiasthmatic effects in vivo. The compound, therefore, has potential application in the treatment of asthma and other allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles I Ezeamuzie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (C.I.E.), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.Z.E.-H.), and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine (W.M.R.), Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, Connecticut (I.O.E.)
| | - Ahmed Z El-Hashim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (C.I.E.), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.Z.E.-H.), and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine (W.M.R.), Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, Connecticut (I.O.E.)
| | - Waleed M Renno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (C.I.E.), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.Z.E.-H.), and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine (W.M.R.), Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, Connecticut (I.O.E.)
| | - Ivan O Edafiogho
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (C.I.E.), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.Z.E.-H.), and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine (W.M.R.), Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, Connecticut (I.O.E.)
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21
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Dicpinigaitis PV, Morice AH, Birring SS, McGarvey L, Smith JA, Canning BJ, Page CP. Antitussive drugs--past, present, and future. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:468-512. [PMID: 24671376 PMCID: PMC11060423 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cough remains a serious unmet clinical problem, both as a symptom of a range of other conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastroesophageal reflux, and as a problem in its own right in patients with chronic cough of unknown origin. This article reviews our current understanding of the pathogenesis of cough and the hypertussive state characterizing a number of diseases as well as reviewing the evidence for the different classes of antitussive drug currently in clinical use. For completeness, the review also discusses a number of major drug classes often clinically used to treat cough but that are not generally classified as antitussive drugs. We also reviewed a number of drug classes in various stages of development as antitussive drugs. Perhaps surprising for drugs used to treat such a common symptom, there is a paucity of well-controlled clinical studies documenting evidence for the use of many of the drug classes in use today, particularly those available over the counter. Nonetheless, there has been a considerable increase in our understanding of the cough reflex over the last decade that has led to a number of promising new targets for antitussive drugs being identified and thus giving some hope of new drugs being available in the not too distant future for the treatment of this often debilitating symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Dicpinigaitis
- King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 100 Stamford St., London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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El-Hashim AZ, Jaffal SM, Al-Rashidi FT, Luqmani YA, Akhtar S. Nerve growth factor enhances cough via a central mechanism of action. Pharmacol Res 2013; 74:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Ezeamuzie CI, Zamil H, Al-Baghli H, Edafiogho IO. Pharmacological evaluation of a novel enhydrazone ester (CEE-1) as a dual inhibitor of the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostanoids from human monocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.48a2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nosalova G, Jurecek L, Hromadkova Z, Kostalova Z, Sadlonova V. Antioxidant activity of herbal polysaccharides and cough reflex. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 788:51-7. [PMID: 23835958 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6627-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of Fallopia sachalinensis leaves resulted in two fractions (FS-1 and FS-2). Chemical and spectral analyses of samples revealed the prevalence of pectic polysaccharides with high galacturonic acid, arabinose, galactose, and rhamnose content. Arabinogalactan with a higher content of phenolic prevailed in the FS-1, whereas rhamnogalacturonan predominated in the FS-2 fraction. Both polysaccharides showed significant antioxidant activity according to DPPH and FRAP assays. Evaluation of antitussive activity in healthy adult conscious guinea pigs after oral application of 50 and 75 mg/kg of the FS-2 polysaccharide extracts showed a significant suppression of cough reflex, without an influence on specific airway resistance. The suppression of cough was comparable with that of codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nosalova
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 26 Sklabinska St., 036 01, Martin, Slovakia,
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