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Tan P, Wang S, Li G, Wang H, Zhao Z, Jiang H, Xie L, Yang L, Chen J, Zhang Z. Oxidative Cascade Iodocyclization of 1, n-Dienes: Synthesis of Iodinated Benzo[ b]azepine and Benzo[ b]azocine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6405-6415. [PMID: 38603543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
An oxidative cascade iodocyclization of 1,7- or 1,8-dienes has been realized under mild conditions. By employing I2 as an iodine source, this protocol provides a concise and efficient approach to a great deal of biologically significant iodinated benzo[b]azepine and benzo[b]azocine derivatives in moderate to good yields. The gram-scale synthesis and further transformation of products render the approach practical and attractive. Radical trapping and deuterium-labeling experiments help to understand the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Shilong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Guiling Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Huichao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Ziheng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Haochen Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, P. R. China
| | - Liru Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Jinchun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P. R. China
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Fatima N, Ashique S, Upadhyay A, Kumar S, Kumar H, Kumar N, Kumar P. Current Landscape of Therapeutics for the Management of Hypertension - A Review. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:662-682. [PMID: 37357524 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230623121433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a critical health problem. It is also the primary reason for coronary heart disease, stroke, and renal vascular disease. The use of herbal drugs in the management of any disease is increasing. They are considered the best immune booster to fight against several types of diseases. To date, the demand for herbal drugs has been increasing because of their excellent properties. This review highlights antihypertensive drugs, polyphenols, and synbiotics for managing hypertension. Evidence is mounting in favour of more aggressive blood pressure control with reduced adverse effects, especially for specific patient populations. This review aimed to present contemporary viewpoints and novel treatment options, including cutting-edge technological applications and emerging interventional and pharmaceutical therapies, as well as key concerns arising from several years of research and epidemiological observations related to the management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Fatima
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226010, India
| | - Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pandaveswar School of Pharmacy, Pandaveswar, West Bengal 713378, India
| | - Aakash Upadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharat Institute of Technology (BIT), School of Pharmacy, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250103, India
| | - Shubneesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharat Institute of Technology (BIT), School of Pharmacy, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250103, India
| | - Himanshu Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharat Institute of Technology (BIT), School of Pharmacy, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250103, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- SRM Modinagar College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Delhi-NCR Campus, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201204, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad-244001, UP, India
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Ajay A, Rasoul D, Abdullah A, Lee Wei En B, Mashida K, Al-Munaer M, Ajay H, Duvva D, Mathew J, Adenaya A, Lip GYH, Sankaranarayanan R. Augmentation of natriuretic peptide (NP) receptor A and B (NPR-A and NPR-B) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signalling as a therapeutic strategy in heart failure. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:1157-1170. [PMID: 38032188 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2290064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heart failure is a complex, debilitating condition and despite advances in treatment, it remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, the need for alternative treatment strategies is essential. In this review, we explore the therapeutic strategies of augmenting natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR-A and NPR-B) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in heart failure. AREAS COVERED We aim to provide an overview of the evidence of preclinical and clinical studies on novel heart failure treatment strategies. Papers collected in this review have been filtered and screened following PubMed searches. This includes epigenetics, modulating enzyme activity in natriuretic peptide (NP) synthesis, gene therapy, modulation of downstream signaling by augmenting soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition, nitrates, c-GMP-dependent protein kinase, synthetic and designer NP and RNA therapy. EXPERT OPINION The novel treatment strategies mentioned above have shown great potential, however, large randomized controlled trials are still lacking. The biggest challenge is translating the results seen in preclinical trials into clinical trials. We recommend a multi-disciplinary team approach with cardiologists, geneticist, pharmacologists, bioengineers, researchers, regulators, and patients to improve heart failure outcomes. Future management can involve telemedicine, remote monitoring, and artificial intelligence to optimize patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Ajay
- Cardiology Department, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Debar Rasoul
- Cardiology Department, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alend Abdullah
- General Medicine, The Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust Dudley, Dudley, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Lee Wei En
- Cardiology Department, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Knievel Mashida
- Cedar House, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hanan Ajay
- General Medicine, Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust, Southport, United Kingdom
| | - Dileep Duvva
- Cardiology Department, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Mathew
- Cardiology Department, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adeoye Adenaya
- Cardiology Department, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Cedar House, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Cardiology Department, Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Cardiology Department, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rajiv Sankaranarayanan
- Cardiology Department, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Cedar House, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Kuczmarski AV, Welti LM, Moreau KL, Wenner MM. ET-1 as a Sex-Specific Mechanism Impacting Age-Related Changes in Vascular Function. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 2:727416. [PMID: 35822003 PMCID: PMC9261354 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.727416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death in developed countries. Globally, the population of adults over the age of 60 is expected to double by the year 2050. CVD prevalence and mortality rates differ between men and women as they age in part due to sex-specific mechanisms impacting the biological processes of aging. Measures of vascular function offer key insights into cardiovascular health. Changes in vascular function precede changes in CVD prevalence rates in men and women and with aging. A key mechanism underlying these changes in vascular function is the endothelin (ET) system. Studies have demonstrated sex and sex hormone effects on endothelin-1 (ET-1), and its receptors ETA and ETB. However, with aging there is a dysregulation of this system resulting in an imbalance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Thus, ET-1 may play a role in the sex differences observed with vascular aging. While most research has been conducted in pre-clinical animal models, we describe more recent translational data in humans showing that the ET system is an important regulator of vascular dysfunction with aging and acts through sex-specific ET receptor mechanisms. In this review, we present translational evidence (cell, tissue, animal, and human) that the ET system is a key mechanism regulating sex-specific changes in vascular function with aging, along with therapeutic interventions to reduce ET-mediated vascular dysfunction associated with aging. More knowledge on the factors responsible for the sex differences with vascular aging allow for optimized therapeutic strategies to attenuate CVD risk in the expanding aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Kuczmarski
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Laura M Welti
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Denver Veterans Administrative Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Megan M Wenner
- University of Delaware, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Newark, DE, United States
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Gidlöf O. Toward a New Paradigm for Targeted Natriuretic Peptide Enhancement in Heart Failure. Front Physiol 2021; 12:650124. [PMID: 34721050 PMCID: PMC8548580 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.650124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The natriuretic peptide system (NPS) plays a fundamental role in maintaining cardiorenal homeostasis, and its potent filling pressure-regulated diuretic and vasodilatory effects constitute a beneficial compensatory mechanism in heart failure (HF). Leveraging the NPS for therapeutic benefit in HF has been the subject of intense investigation during the last three decades and has ultimately reached widespread clinical use in the form of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibition (ARNi). NPS enhancement via ARNi confers beneficial effects on mortality and hospitalization in HF, but inhibition of neprilysin leads to the accumulation of a number of other vasoactive peptides in the circulation, often resulting in hypotension and raising potential concerns over long-term adverse effects. Moreover, ARNi is less effective in the large group of HF patients with preserved ejection fraction. Alternative approaches for therapeutic augmentation of the NPS with increased specificity and efficacy are therefore warranted, and are now becoming feasible particularly with recent development of RNA therapeutics. In this review, the current state-of-the-art in terms of experimental and clinical strategies for NPS augmentation and their implementation will be reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Gidlöf
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Alves-Lopes R, Montezano AC, Neves KB, Harvey A, Rios FJ, Skiba DS, Arendse LB, Guzik TJ, Graham D, Poglitsch M, Sturrock E, Touyz RM. Selective Inhibition of the C-Domain of ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) Combined With Inhibition of NEP (Neprilysin): A Potential New Therapy for Hypertension. Hypertension 2021; 78:604-616. [PMID: 34304582 PMCID: PMC8357049 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhéure Alves-Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.-L., A.C.M., K.B.N., A.H., F.J.R., D.S.S., T.J.G., D.G., R.M.T.)
| | - Augusto C. Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.-L., A.C.M., K.B.N., A.H., F.J.R., D.S.S., T.J.G., D.G., R.M.T.)
| | - Karla B. Neves
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.-L., A.C.M., K.B.N., A.H., F.J.R., D.S.S., T.J.G., D.G., R.M.T.)
| | - Adam Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.-L., A.C.M., K.B.N., A.H., F.J.R., D.S.S., T.J.G., D.G., R.M.T.)
| | - Francisco J. Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.-L., A.C.M., K.B.N., A.H., F.J.R., D.S.S., T.J.G., D.G., R.M.T.)
| | - Dominik S. Skiba
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.-L., A.C.M., K.B.N., A.H., F.J.R., D.S.S., T.J.G., D.G., R.M.T.)
| | - Lauren B. Arendse
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.S.)
| | - Tomasz J. Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.-L., A.C.M., K.B.N., A.H., F.J.R., D.S.S., T.J.G., D.G., R.M.T.)
| | - Delyth Graham
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.-L., A.C.M., K.B.N., A.H., F.J.R., D.S.S., T.J.G., D.G., R.M.T.)
| | | | - Edward Sturrock
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, South Africa (L.B.A., E.S.)
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.A.-L., A.C.M., K.B.N., A.H., F.J.R., D.S.S., T.J.G., D.G., R.M.T.)
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Tanase DM, Radu S, Al Shurbaji S, Baroi GL, Florida Costea C, Turliuc MD, Ouatu A, Floria M. Natriuretic Peptides in Heart Failure with Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: From Molecular Evidences to Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112629. [PMID: 31142058 PMCID: PMC6600439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasing and its challenging diagnosis and management combines clinical, imagistic and biological data. Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are hormones secreted in response to myocardial stretch that, by increasing cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), counteract myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy, increase natriuresis and determine vasodilatation. While their role in HFpEF is controversial, most authors focused on b-type natriuretic peptides (BNPs) and agreed that patients may show lower levels. In this setting, newer molecules with an increased specificity, such as middle-region pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), emerged as promising markers. Augmenting NP levels, either by NP analogs or breakdown inhibition, could offer a new therapeutic target in HFpEF (already approved in their reduced EF counterparts) by increasing the deficient cGMP levels found in patients. Importantly, these peptides also retain their prognostic value. This narrative review focuses on NPs’ physiology, diagnosis, therapeutic and prognostic implication in HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Maria Tanase
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania.
- Internal Medicine Clinic, "Sf. Spiridon" County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Smaranda Radu
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania.
- Cardiology Clinic, "Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu" Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 700503 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Sinziana Al Shurbaji
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania.
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Genoveva Livia Baroi
- Department of Surgery, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania.
- Vascular Surgery Clinic, "Sf. Spiridon" County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Claudia Florida Costea
- Department of Ophthalmology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
- 2nd Ophthalmology Clinic, "Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu" Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700115 Iași, Romania.
| | - Mihaela Dana Turliuc
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania.
- 2nd Neurosurgery Clinic, "Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu" Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700115 Iași, Romania.
| | - Anca Ouatu
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania.
- Internal Medicine Clinic, "Sf. Spiridon" County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Mariana Floria
- Department of Internal Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700111 Iasi, Romania.
- Internal Medicine Clinic, "Sf. Spiridon" County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
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Fu S, Ping P, Wang F, Luo L. Synthesis, secretion, function, metabolism and application of natriuretic peptides in heart failure. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:2. [PMID: 29344085 PMCID: PMC5766980 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a family of hormones with pleiotropic effects, natriuretic peptide (NP) system includes atrial NP (ANP), B-type NP (BNP), C-type NP (CNP), dendroaspis NP and urodilatin, with NP receptor-A (guanylate cyclase-A), NP receptor-B (guanylate cyclase-B) and NP receptor-C (clearance receptor). These peptides are genetically distinct, but structurally and functionally related for regulating circulatory homeostasis in vertebrates. In humans, ANP and BNP are encoded by NP precursor A (NPPA) and NPPB genes on chromosome 1, whereas CNP is encoded by NPPC on chromosome 2. NPs are synthesized and secreted through certain mechanisms by cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endotheliocytes, immune cells (neutrophils, T-cells and macrophages) and immature cells (embryonic stem cells, muscle satellite cells and cardiac precursor cells). They are mainly produced by cardiovascular, brain and renal tissues in response to wall stretch and other causes. NPs provide natriuresis, diuresis, vasodilation, antiproliferation, antihypertrophy, antifibrosis and other cardiometabolic protection. NPs represent body's own antihypertensive system, and provide compensatory protection to counterbalance vasoconstrictor-mitogenic-sodium retaining hormones, released by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS). NPs play central roles in regulation of heart failure (HF), and are inactivated through not only NP receptor-C, but also neutral endopeptidase (NEP), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and insulin degrading enzyme. Both BNP and N-terminal proBNP are useful biomarkers to not only make the diagnosis and assess the severity of HF, but also guide the therapy and predict the prognosis in patients with HF. Current NP-augmenting strategies include the synthesis of NPs or agonists to increase NP bioactivity and inhibition of NEP to reduce NP breakdown. Nesiritide has been established as an available therapy, and angiotensin receptor blocker NEP inhibitor (ARNI, LCZ696) has obtained extremely encouraging results with decreased morbidity and mortality. Novel pharmacological approaches based on NPs may promote a therapeutic shift from suppressing the RAAS and SNS to re-balancing neuroendocrine dysregulation in patients with HF. The current review discussed the synthesis, secretion, function and metabolism of NPs, and their diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic values in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Fu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
- Department of Cardiology and Hainan Branch, Chinese People’s Liberation Army, General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Ping
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Chinese People’s, Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqi Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Hainan Branch, Chinese People’s Liberation Army, General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Leiming Luo
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
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Lacava V, Pellicanò V, Ferrajolo C, Cernaro V, Visconti L, Conti G, Buemi M, Santoro D. Novel avenues for treating diabetic nephropathy: new investigational drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:445-462. [PMID: 28277032 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1293039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Lacava
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Carmen Ferrajolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Cernaro
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Visconti
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Conti
- Unit of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Buemi
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Endothelin-1: Biosynthesis, Signaling and Vasoreactivity. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 77:143-75. [PMID: 27451097 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is an extremely potent vasoconstrictor peptide originally isolated from endothelial cells. Its synthesis, mainly regulated at the gene transcription level, involves processing of a precursor by a furin-type proprotein convertase to an inactive intermediate, big ET-1. The latter peptide can then be cleaved directly by an endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE) into ET-1 or reach the active metabolite through a two-step process involving chymase hydrolyzing big ET-1 to ET-1 (1-31), itself needing conversion to ET-1 by neprilysin (NEP) to exert physiological activity. ET-1 signals through two G protein-coupled receptors, endothelin receptor A (ETA) and endothelin receptor B (ETB). Both receptors induce an increase in intracellular Ca(2+), mainly from the extracellular space through voltage-independent mechanisms, the receptor-operated channels and store-operated channels. ET-1 also induces signaling through epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation, oxidative stress induction, rho-kinase, and the activation (ETA) or inhibition (ETB) of the adenylate cyclase/cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway. Arterial vasoconstriction is mediated mainly by the ETA receptor. ET-1, via endothelium-located ETB, relaxes arteries or constricts vessels following activation of the same receptor type on the smooth muscle, where it can interact with ETA. In addition, ETB-dependent vasoconstriction seems more prominent in the venous vasculature. A better understanding of how ET-1 is synthesized and how ETA and ETB receptors interact could help design better pharmacological agents in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases where targeting the ET-1 system is indicated.
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Davenport AP, Hyndman KA, Dhaun N, Southan C, Kohan DE, Pollock JS, Pollock DM, Webb DJ, Maguire JJ. Endothelin. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:357-418. [PMID: 26956245 PMCID: PMC4815360 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelins comprise three structurally similar 21-amino acid peptides. Endothelin-1 and -2 activate two G-protein coupled receptors, ETA and ETB, with equal affinity, whereas endothelin-3 has a lower affinity for the ETA subtype. Genes encoding the peptides are present only among vertebrates. The ligand-receptor signaling pathway is a vertebrate innovation and may reflect the evolution of endothelin-1 as the most potent vasoconstrictor in the human cardiovascular system with remarkably long lasting action. Highly selective peptide ETA and ETB antagonists and ETB agonists together with radiolabeled analogs have accurately delineated endothelin pharmacology in humans and animal models, although surprisingly no ETA agonist has been discovered. ET antagonists (bosentan, ambrisentan) have revolutionized the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, with the next generation of antagonists exhibiting improved efficacy (macitentan). Clinical trials continue to explore new applications, particularly in renal failure and for reducing proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Translational studies suggest a potential benefit of ETB agonists in chemotherapy and neuroprotection. However, demonstrating clinical efficacy of combined inhibitors of the endothelin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase has proved elusive. Over 28 genetic modifications have been made to the ET system in mice through global or cell-specific knockouts, knock ins, or alterations in gene expression of endothelin ligands or their target receptors. These studies have identified key roles for the endothelin isoforms and new therapeutic targets in development, fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, and cardiovascular and neuronal function. For the future, novel pharmacological strategies are emerging via small molecule epigenetic modulators, biologicals such as ETB monoclonal antibodies and the potential of signaling pathway biased agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly A Hyndman
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Southan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Donald E Kohan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David M Pollock
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J Webb
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
Hypertension is the most common modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death, and lowering blood pressure with antihypertensive drugs reduces target organ damage and prevents cardiovascular disease outcomes. Despite a plethora of available treatment options, a substantial portion of the hypertensive population has uncontrolled blood pressure. The unmet need of controlling blood pressure in this population may be addressed, in part, by developing new drugs and devices/procedures to treat hypertension and its comorbidities. In this Compendium Review, we discuss new drugs and interventional treatments that are undergoing preclinical or clinical testing for hypertension treatment. New drug classes, eg, inhibitors of vasopeptidases, aldosterone synthase and soluble epoxide hydrolase, agonists of natriuretic peptide A and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2, and a novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist are in phase II/III of development, while inhibitors of aminopeptidase A, dopamine β-hydroxylase, and the intestinal Na
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/H
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exchanger 3, agonists of components of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin(1–7)/Mas receptor axis and vaccines directed toward angiotensin II and its type 1 receptor are in phase I or preclinical development. The two main interventional approaches, transcatheter renal denervation and baroreflex activation therapy, are used in clinical practice for severe treatment resistant hypertension in some countries. Renal denervation is also being evaluated for treatment of various comorbidities, eg, chronic heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and chronic renal failure. Novel interventional approaches in early development include carotid body ablation and arteriovenous fistula placement. Importantly, none of these novel drug or device treatments has been shown to prevent cardiovascular disease outcomes or death in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Oparil
- From the Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (S.O.); and Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital of the University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany (R.E.S.)
| | - Roland E. Schmieder
- From the Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (S.O.); and Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital of the University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany (R.E.S.)
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13
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Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Endothelin@25 - new agonists, antagonists, inhibitors and emerging research frontiers: IUPHAR Review 12. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5555-72. [PMID: 25131455 PMCID: PMC4290702 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of endothelin (ET)-1 in 1988, the main components of the signalling pathway have become established, comprising three structurally similar endogenous 21-amino acid peptides, ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3, that activate two GPCRs, ETA and ETB . Our aim in this review is to highlight the recent progress in ET research. The ET-like domain peptide, corresponding to prepro-ET-193-166 , has been proposed to be co-synthesized and released with ET-1, to modulate the actions of the peptide. ET-1 remains the most potent vasoconstrictor in the human cardiovascular system with a particularly long-lasting action. To date, the major therapeutic strategy to block the unwanted actions of ET in disease, principally in pulmonary arterial hypertension, has been to use antagonists that are selective for the ETA receptor (ambrisentan) or that block both receptor subtypes (bosentan). Macitentan represents the next generation of antagonists, being more potent than bosentan, with longer receptor occupancy and it is converted to an active metabolite; properties contributing to greater pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic efficacy. A second strategy is now being more widely tested in clinical trials and uses combined inhibitors of ET-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase such as SLV306 (daglutril). A third strategy based on activating the ETB receptor, has led to the renaissance of the modified peptide agonist IRL1620 as a clinical candidate in delivering anti-tumour drugs and as a pharmacological tool to investigate experimental pathophysiological conditions. Finally, we discuss biased signalling, epigenetic regulation and targeting with monoclonal antibodies as prospective new areas for ET research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Maguire
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Chester AH, Yacoub MH. The role of endothelin-1 in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2014; 2014:62-78. [PMID: 25405182 PMCID: PMC4220438 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2014.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but debilitating disease, which if left untreated rapidly progresses to right ventricular failure and eventually death. In the quest to understand the pathogenesis of this disease differences in the profile, expression and action of vasoactive substances released by the endothelium have been identified in patients with PAH. Of these, endothelin-1 (ET-1) is of particular interest since it is known to be an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor and also involved in vascular remodelling. Identification of ET-1 as a target for pharmacological intervention has lead to the discovery of a number of compounds that can block the receptors via which ET-1 mediates its effects. This review sets out the evidence in support of a role for ET-1 in the onset and progression of the disease and reviews the data from the various clinical trials of ET-1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian H Chester
- Heart Science Centre, NHLI, Imperial College London, Harefield, Middlesex, UK UB9 6JH
| | - Magdi H Yacoub
- Qatar Cardiovascular Research Centre, Qatar Foundation, Qatar
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15
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Atrial natriuretic peptide and regulation of vascular function in hypertension and heart failure: implications for novel therapeutic strategies. J Hypertens 2014; 31:1061-72. [PMID: 23524910 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32835ed5eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plays a pivotal role in modulation of vascular function and it is also involved in the pathophysiology of several cardiovascular diseases. We provide an updated overview of the current appraisal of ANP vascular effects in both animal models and humans. We describe the physiological implications of ANP vasomodulatory properties as well as the involvement of ANP, through its control of vascular function, in hypertension and heart failure. The principal molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of vascular tone, that is natriuretic peptide receptor type A/cyclic guanylate monophosphate, natriuretic peptide receptor type C, nitric oxide system, are discussed. We review the literature on therapeutic implications of ANP in hypertension and heart failure, examining the potential use of ANP analogues, neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors, ACE/NEP inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)/NEP inhibitors, the new dual endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE)/NEP inhibitors and ANP-based gene therapy. The data discussed support the role of ANP in different pathological conditions through its vasomodulatory properties. They also indicate that ANP may represent an optimal therapeutic agent in cardiovascular diseases.
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16
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Monge M, Lorthioir A, Bobrie G, Azizi M. New drug therapies interfering with the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system for resistant hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 14:285-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320313513408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Monge
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Hypertension Unit, Paris, France
- Inserm, Clinical Investigation Centre 9201, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Lorthioir
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Hypertension Unit, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Bobrie
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Hypertension Unit, Paris, France
| | - Michel Azizi
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Hypertension Unit, Paris, France
- Inserm, Clinical Investigation Centre 9201, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
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17
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Pacheco-Quinto J, Herdt A, Eckman CB, Eckman EA. Endothelin-converting enzymes and related metalloproteases in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 33 Suppl 1:S101-10. [PMID: 22903130 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-129043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The efficient clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) is essential to modulate levels of the peptide in the brain and to prevent it from accumulating in senile plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology.We and others have shown that failure in Aβ catabolism can produce elevations in Aβ concentration similar to those observed in familial forms of AD. Based on the available evidence, it remains plausible that in late-onset AD, disturbances in the activity of Aβ degrading enzymes could induce Aβ accumulation, and that this increase could result in AD pathology. The following review presents a historical perspective of the parallel discovery of three vasopeptidases (neprilysin and endothelin-converting enzymes-1 and -2) as important Aβ degrading enzymes. The recognition of the role of these vasopeptidases in Aβ degradation, beyond bringing to light a possible explanation of how cardiovascular risk factors may influence AD risk, highlights a possible risk of the use of inhibitors of these enzymes for other clinical indications such as hypertension. We will discuss in detail the experiments conducted to assess the impact of vasopeptidase deficiency (through pharmacological inhibition or genetic mutation) on Aβ accumulation, as well as the cooperative effect of multiple Aβ degrading enzymes to regulate the concentration of the peptide at multiple sites, both intracellular and extracellular, throughout the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pacheco-Quinto
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, and Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, USA
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18
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Wang X, Xiang Y, Ren Z, Zhang Y, Qiao Y. Rational questing for inhibitors of endothelin converting enzyme-1 from Salvia miltiorrhiza by combining ligand- and structure-based virtual screening. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a virtual screening approach based on pharmacophore and molecular docking was proposed to identify endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) (EC 3.4.24.71) inhibitors from Salvia miltiorrhiza. First, the pharmacophore models were generated to recognize the common features of the ECE-1 inhibitors. The models were validated by a test database composed by a set of compounds known as ECE-1 inhibitors and nonactive compounds and proven to be successful in discriminating active and inactive inhibitors. Then, the best pharmacophore model was used to screen the compounds from S. miltiorrhiza. Furthermore, the Surflex-Dock procedure was used for molecular docking. All compounds from S. miltiorrhiza were docked into the active site of the target protein. An empirical scoring function was used to evaluate the affinity of the compounds and the target protein. Comparing the virtual screening results based on pharmacophore and molecular docking, respectively, 11 communal compounds with higher QFIT and docking score were hit, and the activity of some compounds was validated in the literature. The binding modes between these compounds and the ECE-1 binding site were predicted and used to identify the key interactions that contribute to the inhibitory activity of ECE-1 activity. The results show that the two methods have good consistency and can be validated and supplemented with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yuhong Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhenzhen Ren
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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19
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von Lueder TG, Sangaralingham SJ, Wang BH, Kompa AR, Atar D, Burnett JC, Krum H. Renin-angiotensin blockade combined with natriuretic peptide system augmentation: novel therapeutic concepts to combat heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2013; 6:594-605. [PMID: 23694773 PMCID: PMC3981104 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.112.000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. von Lueder
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Cardiology B, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, 0407 Oslo and Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - S. Jeson Sangaralingham
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bing H. Wang
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Kompa
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Dan Atar
- Department of Cardiology B, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, 0407 Oslo and Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - John C. Burnett
- Cardiorenal Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Henry Krum
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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20
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Ling L, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Endothelin-2, the forgotten isoform: emerging role in the cardiovascular system, ovarian development, immunology and cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:283-95. [PMID: 22118774 PMCID: PMC3572556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-2 [ET-2; also known as vasoactive intestinal contractor (VIC), in rodents] differs from endothelin-1 (ET-1) by only two amino acids, and unlike the third isoform, endothelin-3 (ET-3), it has the same affinity as ET-1 for both ET(A) and ET(B) receptors. It is often assumed that ET-2 would mimic the actions of the more abundant ET-1 and current pharmacological interventions used to inhibit the ET system would also block the actions of ET-2. These assumptions have focused research on ET-1 with ET-2 studied in much less detail. Recent research suggests that our understanding of the ET family requires re-evaluation. Although ET-2 is very similar in structure as well as pharmacology to ET-1, and may co-exist in the same tissue compartments, there is converging evidence for an important and distinct ET-2 pathway. Specifically is has been demonstrated that ET-2 has a key role in ovarian physiology, with ET-2-mediated contraction proposed as a final signal facilitating ovulation. Furthermore, ET-2 may also have a pathophysiological role in heart failure, immunology and cancer. Comparison of ET-2 versus ET-1 mRNA expression suggests this may be accomplished at the level of gene expression but differences may also exist in peptide synthesis by enzymes such as endothelin converting enzymes (ECEs) and chymase, which may allow the two pathways to be distinguished pharmacologically and become separate drug targets. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Endothelin. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.168.issue-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowell Ling
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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